1
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Cosway EJ, James KD, White AJ, Parnell SM, Bacon A, McKenzie ANJ, Jenkinson WE, Anderson G. The alarmin IL33 orchestrates type 2 immune-mediated control of thymus regeneration. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7201. [PMID: 37938566 PMCID: PMC10632327 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As the primary site of T-cell development, the thymus dictates immune competency of the host. The rates of thymus function are not constant, and thymus regeneration is essential to restore new T-cell production following tissue damage from environmental factors and therapeutic interventions. Here, we show the alarmin interleukin (IL) 33 is a product of Sca1+ thymic mesenchyme both necessary and sufficient for thymus regeneration via a type 2 innate immune network. IL33 stimulates expansion of IL5-producing type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2), which triggers a cellular switch in the intrathymic availability of IL4. This enables eosinophil production of IL4 to re-establish thymic mesenchyme prior to recovery of thymopoiesis-inducing epithelial compartments. Collectively, we identify a positive feedback mechanism of type 2 innate immunity that regulates the recovery of thymus function following tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie J Cosway
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kieran D James
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrea J White
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sonia M Parnell
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrea Bacon
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - W E Jenkinson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Graham Anderson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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2
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Lucas B, White AJ, Klein F, Veiga-Villauriz C, Handel A, Bacon A, Cosway EJ, James KD, Parnell SM, Ohigashi I, Takahama Y, Jenkinson WE, Hollander GA, Lu WY, Anderson G. Embryonic keratin19 + progenitors generate multiple functionally distinct progeny to maintain epithelial diversity in the adult thymus medulla. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2066. [PMID: 37045811 PMCID: PMC10097809 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37589-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The thymus medulla is a key site for immunoregulation and tolerance, and its functional specialisation is achieved through the complexity of medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTEC). While the importance of the medulla for thymus function is clear, the production and maintenance of mTEC diversity remains poorly understood. Here, using ontogenetic and inducible fate-mapping approaches, we identify mTEC-restricted progenitors as a cytokeratin19+ (K19+) TEC subset that emerges in the embryonic thymus. Importantly, labelling of a single cohort of K19+ TEC during embryogenesis sustains the production of multiple mTEC subsets into adulthood, including CCL21+ mTEClo, Aire+ mTEChi and thymic tuft cells. We show K19+ progenitors arise prior to the acquisition of multiple mTEC-defining features including RANK and CCL21 and are generated independently of the key mTEC regulator, Relb. In conclusion, we identify and define a multipotent mTEC progenitor that emerges during embryogenesis to support mTEC diversity into adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Lucas
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andrea J White
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Fabian Klein
- Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Clara Veiga-Villauriz
- Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam Handel
- Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrea Bacon
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Emilie J Cosway
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Kieran D James
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sonia M Parnell
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Izumi Ohigashi
- Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yousuke Takahama
- Thymus Biology Section, Experimental Immunology Branch, NCI/NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - William E Jenkinson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Georg A Hollander
- Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Paediatric Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Children's Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wei-Yu Lu
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Graham Anderson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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3
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Allega A, Anderson MR, Andringa S, Antunes J, Askins M, Auty DJ, Bacon A, Barros N, Barão F, Bayes R, Beier EW, Bezerra TS, Bialek A, Biller SD, Blucher E, Caden E, Callaghan EJ, Cheng S, Chen M, Cleveland B, Cookman D, Corning J, Cox MA, Dehghani R, Deloye J, Deluce C, Depatie MM, Dittmer J, Dixon KH, Di Lodovico F, Falk E, Fatemighomi N, Ford R, Frankiewicz K, Gaur A, González-Reina OI, Gooding D, Grant C, Grove J, Hallin AL, Hallman D, Heintzelman WJ, Helmer RL, Hu J, Hunt-Stokes R, Hussain SMA, Inácio AS, Jillings CJ, Kaluzienski S, Kaptanoglu T, Khaghani P, Khan H, Klein JR, Kormos LL, Krar B, Kraus C, Krauss CB, Kroupová T, Lam I, Land BJ, Lawson I, Lebanowski L, Lee J, Lefebvre C, Lidgard J, Lin YH, Lozza V, Luo M, Maio A, Manecki S, Maneira J, Martin RD, McCauley N, McDonald AB, Mills C, Morton-Blake I, Naugle S, Nolan LJ, O'Keeffe HM, Orebi Gann GD, Page J, Parker W, Paton J, Peeters SJM, Pickard L, Ravi P, Reichold A, Riccetto S, Richardson R, Rigan M, Rose J, Rosero R, Rumleskie J, Semenec I, Skensved P, Smiley M, Svoboda R, Tam B, Tseng J, Turner E, Valder S, Virtue CJ, Vázquez-Jáuregui E, Wang J, Ward M, Wilson JR, Wilson JD, Wright A, Yanez JP, Yang S, Yeh M, Yu S, Zhang Y, Zuber K, Zummo A. Evidence of Antineutrinos from Distant Reactors Using Pure Water at SNO. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 130:091801. [PMID: 36930908 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.091801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The SNO+ Collaboration reports the first evidence of reactor antineutrinos in a Cherenkov detector. The nearest nuclear reactors are located 240 km away in Ontario, Canada. This analysis uses events with energies lower than in any previous analysis with a large water Cherenkov detector. Two analytical methods are used to distinguish reactor antineutrinos from background events in 190 days of data and yield consistent evidence for antineutrinos with a combined significance of 3.5σ.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Allega
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - M R Anderson
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - S Andringa
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 2, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J Antunes
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 2, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
- Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Departamento de Física, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Askins
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720-8153, USA
| | - D J Auty
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, 4-181 CCIS, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - A Bacon
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, USA
| | - N Barros
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 2, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciéncias (FCUL), Departamento de Física, Campo Grande, Edifício C8, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - F Barão
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 2, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
- Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Departamento de Física, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - R Bayes
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - E W Beier
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, USA
| | - T S Bezerra
- Physics & Astronomy, University of Sussex, Pevensey II, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - A Bialek
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
- SNOLAB, Creighton Mine #9, 1039 Regional Road 24, Sudbury, Ontario P3Y 1N2, Canada
| | - S D Biller
- University of Oxford, The Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
| | - E Blucher
- The Enrico Fermi Institute and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - E Caden
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
- SNOLAB, Creighton Mine #9, 1039 Regional Road 24, Sudbury, Ontario P3Y 1N2, Canada
| | - E J Callaghan
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720-8153, USA
| | - S Cheng
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - M Chen
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - B Cleveland
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
- SNOLAB, Creighton Mine #9, 1039 Regional Road 24, Sudbury, Ontario P3Y 1N2, Canada
| | - D Cookman
- University of Oxford, The Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
| | - J Corning
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - M A Cox
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 2, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - R Dehghani
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - J Deloye
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - C Deluce
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - M M Depatie
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - J Dittmer
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Kern und Teilchenphysik, Zellescher Weg 19, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - K H Dixon
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand Building, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - F Di Lodovico
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand Building, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - E Falk
- Physics & Astronomy, University of Sussex, Pevensey II, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - N Fatemighomi
- SNOLAB, Creighton Mine #9, 1039 Regional Road 24, Sudbury, Ontario P3Y 1N2, Canada
| | - R Ford
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
- SNOLAB, Creighton Mine #9, 1039 Regional Road 24, Sudbury, Ontario P3Y 1N2, Canada
| | - K Frankiewicz
- Department of Physics, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - A Gaur
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, 4-181 CCIS, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - O I González-Reina
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Instituto de Física, Apartado Postal 20-364, México D.F. 01000, México
| | - D Gooding
- Department of Physics, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - C Grant
- Department of Physics, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - J Grove
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - A L Hallin
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, 4-181 CCIS, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - D Hallman
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - W J Heintzelman
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, USA
| | - R L Helmer
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - J Hu
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, 4-181 CCIS, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - R Hunt-Stokes
- University of Oxford, The Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
| | - S M A Hussain
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - A S Inácio
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 2, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciéncias (FCUL), Departamento de Física, Campo Grande, Edifício C8, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C J Jillings
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
- SNOLAB, Creighton Mine #9, 1039 Regional Road 24, Sudbury, Ontario P3Y 1N2, Canada
| | - S Kaluzienski
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - T Kaptanoglu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720-8153, USA
| | - P Khaghani
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - H Khan
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - J R Klein
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, USA
| | - L L Kormos
- Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - B Krar
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - C Kraus
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
- SNOLAB, Creighton Mine #9, 1039 Regional Road 24, Sudbury, Ontario P3Y 1N2, Canada
| | - C B Krauss
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, 4-181 CCIS, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - T Kroupová
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, USA
| | - I Lam
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - B J Land
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, USA
| | - I Lawson
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
- SNOLAB, Creighton Mine #9, 1039 Regional Road 24, Sudbury, Ontario P3Y 1N2, Canada
| | - L Lebanowski
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720-8153, USA
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, USA
| | - J Lee
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - C Lefebvre
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - J Lidgard
- University of Oxford, The Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
| | - Y H Lin
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - V Lozza
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 2, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciéncias (FCUL), Departamento de Física, Campo Grande, Edifício C8, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Luo
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, USA
| | - A Maio
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 2, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciéncias (FCUL), Departamento de Física, Campo Grande, Edifício C8, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - S Manecki
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
- SNOLAB, Creighton Mine #9, 1039 Regional Road 24, Sudbury, Ontario P3Y 1N2, Canada
| | - J Maneira
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 2, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciéncias (FCUL), Departamento de Física, Campo Grande, Edifício C8, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - R D Martin
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - N McCauley
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - A B McDonald
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - C Mills
- Physics & Astronomy, University of Sussex, Pevensey II, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - I Morton-Blake
- University of Oxford, The Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
| | - S Naugle
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, USA
| | - L J Nolan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, 327 Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - H M O'Keeffe
- Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - G D Orebi Gann
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720-8153, USA
| | - J Page
- Physics & Astronomy, University of Sussex, Pevensey II, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - W Parker
- University of Oxford, The Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
| | - J Paton
- University of Oxford, The Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
| | - S J M Peeters
- Physics & Astronomy, University of Sussex, Pevensey II, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - L Pickard
- University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - P Ravi
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - A Reichold
- University of Oxford, The Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
| | - S Riccetto
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - R Richardson
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - M Rigan
- Physics & Astronomy, University of Sussex, Pevensey II, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - J Rose
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - R Rosero
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 555, P.O. Box 5000, Upton, New York 11973-500, USA
| | - J Rumleskie
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - I Semenec
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - P Skensved
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - M Smiley
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720-8153, USA
| | - R Svoboda
- University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - B Tam
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - J Tseng
- University of Oxford, The Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
| | - E Turner
- University of Oxford, The Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
| | - S Valder
- Physics & Astronomy, University of Sussex, Pevensey II, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - C J Virtue
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - E Vázquez-Jáuregui
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Instituto de Física, Apartado Postal 20-364, México D.F. 01000, México
| | - J Wang
- University of Oxford, The Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
| | - M Ward
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - J R Wilson
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand Building, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - J D Wilson
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, 4-181 CCIS, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - A Wright
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - J P Yanez
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, 4-181 CCIS, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - S Yang
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, 4-181 CCIS, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - M Yeh
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 555, P.O. Box 5000, Upton, New York 11973-500, USA
| | - S Yu
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, 4-181 CCIS, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
- Research Center for Particle Science and Technology, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - K Zuber
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Kern und Teilchenphysik, Zellescher Weg 19, Dresden 01069, Germany
- MTA Atomki, 4001 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - A Zummo
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, USA
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4
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White AJ, Parnell SM, Handel A, Maio S, Bacon A, Cosway EJ, Lucas B, James KD, Cowan JE, Jenkinson WE, Hollander GA, Anderson G. Diversity in Cortical Thymic Epithelial Cells Occurs through Loss of a Foxn1-Dependent Gene Signature Driven by Stage-Specific Thymocyte Cross-Talk. J Immunol 2022; 210:ji2200609. [PMID: 36427001 PMCID: PMC9772400 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In the thymus, cortical thymic epithelial cells (cTECs) and medullary thymic epithelial cells support αβT cell development from lymphoid progenitors. For cTECs, expression of a specialized gene signature that includes Cxcl12, Dll4, and Psmb11 enables the cortex to support T lineage commitment and the generation and selection of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes. Although the importance of cTECs in T cell development is well defined, mechanisms that shape the cTEC compartment and regulate its functional specialization are unclear. Using a Cxcl12DsRed reporter mouse model, we show that changes in Cxcl12 expression reveal a developmentally regulated program of cTEC heterogeneity. Although cTECs are uniformly Cxcl12DsRed+ during neonatal stages, progression through postnatal life triggers the appearance of Cxcl12DsRed- cTECs that continue to reside in the cortex alongside their Cxcl12DsRed+ counterparts. This appearance of Cxcl12DsRed- cTECs is controlled by maturation of CD4-CD8-, but not CD4+CD8+, thymocytes, demonstrating that stage-specific thymocyte cross-talk controls cTEC heterogeneity. Importantly, although fate-mapping experiments show both Cxcl12DsRed+ and Cxcl12DsRed- cTECs share a common Foxn1+ cell origin, RNA sequencing analysis shows Cxcl12DsRed- cTECs no longer express Foxn1, which results in loss of the FOXN1-dependent cTEC gene signature and may explain the reduced capacity of Cxcl12DsRed- cTECs for thymocyte interactions. In summary, our study shows that shaping of the cTEC compartment during the life course occurs via stage-specific thymocyte cross-talk, which drives loss of Foxn1 expression and its key target genes, which may then determine the functional competence of the thymic cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J. White
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia M. Parnell
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Handel
- Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Maio
- Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Bacon
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Emilie J. Cosway
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Beth Lucas
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran D. James
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer E. Cowan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William E. Jenkinson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Georg A. Hollander
- Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Paediatric Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Children’s Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Graham Anderson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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5
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Cosway EJ, White AJ, Parnell SM, Schweighoffer E, Jolin HE, Bacon A, Rodewald HR, Tybulewicz V, McKenzie ANJ, Jenkinson WE, Anderson G. Eosinophils are an essential element of a type 2 immune axis that controls thymus regeneration. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabn3286. [PMID: 35275754 PMCID: PMC7612579 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abn3286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic interventions used for cancer treatment provoke thymus damage and limit the recovery of protective immunity. Here, we show that eosinophils are an essential part of an intrathymic type 2 immune network that enables thymus recovery after ablative therapy. Within hours of damage, the thymus undergoes CCR3-dependent colonization by peripheral eosinophils, which reestablishes the epithelial microenvironments that control thymopoiesis. Eosinophil regulation of thymus regeneration occurs via the concerted action of NKT cells that trigger CCL11 production via IL4 receptor signaling in thymic stroma, and ILC2 that represent an intrathymic source of IL5, a cytokine that therapeutically boosts thymus regeneration after damage. Collectively, our findings identify an intrathymic network composed of multiple innate immune cells that restores thymus function during reestablishment of the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie J. Cosway
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrea J. White
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sonia M. Parnell
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Andrea Bacon
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Hans-Reimer Rodewald
- Division of Cellular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Victor Tybulewicz
- Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK,Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | | | - W. E. Jenkinson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Graham Anderson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK,Correspondence to: Professor Graham Anderson, Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, Floor 4 Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom. Tel: (44)1214146817.
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6
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Alawam AS, Cosway EJ, James KD, Lucas B, Bacon A, Parnell SM, White AJ, Jenkinson WE, Anderson G. Failures in thymus medulla regeneration during immune recovery cause tolerance loss and prime recipients for auto-GVHD. J Exp Med 2022; 219:212911. [PMID: 34910105 PMCID: PMC8679781 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is a widely used therapy for blood cancers and primary immunodeficiency. Following transplant, the thymus plays a key role in immune reconstitution by generating a naive αβT cell pool from transplant-derived progenitors. While donor-derived thymopoiesis during the early post-transplant period is well studied, the ability of the thymus to synchronize T cell development with essential tolerance mechanisms is poorly understood. Using a syngeneic mouse transplant model, we analyzed T cell recovery alongside the regeneration and function of intrathymic microenvironments. We report a specific and prolonged failure in the post-transplant recovery of medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs). This manifests as loss of medulla-dependent tolerance mechanisms, including failures in Foxp3+ regulatory T cell development and formation of the intrathymic dendritic cell pool. In addition, defective negative selection enables escape of self-reactive conventional αβT cells that promote autoimmunity. Collectively, we show that post-transplant T cell recovery involves an uncoupling of thymopoiesis from thymic tolerance, which results in autoimmune reconstitution caused by failures in thymic medulla regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah S Alawam
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Emilie J Cosway
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kieran D James
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Beth Lucas
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrea Bacon
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sonia M Parnell
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrea J White
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - William E Jenkinson
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Graham Anderson
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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7
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Linardatou Novak P, Davies B, Bacon A, MacDowell A. 1671 The Effect Of COVID-19 On the Management and Outcome of Neck of Femur Fractures in A District General Hospital - A Comparative Study. Br J Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab259.1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aim
We wanted to see how the virus has impacted the management and outcome of our neck of femur fracture patients during Spring 2020.
Method
We performed a retrospective study of all neck of femur fracture patients presenting to our hospital from 23rd March 2020 (start of official lockdown in UK) until the end of May 2020 and compared them to patients presenting in the same time period in 2019. We recorded patient demographics, COVID-19 swab results, time to surgery, length of stay, transfers between wards, and 30-day mortality rates.
Results
We identified 75 patients in 2020 compared to 88 in 2019. Average length of stay was 11.4 days compared to 14.3 a year earlier. Mean time to surgery was 32.3 hours compared to 31.6 in 2019. The 30-day mortality increased significantly from 5.7% (5/88) in 2019 to 16% (12/75) in 2020 (p < 0.05) From 73 patients tested for COVID-19, 3 had a positive swab. Of these, 2 died. During their admission, 14 patients were transferred to 3 or more wards; in this group, 30-day mortality was 42.9% (6/14).
Conclusions
There has been a significant increase in 30-day mortality during COVID-19. Despite maintaining our time to surgery and reducing overall length of stay, we saw an increase in mortality, associated with multiple ward transfers rather than a high number of COVID-19 positive swab cases. Changes in pathways and wards configurations led to some patients requiring multiple transfers. This can cause difficulties in coordinated, multidisciplinary care for patients with NOF Fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - B Davies
- Broomfield Hospital, Chelmsford, United Kingdom
| | - A Bacon
- Broomfield Hospital, Chelmsford, United Kingdom
| | - A MacDowell
- Broomfield Hospital, Chelmsford, United Kingdom
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8
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Ast J, Arvaniti A, Fine NHF, Nasteska D, Ashford FB, Stamataki Z, Koszegi Z, Bacon A, Jones BJ, Lucey MA, Sasaki S, Brierley DI, Hastoy B, Tomas A, D'Agostino G, Reimann F, Lynn FC, Reissaus CA, Linnemann AK, D'Este E, Calebiro D, Trapp S, Johnsson K, Podewin T, Broichhagen J, Hodson DJ. Author Correction: Super-resolution microscopy compatible fluorescent probes reveal endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor distribution and dynamics. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5160. [PMID: 33037231 PMCID: PMC7547653 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ast
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Anastasia Arvaniti
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nicholas H F Fine
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Daniela Nasteska
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Fiona B Ashford
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Zania Stamataki
- Centre for Liver Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Zsombor Koszegi
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrea Bacon
- Genome Editing Facility, Technology Hub, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ben J Jones
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maria A Lucey
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Shugo Sasaki
- Diabetes Research Group, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel I Brierley
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Benoit Hastoy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Giuseppe D'Agostino
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Frank Reimann
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Francis C Lynn
- Diabetes Research Group, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Amelia K Linnemann
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Elisa D'Este
- Optical Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Davide Calebiro
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stefan Trapp
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kai Johnsson
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tom Podewin
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Johannes Broichhagen
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - David J Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK.
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9
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Zuidscherwoude M, Haining EJ, Simms VA, Watson S, Grygielska B, Hardy AT, Bacon A, Watson SP, Thomas SG. Loss of mDia1 and Fhod1 impacts platelet formation but not platelet function. Platelets 2020; 32:1051-1062. [PMID: 32981398 PMCID: PMC8635707 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1822522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
An organized and dynamic cytoskeleton is required for platelet formation and function. Formins are a large family of actin regulatory proteins which are also able to regulate microtubule dynamics. There are four formin family members expressed in human and mouse megakaryocytes and platelets. We have previously shown that the actin polymerization activity of formin proteins is required for cytoskeletal dynamics and platelet spreading using a small molecule inhibitor. In the current study, we analyze transgenic mouse models deficient in two of these proteins, mDia1 and Fhod1, along with a model lacking both proteins. We demonstrate that double knockout mice display macrothrombocytopenia which is due to aberrant megakaryocyte function and a small decrease in platelet lifespan. Platelet function is unaffected by the loss of these proteins. This data indicates a critical role for formins in platelet and megakaryocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malou Zuidscherwoude
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Elizabeth J. Haining
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Victoria A. Simms
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stephanie Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Beata Grygielska
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alex T. Hardy
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrea Bacon
- Genome Editing Facility, Technology Hub, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stephen P. Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Steven G. Thomas
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
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10
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Potter C, Ribbens E, Triteos N, Bacon A. P194 Use of a protocolised estimated discharge date following hip fracture surgery improves discharge planning and reduces length of stay. Physiotherapy 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2020.03.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Ast J, Arvaniti A, Fine NHF, Nasteska D, Ashford FB, Stamataki Z, Koszegi Z, Bacon A, Jones BJ, Lucey MA, Sasaki S, Brierley DI, Hastoy B, Tomas A, D'Agostino G, Reimann F, Lynn FC, Reissaus CA, Linnemann AK, D'Este E, Calebiro D, Trapp S, Johnsson K, Podewin T, Broichhagen J, Hodson DJ. Super-resolution microscopy compatible fluorescent probes reveal endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor distribution and dynamics. Nat Commun 2020; 11:467. [PMID: 31980626 PMCID: PMC6981144 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14309-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) is a class B G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) involved in metabolism. Presently, its visualization is limited to genetic manipulation, antibody detection or the use of probes that stimulate receptor activation. Herein, we present LUXendin645, a far-red fluorescent GLP1R antagonistic peptide label. LUXendin645 produces intense and specific membrane labeling throughout live and fixed tissue. GLP1R signaling can additionally be evoked when the receptor is allosterically modulated in the presence of LUXendin645. Using LUXendin645 and LUXendin651, we describe islet, brain and hESC-derived β-like cell GLP1R expression patterns, reveal higher-order GLP1R organization including membrane nanodomains, and track single receptor subpopulations. We furthermore show that the LUXendin backbone can be optimized for intravital two-photon imaging by installing a red fluorophore. Thus, our super-resolution compatible labeling probes allow visualization of endogenous GLP1R, and provide insight into class B GPCR distribution and dynamics both in vitro and in vivo. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor is an important regulator of appetite and glucose homeostasis. Here the authors describe super-resolution microscopy and in vivo imaging compatible fluorescent probes, which reveal endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor distribution and dynamics in islets and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ast
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Anastasia Arvaniti
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nicholas H F Fine
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Daniela Nasteska
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Fiona B Ashford
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Zania Stamataki
- Centre for Liver Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Zsombor Koszegi
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrea Bacon
- Genome Editing Facility, Technology Hub, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ben J Jones
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maria A Lucey
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Shugo Sasaki
- Diabetes Research Group, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel I Brierley
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Benoit Hastoy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Giuseppe D'Agostino
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Frank Reimann
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Francis C Lynn
- Diabetes Research Group, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Amelia K Linnemann
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Elisa D'Este
- Optical Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Davide Calebiro
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stefan Trapp
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kai Johnsson
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tom Podewin
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Johannes Broichhagen
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - David J Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. .,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK.
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12
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Weiser T, Bacon A, Corum B, Van Lew H, Groom A. Evaluation of an adult immunization composite measure in the Indian Health Service. Vaccine 2018; 36:4952-4957. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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McCarthy NI, Cowan JE, Nakamura K, Bacon A, Baik S, White AJ, Parnell SM, Jenkinson EJ, Jenkinson WE, Anderson G. Osteoprotegerin-Mediated Homeostasis of Rank+ Thymic Epithelial Cells Does Not Limit Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cell Development. J Immunol 2015; 195:2675-82. [PMID: 26254339 PMCID: PMC4560491 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the thymus, medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTEC) regulate T cell tolerance via negative selection and Foxp3(+) regulatory T cell (Treg) development, and alterations in the mTEC compartment can lead to tolerance breakdown and autoimmunity. Both the receptor activator for NF-κB (RANK)/RANK ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) axis and expression of the transcriptional regulator Aire are involved in the regulation of thymus medullary microenvironments. However, their impact on the mechanisms controlling mTEC homeostasis is poorly understood, as are the processes that enable the thymus medulla to support the balanced production of mTEC-dependent Foxp3(+) Treg. In this study, we have investigated the control of mTEC homeostasis and examined how this process impacts the efficacy of Foxp3(+) Treg development. Using newly generated RANK Venus reporter mice, we identify distinct RANK(+) subsets that reside within both the mTEC(hi) and mTEC(lo) compartments and that represent direct targets of OPG-mediated control. Moreover, by mapping OPG expression to a subset of Aire(+) mTEC, our data show how cis- and trans-acting mechanisms are able to control the thymus medulla by operating on multiple mTEC targets. Finally, we show that whereas the increase in mTEC availability in OPG-deficient (Tnfrsf11b(-/-)) mice impacts the intrathymic Foxp3(+) Treg pool by enhancing peripheral Treg recirculation back to the thymus, it does not alter the number of de novo Rag2pGFP(+)Foxp3(+) Treg that are generated. Collectively, our study defines patterns of RANK expression within the thymus medulla, and it shows that mTEC homeostasis is not a rate-limiting step in intrathymic Foxp3(+) Treg production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas I McCarthy
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer E Cowan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Kyoko Nakamura
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Bacon
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Song Baik
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea J White
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia M Parnell
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Eric J Jenkinson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - William E Jenkinson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Anderson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Cowan JE, McCarthy NI, Parnell SM, White AJ, Bacon A, Serge A, Irla M, Lane PJL, Jenkinson EJ, Jenkinson WE, Anderson G. Differential requirement for CCR4 and CCR7 during the development of innate and adaptive αβT cells in the adult thymus. J Immunol 2014; 193:1204-12. [PMID: 24990081 PMCID: PMC4105241 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
αβT cell development depends upon serial migration of thymocyte precursors through cortical and medullary microenvironments, enabling specialized stromal cells to provide important signals at specific stages of their development. Although conventional αβT cells are subject to clonal deletion in the medulla, entry into the thymus medulla also fosters αβT cell differentiation. For example, during postnatal periods, the medulla is involved in the intrathymic generation of multiple αβT cell lineages, notably the induction of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cell development and the completion of invariant NKT cell development. Although migration of conventional αβT cells to the medulla is mediated by the chemokine receptor CCR7, how other T cell subsets gain access to medullary areas during their normal development is not clear. In this study, we show that combining a panel of thymocyte maturation markers with cell surface analysis of CCR7 and CCR4 identifies distinct stages in the development of multiple αβT cell lineages in the thymus. Although Aire regulates expression of the CCR4 ligands CCL17 and CCL22, we show that CCR4 is dispensable for thymocyte migration and development in the adult thymus, demonstrating defective T cell development in Aire(-/-) mice is not because of a loss of CCR4-mediated migration. Moreover, we reveal that CCR7 controls the development of invariant NKT cells by enabling their access to IL-15 trans-presentation in the thymic medulla and influences the balance of early and late intrathymic stages of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cell development. Collectively, our data identify novel roles for CCR7 during intrathymic T cell development, highlighting its importance in enabling multiple αβT cell lineages to access the thymic medulla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Cowan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas I McCarthy
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia M Parnell
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea J White
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Bacon
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Arnauld Serge
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche 1068, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7258, Aix-Marseille University, UM 105, F-13009 Marseille, France; and
| | - Magali Irla
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche 631, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6102, Aix-Marseille University, UM 2, F-13009 Marseille, France
| | - Peter J L Lane
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Eric J Jenkinson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - William E Jenkinson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Anderson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
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Wilson E, Leszczynska K, Poulter NS, Edelmann F, Salisbury VA, Noy PJ, Bacon A, Rappoport JZ, Heath JK, Bicknell R, Heath VL. RhoJ interacts with the GIT-PIX complex and regulates focal adhesion disassembly. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:3039-51. [PMID: 24928894 PMCID: PMC4106786 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.140434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
RhoJ is a Rho GTPase expressed in endothelial cells and tumour cells, which regulates cell motility, invasion, endothelial tube formation and focal adhesion numbers. This study aimed to further delineate the molecular function of RhoJ. Using timelapse microscopy RhoJ was found to regulate focal adhesion disassembly; small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of RhoJ increased focal adhesion disassembly time, whereas expression of an active mutant (daRhoJ) decreased it. Furthermore, daRhoJ co-precipitated with the GIT–PIX complex, a regulator of focal adhesion disassembly. An interaction between daRhoJ and GIT1 was confirmed using yeast two-hybrid experiments, and this depended on the Spa homology domain of GIT1. GIT1, GIT2, β-PIX (also known as ARHGEF7) and RhoJ all colocalised in focal adhesions and depended on each other for their recruitment to focal adhesions. Functionally, the GIT–PIX complex regulated endothelial tube formation, with knockdown of both GIT1 and GIT2, or β-PIX phenocopying RhoJ knockdown. RhoJ-knockout mice showed reduced tumour growth and diminished tumour vessel density, identifying a role for RhoJ in mediating tumour angiogenesis. These studies give new insight into the molecular function of RhoJ in regulating cell motility and tumour vessel formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Wilson
- School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Katarzyna Leszczynska
- School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Natalie S Poulter
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Francesca Edelmann
- School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Victoria A Salisbury
- School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Peter J Noy
- School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andrea Bacon
- School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - John K Heath
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Roy Bicknell
- School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Victoria L Heath
- School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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White AJ, Jenkinson WE, Cowan JE, Parnell SM, Bacon A, Jones ND, Jenkinson EJ, Anderson G. An essential role for medullary thymic epithelial cells during the intrathymic development of invariant NKT cells. J Immunol 2014; 192:2659-66. [PMID: 24510964 PMCID: PMC3948113 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In the thymus, interactions with both cortical and medullary microenvironments regulate the development of self-tolerant conventional CD4(+) and CD8(+) αβT cells expressing a wide range of αβTCR specificities. Additionally, the cortex is also required for the development of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells, a specialized subset of T cells that expresses a restricted αβTCR repertoire and is linked to the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Although the role of the cortex in this process is to enable recognition of CD1d molecules expressed by CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocyte precursors, the requirements for additional thymus microenvironments during iNKT cell development are unknown. In this study, we reveal a role for medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) during iNKT cell development in the mouse thymus. This requirement for mTECs correlates with their expression of genes required for IL-15 trans-presentation, and we show that soluble IL-15/IL-15Rα complexes restore iNKT cell development in the absence of mTECs. Furthermore, mTEC development is abnormal in iNKT cell-deficient mice, and early stages in iNKT cell development trigger receptor activator for NF-κB ligand-mediated mTEC development. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that intrathymic iNKT cell development requires stepwise interactions with both the cortex and the medulla, emphasizing the importance of thymus compartmentalization in the generation of both diverse and invariant αβT cells. Moreover, the identification of a novel requirement for iNKT cells in thymus medulla development further highlights the role of both innate and adaptive immune cells in thymus medulla formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J White
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Moore H, Sheppard F, Berluw C, Haenel J, Bacon A, Moore E. Penetrating Carotid Artery Injuries: Remain a Rare and Highly Lethal injury. J Surg Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.11.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Lewy GD, Ryan GA, Read ML, Fong JCW, Poole V, Seed RI, Sharma N, Smith VE, Kwan PPK, Stewart SL, Bacon A, Warfield A, Franklyn JA, McCabe CJ, Boelaert K. Regulation of pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) expression and phosphorylation in thyroid cells. Endocrinology 2013; 154:4408-22. [PMID: 23867215 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-2156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human pituitary tumor transforming gene (hPTTG) is a multifunctional proto-oncogene implicated in the initiation and progression of several tumors. Phosphorylation of hPTTG is mediated by cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDC2), whereas cellular expression is regulated by specificity protein 1 (SP1). The mechanisms underlying hPTTG propagation of aberrant thyroid cell growth have not been fully defined. We set out to investigate the interplay between hPTTG and growth factors, as well as the effects of phosphorylation and SP1 regulation on hPTTG expression and function. In our study, epidermal growth factor (EGF), TGFα, and IGF-1 induced hPTTG expression and phosphorylation in thyroid cells, which was associated with activation of MAPK and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Growth factors induced hPTTG independently of CDC2 and SP1 in thyroid carcinoma cells. Strikingly, CDC2 depletion in TPC-1 cells resulted in enhanced expression and phosphorylation of hPTTG and reduced cellular proliferation. In reciprocal experiments, hPTTG overexpression induced EGF, IGF-1, and TGFα mRNAs in primary human thyrocytes. Treatment of primary human thyrocytes with conditioned media derived from hPTTG-transfected cells resulted in autocrine upregulation of hPTTG protein, which was ameliorated by growth factor depletion or growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. A transgenic murine model of thyroid targeted hPTTG overexpression (hPTTG-Tg) (FVB/N strain, both sexes) demonstrated smaller thyroids with reduced cellular proliferation and enhanced secretion of Egf. In contrast, Pttg(-/-) knockout mice (c57BL6 strain, both sexes) showed reduced thyroidal Egf mRNA expression. These results define hPTTG as having a central role in thyroid autocrine signaling mechanisms via growth factors, with profound implications for promotion of transformed cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Lewy
- FRCP, PhD, Senior Clinical Lecturer and Honorary Consultant Physician, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom.
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19
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Burrows T, Patterson A, Bacon A, Mitchell L, Wicks L, Baines S, Williams L. Client satisfaction and weight loss outcomes of student centred dietetic outpatient clinics. Obes Res Clin Pract 2013; 7:e421-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Stepanov AV, Belogurov AA, Mamedov AÉ, Melamed D, Smirnov IV, Kuzina ES, Genkin DD, Boĭko AN, Sharanova SN, Bacon A, Ponomarenko NA, Gabibov AG. [Therapeutic effect of encapsulated into the nanocontainers MBP immunodominant peptides on EAE development in DA rats]. Bioorg Khim 2012; 38:306-14. [PMID: 22997702 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162012030144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a serve autoimmune neurodegenerative disease. Development of innovative approaches of MS treatment is of a high priority in the modern immunology and pharmacy. In the present study we showed high therapeutic efficiency of immunodominant peptides of myelin basic protein (MBP) incorporated into the monolayer mannosylated liposomes on the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in DA rats. MBP is a component ofoligodendrocytes' membrane, which form axonal sheath, and is one of the major autoantigens in MS. We analyzed binding pattern ofanti-MBP autoantibodies from MS patients using previously designed MBP epitope library. Utilizing the same approach we investigated pool of anti-MBP antibodies from SJL/J and C57/BL6 mice and DA rats with induced EAE. The most relevant rodent model to MS was EAE in DA rats according to the autoantibodies' binding pattern. We selected three immunodominant MBP fragments encapsulated in monolayer mannosylated liposomes for the following treatment of verified DA rodent model. MBP fragment 46-62 was the most effective in reducing of the first EAE attack, whereas MBP 124-139 and 147-160 inhibited development of pathology during remission stage. Simultaneous administration of these peptides in liposomes significantly decreased level of anti-MBP antibodies. Synergetic therapeutic effect of MBP fragments reduced integral disease score by inhibiting first EAE wave and subsequent remission, thus, our findings disclosure novel approaches for efficient treatment of Multiple Sclerosis.
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21
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Stepanov AV, Belogurov AA, Mamedov AE, Melamed D, Smirnov IV, Kuzina ES, Genkin DD, Boyko AN, Sharanova SN, Bacon A, Ponomarenko NA, Gabibov AG. Erratum to: “Therapeutic effect of MBP immunodominant peptides encapsulated in nanovehicles in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in DA rats”. Russ J Bioorg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s106816201244001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Singleton WGB, Bacon A, Edwards RJ. Chronic headaches due to periventricular nodular heterotopia causing obstructive hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurosurg 2012; 48:258-60. [PMID: 23571663 DOI: 10.1159/000346905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W G B Singleton
- Department of Paediatric Neurosurgery, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, UK
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23
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Bacon A. Book Review: Anesthesia Emergencies. Anaesth Intensive Care 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/0310057x1103900332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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24
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Burrows T, Patterson A, Bacon A, Mitchell L, Wicks L, Baines S, Williams L. Client satisfaction and weight loss outcomes of student centred dietetic outpatient clinics. Obes Res Clin Pract 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2010.09.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Hobson SA, Bacon A, Elliot-Hunt CR, Holmes FE, Kerr NCH, Pope R, Vanderplank P, Wynick D. Galanin acts as a trophic factor to the central and peripheral nervous systems. Exp Suppl 2010; 102:25-38. [PMID: 21299059 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0346-0228-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin is widely, but not ubiquitously, expressed in the adult nervous system. Its expression is markedly up-regulated in many neuronal tissues after nerve injury or disease. Over the last 10 years, we have demonstrated that the peptide plays a developmental survival role to subsets of neurons in the peripheral and central nervous systems with resulting phenotypic changes in neuropathic pain and cognition. Galanin also appears to play a trophic role to adult sensory neurons following injury, via activation of GalR2, by stimulating neurite outgrowth. Furthermore, galanin also plays a neuroprotective role to the hippocampus following excitotoxic injury, again mediated by activation of GalR2. Most recently, we have shown that galanin expression is markedly up-regulated in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions and in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS. Over-expression of galanin in transgenic mice abolishes disease in the EAE model, whilst loss-of-function mutations in galanin or GalR2 increase disease severity. In summary, these studies demonstrate that a GalR2 agonist might have clinical utility in a variety of human diseases that affect the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Hobson
- Department of Physiology, South Bristol, School of Medical Sciences, University Walk, Bristol University, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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26
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Bacon A. Bougies. Anaesth Intensive Care 2009; 37:497. [PMID: 19499875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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27
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Abstract
Thymic epithelium provides an essential cellular substrate for T cell development and selection. Gradual age-associated thymic atrophy leads to a reduction in functional thymic tissue and a decline in de novo T cell generation. Development of strategies tailored toward regeneration of thymic tissue provides an important possibility to improve immune function in elderly individuals and increase the capacity for immune recovery in patients having undergone bone marrow transfer following immunoablative therapies. In this study we show that restriction of the size of the functional thymic epithelial progenitor pool affects the number of mature thymic epithelial cells. Using an embryo fusion chimera-based approach, we demonstrate a reduction in the total number of both embryonic and adult thymic epithelium, which relates to the initial size of the progenitor cell pool. The inability of thymic epithelial progenitor cells to undergo sufficient compensatory proliferation to rescue the deficit in progenitor numbers suggests that in addition to extrinsic regulation of thymus growth by provision of growth factors, intrinsic factors such as a proliferative restriction of thymic epithelial progenitors and availability of progenitor cell niches may limit thymic epithelial recovery. Collectively, our data demonstrate an important level of regulation of thymic growth and recovery at the thymic epithelial progenitor level, providing an important consideration for developing methods targeted toward inducing thymic regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Jenkinson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Hobson SA, Bacon A, Elliot-Hunt CR, Holmes FE, Kerr NCH, Pope R, Vanderplank P, Wynick D. Galanin – 25 years with a multitalented neuropeptide. Cell Mol Life Sci 2008; 65:1806-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00018-008-8154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina M. Kolodziejska
- From the Heart & Stroke Richard Lewar Center of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research (K.M.K., M.H.N.-A., M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, and the McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Canada; Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute (A.N.), Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Division of Immunity and Infection (A.B., J.F.), Birmingham University Medical
| | - M.H. Noyan-Ashraf
- From the Heart & Stroke Richard Lewar Center of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research (K.M.K., M.H.N.-A., M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, and the McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Canada; Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute (A.N.), Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Division of Immunity and Infection (A.B., J.F.), Birmingham University Medical
| | - Andras Nagy
- From the Heart & Stroke Richard Lewar Center of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research (K.M.K., M.H.N.-A., M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, and the McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Canada; Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute (A.N.), Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Division of Immunity and Infection (A.B., J.F.), Birmingham University Medical
| | - Andrea Bacon
- From the Heart & Stroke Richard Lewar Center of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research (K.M.K., M.H.N.-A., M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, and the McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Canada; Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute (A.N.), Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Division of Immunity and Infection (A.B., J.F.), Birmingham University Medical
| | - Jon Frampton
- From the Heart & Stroke Richard Lewar Center of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research (K.M.K., M.H.N.-A., M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, and the McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Canada; Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute (A.N.), Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Division of Immunity and Infection (A.B., J.F.), Birmingham University Medical
| | - Hong-Bo Xin
- From the Heart & Stroke Richard Lewar Center of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research (K.M.K., M.H.N.-A., M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, and the McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Canada; Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute (A.N.), Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Division of Immunity and Infection (A.B., J.F.), Birmingham University Medical
| | - Michael I. Kotlikoff
- From the Heart & Stroke Richard Lewar Center of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research (K.M.K., M.H.N.-A., M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, and the McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Canada; Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute (A.N.), Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Division of Immunity and Infection (A.B., J.F.), Birmingham University Medical
| | - Mansoor Husain
- From the Heart & Stroke Richard Lewar Center of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research (K.M.K., M.H.N.-A., M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, and the McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Canada; Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute (A.N.), Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Division of Immunity and Infection (A.B., J.F.), Birmingham University Medical
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Leyland M, Bacon A, Watson SL. Risk factors for endophthalmitis: does non-wearing of face-masks increase relative risk? Eye (Lond) 2007; 21:1441; author reply 1441-2. [PMID: 17767142 DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6702966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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31
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Bacon A, Kerr NCH, Holmes FE, Gaston K, Wynick D. Characterization of an enhancer region of the galanin gene that directs expression to the dorsal root ganglion and confers responsiveness to axotomy. J Neurosci 2007; 27:6573-80. [PMID: 17567818 PMCID: PMC2726636 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1596-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Galanin expression markedly increases in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) after sciatic nerve axotomy and modulates pain behavior and regeneration of sensory neurons. Here, we describe transgenic mice expressing constructs with varying amounts of sequence upstream of the murine galanin gene marked by LacZ. The 20 kb region upstream of the galanin gene recapitulates the endogenous expression pattern of galanin in the embryonic and adult intact DRG and after axotomy. In contrast, 1.9 kb failed to drive LacZ expression in the intact DRG or after axotomy. However, the addition of an additional 2.7 kb of 5' flanking DNA (4.6 kb construct) restored the expression in the embryonic DRG and in the adult after axotomy. Sequence analysis of this 2.7 kb region revealed unique 18 and 23 bp regions containing overlapping putative Ets-, Stat-, and Smad-binding sites, and adjacent putative Stat- and Smad-binding sites, respectively. Deletion of the 18 and 23 bp regions from the 4.6 kb construct abolished the upregulation of LacZ expression in the DRG after axotomy but did not affect expression in the embryonic or intact adult DRG. Also, a bioinformatic analysis of the upstream regions of a number of other axotomy-responsive genes demonstrated that the close proximity of putative Ets-, Stat-, and Smad-binding sites appears to be a common motif in injury-induced upregulation in gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bacon
- Departments of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences South Bristol and
| | - Niall C. H. Kerr
- Departments of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences South Bristol and
| | - Fiona E. Holmes
- Departments of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences South Bristol and
| | - Kevin Gaston
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University Walk, Bristol University, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - David Wynick
- Departments of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences South Bristol and
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Bacon A. Book Review: Emergencies in Anaesthesia. Anaesth Intensive Care 2006. [DOI: 10.1177/0310057x0603400324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
The expression of the neuropeptide galanin is markedly up-regulated in many areas of the central and peripheral nervous system after injury. We have recently demonstrated that peripheral sensory neurons depend on galanin for neurite extension after injury, mediated by activation of the second galanin receptor subtype (GALR2). We therefore hypothesized that galanin might also act in a similar manner in the CNS, reducing cell death in hippocampal models of excitotoxicity. Here we report that galanin acts an endogenous neuroprotective factor to the hippocampus in a number of in vivo and in vitro models of injury. Kainate-induced hippocampal cell death was greater in both the CA1 and CA3 regions of galanin knockout animals than in WT controls. Similarly, exposure to glutamate or staurosporine induced significantly more neuronal cell death in galanin knockout organotypic and dispersed primary hippocampal cultures than in WT controls. Conversely, less cell death was observed in the hippocampus of galanin overexpressing transgenic animals after kainate injection and in organotypic cultures after exposure to staurosporine. Further, exogenous galanin or the previously described high-affinity GALR2 agonist, both reduced cell death when coadministered with glutamate or staurosporine in WT cultures. These results demonstrate that galanin acts an endogenous neuroprotective factor to the hippocampus and imply that a galanin agonist might have therapeutic uses in some forms of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline R Elliott-Hunt
- Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Bristol University, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, United Kingdom
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Holmes FE, Bacon A, Pope RJP, Vanderplank PA, Kerr NCH, Sukumaran M, Pachnis V, Wynick D. Transgenic overexpression of galanin in the dorsal root ganglia modulates pain-related behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:6180-5. [PMID: 12721371 PMCID: PMC156346 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0937087100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2002] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin is expressed in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord and is thought to be involved in the modulation of pain processing. However, its mechanisms of action are complex and poorly understood, as both facilitatory and inhibitory effects have been described. To understand further the role played by galanin in nociception, we have generated two transgenic lines that overexpress galanin in specific populations of primary afferent DRG neurons in either an inducible or constitutive manner. In the first line, a previously defined enhancer region from the galanin locus was used to target galanin to the DRG (Gal-OE). Transgene expression recapitulates the spatial endogenous galanin distribution pattern in DRG neurons and markedly overexpresses the peptide in the DRG after nerve injury but not in the uninjured state. In the second line, an enhancer region of the c-Ret gene was used to constitutively and ectopically target galanin overexpression to the DRG (Ret-OE). The expression of this second transgene does not alter significantly after nerve injury. Here, we report that intact Ret-OE, but not Gal-OE, animals have significantly elevated mechanical and thermal thresholds. After nerve damage, using a spared nerve-injury model, mechanical allodynia is attenuated markedly in both the Gal-OE and Ret-OE mice compared with WT controls. These results support an inhibitory role for galanin in the modulation of nociception both in intact animals and in neuropathic pain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona E Holmes
- University Research Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Bristol, Marlborough Street, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The 29 amino acid neuropeptide galanin is normally expressed in < 5% of sensory neurons in the adult dorsal root ganglia. After nerve transection (axotomy), the galanin content of the dorsal root ganglia rises 120-fold and the peptide is then expressed in > 50% of neurons. Published data suggest that galanin plays a role in the modulation of pain processing and may be involved in the regeneration of sensory neurons. Here we describe the initial characterisation of a new line of transgenic mice that selectively over-express galanin in the dorsal root ganglia in an inducible manner following axotomy of the sciatic nerve, but not in the uninjured state. Results of acute thermal or mechanosensory pain tests are normal in intact transgenic animals when compared to wild-type controls. The generation of these novel transgenic animals will be most useful as genetic tools to further elucidate the role played by galanin in the adaptive response of the peripheral nervous system to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bacon
- University Research Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Bristol University, Marlborough Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
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Hingston JA, Moore J, Bacon A, Lester JN, Murphy RJ, Collins CD. The importance of the short-term leaching dynamics of wood preservatives. Chemosphere 2002; 47:517-523. [PMID: 11996127 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(01)00333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The potential environmental impacts from the use of treated timber in aquatic areas is under scrutiny as a result of environmental legislation and reports of the deleterious environmental effects around treated structures. In this study leaching experiments of up to 3 weeks duration were conducted on two species of chromated copper arsenate treated timber, dried for different periods of time. Increased drying time significantly reduced leaching of Cr and As. The addition of a synthetic humic acid increased leaching of Cu and As, but reduced leaching of Cr. Putative risk assessments conducted using short-term copper leaching data suggested protocol design may influence decisions made regarding the environmental acceptability of such preservatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Hingston
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Royal School of Mines Building, London, UK
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Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin has a widespread but no means ubiquitous expression pattern in the nervous and endocrine systems. Profound changes in the levels and distribution of the peptide occur in a range of path-physiological situations including nerve injury or damage and alterations in the circulating levels of a number of hormones. There is now a substantial body of work to indicate that galanin plays an important biological role as a regulator of neurotransmitter and hormone release in the adult. The recent generation of mice carrying a loss-of-function mutation within the galanin gene has allowed us new insights into the physiological actions of galanin. In this manuscript we detail three sets of data relating to the major phenotypic effects thus far delineated, putting them in the context of existing published data. These studies demonstrate that galanin acts as a developmental and trophic factor to subsets of neurons in the nervous and neuroendocrine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wynick
- University Research Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Bristol University, Marlborough Street, Bristol, BS2 8HW
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Hingston JA, Bacon A, Moore J, Collins CD, Murphy RJ, Lester JN. Influence of leaching protocol regimes on losses of wood preservative biocides. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2002; 68:118-125. [PMID: 11731840 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-001-0227-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2001] [Accepted: 09/16/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Hingston
- Environmental Processes and Water Technology Research Group, T. H. Huxley School of the Environment, Earth Sciences and Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Royal School of Mines Building, London, SW7 2BP, United Kingdom
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O'Meara G, Coumis U, Ma SY, Kehr J, Mahoney S, Bacon A, Allen SJ, Holmes F, Kahl U, Wang FH, Kearns IR, Ove-Ogren S, Dawbarn D, Mufson EJ, Davies C, Dawson G, Wynick D. Galanin regulates the postnatal survival of a subset of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:11569-74. [PMID: 11016971 PMCID: PMC17241 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.210254597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin colocalizes with choline acetyltransferase, the synthetic enzyme for acetylcholine, in a subset of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain of rodents. Chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of nerve growth factor induces a 3- to 4-fold increase in galanin gene expression in these neurons. Here we report the loss of a third of cholinergic neurons in the medial septum and vertical limb diagonal band of the basal forebrain of adult mice carrying a targeted loss-of-function mutation in the galanin gene. These deficits are associated with a 2-fold increase in the number of apoptotic cells in the forebrain at postnatal day seven. This loss is associated with marked age-dependent deficits in stimulated acetylcholine release, performance in the Morris water maze, and induction of long-term potentiation in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. These data provide unexpected evidence that galanin plays a trophic role to regulate the development and function of a subset of septohippocampal cholinergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- G O'Meara
- Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, Harlow, CM20 2QR, United Kingdom
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Holmes FE, Mahoney S, King VR, Bacon A, Kerr NC, Pachnis V, Curtis R, Priestley JV, Wynick D. Targeted disruption of the galanin gene reduces the number of sensory neurons and their regenerative capacity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:11563-8. [PMID: 11016970 PMCID: PMC17240 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.210221897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin is expressed developmentally in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and is rapidly up-regulated 120-fold after peripheral nerve section in the adult. Here we report that adult mice carrying a loss-of-function mutation in the galanin gene have a 13% reduction in the number of cells in the DRG associated with a 24% decrease in the percentage of neurons that express substance P. These deficits are associated with a 2.8- and 2.6-fold increase in the number of apoptotic cells in the DRG at postnatal days 3 and 4, respectively. After crush injury to the sciatic nerve, the rate of peripheral nerve regeneration is reduced by 35% with associated long-term functional deficits. Cultured DRG neurons from adult mutant mice demonstrate similar deficits in neurite number and length. These results identify a critical role for galanin in the development and regeneration of sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Holmes
- Departments of Medicine and Oral and Dental Science, Bristol University, Marlborough Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, United Kingdom
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Bacon A, Makin J, Sizer PJ, Jabbal-Gill I, Hinchcliffe M, Illum L, Chatfield S, Roberts M. Carbohydrate biopolymers enhance antibody responses to mucosally delivered vaccine antigens. Infect Immun 2000; 68:5764-70. [PMID: 10992483 PMCID: PMC101535 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.10.5764-5770.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have evaluated the ability of two carbohydrate biopolymers, chitosan and gellan, to enhance antibody responses to subunit influenza virus vaccines delivered to the respiratory tracts of mice. Groups of mice were vaccinated three times intranasally (i.n.) with 10 microg of purified influenza B/Panama virus surface antigens (PSAs), which consist of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), either alone or admixed with chitosan or gellan solutions. Separate groups were vaccinated subcutaneously (s.c.) with PSAs adsorbed to Alhydrogel or chitosan or gellan alone i.n. Serum antibody responses were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for influenza virus-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and by HA inhibition (HAI) and NA inhibition (NAI) assays. The local respiratory immune response was measured by assaying for influenza virus-specific IgA antibody in nasal secretions and by enumerating nasal and pulmonary lymphocytes secreting IgA, IgG, and IgM anti-influenza virus-specific antibodies by enzyme-linked immunospotting (ELISPOT). When administered alone i.n., B/Panama PSA was poorly immunogenic. Parenteral immunization with B/Panama PSA with Alhydrogel elicited high titers of anti-B/Panama antibodies in serum but a very poor respiratory anti-B/Panama IgA response. In contrast, i.n. immunization with PSA plus chitosan stimulated very strong local and systemic anti-B/Panama responses. Gellan also enhanced the local and serum antibody responses to i.n. PSA but not to the same extent as chitosan. The ability of chitosan to augment the immunogenicity of influenza vaccines given i.n. was confirmed using PSA prepared from an influenza A virus (A/Texas H1N1).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bacon
- Vaccine Research Unit (Medeva Group Development), Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London SW7 2AY, United Kingdom
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Roberts M, Chatfield S, Pickard D, Li J, Bacon A. Comparison of abilities of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium aroA aroD and aroA htrA mutants to act as live vectors. Infect Immun 2000; 68:6041-3. [PMID: 10992518 PMCID: PMC101570 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.10.6041-6043.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the ability of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL1344 aroA aroD (BRD509) and aroA htrA (BRD807) mutants to act as live vectors for delivery of fragment C of tetanus toxin (FrgC). FrgC was expressed in these strains from either pTETnir15 or pTEThtrA1. BRD509FrgC(+) strains elicited approximately 2-log-higher serum anti-FrgC antibody titers than BRD807FrgC(+) strains. All mice immunized with BRD807pTEThtrA1, BRD509pTEThtrA1, and BRD509pTETnir15 (but not BRD807pTETnir15) were protected against tetanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Roberts
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Glasgow University Veterinary School, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom.
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Mazarati AM, Hohmann JG, Bacon A, Liu H, Sankar R, Steiner RA, Wynick D, Wasterlain CG. Modulation of hippocampal excitability and seizures by galanin. J Neurosci 2000; 20:6276-81. [PMID: 10934278 PMCID: PMC6772610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the expression of the neuropeptide galanin in the hippocampus is altered by seizures and that exogenous administration of galanin into the hippocampus attenuates seizure severity. To address the role of endogenous galanin in modulation of hippocampal excitability and its possible role in seizure mechanisms, we studied two types of transgenic mice: mice with a targeted disruption of the galanin gene (GalKO) and mice that overexpress the galanin gene under a dopamine-beta-hydroxylase promoter (GalOE). GalKO mice showed increased propensity to develop status epilepticus after perforant path stimulation or systemic kainic acid, as well as greater severity of pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsions. By contrast, GalOE mice had increased resistance to seizure induction in all three models. Physiological tests of hippocampal excitability revealed enhanced perforant path-dentate gyrus long-term potentiation (LTP) in GalKO and reduced LTP in GalOE. GalKO showed increased duration of afterdischarge (AD) evoked from the dentate gyrus by perforant path simulation, whereas GalOE had increased threshold for AD induction. Depolarization-induced glutamate release from hippocampal slices was greater in GalKO and lower in GalOE, suggesting that alterations of physiological and seizure responses in galanin transgenic animals may be mediated through modulation of glutamate release. Our data provide further evidence that hippocampal galanin acts as an endogenous anticonvulsant and suggest that genetically induced changes in galanin expression modulate both hippocampal excitability and predisposition to epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Mazarati
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1769, USA. mailto:mazarati.ucla.edu
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Kerr BJ, Cafferty WB, Gupta YK, Bacon A, Wynick D, McMahon SB, Thompson SW. Galanin knockout mice reveal nociceptive deficits following peripheral nerve injury. Eur J Neurosci 2000; 12:793-802. [PMID: 10762308 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin has been identified as a potential neurotransmitter/neuromodulator within the central nervous system. In the present study, the role of endogenous galanin in nociceptive processing in the nervous system has been analysed by using mice carrying a targeted mutation in the galanin gene. Supporting this, the effect of chronic administration of exogenous galanin on nociceptive sensory inputs has been assayed in adult rats. In the absence of peripheral nerve injury, the sensitivity to threshold noxious stimuli is significantly higher in galanin mutant mice than wild-type controls. Following peripheral nerve injury, in conditions under which endogenous galanin levels are elevated, spontaneous and evoked neuropathic pain behaviours are compromised in mutant mice. Conversely, chronic intrathecal delivery of exogenous galanin to nerve-intact adult rats is associated with persistent behavioural hypersensitivity, a significant increase in c-fos expression and an increase in PKCgamma immunoreactivity within the spinal cord dorsal horn. The present results demonstrate that a relationship exists between the degree of nerve injury-induced galanin expression and the degree of behavioural hypersensitivity, and show that galanin may play a role in nociceptive processing in the spinal cord, with interrelated inhibitory and excitatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Kerr
- Sensory Functions Research Group, Center for Neuroscience Research, GKT School of Biomedical Sciences, Kings College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
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Roberts M, Bacon A, Li J, Chatfield S. Prior immunity to homologous and heterologous Salmonella serotypes suppresses local and systemic anti-fragment C antibody responses and protection from tetanus toxin in mice immunized with Salmonella strains expressing fragment C. Infect Immun 1999; 67:3810-5. [PMID: 10417142 PMCID: PMC96658 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.8.3810-3815.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of preexisting immunity to homologous (Salmonella typhimurium) or heterologous (S. dublin) serotypes of Salmonella on the ability of an attenuated S. typhimurium aroA aroD vector (BRD509) to immunize mice against the heterologous antigen fragment C (FrgC). We studied two strains, BRD847 and BRD937, expressing FrgC carried on plasmids that differ only with respect to the promoter controlling FrgC expression, the nirB promoter in the case of BRD847 and the htrA promoter in the case of BRD937. Mice were preimmunized orally with S. typhimurium BRD509, S. dublin aroA aroD (BRD620), or saline. Forty-four days later, they were immunized orally with BRD847 or BRD937. Prior immunity to S. typhimurium severely depressed the serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA anti-FrgC response in both BRD847- and BRD937-immunized mice. Mice with existing immunity to S. dublin also had lower IgG anti-FrgC geometric mean titers (GMTs) than did mice preimmunized with saline, but this difference was significant only in the case of mice immunized with BRD937. However, in nonimmune mice or in mice preimmunized with S. typhimurium or S. dublin, the anti-FrgC IgG GMTs were always higher in mice in the BRD937 groups than in the equivalent BRD847 groups. This is reflected in the effect of prior immunity on the ability of oral immunization with BRD847 or BRD937 to protect mice from challenge with a lethal dose of tetanus toxin. All of the mice preimmunized with saline and then immunized with BRD847 or BRD937 survived challenge. Only 20% of the animals immunized with BRD847 and 60% of the mice in the BRD937 group survived tetanus toxin challenge if they were preimmunized with BRD509. Preexisting immunity to S. dublin did not affect the ability of BRD937 to immunize mice against tetanus, but it did reduce the efficiency of BRD847: only 60% percent of the mice survived challenge. The intestinal secretory IgA responses to FrgC were very similar in the BRD847 and BRD937 groups. Prior immunity did depress the IgA anti-FrgC titers but only significantly so in the mice preimmunized with BRD509. These results show that preexisting Salmonella immunity, particularly to homologous serotypes, can severely compromise the ability of live Salmonella vectors to deliver heterologous antigens to the mammalian immune system. However, the results also indicate that this may be overcome by the design of more powerful in vivo expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Roberts
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Glasgow University Veterinary School, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom.
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Jones CD, Page M, Bacon A, Cahill E, Bentley M, Chatfield SN. T-cell and antibody response characterisation of a new recombinant pre-S1, pre-S2 and SHBs antigen-containing hepatitis B vaccine; demonstration of superior anti-SHBs antibody induction in responder mice. Vaccine 1999; 17:2528-37. [PMID: 10418899 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of non-responders to hepatitis B (HB) virus SHBs antigen (Ag) vaccines has prompted the development of pre-S containing vaccines. The aim of this study was to characterise the murine immune response to a novel recombinant particle (Hepagene) (Medeva plc) containing pre-S1, pre-S2 and SHBsAg components. Hepagene induced potent in vitro spleen T-cell proliferative responses in both BALB/c (maximum stimulation index (SI) = 38) and SWR/J (maximum SI = 43) strains of mouse, following immunisation. High concentrations of interferon-gamma and low concentrations of interleukin-10 were detected in the media of spleen cells stimulated with Hepagene. The anti-Hepagene antibody response was higher in SWR/J mice and alhydrogel adjuvant significantly improved the titres. Anti-pre-S1 antibody was detected in both strains of mouse, whereas antipre-S2 antibody was only detected in SWR/J mice. IgG subclass analysis of the anti-Hepagene response revealed a Th2-type response in BALB/c mice and a mixed Th1/Th2 response in SWR/J mice. Hepagene induced higher anti-SHBs antibody responses than Engerix-B (11097 and 1276 IU/ml, respectively) in BALB/c mice. Hepagene therefore, stimulates strong cellular and humoral immune responses in murine models. The high anti-SHBs antibody response suggests that Hepagene is an improved hepatitis B virus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Jones
- Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
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Humphreys S, Stevenson A, Bacon A, Weinhardt AB, Roberts M. The alternative sigma factor, sigmaE, is critically important for the virulence of Salmonella typhimurium. Infect Immun 1999; 67:1560-8. [PMID: 10084987 PMCID: PMC96497 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.4.1560-1568.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Escherichia coli, extracytoplasmic stress is partially controlled by the alternative sigma factor, RpoE (sigmaE). In response to environmental stress or alteration in the protein content of the cell envelope, sigmaE upregulates the expression of a number of genes, including htrA. It has been shown that htrA is required for intramacrophage survival and virulence in Salmonella typhimurium. To investigate whether sigmaE-regulated genes other than htrA are involved in salmonella virulence, we inactivated the rpoE gene of S. typhimurium SL1344 by allelic exchange and compared the phenotype of the mutant (GVB311) in vitro and in vivo with its parent and an isogenic htrA mutant (BRD915). Unlike E. coli, sigmaE is not required for the growth and survival of S. typhimurium at high temperatures. However, GVB311 did display a defect in its ability to utilize carbon sources other than glucose. GVB311 was more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, and antimicrobial peptides than SL1344 and BRD915. Although able to invade both macrophage and epithelial cell lines normally, the rpoE mutant was defective in its ability to survive and proliferate in both cell lines. The effect of the rpoE mutation on the intracellular behavior of S. typhimurium was greater than that of the htrA mutation. Both GVB311 and BRD915 were highly attenuated in mice. Neither strain was able to kill mice via the oral route, and the 50% lethal dose (LD50) for both strains via the intravenous (i.v.) route was very high. The i.v. LD50s for SL1344, BRD915, and GVB311 were <10, 5.5 x 10(5), and 1.24 x 10(7) CFU, respectively. Growth in murine tissues after oral and i.v. inoculation was impaired for both the htrA and rpoE mutant, with the latter mutant being more severely affected. Neither mutant was able to translocate successfully from the Peyer's patches to other organs after oral infection or to proliferate in the liver and spleen after i.v. inoculation. However, the htrA mutant efficiently colonized the livers and spleens of mice infected i.v., but the rpoE mutant did not. Previous studies have shown that salmonella htrA mutants are excellent live vaccines. In contrast, oral immunization of mice with GVB311 was unable to protect any of the mice from oral challenge with SL1344. Furthermore, i.v. immunization with a large dose ( approximately 10(6) CFU) of GVB311 protected less than half of the orally challenged mice. Thus, our results indicate that genes in the sigmaE regulon other than htrA play a critical role in the virulence and immunogenicity of S. typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Humphreys
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Glasgow University Veterinary School, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
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Bacon A. Please come back-the patient won't take her cotton wool. BMJ 1998; 317:1646. [PMID: 9848910 PMCID: PMC1114439 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.317.7173.1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Jones CD, Page M, Bacon A, Cahill E, Bentley M, Chatfield SN. Characterization of the T- and B-cell immune response to a new recombinant pre-S1, pre-S2 and SHBs antigen containing hepatitis B vaccine (Hepagene); evidence for superior anti-SHBs antibody induction in responder mice. J Viral Hepat 1998; 5 Suppl 2:5-8. [PMID: 9857353 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2893.1998.0050s2005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hepagene is a novel recombinant particle consisting of the pre-S1, pre-S2 and small surface (SHBs) antigens (Ag) of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and is adjuvanted with alhydrogel in the final formulation. It has been primarily developed to enhance anti-SHBs antibody titres in inadequate responders, to conventional SHBsAg vaccines. Since non-compliance is also a problem with existing HBV vaccine schedules, the ability to accelerate current immunization regimens to provide more rapid protection has also been an important objective. Here we describe the T- and B-cell responses to Hepagene in two strains of responder mouse (BALB/c and SWR/J). Hepagene induced high in vitro spleen T-cell proliferative responses in both strains (max. Stimulation Index = 43), following intraperitoneal immunization. High concentrations of interferon-gamma (max. = 5000 pg/mL) were detected in the media of spleen cells cultured with non-adjuvanted Hepagene particles. SWR/J mice showed the highest serum antibody (Ab) titres to non-adjuvanted Hepagene. The presence of alhydrogel adjuvant in the vaccine formulation significantly improved the titres. Anti-pre-S1 Ab was detected in both strains of mouse but anti-pre-S2 Ab was only detected in the SWR/J strain. In BALB/c mice, the anti-Hepagene (non-adjuvanted) IgG1 Ab subclass was predominant but in SWR/J mice IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b subclasses were of a similar magnitude. In BALB/c mice, Hepagene induced higher anti-SHBs Ab responses than Engerix-B (11097 IU/mL and 1276 IU/mL, respectively), following two doses of vaccine (10 micrograms/mouse). The vaccine therefore, induces strong cellular and humoral immune responses and these data suggest that Hepagene is an improved hepatitis B vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Jones
- Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
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Wynick D, Small CJ, Bacon A, Holmes FE, Norman M, Ormandy CJ, Kilic E, Kerr NC, Ghatei M, Talamantes F, Bloom SR, Pachnis V. Galanin regulates prolactin release and lactotroph proliferation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:12671-6. [PMID: 9770544 PMCID: PMC22889 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.21.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/1998] [Accepted: 08/17/1998] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin is predominantly expressed by the lactotrophs (the prolactin secreting cell type) in the rodent anterior pituitary and in the median eminence and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Prolactin and galanin colocalize in the same secretory granule, the expression of both proteins is extremely sensitive to the estrogen status of the animal. The administration of estradiol-17beta induces pituitary hyperplasia followed by adenoma formation and causes a 3,000-fold increase in the galanin mRNA content of the lactotroph. To further study the role of galanin in prolactin release and lactotroph growth we now report the generation of mice carrying a loss-of-function mutation of the endogenous galanin gene. There is no evidence of embryonic lethality and the mutant mice grow normally. The specific endocrine abnormalities identified to date, relate to the expression of prolactin. Pituitary prolactin message levels and protein content of adult female mutant mice are reduced by 30-40% compared with wild-type controls. Mutant females fail to lactate and pups die of starvation/dehydration unless fostered onto wild-type mothers. Prolactin secretion in mutant females is markedly reduced at 7 days postpartum compared with wild-type controls with an associated failure in mammary gland maturation. There is an almost complete abrogation of the proliferative response of the lactotroph to high doses of estrogen, with a failure to up-regulate prolactin release, STAT5 expression or to increase pituitary cell number. These data further support the hypothesis that galanin acts as a paracrine regulator of prolactin expression and as a growth factor to the lactotroph.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wynick
- Department of Medicine, Bristol University, Marlborough Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, United Kingdom.
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