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Bouchez-Zacria M, Jabert P, Réveillaud É, Richomme C, Marsot M. Intra- and interspecies infectious neighbourhoods as determinant parameters for Mycobacterium bovis infection among badgers in southwestern France. Prev Vet Med 2024; 225:106146. [PMID: 38368697 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The epidemiological system for Mycobacterium bovis in France involves cattle and, in some areas, wildlife species (mainly badgers and wild boar). This multi-host aspect complicates the control and eradication prospects for bovine tuberculosis in endemic areas, despite the surveillance and control measures implemented for decades in this officially tuberculosis-free European country. To improve control measures, and to manage spillback transmission from badgers to cattle, it is necessary to clarify the transmission mechanisms of M. bovis in these epidemiological systems. We modelled a badger population from a southwestern endemic area by a Dirichlet tessellation based on a sett census conducted by local hunters and trappers between 2013 and 2015. We then used a logistic regression model to test the association between the infection status of setts and computed variables depicting three types of transmission (intraspecific, interspecific and landscape-associated). The apparent prevalence of infected setts was of 40.5%. Two variables were significantly associated with the probability for a sett to be infected: the proportion of neighbouring setts that were infected (OR: 3.19 [2.04-5.17]95%) and the presence of nearby pastures belonging to an infected farm (OR: 2.33 [1.13-4.89]95%]. While badger culling measures have been implemented according to the national TB control plan in the study area since 2012 (in the vicinity of infected farms and their pastures), our results clearly highlight the need to reinforce measures aimed at reducing both intraspecific and interspecific infection pressure. For this purpose, the promising prospect of badger vaccination could be considered, along with biosecurity measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Bouchez-Zacria
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France; Independent researcher, Audincthun, France.
| | - Pierre Jabert
- French Ministry of Agriculture, Directorate General for Food, 75015, Paris
| | | | - Céline Richomme
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Malzéville, France
| | - Maud Marsot
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Juste RA, Fernández-Veiga L, Fuertes M, Fernández-Ortiz de Murua I, Cardona G, Geijo MV, Garrido JM, Sevilla IA. A humoral diagnostic test outperforms cellular tests in a farm with a latent tuberculosis outbreak caused by a new Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex spoligotype that affected sheep but not goats. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1310205. [PMID: 38317788 PMCID: PMC10839146 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1310205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by members of the M. tuberculosis complex (MTC) that affects numerous species. M. caprae, a member of the complex which is close to M. bovis, is emerging and affects several different hosts that include goats, cattle, sheep, pigs, rabbits, wild boar, red deer, foxes and also humans. A new M. caprae spoligotype (SB2737) was isolated from an outbreak of sheep tuberculosis affecting a mixed sheep (323)-goat (29) farm in 2021. The index case was detected by the La Rioja slaughterhouse veterinary inspection. Tracing back to the farm of origin, both species were submitted to Comparative Intradermal Tuberculin Test (CITT) and M. bovis-specific antibody ELISA tests. A subsample was also examined by IFN-γ release assay (IGRA) and all positives were slaughtered and pathologically and microbiologically investigated. Only 1.2% of sheep and no goat were positive in the CITT, and 11.4% in the IGRA sheep subsample, while up to 36.8% were positive in two consecutive M. bovis-specific antibody ELISA tests. Goats had always tested negative in annual intradermal follow-up since 2013. Upon confirmation of the immunologically positive sheep at slaughter, all the remaining negative animals were killed and 29.2% of sheep were still found infected. This raised the final overall prevalence to 37.5%. Antibody ELISA was the most sensitive (81.4%) in vivo detection method still showing a 85.0% specificity relative to pathological and microbiological tuberculosis status. It was nearly 10 times more sensitive than skin test and had an 86.8% positive predictive value. Notwithstanding a possible singular pathogenesis of the new spoligotype, this outbreak adds up to previous reports suggesting that sheep tuberculosis could be huge reservoir of infection worldwide overlooked by skin test low sensitivity or simply lack of investigation. This makes it urgent to extend the use antibody tests to address the Trojan horse of hidden M. tuberculosis complex infections on bovine TB control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon A. Juste
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER – Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Leire Fernández-Veiga
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER – Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Miguel Fuertes
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER – Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | | | - Guillermo Cardona
- Servicio de Ganadería, Diputacion Foral de Alava, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Maria V. Geijo
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER – Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Joseba M. Garrido
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER – Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Iker A. Sevilla
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER – Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
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Bouchez-Zacria M, Payne A, Girard S, Richomme C, Boschiroli ML, Marsot M, Durand B, Desvaux S. Spatial association of Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle and badgers at the pasture interface in an endemic area in France. Prev Vet Med 2023; 220:106044. [PMID: 37865009 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite control and surveillance programmes, Mycobacterium bovis, the main aetiologic agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), is still detected on cattle farms and in wildlife populations in France, especially in badgers in the French Côte-d'Or département. The aim of our study was to find out if infected badgers were trapped significantly closer to pastures of infected farms than non-infected badgers and, if so, to determine the most efficient distance around those pastures for badger trapping, particularly for surveillance purposes. We studied two subareas (southern and northern), chosen based on natural barriers to badger movements and according to the presence of pastures belonging to infected farms (POIFs) and infected or non-infected badgers. In each subarea, we computed the shortest distances D0 and D between badgers trapped a given year n between 2015 and 2019 (n = 59 infected and n = 1535 non-infected badgers for D0; n = 53 infected and n = 1476 non-infected badgers for D) and POIFs designated as infected between the year n - 4 and n + 1 (respectively n = 373 and n = 388 POIFs). D0 was calculated without considering spoligotypes, while D was calculated considering the possible epidemiological link between infected badgers and POIFs by using bTB spoligotype information. Then, we computed the observed mean and median of the D0 and D distances and used a bootstrap analysis to test if infected badgers were found significantly closer to POIFs than non-infected badgers. We observed that infection of badgers was not independent of distance from POIF in both subareas but distances (D0 or D) were different between the northern and southern subarea. In the northern subarea, which displays a mosaic landscape (mean and median D distances were respectively 612 m and 303 m for infected badgers), infected badgers indeed were trapped closer to POIFs, considering D0 and D. In the southern subarea, predominantly forested, infected badgers were significantly closer to POIFs than non-infected badgers when considering D0 but not for D (mean and median D distances were respectively 7148 m and 4831 m for infected badgers). These results will help to determine the most efficient distance from POIFs to trap badgers to determine their infection status in countryside landscapes. They also highlight the need to better understand the epidemiological systems at play in more forested landscapes where badgers may behave differently or other susceptible sympatric wild species might play a more important role in the circulation of M. bovis, both phenomena contributing to badger infection at greater distances from POIFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Bouchez-Zacria
- Independent Researcher, Audincthun, France; OFB (French Office for Biodiversity), Research and Scientific Support Direction, 01330 Birieux, France
| | - Ariane Payne
- OFB (French Office for Biodiversity), Research and Scientific Support Direction, Orléans, France
| | - Sébastien Girard
- DRAAF BFC (Food, Agriculture and Forest Regional Direction of Bourgogne Franche-Comté), 21078 Cedex Dijon, France
| | - Céline Richomme
- Anses, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | | | - Maud Marsot
- Anses, Laboratory for Animal Health, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Benoit Durand
- Anses, Laboratory for Animal Health, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stéphanie Desvaux
- OFB (French Office for Biodiversity), Research and Scientific Support Direction, 01330 Birieux, France.
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Herraiz C, Vicente J, Gortázar C, Acevedo P. Large scale spatio-temporal modelling of risk factors associated with tuberculosis exposure at the wildlife-livestock interface. Prev Vet Med 2023; 220:106049. [PMID: 37866131 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The management of animal tuberculosis (TB) is a priority for European Union animal health authorities. However, and despite all the efforts made to date, a significant part of Spain has as yet been unable to obtain the officially tuberculosis-free (OTF) status. Information regarding wildlife disease status is usually scarce, signifying that the role played by wildlife is usually ignored or poorly assessed in large-scale TB risk factor studies. The National Wildlife Health Surveillance Plan in Spain now provides information on infection rates in wildlife reservoirs at a national level, but there are limitations as regards the sample size, the spatio-temporal distribution of the samples, and the lack of homogeneity of the diagnostic techniques employed. The objective of the study described herein was, therefore, to employ a Bayesian approach with the intention of identifying the risk factors associated with four TB rates in cattle: prevalence, incidence, maintenance and persistence in Spain during the period 2014-2019. The modeling approach included highly informative spatio-temporal latent effects with which to control the limitations of the data. Variation partitioning procedures were carried out, and the pure effect of each factor was mapped in order to identify the most relevant factors associated with TB dynamics in cattle in each region. This made it possible to disclose that the movement of cattle, particularly from counties with herd incidence > 1%, was the main driver of the TB dynamics in cattle. The abundance of herds bred for bullfighting was retained in all four models, but had less weight than the movements. After accounting for farm-related factors, the TB prevalence in wild boar was retained in all the models and was significantly related to incidence, maintenance and persistence. With regard to the incidence, variation partitioning revealed that wildlife was the most explicative factor, thus suggesting that it plays a role in the introduction of the pathogen into uninfected herds, and consequently highlighting its importance in breakdowns. These results show, for the first time on a national scale, that wild ungulates play a relevant role in the spatio-temporal variability of TB in cattle, particularly as regards their disease status. Moreover, the spatial representation of the pure effect of each factor made it possible to identify which factors are driving the disease dynamics in each region, thus showing that it is a valuable tool with which to focus efforts towards achieving the OTF status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Herraiz
- Health and Biotechnology Research Group (SaBio), Institute for Game and Wildlife Research (IREC), CSIC-JCCM-UCLM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Joaquín Vicente
- Health and Biotechnology Research Group (SaBio), Institute for Game and Wildlife Research (IREC), CSIC-JCCM-UCLM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Christian Gortázar
- Health and Biotechnology Research Group (SaBio), Institute for Game and Wildlife Research (IREC), CSIC-JCCM-UCLM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pelayo Acevedo
- Health and Biotechnology Research Group (SaBio), Institute for Game and Wildlife Research (IREC), CSIC-JCCM-UCLM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Bouchez-Zacria M, Ruette S, Richomme C, Lesellier S, Payne A, Boschiroli ML, Courcoul A, Durand B. Analysis of a multi-type resurgence of Mycobacterium bovis in cattle and badgers in Southwest France, 2007-2019. Vet Res 2023; 54:41. [PMID: 37138355 PMCID: PMC10158257 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01168-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although control measures to tackle bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle have been successful in many parts of Europe, this disease has not been eradicated in areas where Mycobacterium bovis circulates in multi-host systems. Here we analyzed the resurgence of 11 M. bovis genotypes (defined based on spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR) detected in 141 farms between 2007 and 2019, in an area of Southwestern France where wildlife infection was also detected from 2012 in 65 badgers. We used a spatially-explicit model to reconstruct the simultaneous diffusion of the 11 genotypes in cattle farms and badger populations. Effective reproduction number R was estimated to be 1.34 in 2007-2011 indicating a self-sustained M. bovis transmission by a maintenance community although within-species Rs were both < 1, indicating that neither cattle nor badger populations acted as separate reservoir hosts. From 2012, control measures were implemented, and we observed a decrease of R below 1. Spatial contrasts of the basic reproduction ratio suggested that local field conditions may favor (or penalize) local spread of bTB upon introduction into a new farm. Calculation of generation time distributions showed that the spread of M. bovis has been more rapid from cattle farms (0.5-0.7 year) than from badger groups (1.3-2.4 years). Although eradication of bTB appears possible in the study area (since R < 1), the model suggests it is a long-term prospect, because of the prolonged persistence of infection in badger groups (2.9-5.7 years). Supplementary tools and efforts to better control bTB infection in badgers (including vaccination for instance) appear necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Bouchez-Zacria
- Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 14 Rue Pierre Et Marie Curie, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Independent Researcher, Audincthun, France
| | - Sandrine Ruette
- French Office for Biodiversity (OFB), Research and Scientific Support Direction, Vincennes, France
| | - Céline Richomme
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Malzéville, France
| | - Sandrine Lesellier
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Malzéville, France
| | - Ariane Payne
- French Office for Biodiversity (OFB), Research and Scientific Support Direction, Vincennes, France
| | - Maria-Laura Boschiroli
- Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 14 Rue Pierre Et Marie Curie, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, Paris-Est University, ANSES, 94700, Maisons‑Alfort, France
| | - Aurélie Courcoul
- Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 14 Rue Pierre Et Marie Curie, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Oniris, Nantes, France
| | - Benoit Durand
- Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 14 Rue Pierre Et Marie Curie, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Altissimi C, Noé-Nordberg C, Ranucci D, Paulsen P. Presence of Foodborne Bacteria in Wild Boar and Wild Boar Meat-A Literature Survey for the Period 2012-2022. Foods 2023; 12:foods12081689. [PMID: 37107481 PMCID: PMC10137515 DOI: 10.3390/foods12081689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The wild boar is an abundant game species with high reproduction rates. The management of the wild boar population by hunting contributes to the meat supply and can help to avoid a spillover of transmissible animal diseases to domestic pigs, thus compromising food security. By the same token, wild boar can carry foodborne zoonotic pathogens, impacting food safety. We reviewed literature from 2012-2022 on biological hazards, which are considered in European Union legislation and in international standards on animal health. We identified 15 viral, 10 bacterial, and 5 parasitic agents and selected those nine bacteria that are zoonotic and can be transmitted to humans via food. The prevalence of Campylobacter, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, and Yersinia enterocolitica on muscle surfaces or in muscle tissues of wild boar varied from 0 to ca. 70%. One experimental study reported the transmission and survival of Mycobacterium on wild boar meat. Brucella, Coxiella burnetii, Listeria monocytogenes, and Mycobacteria have been isolated from the liver and spleen. For Brucella, studies stressed the occupational exposure risk, but no indication of meat-borne transmission was evident. Furthermore, the transmission of C. burnetii is most likely via vectors (i.e., ticks). In the absence of more detailed data for the European Union, it is advisable to focus on the efficacy of current game meat inspection and food safety management systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Altissimi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - David Ranucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Peter Paulsen
- Unit of Food Hygiene and Technology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Tuberculosis Epidemiology and Spatial Ecology at the Cattle-Wild Boar Interface in Northern Spain. Transbound Emerg Dis 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/2147191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious chronic disease due to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) bacteria. Monitoring of wildlife, especially potential reservoirs, is important for detecting changes in disease occurrence and assessing the impact of interventions. Here, we examined whether wild boar (Sus scrofa) may contribute to the re-emergence of TB in Asturias (10,604 km2), northern Spain. Although this province was declared free of TB in cattle in November 2021, MTC bacteria remain prevalent in several “hotspots,” with the European badger (Meles meles) suggested as a TB potential wild reservoir. Drawing on data from the Spanish National Bovine Tuberculosis Eradication Program and the Government of the Principality of Asturias covering the period 2014–2020, we analyzed the prevalence of TB in cattle and wild boar in this region. In hotspots (592 km2), we also investigated the ranging behavior and habitat use of five cows that belonged to farms with a history of TB and six trapped sympatric wild boar. During the observation period, TB prevalence was 0.14% among cattle overall and 0.13–0.41% in hotspots, which was much lower than the prevalence in wild boar, which was 3.15% overall and 5.23–5.96% in hotspots. Infected cattle and infected wild boar in hotspots shared the same strains of M. bovis, and GPS tracking showed spatiotemporal overlap between the species, mainly around pastures during sunrise (06:00–07:00 h) and sunset (19:00–20:00 h). Our results suggest that in addition to cattle and badgers, wild boar possibly help maintain TB in northern Spain, increasing the host richness that influences TB transmission risk in the area, which should be taken into account in monitoring and eradication efforts.
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Lekko YM, Che-Amat A, Ooi PT, Omar S, Mohd-Hamdan DT, Linazah LS, Zakaria Z, Ramanoon SZ, Mazlan M, Jesse FFA, Abdul-Razak MFA, Jasni S, Abdul-Hamid N. Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex antibodies in free-ranged wild boar and wild macaques in selected districts in Selangor and reevaluation of tuberculosis serodetection in captive Asian elephants in Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1702-1707. [PMID: 34544936 PMCID: PMC8636890 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic inflammatory and zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members, affecting several domestic animals, wildlife
species and humans. The preliminary investigation was aimed to detect antibody against MTBC among indigenous wildlife which are free-ranged wild boar, free-ranged wild macaques and captive
Asian elephants in selected areas of Selangor and elephant conservation centre in Pahang, respectively. The results indicate that MTBC serodetection rate in wild boar was 16.7% (7.3–33.5 at
95% confidence interval (CI)) using an in-house ELISA bPPD IgG and 10% (3.5–25.6 at 95% CI) by DPP®VetTB assay, while the wild macaques and Asian elephant were seronegative. The
univariate analysis indicates no statistically significant difference in risk factors for sex and age of wild boar but there was a significant positive correlation
(P<0.05) between bovine TB in dairy cattle and wild boar seropositivity in the Sepang district.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Madaki Lekko
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, PMB 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Azlan Che-Amat
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Peck Toung Ooi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharina Omar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Dhabitah Tatiyana Mohd-Hamdan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Liya Syahila Linazah
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zakirawaranis Zakaria
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Zubaidah Ramanoon
- Department of Farm and Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mazlina Mazlan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Sabri Jasni
- Department of Paraclinical, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, 16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Norhamizah Abdul-Hamid
- Selangor State Veterinary Services Department, Lot 2, Jalan Utas 15/7, Seksyen 15, 40630 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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The Association between Palmer Drought Severity Index Data and Tuberculosis-like Lesions Occurrence in Mediterranean Hunted Wild Boars. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072060. [PMID: 34359188 PMCID: PMC8300272 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Climate is one of the most influential factors in the dynamics of tuberculosis in the Mediterranean Iberic wildlife population. In this study, we aim to address how drought as a risk factor influences the occurrence of Tuberculosis-like lesions (TBL) in wild boar inspected in the field. With this focus, our study contributes to pointing out the importance of periods of drought in the increased TBL occurrence in wild boars inspected in the field in the subsequent season. The results of our study allow hunting managers to be advised, in advance, on whether they should adopt extra protective measures when they are aware of the presence of periods of drought. This climate trait can become an alert sign for increased TBL occurrence in the following season, allowing for the implementation of a feasible, timely, and effective measures to control TB in the wild boar population. Abstract In the Iberian Peninsula, the prevalence of tuberculosis differs for each region and for different wild disease hosts and the region affected by a Mediterranean climate will be the most affected. The Mediterranean Iberic regions have a favourable ecosystem for the development of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex agents, where habitat, population dynamics, and climate (especially drought) are important factors affecting the high prevalence of tuberculosis in the wild boar population. Our objective was to study the association between the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and the occurrence of tuberculosis-like lesions (TBL) in wild boar during nine hunting seasons (2008/09 to 2016/17) in Idanha-a-Nova County. To this end, statistical analysis revealed a significant association (p < 0.05) between the occurrence of TBL in wild boar in Idanha-a-Nova County and the analysed risk factor—previous season with periods of drought—which indicated that, when one season experiences some periods of drought, the probability of TBL occurrence in wild boars was 1.2 (OR = 1.2) times higher in the next hunting season than when there were no periods of drought. Therefore, our study contributes to the discovery of a positive effect of periods of drought on the transmission of tuberculosis in Iberian wildlife.
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A long-term survey on Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in wild mammals from a bovine tuberculosis low prevalence area. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-021-01489-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Review of Methods Used for Diagnosing Tuberculosis in Captive and Free-Ranging Non-Bovid Species (2012-2020). Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050584. [PMID: 34064571 PMCID: PMC8151627 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) is a group of bacteria that cause tuberculosis (TB) in diverse hosts, including captive and free-ranging wildlife species. There is significant research interest in developing immunodiagnostic tests for TB that are both rapid and reliable, to underpin disease surveillance and control. The aim of this study was to carry out an updated review of diagnostics for TB in non-bovid species with a focus predominantly on those based on measurement of immunity. A search was carried out to identify relevant papers meeting a pre-defined set of inclusion criteria. Forty-one papers were identified from this search, from which only twenty papers contained data to measure and compare diagnostic performance using diagnostic odds ratio. The diagnostic tests from each study were ranked based on sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio to define high performing tests. High sensitivity and specificity values across a range of species were reported for a new antigenic target, P22 complex, demonstrating it to be a reliable and accurate antigenic target. Since the last review of this kind was undertaken, the immunodiagnosis of TB in meerkats and African wild dogs was reported for the first time. Suid species showed the most consistent immunological responses and highlight a potential dichotomy between humoral and cellular immune responses.
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Byrne AW, Barrett D, Breslin P, Madden JM, O’Keeffe J, Ryan E. Future Risk of Bovine Tuberculosis ( Mycobacterium bovis) Breakdown in Cattle Herds 2013-2018: A Dominance Analysis Approach. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051004. [PMID: 34066621 PMCID: PMC8148532 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) remains a significant endemic pathogen of cattle herds, despite multi-decadal control programmes being in place in several countries. Understanding the risks of future bTB breakdown (BD) and the associated characteristics of herds and index breakdowns could help inform risk categorisation. Such risk categories could then contribute to tailored management and policies. Here, we estimated the future risk of herd BD for the cohort of herds that were derestricted during 2013 in Ireland using multivariable logit regression models, with a dominance analysis approach. One third of herds that were derestricted in 2013 experienced a breakdown during the follow-up five year period (1469/4459; 33%). BD length was a significant predictor of future risk, primarily driven by long BDs > 230 days relative to short BDs < 130 days (OR 95%CI: 1.157–1.851), as was having had a previous BD (OR 95%CI: 1.012–1.366). Herd-size was the dominant predictor of future risk (accounted for 46% of predicted variance), suggesting significant increase in risk of future breakdown with increasing (log) herd-size (OR 95%CI: 1.378–1.609). There was significant spatial variation in future risk across counties, and it was the second most dominant predictor of future risk (25% of predicted variance). The size of index breakdowns was not a strong predictor of future risk over a 5-year period. These findings can inform a risk-based policy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Byrne
- One-Health Scientific Support Unit, National Disease Control Centre (NDCC), Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Agriculture House, D02 WK12 Dublin 2, Ireland;
- Correspondence: (A.W.B.); (E.R.)
| | - Damien Barrett
- One-Health Scientific Support Unit, National Disease Control Centre (NDCC), Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Agriculture House, D02 WK12 Dublin 2, Ireland;
| | - Philip Breslin
- Ruminant Animal Health Division, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Co., W23 X3PH Kildare, Ireland; (P.B.); (J.O.)
| | - Jamie M. Madden
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis (CVERA), School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland;
| | - James O’Keeffe
- Ruminant Animal Health Division, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Co., W23 X3PH Kildare, Ireland; (P.B.); (J.O.)
| | - Eoin Ryan
- Ruminant Animal Health Division, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Co., W23 X3PH Kildare, Ireland; (P.B.); (J.O.)
- Correspondence: (A.W.B.); (E.R.)
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13
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Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Red Foxes in Four Animal Tuberculosis Endemic Areas in France. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8071070. [PMID: 32709124 PMCID: PMC7409206 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In France, animal tuberculosis (TB) due to Mycobacterium bovis (M.bovis) affects a multi-host community that include cattle and wildlife species such as wild boars (Sus scrofa), badgers (Meles meles), or wild deer (Cervus elaphus, Capreolus capreolus). The involvement of foxes in the epidemiology of TB is fairly described in countries facing multispecies concerns. After the discovery of grouped cases of TB in foxes in a French TB endemic region, a study was implemented in the core of four TB endemic areas in Dordogne, Charente, Landes (departments of Nouvelle-Aquitaine region), and Côte-d’Or (Burgundy-Franche-Comté region). No infected fox was found in Côte-d’Or (n = 146), where in parallel TB in cattle and other wild species became sparse in the last years. In contrast, in Dordogne, Charente, and Landes, 13 (n = 184), 9 (n = 98) and 7 (n = 140) foxes were found infected by M.bovis, respectively, corresponding to 7.1% (CI95% 3.8–11.8%), 9.2% (4.3–16.7%) and 5.0% (CI95% 2.0–10.0%) prevalence rates, respectively. These infection rates are comparable with those observed in badgers and wild boar in these same three areas (ranging from 9 to 13.2% and 4.3 to 17.9%, respectively), where the number of cattle outbreaks has increased in the last 10-15 years. In each area, the genotypes of foxes’ M.bovis isolates were the same as those in local cattle and other wildlife species. None of the infected foxes presented TB-like gross lesions. M.bovis was found in the mesenteric lymph nodes of 28 foxes (68%). For the 12 foxes where retropharyngeal and respiratory lymph nodes were analyzed separately, M.bovis was present in the respiratory lymph nodes of eight individuals. With regard to excretion, appropriate samples were available for 12 infected foxes from Dordogne. M.bovis DNA was detected in the feces of five of these animals, four of which were infected in the mesenteric lymph nodes. Combined with the knowledge on the biology and ecology of foxes, the results of this study suggest that in areas where infection in cattle is still active in France, foxes might play a role of spillover host in the epidemiology of M.bovis.
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Varela-Castro L, Alvarez V, Sevilla IA, Barral M. Risk factors associated to a high Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex seroprevalence in wild boar (Sus scrofa) from a low bovine tuberculosis prevalence area. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231559. [PMID: 32302328 PMCID: PMC7164644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal tuberculosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused principally by Mycobacterium bovis, a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC). In southern Iberian Peninsula, wild reservoirs such as the wild boar, among other factors, have prevented the eradication of bovine tuberculosis. However, most of the studies have been focused on south-central Spain, where the prevalence of tuberculosis is high among wild ungulates and cattle herds. In northern regions, where wild boar density and bovine tuberculosis prevalence are lower, fewer studies have been carried out and the role of this species is still under debate. The aim of this study was to describe the temporal and spatial distribution of antibodies against MTC in wild boar from the Basque Country, northern Spain. Sera from 1902 animals were collected between 2010 and 2016. The seroprevalence was determined with an in house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the search of risk factors was assessed by Generalized Linear Models. Overall, 17% of wild boars (326/1902; 95%CI, [15.5%–18.9%]) showed antibodies against MTC. Risk factors associated with seropositivity were the year and location of sampling, the number of MTC positive cattle, the distance to positive farms and the percentage of shrub cover. Younger age classes were associated with increased antibody titres among seropositive individuals. The seroprevalence detected was higher than those previously reported in neighbouring regions. Hence, further studies are needed to better understand the role of wild boar in the epidemiology of tuberculosis in low tuberculosis prevalence areas and consequently, its relevance when developing control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Varela-Castro
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Vega Alvarez
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Iker A. Sevilla
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Marta Barral
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Valcheva V, Savova-Lalkovska T, Vyazovaya A, Dimitrova A, Bonovska M, Najdenski H. First insight into phylogeography of Mycobacterium bovis and M. caprae from cattle in Bulgaria. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 81:104240. [PMID: 32058076 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) represents a significant economic burden to the agriculture. In spite of decades of the control program, Mycobacterium bovis infection levels in cattle in Bulgaria continued to rise over recent years. In order to gain a better understanding of the M. bovis diversity, we used spoligotyping for strain differentiation and the data were compared to the international databases Mbovis.org and SITVIT2 for shared type and clade assignment. Study sample included 30 M. tuberculosis complex isolates from cattle originating from different regions of Bulgaria. The isolates were subdivided by spoligotyping into 4 spoligotypes: 2 types shared by 20 and 8 isolates and 2 singletons. SITVIT2-defined types SIT645 and SIT647 belonged to the common and classical bovine ecotype M. bovis (9 isolates) while types SIT120 and SIT339 belonged to the M. caprae ecotype (21 isolates). A certain phylogeographic gradient of the spoligotypes and clades at the within-country level was observed: M. caprae was prevalent in the central/southwestern, while classical M. bovis in the northeastern Bulgaria. Whereas all four types have global or European circulation, neither was described in the neighboring Balkan countries. M. caprae isolates identified in this study mostly belong to the Central/Eastern European cluster. In summary, this study provided a first insight into phylogeography of M. bovis in Bulgaria and described, for the first time, M. caprae as an important infectious agent of bTB in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Valcheva
- Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Tanya Savova-Lalkovska
- National Diagnostic and Research Veterinary Medical Institute "Prof. Dr. G. Pavlov", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anna Vyazovaya
- St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Albena Dimitrova
- National Diagnostic and Research Veterinary Medical Institute "Prof. Dr. G. Pavlov", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Magdalena Bonovska
- Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Hristo Najdenski
- Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Prevalence of serum antibodies against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in wild boar in Campania region, Italy. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-019-1359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Richomme C, Courcoul A, Moyen JL, Reveillaud É, Maestrini O, de Cruz K, Drapeau A, Boschiroli ML. Tuberculosis in the wild boar: Frequentist and Bayesian estimations of diagnostic test parameters when Mycobacterium bovis is present in wild boars but at low prevalence. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222661. [PMID: 31550287 PMCID: PMC6759143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) is increasingly considered as a relevant actor in the epidemiology of animal tuberculosis (TB). Therefore, monitoring TB in this species is key when establishing comprehensive control schemes for this disease still present in Europe. No data are available on direct and indirect TB diagnostic methods in wild boars in epidemiological contexts where TB is endemic in cattle and detected in wild boars at low prevalence. We aimed to estimate and compare sensitivity and specificity values for bacterial culture, PCR and three commercial ELISAs, i.e. the TB ELISA-VK (using the bPPD antigen), INgezim TB Porcine and IDEXX M. bovis Ab Test (both using the MPB83 and MPB70 antigens), under field conditions in France. We used frequentist methods, with bacteriology as the gold standard, and a Bayesian formulation of the latent class analysis (LCA), without using a gold standard. Submandibular lymph nodes and sera from 495 wild boars hunter-harvested in three endemic areas (Aquitaine region, Côte d’Or region, and Corsica region) were collected between 2014 and 2016. Only eight individuals were positive for M. bovis by bacteriology (1.61%; CI95% 0.70–3.51%). The LCA method provided high specificities (99.2%; CI95% 98.2–99.8% for INgezim TB Porcine and 99.7%; CI95% 98.8–100% for IDEXX M. bovis Ab Test) and sensitivities (78.5%; CI95% 65.1–88.8% for INgezim TB Porcine and 83.9%; CI95% 58.9–97.2% for IDEXX M. bovis Ab Test) for both ELISAs using the MPB83 and MPB70 antigens. Bacterial culture showed limited sensitivity (42.8%; CI95% 19.0–70.6%), estimated as the probability of a positive result in an animal exposed to M. bovis. PCR and ELISA using the bPPD antigens demonstrated high specificities, and sensitivities intermediates between culture and the ELISAs using the MPB83 and MPB70 antigens. These results suggest that ELISA tests using the MPB83 and MPB70 antigens are useful to detect and monitor TB exposure of wild boar populations in field conditions in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Richomme
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, ANSES, Malzéville, France
| | - Aurélie Courcoul
- University Paris-Est, Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jean-Louis Moyen
- Laboratoire Départemental d’Analyse et de Recherche de la Dordogne, Coulounieix-Chamiers, France
| | - Édouard Reveillaud
- Unit of Coordination and Support to Surveillance, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Krystel de Cruz
- University Paris-Est, Laboratory for Animal Health, Tuberculosis National Reference Laboratory, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Antoine Drapeau
- University Paris-Est, Laboratory for Animal Health, Tuberculosis National Reference Laboratory, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Maria Laura Boschiroli
- University Paris-Est, Laboratory for Animal Health, Tuberculosis National Reference Laboratory, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
- * E-mail:
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18
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Animal tuberculosis in a free-ranging fallow deer in northwest Italy: a case of “lucky strain survival” or multi-host epidemiological system complexity? EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-019-1316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Fresco-Taboada A, Risalde MA, Gortázar C, Tapia I, González I, Venteo Á, Sanz A, Rueda P. A lateral flow assay for the rapid diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis infection in wild boar. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2175-2179. [PMID: 31144447 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The native Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) is a reservoir of Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of animal tuberculosis (TB), a chronic disease in livestock, companion animals and wild mammals. Cases of M. bovis infection in wild boar or feral pig have been reported worldwide, making early detection a priority in the eradication of the disease. Point-of-care diagnostic tests, such as low cost lateral flow assays, provide high specificity and sensitivity and can be performed on site, an essential requirement for a rapid screening of wildlife. A lateral flow assay, LFA, (INgezim TB CROM Ab) for the detection of M. bovis-specific antibodies in wild boar serum and blood has been developed based on MPB83, one of the major immunogenic antigens of the bacterium. A total of 140 samples of wild boar serum, well-characterized by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex culture and TB compatible post-mortem lesions, have been analysed with LFA, and results were compared with one in-house and two commercial Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA), INgezim TB Porcine and INgezim Tuberculosis DR. In experimental samples, the achieved values of sensitivity of the different techniques ranged from 84.3% to 92.1% and the specificity was 100% in all of them. In field animals, specificity ranged from 96% to 100%, whereas sensitivity ranged from 48% to 64% in juvenile wild boar, increasing to 93.3%-100% in adult wild boar. In particular, the total sensitivity and specificity values obtained with the new LFA were 83% and 97%, respectively, indicating that INgezim TB CROM Ab could be used as a first approach for the surveillance of TB in wild boar, with a special applicability for animal-side testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María A Risalde
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain.,Dpto. de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain.,Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Istar Tapia
- Inmunología y Genética Aplicada, S.A. (INGENASA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel González
- Inmunología y Genética Aplicada, S.A. (INGENASA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Venteo
- Inmunología y Genética Aplicada, S.A. (INGENASA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Sanz
- Inmunología y Genética Aplicada, S.A. (INGENASA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Rueda
- Inmunología y Genética Aplicada, S.A. (INGENASA), Madrid, Spain
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Bouchez-Zacria M, Courcoul A, Durand B. The Distribution of Bovine Tuberculosis in Cattle Farms Is Linked to Cattle Trade and Badger-Mediated Contact Networks in South-Western France, 2007-2015. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:173. [PMID: 30094243 PMCID: PMC6071575 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), mainly caused by Mycobacterium bovis, can affect domestic and wild animals as well as humans. Identifying the major transmission mechanisms in an area is necessary for disease control and management. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the involvement of different types of contact in M. bovis transmission between cattle farms of south-western France between 2007 and 2015. We analyzed an empirical contact network of cattle farms as nodes, with known infection status and molecular types (16 circulated during the study period of which 14 affected only cattle and two both badgers and cattle). Edges were based on cattle trade data (T-edges) and on spatial neighborhood relationships between farms, either direct (P-edges) or badger-mediated, when two farms neighbored the same badger home range (B-edges), or two distinct but neighboring badger home ranges (D-edges). Edge types were aggregated so that the contact network contained only unique edges labeled by one or several edge types. The association between the contact network structure and bTB infection status was assessed using a non-parametric test, each molecular type being considered a marker of an independent epidemic. Using a logistic regression model, we estimated the contribution of each edge type to the probability for an edge originating from an infected farm to end at another infected farm. A total number of 1946 cattle farms were included in the study and were linked by 54,243 edges. Within this contact network, infected farms (whatever the molecular type) always belonged to the same component, suggesting the contact network may have supported bTB spread among those farms. A significant association between the pattern of bTB-infected farms and the structure of the contact network was observed when all the molecular types were simultaneously considered. The logistic regression model showed a significant association between M. bovis infection in direct neighbors of infected farms and the connection by T-, B- and D-edges, with odds-ratios of 7.4, 1.9, and 10.4, respectively. These results indicate a multifactorial M. bovis transmission between cattle farms of the studied area, with varying implication levels of the trade, pasture and badger networks according to the molecular type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Bouchez-Zacria
- Epidemiology Unit, Paris-Sud University, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for FoodEnvironment and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Aurélie Courcoul
- Epidemiology Unit, Paris-Est University, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for FoodEnvironment and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Benoit Durand
- Epidemiology Unit, Paris-Est University, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for FoodEnvironment and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
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21
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Keck N, Boschiroli ML, Smyej F, Vogler V, Moyen JL, Desvaux S. Successful Application of the Gamma-Interferon Assay in a Bovine Tuberculosis Eradication Program: The French Bullfighting Herd Experience. Front Vet Sci 2018. [PMID: 29536019 PMCID: PMC5835129 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the French Camargue region, where bovine tuberculosis had been enzootic for several years in bullfighting cattle herds, the gamma-interferon (IFN) assay was used since 2003 in parallel with the intradermal test in order to increase overall disease detection sensitivity in infected herds. This study presents the results of a field-evaluation of the assay during a 10-year period (2004–2014) of disease control and surveillance program and explores the particular pattern of IFN assay results in bullfight herds in comparison to cattle from other regions of France. The low sensitivity [59.2% (50.6; 67.3)] of IFN assay using the tuberculin stimulation could be related to the poor gamma-IFN production from bullfight cattle blood cells which is significantly lower than in animals of conventional breeds. The characteristics of the assay were progressively adapted to the epidemiological situation and the desired strategic applications. Data analysis with a receiver operating characteristic curve based on a simple S/P value algorithm allowed for the determination of a new cutoff adapted for a global screening, giving a high specificity of 99.9% results and a high accuracy of the assay. Having regularly risen to above 5% since 2005, with a peak around 10% in 2010, the annual incidence dropped to under 1% in 2014. The positive predictive value relative to the bacteriological confirmation evolved during the years, from 33% in 2009 to 12% during the last screening period, a normal trend in a context of decreasing prevalence. The estimated rate of false-positive reactions during screening campaigns was 0.67%, confirming the high specificity of the test, measured in bTB negative herds, in this epidemiological context. The proportion of false-positive reactions decreased with the age and was higher in males than in females. Although these results indicate that the IFN assay is accurate in the field, it also emphasizes great differences between interferon quantities produced by bullfight cattle blood samples compared to those of classical bovine breeds, which underlines the necessity to adapt the algorithms and combinations of the assay according to local epidemiological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Keck
- Laboratoire Départemental Vétérinaire de l'Hérault, Montpellier, France
| | - Maria-Laura Boschiroli
- University Paris-Est, French Reference Laboratory for Tuberculosis, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Florence Smyej
- Direction Départementale de la Protection des Populations, Nîmes, France
| | - Valérie Vogler
- Service Régional de l'Alimentation, Direction Régionale de l'Alimentation, de l'Agriculture et de l'Occitanie, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Louis Moyen
- Laboratoire d'Analyses et de Recherche de Dordogne, Coulounieix-Chamiers, France
| | - Stéphanie Desvaux
- Unité Sanitaire de la Faune, Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage (ONCFS), Birieux, France
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22
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Barth SA, Blome S, Cornelis D, Pietschmann J, Laval M, Maestrini O, Geue L, Charrier F, Etter E, Menge C, Beer M, Jori F. FaecalEscherichia colias biological indicator of spatial interaction between domestic pigs and wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Corsica. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:746-757. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Barth
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Jena Germany
| | - S. Blome
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Greifswald - Insel Riems Germany
| | - D. Cornelis
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, INRA; University Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - J. Pietschmann
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Jena Germany
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Greifswald - Insel Riems Germany
| | - M. Laval
- Research Unit for Animal Husbandry Development (LRDE); INRA SAD; Corte Corsica France
| | - O. Maestrini
- Research Unit for Animal Husbandry Development (LRDE); INRA SAD; Corte Corsica France
| | - L. Geue
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Jena Germany
| | - F. Charrier
- Research Unit for Animal Husbandry Development (LRDE); INRA SAD; Corte Corsica France
| | - E. Etter
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, INRA; University Montpellier; Montpellier France
- Epidemiology Section; Department of Production Animals Studies; Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Pretoria; Onderstepoort South Africa
| | - C. Menge
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Jena Germany
| | - M. Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Greifswald - Insel Riems Germany
| | - F. Jori
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, INRA; University Montpellier; Montpellier France
- Department of Animal Science and Production; Botswana College of Agriculture; Gaborone Botswana
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Jori F, Relun A, Trabucco B, Charrier F, Maestrini O, Chavernac D, Cornelis D, Casabianca F, Etter EMC. Questionnaire-Based Assessment of Wild Boar/Domestic Pig Interactions and Implications for Disease Risk Management in Corsica. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:198. [PMID: 29250528 PMCID: PMC5716975 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild boars and domestic pigs belong to the same species (Sus scrofa). When sympatric populations of wild boars, feral pigs, and domestic pigs share the same environment, interactions between domestic and wild suids (IDWS) are suspected to facilitate the spread and maintenance of several pig pathogens which can impact on public health and pig production. However, information on the nature and factors facilitating those IDWS are rarely described in the literature. In order to understand the occurrence, nature, and the factors facilitating IDWS, a total of 85 semi-structured interviews were implemented face to face among 25 strict farmers, 20 strict hunters, and 40 hunting farmers in the main traditional pig-farming regions of Corsica, where IDWS are suspected to be common and widespread. Different forms of IDWS were described: those linked with sexual attraction of wild boars by domestic sows (including sexual interactions and fights between wild and domestic boars) were most frequently reported (by 61 and 44% of the respondents, respectively) in the autumn months and early winter. Foraging around common food or water was equally frequent (reported by 60% of the respondents) but spread all along the year except in winter. Spatially, IDWS were more frequent in higher altitude pastures were pig herds remain unattended during summer and autumn months with limited human presence. Abandonment of carcasses and carcass offal in the forest were equally frequent and efficient form of IDWS reported by 70% of the respondents. Certain traditional practices already implemented by hunters and farmers had the potential to mitigate IDWS in the local context. This study provided quantitative evidence of the nature of different IDWS in the context of extensive commercial outdoor pig farming in Corsica and identified their spatial and temporal trends. The identification of those trends is useful to target suitable times and locations to develop further ecological investigations of IDWS at a finer scale in order to better understand diseases transmission patterns between populations and promote adapted management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Jori
- CIRAD, UMR Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risque et Ecosystèmes (ASTRE), Montpellier, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Relun
- CIRAD, UMR Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risque et Ecosystèmes (ASTRE), Montpellier, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France.,BIOEPAR, ONIRIS, INRA, Nantes, France
| | - Bastien Trabucco
- CIRAD, UMR Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risque et Ecosystèmes (ASTRE), Montpellier, France.,INRA, Laboratoire de Recherches sur le Développement de l'Elevage (LRDE), Corte, France
| | - François Charrier
- INRA, Laboratoire de Recherches sur le Développement de l'Elevage (LRDE), Corte, France
| | - Oscar Maestrini
- INRA, Laboratoire de Recherches sur le Développement de l'Elevage (LRDE), Corte, France
| | - David Chavernac
- CIRAD, UMR Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risque et Ecosystèmes (ASTRE), Montpellier, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Daniel Cornelis
- CIRAD, UMR Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risque et Ecosystèmes (ASTRE), Montpellier, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - François Casabianca
- INRA, Laboratoire de Recherches sur le Développement de l'Elevage (LRDE), Corte, France
| | - Eric Marcel Charles Etter
- CIRAD, UMR Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risque et Ecosystèmes (ASTRE), Montpellier, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France.,Epidemiology Section, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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24
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Gortázar C, Fernández-Calle L, Collazos-Martínez J, Mínguez-González O, Acevedo P. Animal tuberculosis maintenance at low abundance of suitable wildlife reservoir hosts: A case study in northern Spain. Prev Vet Med 2017; 146:150-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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25
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Rivière J, Le Strat Y, Hendrikx P, Dufour B. Cost-effectiveness evaluation of bovine tuberculosis surveillance in wildlife in France (Sylvatub system) using scenario trees. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183126. [PMID: 28800642 PMCID: PMC5553909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a common disease in cattle and wildlife, with health, zoonotic and economic implications. Infected wild animals, and particularly reservoirs, could hinder eradication of bTB from cattle populations, which could have an important impact on international cattle trade. Therefore, surveillance of bTB in wildlife is of particular importance to better understand the epidemiological role of wild species and to adapt the control measures. In France, a bTB surveillance system for free-ranging wildlife, the Sylvatub system, has been implemented since 2011. It relies on three surveillance components (SSCs) (passive surveillance on hunted animals (EC-SSC), passive surveillance on dead or dying animals (SAGIR-SSC) and active surveillance (PSURV-SSC)). The effectiveness of the Sylvatub system was previously assessed, through the estimation of its sensitivity (i.e. the probability of detecting at least one case of bTB infection by each SSC, specie and risk-level area). However, to globally assess the performance of a surveillance system, the measure of its sensitivity is not sufficient, as other factors such as economic or socio-economic factors could influence the effectiveness. We report here an estimation of the costs of the surveillance activities of the Sylvatub system, and of the cost-effectiveness of each surveillance component, by specie and risk-level, based on scenario tree modelling with the same tree structure as used for the sensitivity evaluation. The cost-effectiveness of the Sylvatub surveillance is better in higher-risk departments, due in particular to the higher probability of detecting the infection (sensitivity). Moreover, EC-SSC, which has the highest unit cost, is more efficient than the surveillance enhanced by the SAGIR-SSC, due to its better sensitivity. The calculation of the cost-effectiveness ratio shows that PSURV-SSC remains the most cost-effective surveillance component of the Sylvatub system, despite its high cost in terms of coordination, sample collection and laboratory analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Rivière
- Ecole vétérinaire d’Alfort (Alfort National Veterinary School), Research unit EpiMAI USC Anses (Epidemiology of Animal Infectious Disease), Université Paris Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Yann Le Strat
- Santé publique France, French national public health agency, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Pascal Hendrikx
- Agence nationale de sécurité alimentaire nationale, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses), Unit of coordination and support to surveillance, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Barbara Dufour
- Ecole vétérinaire d’Alfort (Alfort National Veterinary School), Research unit EpiMAI USC Anses (Epidemiology of Animal Infectious Disease), Université Paris Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
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26
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Cardoso-Toset F, Luque I, Carrasco L, Jurado-Martos F, Risalde MÁ, Venteo Á, Infantes-Lorenzo JA, Bezos J, Rueda P, Tapia I, Gortázar C, Domínguez L, Domínguez M, Gomez-Laguna J. Evaluation of five serologic assays for bovine tuberculosis surveillance in domestic free-range pigs from southern Spain. Prev Vet Med 2016; 137:101-104. [PMID: 28089289 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In countries where bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is still prevalent the contact among different animal species in extensive systems contributes to the circulation of Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) and other members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC). Thus, free-range pigs can develop subclinical infections and may contribute to disease spread to bovine and wildlife. Serodiagnosis has been proposed as a screening tool for detecting infected pig herds; however, the value of this method to obtain an accurate diagnosis in this species is still not clear. In this study, sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) estimates of four ELISAs and a lateral flow immunochromatographic antibody assay based on different M. bovis antigens, including MPB70 and MPB83 proteins, were evaluated in naturally infected domestic free-range pigs. For this purpose, submandibular lymph nodes and blood samples from 217 pigs from both TB-infected and historically negative farms were sampled at slaughterhouse and analysed by gross examination, histopathology, bacteriological culture and qPCR. Se and Sp estimates of the 5 evaluated assays ranged from 66.1% to 78% (CI95 from 52.6 to 87.7%) and from 98.9% to 100% (CI95 from 93.8 to 100%), respectively. Results of our study suggest that all the evaluated assays could be used as a first screening tool to conduct bTB surveillance in domestic pigs at population level; however, animals from seropositive herds should later be surveyed by other methods in order to reduce false negative results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Cardoso-Toset
- CICAP-Agrifood Research Centre, Pozoblanco, 14400 Córdoba, Spain; Animal Health Department, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'CeiA3', 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Luque
- Animal Health Department, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'CeiA3', 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Librado Carrasco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'CeiA3', 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Jurado-Martos
- CICAP-Agrifood Research Centre, Pozoblanco, 14400 Córdoba, Spain; Animal Health Department, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'CeiA3', 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Risalde
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC, (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ángel Venteo
- Inmunología y Genética Aplicada, S.A. (INGENASA), Calle Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Infantes-Lorenzo
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Inmunología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Bezos
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Rueda
- Inmunología y Genética Aplicada, S.A. (INGENASA), Calle Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Istar Tapia
- Inmunología y Genética Aplicada, S.A. (INGENASA), Calle Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Gortázar
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC, (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Domínguez
- Servicio de Inmunología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Gomez-Laguna
- CICAP-Agrifood Research Centre, Pozoblanco, 14400 Córdoba, Spain; Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'CeiA3', 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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27
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28
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Roos EO, Buss P, de Klerk-Lorist LM, Hewlett J, Hausler GA, Rossouw L, McCall AJ, Cooper D, van Helden PD, Parsons SD, Miller MA. Test performance of three serological assays for the detection of Mycobacterium bovis infection in common warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 182:79-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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LIMITED ANTIBODY EVIDENCE OF EXPOSURE TO MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS IN FERAL SWINE (SUS SCROFA) IN THE USA. J Wildl Dis 2016; 53:30-36. [PMID: 27809647 DOI: 10.7589/2016-07-164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic disease of cattle ( Bos taurus ) caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis . Efforts have been made in the US to eradicate the disease in cattle, but spillover into wildlife and subsequent spillback have impeded progress in some states. In particular, infection in white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) has been followed by infection in cattle in some Midwestern states. Infection has also been documented in feral swine ( Sus scrofa ) on the Hawaiian island of Molokai and in various European countries, but no large-scale survey of antibody exposure to the bacteria has been conducted in feral swine in the US. We tested 488 sera from feral swine collected near previously documented outbreaks of bovine tuberculosis in cattle and captive cervids, in addition to 2,237 feral swine sera collected across the US from 1 October 2013 to 30 September 2014. While all but one of the samples were antibody negative, the results are important for establishing baseline negative data since feral swine are capable reservoirs and could be implicated in future outbreaks of the disease.
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30
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Byrne A, Kenny K, Fogarty U, O’Keeffe J, More S, McGrath G, Teeling M, Martin S, Dohoo I. Spatial and temporal analyses of metrics of tuberculosis infection in badgers ( Meles meles ) from the Republic of Ireland: Trends in apparent prevalence. Prev Vet Med 2015; 122:345-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Rivière J, Le Strat Y, Dufour B, Hendrikx P. Sensitivity of Bovine Tuberculosis Surveillance in Wildlife in France: A Scenario Tree Approach. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141884. [PMID: 26517372 PMCID: PMC4627846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a common disease in cattle and wildlife, with an impact on animal and human health, and economic implications. Infected wild animals have been detected in some European countries, and bTB reservoirs in wildlife have been identified, potentially hindering the eradication of bTB from cattle populations. However, the surveillance of bTB in wildlife involves several practical difficulties and is not currently covered by EU legislation. We report here the first assessment of the sensitivity of the bTB surveillance system for free-ranging wildlife launched in France in 2011 (the Sylvatub system), based on scenario tree modelling. Three surveillance system components were identified: (i) passive scanning surveillance for hunted wild boar, red deer and roe deer, based on carcass examination, (ii) passive surveillance on animals found dead, moribund or with abnormal behaviour, for wild boar, red deer, roe deer and badger and (iii) active surveillance for wild boar and badger. The application of these three surveillance system components depends on the geographic risk of bTB infection in wildlife, which in turn depends on the prevalence of bTB in cattle. We estimated the effectiveness of the three components of the Sylvatub surveillance system quantitatively, for each species separately. Active surveillance and passive scanning surveillance by carcass examination were the approaches most likely to detect at least one infected animal in a population with a given design prevalence, regardless of the local risk level and species considered. The awareness of hunters, which depends on their training and the geographic risk, was found to affect surveillance sensitivity. The results obtained are relevant for hunters and veterinary authorities wishing to determine the actual efficacy of wildlife bTB surveillance as a function of geographic area and species, and could provide support for decision-making processes concerning the enhancement of surveillance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Rivière
- Research unit EpiMAI USC Anses (Epidemiology of Animal Infectious Disease), Alfort National Veterinary School, Maisons-Alfort, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Yann Le Strat
- Department of Infectious Diseases, French Institute for Public Health Surveillance, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Barbara Dufour
- Research unit EpiMAI USC Anses (Epidemiology of Animal Infectious Disease), Alfort National Veterinary School, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Pascal Hendrikx
- Unit UCAS, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses), Maisons-Alfort, France
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32
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Gortázar C, Che Amat A, O'Brien DJ. Open questions and recent advances in the control of a multi-host infectious disease: animal tuberculosis. Mamm Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gortázar
- Animal Health; SaBio IREC (CSIC - UCLM - JCCM); Ronda de Toledo s/n Ciudad Real 13071 Spain
| | - Azlan Che Amat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Universiti Putra Malaysia; 43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Daniel J. O'Brien
- Wildlife Disease Laboratory; Michigan Department of Natural Resources; 4125 Beaumont Rd., Room 250 Lansing Michigan 48910-8106 USA
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33
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Pérez de Val B, Napp S, Velarde R, Lavín S, Cervera Z, Singh M, Allepuz A, Mentaberre G. Serological Follow-up of Tuberculosis in a Wild Boar Population in Contact with Infected Cattle. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:275-283. [PMID: 25944524 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing concern in several European countries over the role that tuberculosis (TB)-infected wild boar may play in the progress of bovine TB eradication campaigns. In 2004, as a consequence of the detection of a TB focus in wild boar from a National Game Reserve (NGR) located in southern Catalonia, a surveillance programme based on post-mortem inspection for detection of macroscopic TB-like lesions (TBLL) was initiated in the affected area. The source of infection for wild boar was linked to a tuberculous cattle herd located in the same area. Besides, the results of the surveillance programme in wild boar were used for the validation of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) IgG antibodies. Using this ELISA, a seven-year serological study of MTBC in wild boar from the NGR was conducted in 173 animals (93 adults, 44 juveniles-yearlings and 36 piglets) culled between 2004 and 2010. ELISA results and presence of TBLL showed excellent agreement for adult and juvenile wild boar (Kappa index = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.76-0.95). Of the thirty-eight adults, yearlings and juveniles classified as positives by the ELISA, 34 (89%) showed TBLL at necropsy. In contrast, none of the ELISA-positive wild boar piglets (n = 20) showed TBLL, suggesting the detection of early antibody responses to the infection. Overall, this study contributes to the knowledge of wild boar humoral responses to MTBC. The results also highlight the usefulness of this serological test for wild boar TB surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pérez de Val
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA) - Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - S Napp
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA) - Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R Velarde
- Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - S Lavín
- Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Z Cervera
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA) - Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M Singh
- Lionex Diagnostics and Therapeutics GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - A Allepuz
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA) - Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - G Mentaberre
- Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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34
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Hauer A, De Cruz K, Cochard T, Godreuil S, Karoui C, Henault S, Bulach T, Bañuls AL, Biet F, Boschiroli ML. Genetic evolution of Mycobacterium bovis causing tuberculosis in livestock and wildlife in France since 1978. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117103. [PMID: 25658691 PMCID: PMC4319773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the dynamics of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in France, 4,654 M. bovis strains isolated mainly from livestock and wildlife since 1978 were characterized by spoligotyping and MLVA based on MIRU-VNTR. In our study spoligotyping allowed the discrimination of 176 types although 3 spoligotypes are predominant and account for more than half of the total strain population: SB0120 (26%), SB0134 (11%) and SB0121 (6%). In addition, 11% of the isolates, principally from Southern France, showing close spoligotypes and MIRU-VNTR types have been gathered in a family designated as the "F4-family". MLVA typing allowed extensive discrimination, particularly for strains with predominant spoligotypes, with a total of 498 genotypes, several of which were highly regionalized. The similarity of the strains' genetic relationships based on spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR markers supports the co-existence of different clonal populations within the French M. bovis population. A genetic evolution of the strains was observed both geographically and in time. Indeed, as a result of the reduction of bTB due to the national control campaigns, a large reduction of the strains' genetic variability took place in the last ten years. However, in the regions were bTB is highly prevalent at present, cases in both livestock and in wildlife are due to the spread of unique local genotype profiles. Our results show that the highly discriminating genotyping tools used in this study for molecular studies of bTB are useful for addressing pending questions, which would lead to a better insight into the epidemiology of the disease, and for finding proper solutions for its sustainable control in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Hauer
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire National de Référence de la Tuberculose, Unité de Zoonoses Bactériennes, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
- INRA, UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique (ISP-311), Nouzilly, France
| | - Krystel De Cruz
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire National de Référence de la Tuberculose, Unité de Zoonoses Bactériennes, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Thierry Cochard
- INRA, UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique (ISP-311), Nouzilly, France
| | - Sylvain Godreuil
- INSERM U1058 Infection par le VIH et par agents à tropisme cutanéo-muqueux: de la pathogenèse à la prévention, Montpellier, France
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Montpellier, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Département de Bactériologie-Virologie, Montpellier, France
| | - Claudine Karoui
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire National de Référence de la Tuberculose, Unité de Zoonoses Bactériennes, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Sylvie Henault
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire National de Référence de la Tuberculose, Unité de Zoonoses Bactériennes, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Tabatha Bulach
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire National de Référence de la Tuberculose, Unité de Zoonoses Bactériennes, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Anne-Laure Bañuls
- MIVEGEC, UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Universités Montpellier 1 et 2, Centre IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Biet
- INRA, UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique (ISP-311), Nouzilly, France
| | - María Laura Boschiroli
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire National de Référence de la Tuberculose, Unité de Zoonoses Bactériennes, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
- * E-mail:
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35
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Cardoso-Toset F, Luque I, Amarilla SP, Gómez-Gascón L, Fernández L, Huerta B, Carrasco L, Ruiz P, Gómez-Laguna J. Evaluation of rapid methods for diagnosis of tuberculosis in slaughtered free-range pigs. Vet J 2015; 204:232-4. [PMID: 25920761 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Free-range pigs can be infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) and may contribute to the spread of bovine tuberculosis (bTB). In the present study, the diagnostic values of bacteriological culture, a duplex real-time quantitative PCR and an antibody ELISA were evaluated in an abattoir study of submandibular lymph nodes and serum samples from 73 pigs with and without lesions consistent with bTB. The duplex qPCR was an accurate method for diagnosis of TB in pigs (specificity 100%; sensitivity 80%). Combining qPCR with histopathology improved sensitivity and had very good concordance (κ = 0.94) with the reference method. Serological results suggest that the antibody ELISA can be used for monitoring herds but not individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Cardoso-Toset
- Department of Animal Health, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'CeiA3', University Campus of Rabanales, Córdoba 14071, Spain; CICAP - Food Research Centre, Pozoblanco 14400, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Luque
- Department of Animal Health, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'CeiA3', University Campus of Rabanales, Córdoba 14071, Spain
| | - Shyrley Paola Amarilla
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'CeiA3', University Campus of Rabanales, Córdoba 14071, Spain
| | - Lidia Gómez-Gascón
- Department of Animal Health, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'CeiA3', University Campus of Rabanales, Córdoba 14071, Spain
| | - Layla Fernández
- CICAP - Food Research Centre, Pozoblanco 14400, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Belén Huerta
- Department of Animal Health, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'CeiA3', University Campus of Rabanales, Córdoba 14071, Spain
| | - Librado Carrasco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'CeiA3', University Campus of Rabanales, Córdoba 14071, Spain
| | - Pilar Ruiz
- Microbiology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Mycobacteria Reference Center, Avd. Méndez Pidal s/n, Córdoba 14004, Spain
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36
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Towards harmonised procedures in wildlife epidemiological investigations: A serosurvey of infection with Mycobacterium bovis and closely related agents in wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Switzerland. Vet J 2015; 203:131-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
We describe here 35 animal cases of tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium microti in France (2002-2014). Recently, molecular tools that overcome the difficulty of confirming infection by this potentially zoonotic agent have revealed an increasing number of cases, suggesting that its prevalence may have been underestimated.
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Biet F, Boschiroli ML. Non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections of veterinary relevance. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97 Suppl:S69-77. [PMID: 25256964 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacteria play an important role in human and animal health fields. We here examine the place of non tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections in the veterinary context. Relevant aspects of a reference laboratory experience and a literature review are presented in this article. Importance is given both to productivity and to economic losses due to misdiagnosis with bovine tuberculosis and paratuberculosis. The impact NTM may have is relative to geographical location, ecology, husbandry, extent of surveillance programs and bovine tuberculosis and paratuberculosis prevalence. The role of the most relevant NTM in animal disease is summarized with a special focus on Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, given its role as causative agent of paratuberculosis, a disease with huge economic consequences for ruminant livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Biet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA Centre Val de Loire, Université de Tours, Unité Mixte de Recherches 1282, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Maria Laura Boschiroli
- University Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for Animal Health, Bovine tuberculosis National Reference Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonoses Unit, 23, avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Rivière J, Carabin K, Le Strat Y, Hendrikx P, Dufour B. Bovine tuberculosis surveillance in cattle and free-ranging wildlife in EU Member States in 2013: a survey-based review. Vet Microbiol 2014; 173:323-31. [PMID: 25205200 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a common disease in cattle and wildlife, with animal health, zoonotic and economic impacts. Most of the TB data for the European Union (EU) concern the epidemiological situation, but comprehensive descriptions of the way in which surveillance is conducted in each country are rare, despite being essential for cross-Europe comparisons. A European survey was conducted in the 28 Member States and in three other neighboring countries (Norway, Macedonia and Switzerland), to review TB surveillance in cattle and wildlife. EU legislation currently requires TB surveillance solely in cattle. Considerable differences between the surveillance systems of the 26 responding countries were observed, according to the official TB-freedom status of the country and the local prevalence of TB. These differences related principally to the combination of surveillance components (routine screening test in herd and/or movement testing and/or slaughterhouse surveillance), the tests used and their interpretation, and the definition of an infected herd or animal. For wildlife TB surveillance, only 8 on 21 respondent countries have declared to have implemented passive and/or active surveillance, with marked differences concerning the species and the geographical scale of the surveillance. The choice of the combination of surveillance components depends on the national or regional epidemiological situation, the species involved in TB epidemiology and epidemiological risk factors, although various surveillance systems have been recorded for countries with similar epidemiological status. Assessments of the cost-effectiveness of each surveillance system would be useful, to confirm the advantages of implementing one or more components.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rivière
- Alfort National Veterinary School, Research unit EpiMAI USC Anses (Epidemiology of Animal Infectious Disease), 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94 701 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - K Carabin
- University Paris 11, Masters in Public Health, France
| | - Y Le Strat
- French Institute for Public Health Surveillance, Department of Infectious Diseases, 12 rue du Val d'Osne, 94 415 Saint-Maurice, France.
| | - P Hendrikx
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses), Unit Survepi, 27-31 avenue du Général Leclerc, 94 701 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - B Dufour
- Alfort National Veterinary School, Research unit EpiMAI USC Anses (Epidemiology of Animal Infectious Disease), 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94 701 Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Gortazar C, Beltrán-Beck B, Garrido JM, Aranaz A, Sevilla IA, Boadella M, Lyashchenko KP, Galindo RC, Montoro V, Domínguez L, Juste R, de la Fuente J. Oral re-vaccination of Eurasian wild boar with Mycobacterium bovis BCG yields a strong protective response against challenge with a field strain. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:96. [PMID: 24766746 PMCID: PMC4005810 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Field vaccination trials with Mycobacterium bovis BCG, an attenuated mutant of M. bovis, are ongoing in Spain, where the Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) is regarded as the main driver of animal tuberculosis (TB). The oral baiting strategy consists in deploying vaccine baits twice each summer, in order to gain access to a high proportion of wild boar piglets. The aim of this study was to assess the response of wild boar to re-vaccination with BCG and to subsequent challenge with an M. bovis field strain. Results BCG re-vaccinated wild boar showed reductions of 75.8% in lesion score and 66.9% in culture score, as compared to unvaccinated controls. Only one of nine vaccinated wild boar had a culture-confirmed lung infection, as compared to seven of eight controls. Serum antibody levels were highly variable and did not differ significantly between BCG re-vaccinated wild boar and controls. Gamma IFN levels differed significantly between BCG re-vaccinated wild boar and controls. The mRNA levels for IL-1b, C3 and MUT were significantly higher in vaccinated wild boar when compared to controls after vaccination and decreased after mycobacterial challenge. Conclusions Oral re-vaccination of wild boar with BCG yields a strong protective response against challenge with a field strain. Moreover, re-vaccination of wild boar with BCG is not counterproductive. These findings are relevant given that re-vaccination is likely to happen under real (field) conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gortazar
- SaBio IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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