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Delva-Wiley J, Ekhator ES, Adams LL, Patwardhan S, Dong M, Newman RH. Redox Modification of PKA-Cα Differentially Affects Its Substrate Selection. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1811. [PMID: 37763215 PMCID: PMC10532679 DOI: 10.3390/life13091811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) plays an essential role in the regulation of many important cellular processes and is dysregulated in several pervasive diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and various neurodegenerative disorders. Previous studies suggest that the alpha isoform of the catalytic subunit of PKA (PKA-Cα) is oxidized on C199, both in vitro and in situ. However, the molecular consequences of these modifications on PKA-Cα's substrate selection remain largely unexplored. C199 is located on the P + 1 loop within PKA-Cα's active site, suggesting that redox modification may affect its kinase activity. Given the proximity of C199 to the substrate binding pocket, we hypothesized that oxidation could differentially alter PKA-Cα's activity toward its substrates. To this end, we examined the effects of diamide- and H2O2-dependent oxidation on PKA-Cα's activity toward select peptide and protein substrates using a combination of biochemical (i.e., trans-phosphorylation assays and steady-state kinetics analysis) and biophysical (i.e., surface plasmon resonance and fluorescence polarization assays) strategies. These studies suggest that redox modification of PKA-Cα differentially affects its activity toward different substrates. For instance, we found that diamide-mediated oxidation caused a marked decrease in PKA-Cα's activity toward some substrates (e.g., Kemptide and CREBtide) while having little effect on others (e.g., Crosstide). In contrast, H2O2-dependent oxidation of PKA-Cα led to an increase in its activity toward each of the substrates at relatively low H2O2 concentrations, with differential effects at higher peroxide concentrations. Together, these studies offer novel insights into crosstalk between redox- and phosphorylation-dependent signaling pathways mediated by PKA. Likewise, since C199 is highly conserved among AGC kinase family members, they also lay the foundation for future studies designed to elucidate the role of redox-dependent modification of kinase substrate selection in physiological and pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Delva-Wiley
- Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (J.D.-W.); (E.S.E.); (L.L.A.); (S.P.)
| | - Ese S. Ekhator
- Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (J.D.-W.); (E.S.E.); (L.L.A.); (S.P.)
| | - Laquaundra L. Adams
- Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (J.D.-W.); (E.S.E.); (L.L.A.); (S.P.)
| | - Supriya Patwardhan
- Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (J.D.-W.); (E.S.E.); (L.L.A.); (S.P.)
| | - Ming Dong
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA;
| | - Robert H. Newman
- Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (J.D.-W.); (E.S.E.); (L.L.A.); (S.P.)
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2
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Yin Z, Liu Y, Li Y, Yuan C, Tian Y. Mitochondria of Live Mizuhopecten yessoensis Scallops Can Sensitively Respond to Quality Changes during Dry/Reimmersed Storage as Determined by TMT-Labeled Proteomic Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12609-12617. [PMID: 37566884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Dry/reimmersed storage is often used in the transportation of live scallops. In this study, tandem mass tag (TMT)-labeled protein omics were used to quantitatively analyze the protein changes in scallops during dry/reimmersed stress. The results showed that during dry storage, scallops maintained cellular redox homeostasis through the upregulation of SCO1-like protein and thioredoxin domain-containing protein and reduced organic acids from the ATP synthetic process by the downregulation of NADH dehydrogenase, thereby reducing the damage caused during dry storage. During reimmersed storage, mitochondrial proteins underwent very sensitive changes. By upregulating aerobic respiration-related proteins (including proteins involved in glucose phosphate metabolism, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate metabolism, etc.), the ATP synthesis ability was improved. However, the damage to the mitochondrial structure by dry storage could not be completely recovered, even by reimmersion. This included some apoptosis-related proteins that were obviously upregulated. In summary, compared with ATP-related indexes, mitochondria can respond more sensitively to dry storage stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzhuan Yin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Yaxuan Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Chunhong Yuan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate 020-88550, Japan
| | - Yuanyong Tian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
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3
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Bennett CF, Latorre-Muro P, Puigserver P. Mechanisms of mitochondrial respiratory adaptation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:817-835. [PMID: 35804199 PMCID: PMC9926497 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00506-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial energetic adaptations encompass a plethora of conserved processes that maintain cell and organismal fitness and survival in the changing environment by adjusting the respiratory capacity of mitochondria. These mitochondrial responses are governed by general principles of regulatory biology exemplified by changes in gene expression, protein translation, protein complex formation, transmembrane transport, enzymatic activities and metabolite levels. These changes can promote mitochondrial biogenesis and membrane dynamics that in turn support mitochondrial respiration. The main regulatory components of mitochondrial energetic adaptation include: the transcription coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) coactivator 1α (PGC1α) and associated transcription factors; mTOR and endoplasmic reticulum stress signalling; TOM70-dependent mitochondrial protein import; the cristae remodelling factors, including mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) and OPA1; lipid remodelling; and the assembly and metabolite-dependent regulation of respiratory complexes. These adaptive molecular and structural mechanisms increase respiration to maintain basic processes specific to cell types and tissues. Failure to execute these regulatory responses causes cell damage and inflammation or senescence, compromising cell survival and the ability to adapt to energetically demanding conditions. Thus, mitochondrial adaptive cellular processes are important for physiological responses, including to nutrient availability, temperature and physical activity, and their failure leads to diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction such as metabolic and age-associated diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher F Bennett
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pedro Latorre-Muro
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pere Puigserver
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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4
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Nguyen H, Zhu W, Baltan S. Casein Kinase 2 Signaling in White Matter Stroke. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:908521. [PMID: 35911974 PMCID: PMC9325966 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.908521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth of the aging population, together with improved stroke care, has resulted in an increase in stroke survivors and a rise in recurrent events. Axonal injury and white matter (WM) dysfunction are responsible for much of the disability observed after stroke. The mechanisms of WM injury are distinct compared to gray matter and change with age. Therefore, an ideal stroke therapeutic must restore neuronal and axonal function when applied before or after a stroke, and it must also protect across age groups. Casein kinase 2 (CK2), is expressed in the brain, including WM, and is regulated during the development and numerous disease conditions such as cancer and ischemia. CK2 activation in WM mediates ischemic injury by activating the Cdk5 and AKT/GSK3β signaling pathways. Consequently, CK2 inhibition using the small molecule inhibitor CX-4945 (Silmitasertib) correlates with preservation of oligodendrocytes, conservation of axon structure, and axonal mitochondria, leading to improved functional recovery. Remarkably, CK2 inhibition promotes WM function when applied after ischemic injury by specifically regulating the AKT/GSK3β pathways. The blockade of the active conformation of AKT confers post-ischemic protection to young and old WM by preserving mitochondria, implying AKT as a common therapeutic target across age groups. Using a NanoString nCounter miRNA expression profiling, comparative analyses of ischemic WM with or without CX-4945 treatment reveal that miRNAs are expressed at high levels in WM after ischemia, and CX-4945 differentially regulates some of these miRNAs. Therefore, we propose that miRNA regulation may be one of the protective actions of CX-4945 against WM ischemic injury. Silmitasertib is FDA approved and currently in use for cancer and Covid patients; therefore, it is plausible to repurpose CK2 inhibitors for stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Selva Baltan
- Anesthesiology and Peri-Operative Medicine (APOM), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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5
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Ježek P, Holendová B, Jabůrek M, Dlasková A, Plecitá-Hlavatá L. Contribution of Mitochondria to Insulin Secretion by Various Secretagogues. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:920-952. [PMID: 34180254 PMCID: PMC9125579 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Mitochondria determine glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in pancreatic β-cells by elevating ATP synthesis. As the metabolic and redox hub, mitochondria provide numerous links to the plasma membrane channels, insulin granule vesicles (IGVs), cell redox, NADH, NADPH, and Ca2+ homeostasis, all affecting insulin secretion. Recent Advances: Mitochondrial redox signaling was implicated in several modes of insulin secretion (branched-chain ketoacid [BCKA]-, fatty acid [FA]-stimulated). Mitochondrial Ca2+ influx was found to enhance GSIS, reflecting cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations induced by action potential spikes (intermittent opening of voltage-dependent Ca2+ and K+ channels) or the superimposed Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The ATPase inhibitory factor 1 (IF1) was reported to tune the glucose sensitivity range for GSIS. Mitochondrial protein kinase A was implicated in preventing the IF1-mediated inhibition of the ATP synthase. Critical Issues: It is unknown how the redox signal spreads up to the plasma membrane and what its targets are, what the differences in metabolic, redox, NADH/NADPH, and Ca2+ signaling, and homeostasis are between the first and second GSIS phase, and whether mitochondria can replace ER in the amplification of IGV exocytosis. Future Directions: Metabolomics studies performed to distinguish between the mitochondrial matrix and cytosolic metabolites will elucidate further details. Identifying the targets of cell signaling into mitochondria and of mitochondrial retrograde metabolic and redox signals to the cell will uncover further molecular mechanisms for insulin secretion stimulated by glucose, BCKAs, and FAs, and the amplification of secretion by glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) and metabotropic receptors. They will identify the distinction between the hub β-cells and their followers in intact and diabetic states. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 920-952.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Ježek
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Holendová
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Jabůrek
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Dlasková
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lydie Plecitá-Hlavatá
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Liu Y, Chen J, Xia P, Stratakis CA, Cheng Z. Loss of PKA regulatory subunit 1α aggravates cardiomyocyte necrosis and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100850. [PMID: 34087234 PMCID: PMC8233231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reperfusion therapy, the standard treatment for acute myocardial infarction, can trigger necrotic death of cardiomyocytes and provoke ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, signaling pathways that regulate cardiomyocyte necrosis remain largely unknown. Our recent genome-wide RNAi screen has identified a potential necrosis suppressor gene PRKAR1A, which encodes PKA regulatory subunit 1α (R1α). R1α is primarily known for regulating PKA activity by sequestering PKA catalytic subunits in the absence of cAMP. Here, we showed that depletion of R1α augmented cardiomyocyte necrosis in vitro and in vivo, resulting in exaggerated myocardial I/R injury and contractile dysfunction. Mechanistically, R1α loss downregulated the Nrf2 antioxidant transcription factor and aggravated oxidative stress following I/R. Degradation of the endogenous Nrf2 inhibitor Keap1 through p62-dependent selective autophagy was blocked by R1α depletion. Phosphorylation of p62 at Ser349 by mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a critical step in p62-Keap1 interaction, was induced by I/R, but diminished by R1α loss. Activation of PKA by forskolin or isoproterenol almost completely abolished hydrogen-peroxide-induced p62 phosphorylation. In conclusion, R1α loss induces unrestrained PKA activation and impairs the mTORC1-p62-Keap1-Nrf2 antioxidant defense system, leading to aggravated oxidative stress, necrosis, and myocardial I/R injury. Our findings uncover a novel role of PKA in oxidative stress and necrosis, which may be exploited to develop new cardioprotective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuening Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Jingrui Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Peng Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhaokang Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA.
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7
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Cytochrome c Oxidase at Full Thrust: Regulation and Biological Consequences to Flying Insects. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020470. [PMID: 33671793 PMCID: PMC7931083 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Flight dispersal represents a key aspect of the evolutionary and ecological success of insects, allowing escape from predators, mating, and colonization of new niches. The huge energy demand posed by flight activity is essentially met by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in flight muscle mitochondria. In insects, mitochondrial ATP supply and oxidant production are regulated by several factors, including the energy demand exerted by changes in adenylate balance. Indeed, adenylate directly regulates OXPHOS by targeting both chemiosmotic ATP production and the activities of specific mitochondrial enzymes. In several organisms, cytochrome c oxidase (COX) is regulated at transcriptional, post-translational, and allosteric levels, impacting mitochondrial energy metabolism, and redox balance. This review will present the concepts on how COX function contributes to flying insect biology, focusing on the existing examples in the literature where its structure and activity are regulated not only by physiological and environmental factors but also how changes in its activity impacts insect biology. We also performed in silico sequence analyses and determined the structure models of three COX subunits (IV, VIa, and VIc) from different insect species to compare with mammalian orthologs. We observed that the sequences and structure models of COXIV, COXVIa, and COXVIc were quite similar to their mammalian counterparts. Remarkably, specific substitutions to phosphomimetic amino acids at critical phosphorylation sites emerge as hallmarks on insect COX sequences, suggesting a new regulatory mechanism of COX activity. Therefore, by providing a physiological and bioenergetic framework of COX regulation in such metabolically extreme models, we hope to expand the knowledge of this critical enzyme complex and the potential consequences for insect dispersal.
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8
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Xing H, Zhang Z, Shi G, He Y, Song Y, Liu Y, Harrington EO, Sellke FW, Feng J. Chronic Inhibition of mROS Protects Against Coronary Endothelial Dysfunction in Mice With Diabetes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:643810. [PMID: 33681229 PMCID: PMC7930489 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.643810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with coronary endothelial dysfunction. Persistent oxidative stress during diabetes contributes to coronary endothelial dysfunction. The mitochondria are main sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in diabetes, and mitochondria-targeted antioxidant mito-Tempo can prevent mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) generation in a variety of disorders. Inhibition/inactivation of small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK) channels contribute to diabetic downregulation of coronary endothelial function/relaxation. However, few investigated the role of mROS on endothelial dysfunction/vasodilation and endothelial SK channel downregulation in diabetes. The aim of present study was to investigate the chronic administration of mito-Tempo, on coronary vasodilation, and endothelial SK channel activity of mice with or without diabetes. Mito-Tempo (1 mg/kg/day) was applied to the mice with or without diabetes (n = 10/group) for 4 weeks. In vitro relaxation response of pre-contracted arteries was examined in the presence or absence of the vasodilatory agents. SK channel currents of the isolated mouse heart endothelial cells were measured using whole-cell patch clamp methods. At baseline, coronary endothelium-dependent relaxation responses to ADP and the selective SK channel activator NS309 and endothelial SK channel currents were decreased in diabetic mice compared with that in non-diabetic (ND) mice (p < 0.05). After a 4-week treatment with mito-Tempo, coronary endothelium-dependent relaxation response to ADP or NS309 and endothelial SK channel currents in the diabetic mice was significantly improved when compared with that in untreated diabetic mice (p < 0.05). Interestingly, coronary relaxation responses to ADP and NS309 and endothelial SK channel currents were not significantly changed in ND mice after mito-Tempo treatment, as compared to that of untreated control group. Chronic inhibition of endothelial mROS appears to improve coronary endothelial function/dilation and SK channel activity in diabetes, and mROS inhibitors may be a novel strategy to treat vascular complications in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Xing
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Research Laboratory, Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Zhiqi Zhang
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Research Laboratory, Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Guangbin Shi
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Research Laboratory, Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Yixin He
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Research Laboratory, Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Yi Song
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Research Laboratory, Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Yuhong Liu
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Research Laboratory, Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Elizabeth O Harrington
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence VA Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Frank W Sellke
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Research Laboratory, Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Jun Feng
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Research Laboratory, Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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Simon JN, Vrellaku B, Monterisi S, Chu SM, Rawlings N, Lomas O, Marchal GA, Waithe D, Syeda F, Gajendragadkar PR, Jayaram R, Sayeed R, Channon KM, Fabritz L, Swietach P, Zaccolo M, Eaton P, Casadei B. Oxidation of Protein Kinase A Regulatory Subunit PKARIα Protects Against Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting Lysosomal-Triggered Calcium Release. Circulation 2021; 143:449-465. [PMID: 33185461 PMCID: PMC7846288 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.046761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kinase oxidation is a critical signaling mechanism through which changes in the intracellular redox state alter cardiac function. In the myocardium, PKARIα (type-1 protein kinase A) can be reversibly oxidized, forming interprotein disulfide bonds in the holoenzyme complex. However, the effect of PKARIα disulfide formation on downstream signaling in the heart, particularly under states of oxidative stress such as ischemia and reperfusion (I/R), remains unexplored. METHODS Atrial tissue obtained from patients before and after cardiopulmonary bypass and reperfusion and left ventricular (LV) tissue from mice subjected to I/R or sham surgery were used to assess PKARIα disulfide formation by immunoblot. To determine the effect of disulfide formation on PKARIα catalytic activity and subcellular localization, live-cell fluorescence imaging and stimulated emission depletion super-resolution microscopy were performed in prkar1 knock-out mouse embryonic fibroblasts, neonatal myocytes, or adult LV myocytes isolated from "redox dead" (Cys17Ser) PKARIα knock-in mice and their wild-type littermates. Comparison of intracellular calcium dynamics between genotypes was assessed in fura2-loaded LV myocytes, whereas I/R-injury was assessed ex vivo. RESULTS In both humans and mice, myocardial PKARIα disulfide formation was found to be significantly increased (2-fold in humans, P=0.023; 2.4-fold in mice, P<0.001) in response to I/R in vivo. In mouse LV cardiomyocytes, disulfide-containing PKARIα was not found to impact catalytic activity, but instead led to enhanced AKAP (A-kinase anchoring protein) binding with preferential localization of the holoenzyme to the lysosome. Redox-dependent regulation of lysosomal two-pore channels by PKARIα was sufficient to prevent global calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in LV myocytes, without affecting intrinsic ryanodine receptor leak or phosphorylation. Absence of I/R-induced PKARIα disulfide formation in "redox dead" knock-in mouse hearts resulted in larger infarcts (2-fold, P<0.001) and a concomitant reduction in LV contractile recovery (1.6-fold, P<0.001), which was prevented by administering the lysosomal two-pore channel inhibitor Ned-19 at the time of reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS Disulfide modification targets PKARIα to the lysosome, where it acts as a gatekeeper for two-pore channel-mediated triggering of global calcium release. In the postischemic heart, this regulatory mechanism is critical for protection from extensive injury and offers a novel target for the design of cardioprotective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian N. Simon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (J.N.S., B.V., S.M.C., N.R., O.L., G.A.M., P.R.G., R.J., K.M.C., B.C.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Besarte Vrellaku
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (J.N.S., B.V., S.M.C., N.R., O.L., G.A.M., P.R.G., R.J., K.M.C., B.C.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stefania Monterisi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (S.M., P.S., M.Z.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sandy M. Chu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (J.N.S., B.V., S.M.C., N.R., O.L., G.A.M., P.R.G., R.J., K.M.C., B.C.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nadiia Rawlings
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (J.N.S., B.V., S.M.C., N.R., O.L., G.A.M., P.R.G., R.J., K.M.C., B.C.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Lomas
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (J.N.S., B.V., S.M.C., N.R., O.L., G.A.M., P.R.G., R.J., K.M.C., B.C.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gerard A. Marchal
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (J.N.S., B.V., S.M.C., N.R., O.L., G.A.M., P.R.G., R.J., K.M.C., B.C.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Waithe
- Wolfson Imaging Centre, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (D.W.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fahima Syeda
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (F.S., L.F.)
| | - Parag R. Gajendragadkar
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (J.N.S., B.V., S.M.C., N.R., O.L., G.A.M., P.R.G., R.J., K.M.C., B.C.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Raja Jayaram
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (J.N.S., B.V., S.M.C., N.R., O.L., G.A.M., P.R.G., R.J., K.M.C., B.C.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rana Sayeed
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oxford Heart Centre, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, United Kingdom (R.S.)
| | - Keith M. Channon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (J.N.S., B.V., S.M.C., N.R., O.L., G.A.M., P.R.G., R.J., K.M.C., B.C.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Larissa Fabritz
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (F.S., L.F.)
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospitals Birmingham, United Kingdom (L.F.)
| | - Pawel Swietach
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (S.M., P.S., M.Z.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Manuela Zaccolo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (S.M., P.S., M.Z.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Eaton
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, United Kingdom (P.E.)
| | - Barbara Casadei
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (J.N.S., B.V., S.M.C., N.R., O.L., G.A.M., P.R.G., R.J., K.M.C., B.C.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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10
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Ježek P, Holendová B, Jabůrek M, Tauber J, Dlasková A, Plecitá-Hlavatá L. The Pancreatic β-Cell: The Perfect Redox System. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020197. [PMID: 33572903 PMCID: PMC7912581 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion, which responds to various secretagogues and hormonal regulations, is reviewed here, emphasizing the fundamental redox signaling by NADPH oxidase 4- (NOX4-) mediated H2O2 production for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). There is a logical summation that integrates both metabolic plus redox homeostasis because the ATP-sensitive K+ channel (KATP) can only be closed when both ATP and H2O2 are elevated. Otherwise ATP would block KATP, while H2O2 would activate any of the redox-sensitive nonspecific calcium channels (NSCCs), such as TRPM2. Notably, a 100%-closed KATP ensemble is insufficient to reach the -50 mV threshold plasma membrane depolarization required for the activation of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Open synergic NSCCs or Cl- channels have to act simultaneously to reach this threshold. The resulting intermittent cytosolic Ca2+-increases lead to the pulsatile exocytosis of insulin granule vesicles (IGVs). The incretin (e.g., GLP-1) amplification of GSIS stems from receptor signaling leading to activating the phosphorylation of TRPM channels and effects on other channels to intensify integral Ca2+-influx (fortified by endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+). ATP plus H2O2 are also required for branched-chain ketoacids (BCKAs); and partly for fatty acids (FAs) to secrete insulin, while BCKA or FA β-oxidation provide redox signaling from mitochondria, which proceeds by H2O2 diffusion or hypothetical SH relay via peroxiredoxin "redox kiss" to target proteins.
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11
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Kotrasová V, Keresztesová B, Ondrovičová G, Bauer JA, Havalová H, Pevala V, Kutejová E, Kunová N. Mitochondrial Kinases and the Role of Mitochondrial Protein Phosphorylation in Health and Disease. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020082. [PMID: 33498615 PMCID: PMC7912454 DOI: 10.3390/life11020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The major role of mitochondria is to provide cells with energy, but no less important are their roles in responding to various stress factors and the metabolic changes and pathological processes that might occur inside and outside the cells. The post-translational modification of proteins is a fast and efficient way for cells to adapt to ever changing conditions. Phosphorylation is a post-translational modification that signals these changes and propagates these signals throughout the whole cell, but it also changes the structure, function and interaction of individual proteins. In this review, we summarize the influence of kinases, the proteins responsible for phosphorylation, on mitochondrial biogenesis under various cellular conditions. We focus on their role in keeping mitochondria fully functional in healthy cells and also on the changes in mitochondrial structure and function that occur in pathological processes arising from the phosphorylation of mitochondrial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Kotrasová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
| | - Barbora Keresztesová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriela Ondrovičová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
| | - Jacob A. Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
| | - Henrieta Havalová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
| | - Vladimír Pevala
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
| | - Eva Kutejová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (N.K.)
| | - Nina Kunová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (N.K.)
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12
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Liu Y, Chen J, Fontes SK, Bautista EN, Cheng Z. Physiological And Pathological Roles Of Protein Kinase A In The Heart. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:386-398. [PMID: 33483740 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase A (PKA) is a central regulator of cardiac performance and morphology. Myocardial PKA activation is induced by a variety of hormones, neurotransmitters and stress signals, most notably catecholamines secreted by the sympathetic nervous system. Catecholamines bind β-adrenergic receptors to stimulate cAMP-dependent PKA activation in cardiomyocytes. Elevated PKA activity enhances Ca2+ cycling and increases cardiac muscle contractility. Dynamic control of PKA is essential for cardiac homeostasis, as dysregulation of PKA signaling is associated with a broad range of heart diseases. Specifically, abnormal PKA activation or inactivation contributes to the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia, hypertrophy, heart failure, as well as diabetic, takotsubo, or anthracycline cardiomyopathies. PKA may also determine sex-dependent differences in contractile function and heart disease predisposition. Here, we describe the recent advances regarding the roles of PKA in cardiac physiology and pathology, highlighting previous study limitations and future research directions. Moreover, we discuss the therapeutic strategies and molecular mechanisms associated with cardiac PKA biology. In summary, PKA could serve as a promising drug target for cardioprotection. Depending on disease types and mechanisms, therapeutic intervention may require either inhibition or activation of PKA. Therefore, specific PKA inhibitors or activators may represent valuable drug candidates for the treatment of heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuening Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, PBS 423, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd, ., Spokane, WA, 99202-2131, USA
| | - Jingrui Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, PBS 423, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd, ., Spokane, WA, 99202-2131, USA
| | - Shayne K Fontes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, PBS 423, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd, ., Spokane, WA, 99202-2131, USA
| | - Erika N Bautista
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, PBS 423, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd, ., Spokane, WA, 99202-2131, USA
| | - Zhaokang Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, PBS 423, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd, ., Spokane, WA, 99202-2131, USA
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13
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Dermit M, Peters-Clarke TM, Shishkova E, Meyer JG. Peptide Correlation Analysis (PeCorA) Reveals Differential Proteoform Regulation. J Proteome Res 2020; 20:1972-1980. [PMID: 33325715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Shotgun proteomics techniques infer the presence and quantity of proteins using peptide proxies produced by cleavage of the proteome with a protease. Most protein quantitation strategies assume that multiple peptides derived from a protein will behave quantitatively similar across treatment groups, but this assumption may be false due to (1) heterogeneous proteoforms and (2) technical artifacts. Here we describe a strategy called peptide correlation analysis (PeCorA) that detects quantitative disagreements between peptides mapped to the same protein. PeCorA fits linear models to assess whether a peptide's change across treatment groups differs from all other peptides assigned to the same protein. PeCorA revealed that ∼15% of proteins in a mouse microglia stress data set contain at least one discordant peptide. Inspection of the discordant peptides shows the utility of PeCorA for the direct and indirect detection of regulated post-translational modifications (PTMs) and also for the discovery of poorly quantified peptides. The exclusion of poorly quantified peptides before protein quantity summarization decreased false-positives in a benchmark data set. Finally, PeCorA suggests that the inactive isoform of prothrombin, a coagulation cascade protease, is more abundant in plasma from COVID-19 patients relative to non-COVID-19 controls. PeCorA is freely available as an R package that works with arbitrary tables of quantified peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dermit
- Centre for Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Trenton M Peters-Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Evgenia Shishkova
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.,Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jesse G Meyer
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States
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14
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Ould Amer Y, Hebert-Chatelain E. Insight into the Interactome of Intramitochondrial PKA Using Biotinylation-Proximity Labeling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218283. [PMID: 33167377 PMCID: PMC7663848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are fully integrated in cell signaling. Reversible phosphorylation is involved in adjusting mitochondrial physiology to the cellular needs. Protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylates several substrates present at the external surface of mitochondria to maintain cellular homeostasis. However, few targets of PKA located inside the organelle are known. The aim of this work was to characterize the impact and the interactome of PKA located inside mitochondria. Our results show that the overexpression of intramitochondrial PKA decreases cellular respiration and increases superoxide levels. Using proximity-dependent biotinylation, followed by LC-MS/MS analysis and in silico phospho-site prediction, we identified 21 mitochondrial proteins potentially targeted by PKA. We confirmed the interaction of PKA with TIM44 using coimmunoprecipitation and observed that TIM44-S80 is a key residue for the interaction between the protein and the kinase. These findings provide insights into the interactome of intramitochondrial PKA and suggest new potential mechanisms in the regulation of mitochondrial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Ould Amer
- Department of Biology, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada;
- Canada Research Chair in Mitochondrial Signaling and Physiopathology, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Etienne Hebert-Chatelain
- Department of Biology, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada;
- Canada Research Chair in Mitochondrial Signaling and Physiopathology, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
- Correspondence:
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15
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Santos MA, Franco FN, Caldeira CA, de Araújo GR, Vieira A, Chaves MM, Lara RC. Antioxidant effect of Resveratrol: Change in MAPK cell signaling pathway during the aging process. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2020; 92:104266. [PMID: 33070070 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2020.104266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging is characterized by a progressive loss of physiological integrity. One common denominator is the increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by inhibition of important antioxidant pathways. Resveratrol is a polyphenol known for its potent antioxidant activity. However, antioxidant pathways activated by them change with aging. The objective of our study was to verify the antioxidant effect of resveratrol in an oxidative stress environment in Human Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) from donors with different ages. Resveratrol (5 μM), a stimulus with H2O2 (0,64 % v/v) in addition to inhibitors of PKA, AkT/PKB and MAPK signaling pathways were used in chemiluminescence assay. An incresed basal production of ROS was observed in the elderly than in the middle-aged group. Resveratrol was able to reduce ROS in both groups, but with greater efficiency in the middle-aged group. By inhibiting PKA, Akt/PKB and MAPK signaling pathways we observed that resveratrol presented an altered performance in the aging process, changing signaling pattern of MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Almeida Santos
- Biochemistry Laboratory of Aging and Correlated Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CP 486, 30161-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Filipe Nogueira Franco
- Biochemistry Laboratory of Aging and Correlated Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CP 486, 30161-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Camila Amaro Caldeira
- Biochemistry Laboratory of Aging and Correlated Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CP 486, 30161-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Glaucy Rodrigues de Araújo
- Biochemistry Laboratory of Aging and Correlated Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CP 486, 30161-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Vieira
- Biochemistry Laboratory of Aging and Correlated Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CP 486, 30161-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Miriam Martins Chaves
- Biochemistry Laboratory of Aging and Correlated Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CP 486, 30161-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Raquel Cunha Lara
- Biochemistry Laboratory of Aging and Correlated Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CP 486, 30161-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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16
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Sokolova IM, Sokolov EP, Haider F. Mitochondrial Mechanisms Underlying Tolerance to Fluctuating Oxygen Conditions: Lessons from Hypoxia-Tolerant Organisms. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 59:938-952. [PMID: 31120535 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen (O2) is essential for most metazoan life due to its central role in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), which generates >90% of the cellular adenosine triphosphate. O2 fluctuations are an ultimate mitochondrial stressor resulting in mitochondrial damage, energy deficiency, and cell death. This work provides an overview of the known and putative mechanisms involved in mitochondrial tolerance to fluctuating O2 conditions in hypoxia-tolerant organisms including aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates. Mechanisms of regulation of the mitochondrial OXPHOS and electron transport system (ETS) (including alternative oxidases), sulphide tolerance, regulation of redox status and mitochondrial quality control, and the potential role of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) in mitochondrial tolerance to hypoxia are discussed. Mitochondrial phenotypes of distantly related animal species reveal common features including conservation and/or anticipatory upregulation of ETS capacity, suppression of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing electron flux through ubiquinone, reversible suppression of OXPHOS activity, and investment into the mitochondrial quality control mechanisms. Despite the putative importance of oxidative stress in adaptations to hypoxia, establishing the link between hypoxia tolerance and mitochondrial redox mechanisms is complicated by the difficulties of establishing the species-specific concentration thresholds above which the damaging effects of ROS outweigh their potentially adaptive signaling function. The key gaps in our knowledge about the potential mechanisms of mitochondrial tolerance to hypoxia include regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion/fission dynamics, and HIF-dependent metabolic regulation that require further investigation in hypoxia-tolerant species. Future physiological, molecular and genetic studies of mitochondrial responses to hypoxia, and reoxygenation in phylogenetically diverse hypoxia-tolerant species could reveal novel solutions to the ubiquitous and metabolically severe problem of O2 deficiency and would have important implications for understanding the evolution of hypoxia tolerance and the potential mitigation of pathological states caused by O2 fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna M Sokolova
- Department of Marine Biology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Maritime Systems, Interdisciplinary Faculty, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Eugene P Sokolov
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Leibniz ScienceCampus Phosphorus Research Rostock, Warnemünde, Germany
| | - Fouzia Haider
- Department of Marine Biology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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17
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Efficacy of Quercetin as a potent sensitizer of β2-AR in combating the impairment of fluid clearance in lungs of rats under hypoxia. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2020; 273:103334. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2019.103334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Haushalter KJ, Schilling JM, Song Y, Sastri M, Perkins GA, Strack S, Taylor SS, Patel HH. Cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury induces ROS-dependent loss of PKA regulatory subunit RIα. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H1231-H1242. [PMID: 31674811 PMCID: PMC6962616 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00237.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Type I PKA regulatory α-subunit (RIα; encoded by the Prkar1a gene) serves as the predominant inhibitor protein of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKAc). However, recent evidence suggests that PKA signaling can be initiated by cAMP-independent events, especially within the context of cellular oxidative stress such as ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. We determined whether RIα is actively involved in the regulation of PKA activity via reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent mechanisms during I/R stress in the heart. Induction of ex vivo global I/R injury in mouse hearts selectively downregulated RIα protein expression, whereas RII subunit expression appears to remain unaltered. Cardiac myocyte cell culture models were used to determine that oxidant stimulus (i.e., H2O2) alone is sufficient to induce RIα protein downregulation. Transient increase of RIα expression (via adenoviral overexpression) negatively affects cell survival and function upon oxidative stress as measured by increased induction of apoptosis and decreased mitochondrial respiration. Furthermore, analysis of mitochondrial subcellular fractions in heart tissue showed that PKA-associated proteins are enriched in subsarcolemmal mitochondria (SSM) fractions and that loss of RIα is most pronounced at SSM upon I/R injury. These data were supported via electron microscopy in A-kinase anchoring protein 1 (AKAP1)-knockout mice, where loss of AKAP1 expression leads to aberrant mitochondrial morphology manifested in SSM but not interfibrillar mitochondria. Thus, we conclude that modification of RIα via ROS-dependent mechanisms induced by I/R injury has the potential to sensitize PKA signaling in the cell without the direct use of the canonical cAMP-dependent activation pathway.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We uncovered a previously undescribed phenomenon involving oxidation-induced activation of PKA signaling in the progression of cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Type I PKA regulatory subunit RIα, but not type II PKA regulatory subunits, is dynamically regulated by oxidative stress to trigger the activation of the catalytic subunit of PKA in cardiac myocytes. This effect may play a critical role in the regulation of subsarcolemmal mitochondria function upon the induction of ischemic injury in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristofer J Haushalter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Jan M Schilling
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Young Song
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mira Sastri
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Guy A Perkins
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Stefan Strack
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Susan S Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Hemal H Patel
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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19
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Sánchez-de-Diego C, Valer JA, Pimenta-Lopes C, Rosa JL, Ventura F. Interplay between BMPs and Reactive Oxygen Species in Cell Signaling and Pathology. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E534. [PMID: 31561501 PMCID: PMC6843432 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The integration of cell extrinsic and intrinsic signals is required to maintain appropriate cell physiology and homeostasis. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are cytokines that belong to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, which play a key role in embryogenesis, organogenesis and regulation of whole-body homeostasis. BMPs interact with membrane receptors that transduce information to the nucleus through SMAD-dependent and independent pathways, including PI3K-AKT and MAPKs. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are intracellular molecules derived from the partial reduction of oxygen. ROS are highly reactive and govern cellular processes by their capacity to regulate signaling pathways (e.g., NF-κB, MAPKs, KEAP1-NRF2 and PI3K-AKT). Emerging evidence indicates that BMPs and ROS interplay in a number of ways. BMPs stimulate ROS production by inducing NOX expression, while ROS regulate the expression of several BMPs. Moreover, BMPs and ROS influence common signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT and MAPK. Additionally, dysregulation of BMPs and ROS occurs in several pathologies, including vascular and musculoskeletal diseases, obesity, diabetes and kidney injury. Here, we review the current knowledge on the integration between BMP and ROS signals and its potential applications in the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sánchez-de-Diego
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet Llobregat, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Valer
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet Llobregat, Spain.
| | - Carolina Pimenta-Lopes
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet Llobregat, Spain.
| | - José Luis Rosa
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet Llobregat, Spain.
- IDIBELL, Avinguda Granvia de l'Hospitalet 199, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
| | - Francesc Ventura
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet Llobregat, Spain.
- IDIBELL, Avinguda Granvia de l'Hospitalet 199, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
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20
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Castellanos E, Lanning NJ. Phosphorylation of OXPHOS Machinery Subunits: Functional Implications in Cell Biology and Disease. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 92:523-531. [PMID: 31543713 PMCID: PMC6747953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The complexes of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase comprise the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system. The reactions of OXPHOS generate the mitochondrial membrane potential, drive the majority of ATP production in respiring cells, and contribute significantly to cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Regulation of OXPHOS is therefore critical to maintain cellular homeostasis. OXPHOS machinery subunits have been found to be highly phosphorylated, implicating this post-translational modification as a means whereby OXPHOS is regulated. Multiple lines of evidence now reveal the diverse mechanisms by which phosphorylation of OXPHOS machinery serve to regulate individual complex stability and activity as well as broader cellular functions. From these mechanistic studies of OXPHOS machinery phosphorylation, it is now clear that many aspects of human health and disease are potentially impacted by phosphorylation of OXPHOS complexes. This mini-review summarizes recent studies that provide robust mechanistic detail related to OXPHOS subunit phosphorylation.
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21
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Ishikawa K, Watanabe S, Lee P, Akar FG, Lee A, Bikou O, Fish K, Kho C, Hajjar RJ. Acute Left Ventricular Unloading Reduces Atrial Stretch and Inhibits Atrial Arrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 72:738-750. [PMID: 30092950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Left atrium (LA) physiology is influenced by changes in left ventricular (LV) performance and load. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to define the effect of acute changes in LV loading conditions on LA physiology in subacute myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS MI was percutaneously induced in 19 Yorkshire pigs. One to 2 weeks after MI, 14 pigs underwent acute LV unloading using a percutaneous LV assist device, Impella. The remaining 5 pigs underwent acute LV loading by percutaneous induction of aortic regurgitation. A pressure-volume catheter was inserted into the LA using a percutaneous transseptal approach, and LA pressure-volume loops were continuously monitored. Atrial arrhythmia inducibility was examined by burst-pacing of the right atrium. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) levels and ryanodine receptor phosphorylation were examined in LA tissues to study the potential effect of stretch-dependent oxidative stress. RESULTS MI resulted in reduced LV ejection fraction and increased LV end-diastolic pressure with concomitant increase in LA pressure and volumes. Acute LV unloading resulted in a reduction of LV end-diastolic pressure, which led to proportional decreases in mean LA pressure and maximum LA volume. LA pressure-volume loops exhibited a pump flow-dependent, left-downward shift. This was associated with reduced LA passive stiffness, suggesting the alleviation of the LA stretch that was present after MI. Prior to acute unloading of the LV, 71% of the pigs were arrhythmia-inducible; LV unloading reduced this to 29% (p = 0.02). Time to spontaneous termination of atrial arrhythmias was decreased from median 55 s (range 5 to 300 s) to 3 s (range 0 to 59 s). In contrast, acute LV loading with aortic regurgitation increased LA pressure without a significant effect on arrhythmogenicity. Molecular analysis of LA tissue revealed that NOX2 expression was increased after MI, whereas acute LV unloading reduced NOX2 levels and diminished ryanodine receptor phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Acute LV unloading relieves LA stretch and reduces atrial arrhythmogenicity in subacute MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotake Ishikawa
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
| | - Shin Watanabe
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Philyoung Lee
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Fadi G Akar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ahyoung Lee
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Olympia Bikou
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Kenneth Fish
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Changwon Kho
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Roger J Hajjar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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22
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Chan SMH, Selemidis S, Bozinovski S, Vlahos R. Pathobiological mechanisms underlying metabolic syndrome (MetS) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): clinical significance and therapeutic strategies. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 198:160-188. [PMID: 30822464 PMCID: PMC7112632 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major incurable global health burden and is currently the 4th largest cause of death in the world. Importantly, much of the disease burden and health care utilisation in COPD is associated with the management of its comorbidities (e.g. skeletal muscle wasting, ischemic heart disease, cognitive dysfunction) and infective viral and bacterial acute exacerbations (AECOPD). Current pharmacological treatments for COPD are relatively ineffective and the development of effective therapies has been severely hampered by the lack of understanding of the mechanisms and mediators underlying COPD. Since comorbidities have a tremendous impact on the prognosis and severity of COPD, the 2015 American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) Research Statement on COPD urgently called for studies to elucidate the pathobiological mechanisms linking COPD to its comorbidities. It is now emerging that up to 50% of COPD patients have metabolic syndrome (MetS) as a comorbidity. It is currently not clear whether metabolic syndrome is an independent co-existing condition or a direct consequence of the progressive lung pathology in COPD patients. As MetS has important clinical implications on COPD outcomes, identification of disease mechanisms linking COPD to MetS is the key to effective therapy. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the potential mechanisms linking MetS to COPD and hence plausible therapeutic strategies to treat this debilitating comorbidity of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley M H Chan
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Stavros Selemidis
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Steven Bozinovski
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
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23
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Miranda Mendonça AP, Hoppe LY, Gaviraghi A, Araújo-Jorge TCD, de Oliveira GM, Felippe RM, Oliveira MF, da Silva Fragoso VM. Highly aggressive behavior induced by social stress is associated to reduced cytochrome c oxidase activity in mice brain cortex. Neurochem Int 2019; 126:210-217. [PMID: 30922923 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Violence and aggression represent severe social problems, with profound impacts on public health. Despite the development of experimental models to study aggressive behavior is highly appreciated, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Given the key contribution of mitochondria to central nervous system bioenergetics, we hypothesized that mitochondrial function in brain would be altered by social stress. Using a model of spontaneous aggression, we investigated here the effects of social stress on brain mitochondrial function in prefrontal cortex of Swiss mice. Animals were categorized as highly aggressive, subordinate and non-aggressive (harmonic) after stress induced by regrouping and compared them with non-regrouped animals. Despite social stress did not affect brain cortex oxygen consumption rates and NADH:cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity, cytochrome c oxidase expression and activity were significantly lower in highly aggressive animals compared to non-regrouped ones. These changes were not observed in ATP synthase and adenine nucleotide translocator content suggesting a selective effect of social stress on cytochrome c oxidase. Therefore, aggressive behavior generated upon social stress associates to selective reduction in cytochrome c oxidase activity, with potential detrimental effects on brain bioenergetics and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Miranda Mendonça
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Bauhínia 400, 21941-590, Ilha do Fundão, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luanda Yanaan Hoppe
- Laboratory of Innovations in Therapies, Education and Bioproducts, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, 21045-900, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Gaviraghi
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Bauhínia 400, 21941-590, Ilha do Fundão, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tânia Cremonini de Araújo-Jorge
- Laboratory of Innovations in Therapies, Education and Bioproducts, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, 21045-900, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Melo de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, 21045-900, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata Machado Felippe
- Laboratory of Innovations in Therapies, Education and Bioproducts, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, 21045-900, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcus F Oliveira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Bauhínia 400, 21941-590, Ilha do Fundão, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Viviane Muniz da Silva Fragoso
- Laboratory of Innovations in Therapies, Education and Bioproducts, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, 21045-900, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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24
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Effects of hypoxia-reoxygenation stress on mitochondrial proteome and bioenergetics of the hypoxia-tolerant marine bivalve Crassostrea gigas. J Proteomics 2019; 194:99-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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25
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CK2 inhibition protects white matter from ischemic injury. Neurosci Lett 2018; 687:37-42. [PMID: 30125643 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Strokes occur predominantly in the elderly and white matter (WM) is injured in most strokes, contributing to the disability associated with clinical deficits. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is expressed in neuronal cells and was reported to be neuroprotective during cerebral ischemia. Recently, we reported that CK2 is abundantly expressed by glial cells and myelin. However, in contrast to its role in cerebral (gray matter) ischemia, CK2 activation during ischemia mediated WM injury via the CDK5 and AKT/GSK3β signaling pathways (Bastian et al., 2018). Subsequently, CK2 inhibition using the small molecule inhibitor CX-4945 correlated with preservation of oligodendrocytes as well as conservation of axon structure and axonal mitochondria, leading to improved functional recovery. Notably, CK2 inhibition promoted WM function when applied before or after ischemic injury by differentially regulating the CDK5 and AKT/GSK3β pathways. Specifically, blockade of the active conformation of AKT conferred post-ischemic protection to young, aging, and old WM, suggesting a common therapeutic target across age groups. CK2 inhibitors are currently being used in clinical trials for cancer patients; therefore, it is important to consider the potential benefits of CK2 inhibitors during an ischemic attack.
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26
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Zazueta C, Buelna-Chontal M, Macías-López A, Román-Anguiano NG, González-Pacheco H, Pavón N, Springall R, Aranda-Frausto A, Bojalil R, Silva-Palacios A, Velázquez-Espejel R, Galvan Arzate S, Correa F. Cytidine-5'-Diphosphocholine Protects the Liver From Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Preserving Mitochondrial Function and Reducing Oxidative Stress. Liver Transpl 2018; 24:1070-1083. [PMID: 29679463 DOI: 10.1002/lt.25179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytidine-5'-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) participates as an intermediary in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, an essential component of cellular membranes. Citicoline treatment has shown beneficial effects in cerebral ischemia, but its potential to diminish reperfusion damage in liver has not been explored. In this work, we evaluated the hepatoprotective effect of citicoline and its possible association with inflammatory/oxidative stress and mitochondrial function because they are the main cellular features of reperfusion damage. Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in rat livers was performed with the Pringle's maneuver, clamping the 3 elements of the pedicle (hepatic artery, portal vein, and biliary tract) for 30 minutes and then removing the clamp to allow hepatic reperfusion for 60 minutes. The I/R + citicoline group received the compound before I/R. Liver injury was evaluated by measuring aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase as well as lactic acid levels in serum; proinflammatory cytokines, proresolving lipid mediators, and nuclear factor kappa B content were determined as indicators of the inflammatory response. Antioxidant effects were evaluated by measuring markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant molecules. Oxygen consumption and the activities of the respiratory chain were used to monitor mitochondrial function. CDP-choline reduced aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), as well as lactic acid levels in blood samples from reperfused rats. Diminution in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and increase in the proresolving lipid mediator resolvin D1 were also observed in the I/R+citicoline group, in comparison with the I/R group. Oxidative/nitroxidative stress in hepatic mitochondria concurred with deregulation of oxidative phosphorylation, which was associated with the loss of complex III and complex IV activities. In conclusion, CDP-choline attenuates liver damage caused by ischemia and reperfusion by reducing oxidative stress and maintaining mitochondrial function. Liver Transplantation XX XX-XX 2018 AASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Héctor González-Pacheco
- Unidad de Cuidados Coronarios, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sonia Galvan Arzate
- Departamento de Neuroquimica, Instituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocirugia, Mexico City, Mexico
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27
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Roy-O’Reilly M, McCullough LD. Age and Sex Are Critical Factors in Ischemic Stroke Pathology. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3120-3131. [PMID: 30010821 PMCID: PMC6963709 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a devastating brain injury resulting in high mortality and substantial loss of function. Understanding the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke risk, mortality, and functional loss is critical to the development of new therapies. Age and sex have a complex and interactive effect on ischemic stroke risk and pathophysiology. Aging is the strongest nonmodifiable risk factor for ischemic stroke, and aged stroke patients have higher mortality and morbidity and poorer functional recovery than their young counterparts. Importantly, patient age modifies the influence of patient sex in ischemic stroke. Early in life, the burden of ischemic stroke is higher in men, but stroke becomes more common and debilitating for women in elderly populations. The profound effects of sex and age on clinical ischemic stroke are mirrored in the results of experimental in vivo and in vitro studies. Here, we review current knowledge on the influence of age and sex in the incidence, mortality, and functional outcome of ischemic stroke in clinical populations. We also discuss the experimental evidence for sex and age differences in stroke pathophysiology and how a better understanding of these biological variables can improve clinical care and enhance development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan Roy-O’Reilly
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Louise D McCullough
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
- Correspondence: Louise D. McCullough, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030. E-mail:
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28
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Regulation of mitochondrial respiration and ATP synthesis via cytochrome c oxidase. RENDICONTI LINCEI-SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-018-0710-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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29
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Gaignard P, Fréchou M, Liere P, Thérond P, Schumacher M, Slama A, Guennoun R. Sex differences in brain mitochondrial metabolism: influence of endogenous steroids and stroke. J Neuroendocrinol 2018. [PMID: 28650095 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Steroids are neuroprotective and a growing body of evidence indicates that mitochondria are a potential target of their effects. The mitochondria are the site of cellular energy synthesis, regulate oxidative stress and play a key role in cell death after brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases. After providing a summary of the literature on the general functions of mitochondria and the effects of sex steroid administrations on mitochondrial metabolism, we summarise and discuss our recent findings concerning sex differences in brain mitochondrial function under physiological and pathological conditions. To analyse the influence of endogenous sex steroids, the oxidative phosphorylation system, mitochondrial oxidative stress and brain steroid levels were compared between male and female mice, either intact or gonadectomised. The results obtained show that females have higher a mitochondrial respiration and lower oxidative stress compared to males and also that these differences were suppressed by ovariectomy but not orchidectomy. We have also shown that the decrease in brain mitochondrial respiration induced by ischaemia/reperfusion is different according to sex. In both sexes, treatment with progesterone reduced the ischaemia/reperfusion-induced mitochondrial alterations. Our findings indicate sex differences in brain mitochondrial function under physiological conditions, as well as after stroke, and identify mitochondria as a target of the neuroprotective properties of progesterone. Thus, it is necessary to investigate sex specificity in brain physiopathological mechanisms, especially when mitochondria impairment is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gaignard
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Bicêtre Hospital, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - M Fréchou
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - P Liere
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - P Thérond
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Bicêtre Hospital, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - M Schumacher
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - A Slama
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Bicêtre Hospital, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - R Guennoun
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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30
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Chan S, Lian Q, Chen MP, Jiang D, Ho JTK, Cheung YF, Chan GCF. Deferiprone inhibits iron overload-induced tissue factor bearing endothelial microparticle generation by inhibition oxidative stress induced mitochondrial injury, and apoptosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 338:148-158. [PMID: 29132816 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Iron overload-induced cardiovascular toxicity is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in beta-thalassemia major patients. We have previously shown that iron overload-induced systemic arterial changes characterized by endothelial dysfunction are associated with increased endothelial microparticle (EMP) release. In this study, we further demonstrate how EMP release is associated with iron-induced mitochondrial injury and apoptosis of endothelial cells. Iron increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium influx into mitochondria [Ca2+]m. Iron also disturbed mitochondrial respiration function and eventually led to loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). A significant increase in apoptotic cells and EMPs were found under iron treatment. EMPs contained tissue factor (TF), which has potential clinical impact on thromboembolic phenomenon. Then, we investigated the salvaging effect of deferiprone (L1) on endothelial cell damage and EMP release. We found that L1 could inhibit iron-induced ROS generation, and decrease mitochondrial damage with the resultant effect of less endothelial cell apoptosis and EMP release. L1 could protect endothelial cells from iron-induced toxic effects and minimize EMP release, which could be potentially helpful in a subgroup of thalassemia patients who have increased thromboembolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Qizhou Lian
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Mei-Pian Chen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Dan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jolie T K Ho
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yiu-Fai Cheung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Godfrey Chi-Fung Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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31
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Gozal E, Metz CJ, Dematteis M, Sachleben LR, Schurr A, Rane MJ. PKA activity exacerbates hypoxia-induced ROS formation and hypoxic injury in PC-12 cells. Toxicol Lett 2017; 279:107-114. [PMID: 28751209 PMCID: PMC5608019 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a primary factor in many pathological conditions. Hypoxic cell death is commonly attributed to metabolic failure and oxidative injury. cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) is activated in hypoxia and regulates multiple enzymes of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, thus may be implicated in cellular energy depletion and hypoxia-induced cell death. Wild type (WT) PC-12 cells and PKA activity-deficient 123.7 PC-12 cells were exposed to 3, 6, 12 and 24h hypoxia (0.1% or 5% O2). Hypoxia, at 24h 0.1% O2, induced cell death and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) in WT PC-12 cells. Despite lower ATP levels in normoxic 123.7 cells than in WT cells, hypoxia only decreased ATP levels in WT cells. However, menadione-induced oxidative stress similarly affected both cell types. While mitochondrial COX IV expression remained consistently higher in 123.7 cells, hypoxia decreased COX IV expression in both cell types. N-acetyl cysteine antioxidant treatment blocked hypoxia-induced WT cell death without preventing ATP depletion. Transient PKA catα expression in 123.7 cells partially restored hypoxia-induced ROS but did not alter ATP levels or COX IV expression. We conclude that PKA signaling contributes to hypoxic injury, by regulating oxidative stress rather than by depleting ATP levels. Therapeutic strategies targeting PKA signaling may improve cellular adaptation and recovery in hypoxic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Gozal
- Department of Pediatrics PRI, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Cynthia J Metz
- Department of Pediatrics PRI, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Maurice Dematteis
- University Hospital, Department of Addiction Medicine, Grenoble F-38043, France; Grenoble Alpes University, Faculty of Medicine, Grenoble, F-38042, France
| | - Leroy R Sachleben
- Department of Pediatrics PRI, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Avital Schurr
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Madhavi J Rane
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
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32
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Zhu K, Li S, Chen H, Wang Y, Yu M, Wang H, Zhao W, Cao Y. Late onset MELAS with m.3243A > G mutation and its association with aneurysm formation. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1069-1072. [PMID: 28321601 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-9989-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We reported a 53-year-old with late-onset mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) accompanied by aneurysm and large vessel dilations. Most studies have focused on microangiopathy causing stroke-like episodes. We report a case to describe large vessel involvement in clinical considerations, and possible mechanisms of aneurysm formation. We recommended regular angiographic examination for patients with MELAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
- The 96th Class, 7-Year Program, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
- The 97th Class, 7-Year Program, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Cadre, The Central Hospital of Jiamusi City, No. 256 Zhongshan Road, Xiangyang District, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, 154002, China
| | - Weijie Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Friendship Hospital, No. 95 Yongan Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yunpeng Cao
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.
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33
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Sepuri NBV, Angireddy R, Srinivasan S, Guha M, Spear J, Lu B, Anandatheerthavarada HK, Suzuki CK, Avadhani NG. Mitochondrial LON protease-dependent degradation of cytochrome c oxidase subunits under hypoxia and myocardial ischemia. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2017; 1858:519-528. [PMID: 28442264 PMCID: PMC5507603 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial ATP dependent matrix protease, Lon, is involved in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA nucleoids and degradation of abnormal or misfolded proteins. The Lon protease regulates mitochondrial Tfam (mitochondrial transcription factor A) level and thus modulates mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content. We have previously shown that hypoxic stress induces the PKA-dependent phosphorylation of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) subunits I, IVi1, and Vb and a time-dependent reduction of these subunits in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages subjected to hypoxia and rabbit hearts subjected to ischemia/reperfusion. Here, we show that Lon is involved in the preferential turnover of phosphorylated CcO subunits under hypoxic/ischemic stress. Induction of Lon protease occurs at 6 to 12 h of hypoxia and this increase coincides with lower CcO subunit contents. Over-expression of flag-tagged wild type and phosphorylation site mutant Vb and IVi1 subunits (S40A and T52A, respectively) caused marked degradation of wild type protein under hypoxia while the mutant proteins were relatively resistant. Furthermore, the recombinant purified Lon protease degraded the phosphorylated IVi1 and Vb subunits, while the phosphorylation-site mutant proteins were resistant to degradation. 3D structural modeling shows that the phosphorylation sites are exposed to the matrix compartment, accessible to matrix PKA and Lon protease. Hypoxic stress did not alter CcO subunit levels in Lon depleted cells, confirming its role in CcO turnover. Our results therefore suggest that Lon preferentially degrades the phosphorylated subunits of CcO and plays a role in the regulation of CcO activity in hypoxia and ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh B V Sepuri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6009, USA
| | - Rajesh Angireddy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6009, USA
| | - Satish Srinivasan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6009, USA
| | - Manti Guha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6009, USA
| | - Joseph Spear
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6009, USA
| | - Bin Lu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers The State University, New Jersey Medical School, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 17103-3535, USA
| | - Hindupur K Anandatheerthavarada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6009, USA
| | - Carolyn K Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers The State University, New Jersey Medical School, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 17103-3535, USA
| | - Narayan G Avadhani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6009, USA.
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Morris G, Walder K, McGee SL, Dean OM, Tye SJ, Maes M, Berk M. A model of the mitochondrial basis of bipolar disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 74:1-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Zhang F, Zhang L, Qi Y, Xu H. Mitochondrial cAMP signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4577-4590. [PMID: 27233501 PMCID: PMC5097110 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2282-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine 3, 5'-monophosphate (cAMP) is a ubiquitous second messenger regulating many biological processes, such as cell migration, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. cAMP signaling functions not only on the plasma membrane, but also in the nucleus and in organelles such as mitochondria. Mitochondrial cAMP signaling is an indispensable part of the cytoplasm-mitochondrion crosstalk that maintains mitochondrial homeostasis, regulates mitochondrial dynamics, and modulates cellular stress responses and other signaling pathways. Recently, the compartmentalization of mitochondrial cAMP signaling has attracted great attentions. This new input should be carefully taken into account when we interpret the findings of mitochondrial cAMP signaling. In this review, we summarize previous and recent progress in our understanding of mitochondrial cAMP signaling, including the components of the signaling cascade, and the function and regulation of this signaling pathway in different mitochondrial compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Liping Zhang
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yun Qi
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hong Xu
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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De Rasmo D, Micelli L, Santeramo A, Signorile A, Lattanzio P, Papa S. cAMP regulates the functional activity, coupling efficiency and structural organization of mammalian FOF1 ATP synthase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1857:350-8. [PMID: 26775111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study shows that in isolated mitochondria and myoblast cultures depletion of cAMP, induced by sAC inhibition, depresses both ATP synthesis and hydrolysis by the FOF1 ATP synthase (complex V) of the oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS). These effects are accompanied by the decrease of the respiratory membrane potential, decreased level of FOF1 connecting subunits and depressed oligomerization of the complex. All these effects of sAC inhibition are prevented by the addition of the membrane-permeant 8-Br-cAMP. These results show, for the first time, that cAMP promotes ATP production by complex V and prevents, at the same time, its detour to a mitochondrial membrane leak conductance, which is involved in cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico De Rasmo
- Institute of Biomembrane and Bioenergetics, National Research Council, Bari 70124, Italy.
| | - Loris Micelli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Arcangela Santeramo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Anna Signorile
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Paolo Lattanzio
- Institute of Biomembrane and Bioenergetics, National Research Council, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Sergio Papa
- Institute of Biomembrane and Bioenergetics, National Research Council, Bari 70124, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari 70124, Italy
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Granger DN, Kvietys PR. Reperfusion injury and reactive oxygen species: The evolution of a concept. Redox Biol 2015; 6:524-551. [PMID: 26484802 PMCID: PMC4625011 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 936] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reperfusion injury, the paradoxical tissue response that is manifested by blood flow-deprived and oxygen-starved organs following the restoration of blood flow and tissue oxygenation, has been a focus of basic and clinical research for over 4-decades. While a variety of molecular mechanisms have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) continues to receive much attention as a critical factor in the genesis of reperfusion injury. As a consequence, considerable effort has been devoted to identifying the dominant cellular and enzymatic sources of excess ROS production following ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Of the potential ROS sources described to date, xanthine oxidase, NADPH oxidase (Nox), mitochondria, and uncoupled nitric oxide synthase have gained a status as the most likely contributors to reperfusion-induced oxidative stress and represent priority targets for therapeutic intervention against reperfusion-induced organ dysfunction and tissue damage. Although all four enzymatic sources are present in most tissues and are likely to play some role in reperfusion injury, priority and emphasis has been given to specific ROS sources that are enriched in certain tissues, such as xanthine oxidase in the gastrointestinal tract and mitochondria in the metabolically active heart and brain. The possibility that multiple ROS sources contribute to reperfusion injury in most tissues is supported by evidence demonstrating that redox-signaling enables ROS produced by one enzymatic source (e.g., Nox) to activate and enhance ROS production by a second source (e.g., mitochondria). This review provides a synopsis of the evidence implicating ROS in reperfusion injury, the clinical implications of this phenomenon, and summarizes current understanding of the four most frequently invoked enzymatic sources of ROS production in post-ischemic tissue. Reperfusion injury is implicated in a variety of human diseases and disorders. Evidence implicating ROS in reperfusion injury continues to grow. Several enzymes are candidate sources of ROS in post-ischemic tissue. Inter-enzymatic ROS-dependent signaling enhances the oxidative stress caused by I/R. .
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Affiliation(s)
- D Neil Granger
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, United States.
| | - Peter R Kvietys
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Gu A, Jie Y, Sun L, Zhao S, E M, You Q. RhNRG-1β Protects the Myocardium against Irradiation-Induced Damage via the ErbB2-ERK-SIRT1 Signaling Pathway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137337. [PMID: 26332771 PMCID: PMC4558028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced heart disease (RIHD), which is a serious side effect of the radiotherapy applied for various tumors due to the inevitable irradiation of the heart, cannot be treated effectively using current clinical therapies. Here, we demonstrated that rhNRG-1β, an epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like protein, protects myocardium tissue against irradiation-induced damage and preserves cardiac function. rhNRG-1β effectively ameliorated irradiation-induced myocardial nuclear damage in both cultured adult rat-derived cardiomyocytes and rat myocardium tissue via NRG/ErbB2 signaling. By activating ErbB2, rhNRG-1β maintained mitochondrial integrity, ATP production, respiratory chain function and the Krebs cycle status in irradiated cardiomyocytes. Moreover, the protection of irradiated cardiomyocytes and myocardium tissue by rhNRG-1β was at least partly mediated by the activation of the ErbB2-ERK-SIRT1 signaling pathway. Long-term observations further showed that rhNRG-1β administered in the peri-irradiation period exerts continuous protective effects on cardiac pump function, the myocardial energy metabolism, cardiomyocyte volume and interstitial fibrosis in the rats receiving radiation via NRG/ErbB2 signaling. Our findings indicate that rhNRG-1β can protect the myocardium against irradiation-induced damage and preserve cardiac function via the ErbB2-ERK-SIRT1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anxin Gu
- Department of Radiotherapy, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yamin Jie
- Department of Radiotherapy, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Department of Human Anatomy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shuping Zhao
- Department of Radiotherapy, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Mingyan E
- Department of Radiotherapy, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- * E-mail: (QY); (ME)
| | - Qingshan You
- Department of Radiotherapy, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- * E-mail: (QY); (ME)
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Kadenbach B, Hüttemann M. The subunit composition and function of mammalian cytochrome c oxidase. Mitochondrion 2015; 24:64-76. [PMID: 26190566 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) from mammals and birds is composed of 13 subunits. The three catalytic subunits I-III are encoded by mitochondrial DNA, the ten nuclear-coded subunits (IV, Va, Vb, VIa, VIb, VIc, VIIa, VIIb, VIIc, VIII) by nuclear DNA. The nuclear-coded subunits are essentially involved in the regulation of oxygen consumption and proton translocation by COX, since their removal or modification changes the activity and their mutation causes mitochondrial diseases. Respiration, the basis for ATP synthesis in mitochondria, is differently regulated in organs and species by expression of tissue-, developmental-, and species-specific isoforms for COX subunits IV, VIa, VIb, VIIa, VIIb, and VIII, but the holoenzyme in mammals is always composed of 13 subunits. Various proteins and enzymes were shown, e.g., by co-immunoprecipitation, to bind to specific COX subunits and modify its activity, but these interactions are reversible, in contrast to the tightly bound 13 subunits. In addition, the formation of supercomplexes with other oxidative phosphorylation complexes has been shown to be largely variable. The regulatory complexity of COX is increased by protein phosphorylation. Up to now 18 phosphorylation sites have been identified under in vivo conditions in mammals. However, only for a few phosphorylation sites and four nuclear-coded subunits could a specific function be identified. Research on the signaling pathways leading to specific COX phosphorylations remains a great challenge for understanding the regulation of respiration and ATP synthesis in mammalian organisms. This article reviews the function of the individual COX subunits and their isoforms, as well as proteins and small molecules interacting and regulating the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maik Hüttemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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40
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Srinivasan S, Guha M, Dong DW, Whelan KA, Ruthel G, Uchikado Y, Natsugoe S, Nakagawa H, Avadhani NG. Disruption of cytochrome c oxidase function induces the Warburg effect and metabolic reprogramming. Oncogene 2015; 35:1585-95. [PMID: 26148236 PMCID: PMC4703574 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Defects in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complexes, altered bioenergetics and metabolic shift are often seen in cancers. Here we show a role for the dysfunction of electron transport chain component, cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) in cancer progression. We show that genetic silencing of the CcO complex by shRNA expression and loss of CcO activity in multiple cell types from the mouse and human sources resulted in metabolic shift to glycolysis, loss of anchorage dependent growth and acquired invasive phenotypes. Disruption of CcO complex caused loss of transmembrane potential and induction of Ca2+/Calcineurin-mediated retrograde signaling. Propagation of this signaling, includes activation of PI3-kinase, IGF1R and Akt, Ca2+ sensitive transcription factors and also, TGFβ1, MMP16, periostin that are involved in oncogenic progression. Whole genome expression analysis showed up regulation of genes involved in cell signaling, extracellular matrix interactions, cell morphogenesis, cell motility and migration. The transcription profiles reveal extensive similarity to retrograde signaling initiated by partial mtDNA depletion, though distinct differences are observed in signaling induced by CcO dysfunction. The possible CcO dysfunction as a biomarker for cancer progression was supported by data showing that esophageal tumors from human patients show reduced CcO subunits IVi1 and Vb in regions that were previously shown to be hypoxic core of the tumors. Our results show that mitochondrial electron transport chain defect initiates a retrograde signaling. These results suggest that a defect in CcO complex can potentially induce tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Srinivasan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Guha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D W Dong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K A Whelan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - G Ruthel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Y Uchikado
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - S Natsugoe
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - H Nakagawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - N G Avadhani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Methotrexate Promotes Platelet Apoptosis via JNK-Mediated Mitochondrial Damage: Alleviation by N-Acetylcysteine and N-Acetylcysteine Amide. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127558. [PMID: 26083398 PMCID: PMC4471342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombocytopenia in methotrexate (MTX)-treated cancer and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients connotes the interference of MTX with platelets. Hence, it seemed appealing to appraise the effect of MTX on platelets. Thereby, the mechanism of action of MTX on platelets was dissected. MTX (10 μM) induced activation of pro-apoptotic proteins Bid, Bax and Bad through JNK phosphorylation leading to ΔΨm dissipation, cytochrome c release and caspase activation, culminating in apoptosis. The use of specific inhibitor for JNK abrogates the MTX-induced activation of pro-apoptotic proteins and downstream events confirming JNK phosphorylation by MTX as a key event. We also demonstrate that platelet mitochondria as prime sources of ROS which plays a central role in MTX-induced apoptosis. Further, MTX induces oxidative stress by altering the levels of ROS and glutathione cycle. In parallel, the clinically approved thiol antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and its derivative N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA) proficiently alleviate MTX-induced platelet apoptosis and oxidative damage. These findings underpin the dearth of research on interference of therapeutic drugs with platelets, despite their importance in human health and disease. Therefore, the use of antioxidants as supplementary therapy seems to be a safe bet in pathologies associated with altered platelet functions.
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Salminen A, Haapasalo A, Kauppinen A, Kaarniranta K, Soininen H, Hiltunen M. Impaired mitochondrial energy metabolism in Alzheimer's disease: Impact on pathogenesis via disturbed epigenetic regulation of chromatin landscape. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 131:1-20. [PMID: 26001589 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid cascade hypothesis for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) was proposed over twenty years ago. However, the mechanisms of neurodegeneration and synaptic loss have remained elusive delaying the effective drug discovery. Recent studies have revealed that amyloid-β peptides as well as phosphorylated and fragmented tau proteins accumulate within mitochondria. This process triggers mitochondrial fission (fragmentation) and disturbs Krebs cycle function e.g. by inhibiting the activity of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase. Oxidative stress, hypoxia and calcium imbalance also disrupt the function of Krebs cycle in AD brains. Recent studies on epigenetic regulation have revealed that Krebs cycle intermediates control DNA and histone methylation as well as histone acetylation and thus they have fundamental roles in gene expression. DNA demethylases (TET1-3) and histone lysine demethylases (KDM2-7) are included in the family of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases (2-OGDO). Interestingly, 2-oxoglutarate is the obligatory substrate of 2-OGDO enzymes, whereas succinate and fumarate are the inhibitors of these enzymes. Moreover, citrate can stimulate histone acetylation via acetyl-CoA production. Epigenetic studies have revealed that AD is associated with changes in DNA methylation and histone acetylation patterns. However, the epigenetic results of different studies are inconsistent but one possibility is that they represent both coordinated adaptive responses and uncontrolled stochastic changes, which provoke pathogenesis in affected neurons. Here, we will review the changes observed in mitochondrial dynamics and Krebs cycle function associated with AD, and then clarify the mechanisms through which mitochondrial metabolites can control the epigenetic landscape of chromatin and induce pathological changes in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 KYS, Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 KYS, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 KYS, Finland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 KYS, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 KYS, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Sandström von Tobel J, Zoia D, Althaus J, Antinori P, Mermoud J, Pak HS, Scherl A, Monnet-Tschudi F. Immediate and delayed effects of subchronic Paraquat exposure during an early differentiation stage in 3D-rat brain cell cultures. Toxicol Lett 2014; 230:188-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Brunyanszki A, Olah G, Coletta C, Szczesny B, Szabo C. Regulation of mitochondrial poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase activation by the β-adrenoceptor/cAMP/protein kinase A axis during oxidative stress. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 86:450-62. [PMID: 25069723 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.094318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the regulation of mitochondrial poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) by the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA) system during oxidative stress in U937 monocytes. Oxidative stress induced an early (10 minutes) mitochondrial DNA damage, and concomitant activation of PARP1 in the mitochondria. These early events were followed by a progressive mitochondrial oxidant production and nuclear PARP1 activation (by 6 hours). These processes led to a functional impairment of mitochondria, culminating in cell death of mixed (necrotic/apoptotic) type. β-Adrenoceptor blockade with propranolol or inhibition of its downstream cAMP/PKA signaling attenuated, while β-adrenoceptor agonists and cAMP/PKA activators enhanced, the oxidant-mediated PARP1 activation. In the presence of cAMP, recombinant PKA directly phosphorylated recombinant PARP1 on serines 465 (in the automodification domain) and 782 and 785 (both in the catalytic domain). Inhibition of the β-adrenergic receptor/cAMP/PKA axis protected against the oxidant-mediated cell injury. Propranolol also suppressed PARP1 activation in peripheral blood leukocytes during bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation in mice. We conclude that the activation of mitochondrial PARP1 is an early, active participant in oxidant-induced cell death, which is under the control of β-adrenoceptor/cAMP/PKA axis through the regulation of PARP1 activity by PARP1 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Brunyanszki
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Gabor Olah
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Ciro Coletta
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Bartosz Szczesny
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Dingley SD, Polyak E, Ostrovsky J, Srinivasan S, Lee I, Rosenfeld AB, Tsukikawa M, Xiao R, Selak MA, Coon JJ, Hebert AS, Grimsrud PA, Kwon YJ, Pagliarini DJ, Gai X, Schurr TG, Hüttemann M, Nakamaru-Ogiso E, Falk MJ. Mitochondrial DNA variant in COX1 subunit significantly alters energy metabolism of geographically divergent wild isolates in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:2199-216. [PMID: 24534730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation can influence the penetrance of complex diseases and climatic adaptation. While studies in geographically defined human populations suggest that mtDNA mutations become fixed when they have conferred metabolic capabilities optimally suited for a specific environment, it has been challenging to definitively assign adaptive functions to specific mtDNA sequence variants in mammals. We investigated whether mtDNA genome variation functionally influences Caenorhabditis elegans wild isolates of distinct mtDNA lineages and geographic origins. We found that, relative to N2 (England) wild-type nematodes, CB4856 wild isolates from a warmer native climate (Hawaii) had a unique p.A12S amino acid substitution in the mtDNA-encoded COX1 core catalytic subunit of mitochondrial complex IV (CIV). Relative to N2, CB4856 worms grown at 20°C had significantly increased CIV enzyme activity, mitochondrial matrix oxidant burden, and sensitivity to oxidative stress but had significantly reduced lifespan and mitochondrial membrane potential. Interestingly, mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly increased in CB4856 grown at its native temperature of 25°C. A transmitochondrial cybrid worm strain, chpIR (M, CB4856>N2), was bred as homoplasmic for the CB4856 mtDNA genome in the N2 nuclear background. The cybrid strain also displayed significantly increased CIV activity, demonstrating that this difference results from the mtDNA-encoded p.A12S variant. However, chpIR (M, CB4856>N2) worms had significantly reduced median and maximal lifespan relative to CB4856, which may relate to their nuclear-mtDNA genome mismatch. Overall, these data suggest that C. elegans wild isolates of varying geographic origins may adapt to environmental challenges through mtDNA variation to modulate critical aspects of mitochondrial energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Dingley
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Erzsebet Polyak
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Julian Ostrovsky
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Satish Srinivasan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Icksoo Lee
- Dankook University College of Medicine, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Amy B Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Mai Tsukikawa
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Mary A Selak
- Mitochondria Research Core Facility, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Alexander S Hebert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Paul A Grimsrud
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Young Joon Kwon
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - David J Pagliarini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Xiaowu Gai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Theodore G Schurr
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Maik Hüttemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Eiko Nakamaru-Ogiso
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Marni J Falk
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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