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Squizani S, Jantsch J, Rodrigues FDS, Braga MF, Eller S, de Oliveira TF, Silveira AK, Moreira JCF, Giovenardi M, Porawski M, Guedes RP. Zinc Supplementation Partially Decreases the Harmful Effects of a Cafeteria Diet in Rats but Does Not Prevent Intestinal Dysbiosis. Nutrients 2022; 14:3921. [PMID: 36235574 PMCID: PMC9571896 DOI: 10.3390/nu14193921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) plays an important role in metabolic homeostasis and may modulate neurological impairment related to obesity. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Zn supplementation on the intestinal microbiota, fatty acid profile, and neurofunctional parameters in obese male Wistar rats. Rats were fed a cafeteria diet (CAF), composed of ultra-processed and highly caloric and palatable foods, for 20 weeks to induce obesity. From week 16, Zn supplementation was started (10 mg/kg/day). At the end of the experiment, we evaluated the colon morphology, composition of gut microbiota, intestinal fatty acids, integrity of the intestinal barrier and blood-brain barrier (BBB), and neuroplasticity markers in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Obese rats showed dysbiosis, morphological changes, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) reduction, and increased saturated fatty acids in the colon. BBB may also be compromised in CAF-fed animals, as claudin-5 expression is reduced in the cerebral cortex. In addition, synaptophysin was decreased in the hippocampus, which may affect synaptic function. Our findings showed that Zn could not protect obese animals from intestinal dysbiosis. However, an increase in acetate levels was observed, which suggests a partial beneficial effect of Zn. Thus, Zn supplementation may not be sufficient to protect from obesity-related dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Squizani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Jantsch
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Fernanda da Silva Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Matheus Filipe Braga
- Acadêmico do Curso de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Sarah Eller
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Tiago Franco de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Kleber Silveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - José Cláudio Fonseca Moreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Marcia Giovenardi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Marilene Porawski
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Hepatologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Renata Padilha Guedes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
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Micronutrient Improvement of Epithelial Barrier Function in Various Disease States: A Case for Adjuvant Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062995. [PMID: 35328419 PMCID: PMC8951934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The published literature makes a very strong case that a wide range of disease morbidity associates with and may in part be due to epithelial barrier leak. An equally large body of published literature substantiates that a diverse group of micronutrients can reduce barrier leak across a wide array of epithelial tissue types, stemming from both cell culture as well as animal and human tissue models. Conversely, micronutrient deficiencies can exacerbate both barrier leak and morbidity. Focusing on zinc, Vitamin A and Vitamin D, this review shows that at concentrations above RDA levels but well below toxicity limits, these micronutrients can induce cell- and tissue-specific molecular-level changes in tight junctional complexes (and by other mechanisms) that reduce barrier leak. An opportunity now exists in critical care—but also medical prophylactic and therapeutic care in general—to consider implementation of select micronutrients at elevated dosages as adjuvant therapeutics in a variety of disease management. This consideration is particularly pointed amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Latek U, Chłopecka M, Karlik W, Mendel M. Phytogenic Compounds for Enhancing Intestinal Barrier Function in Poultry-A Review. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:218-236. [PMID: 34331305 DOI: 10.1055/a-1524-0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
After the European Union ban of antibiotic growth promoters, works on different methods of improving gut health have intensified. The poultry industry is struggling with problems that were previously controlled by antibiotic growth promoters, therefore the search for optimal solutions continues. Simultaneously, there is also increasing social pressure to minimize the use of antibiotics and replace them with alternative feed additives. A variety of available alternatives is considered safe by consumers, among which phytogenics play a significant role. However, there are still some limitations that need to be considered. The most questionable are the issues related to bioavailability, metabolism of plant derivatives in birds, and the difficulty of standardizing commercial products. There is still a need for more evidence-based recommendations for the use of phytogenics in livestock. On the other hand, a positive influence of phytogenic compounds on the health of poultry has been previously described by many researchers and practical application of these compounds has auspicious perspectives in poultry production. Supplementation with phytogenic feed additives has been shown to protect birds from various environmental threats leading to impaired intestinal barrier function. Phytogenic feed additives have the potential to improve the overall structure of intestinal mucosa as well as gut barrier function on a molecular level. Recognition of the phytogenics' effect on the components of the intestinal barrier may enable the selection of the most suitable ones to alleviate negative effects of different agents. This review aims to summarize current knowledge of the influence of various phytogenic constituents on the intestinal barrier and health of poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Latek
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chłopecka
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Karlik
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Mendel
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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Gomes TL, de Oliveira-Marques V, Hampson RJ, Jacinto A, de Moraes LV, Martinho RG. theLiTE™: A Screening Platform to Identify Compounds that Reinforce Tight Junctions. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:752787. [PMID: 35069190 PMCID: PMC8771259 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.752787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJ) are formed by transmembrane and intracellular proteins that seal the intercellular space and control selective permeability of epithelia. Integrity of the epithelial barrier is central to tissue homeostasis and barrier dysfunction has been linked to many pathological conditions. TJ support the maintenance of cell polarity through interactions with the Par complex (Cdc42-Par-6-Par-3-aPKC) in which Par-6 is an adaptor and links the proteins of the complex together. Studies have shown that Par-6 overexpression delays the assembly of TJ proteins suggesting that Par-6 negatively regulates TJ assembly. Because restoring barrier integrity is of key therapeutic and prophylactic value, we focus on finding compounds that have epithelial barrier reinforcement properties; we developed a screening platform (theLiTE™) to identify compounds that modulate Par-6 expression in follicular epithelial cells from Par-6-GFP Drosophila melanogaster egg chambers. Hits identified were then tested whether they improve epithelial barrier function, using measurements of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) or dye efflux to evaluate paracellular permeability. We tested 2,400 compounds, found in total 10 hits. Here we present data on six of them: the first four hits allowed us to sequentially build confidence in theLiTE™ and two compounds that were shortlisted for further development (myricetin and quercetin). We selected quercetin due to its clinical and scientific validation as a compound that regulates TJ; food supplement formulated on the basis of this discovery is currently undergoing clinical evaluation in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) sufferers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Lopes Gomes
- Thelial Technologies SA, Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | | | - Richard John Hampson
- Thelial Technologies SA, Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, Cantanhede, Portugal
- Thelial BV (Epinutra), Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - António Jacinto
- iNOVA4Health, Chronic Diseases Research Centre - CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luciana Vieira de Moraes
- Thelial Technologies SA, Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, Cantanhede, Portugal
- Thelial BV (Epinutra), Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Rui Gonçalo Martinho
- Thelial Technologies SA, Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, Cantanhede, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, and Center for Biomedical Research, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute for Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Monaco A, Ovryn B, Axis J, Amsler K. The Epithelial Cell Leak Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147677. [PMID: 34299297 PMCID: PMC8305272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial cell tight junction structure is the site of the transepithelial movement of solutes and water between epithelial cells (paracellular permeability). Paracellular permeability can be divided into two distinct pathways, the Pore Pathway mediating the movement of small ions and solutes and the Leak Pathway mediating the movement of large solutes. Claudin proteins form the basic paracellular permeability barrier and mediate the movement of small ions and solutes via the Pore Pathway. The Leak Pathway remains less understood. Several proteins have been implicated in mediating the Leak Pathway, including occludin, ZO proteins, tricellulin, and actin filaments, but the proteins comprising the Leak Pathway remain unresolved. Many aspects of the Leak Pathway, such as its molecular mechanism, its properties, and its regulation, remain controversial. In this review, we provide a historical background to the evolution of the Leak Pathway concept from the initial examinations of paracellular permeability. We then discuss current information about the properties of the Leak Pathway and present current theories for the Leak Pathway. Finally, we discuss some recent research suggesting a possible molecular basis for the Leak Pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Monaco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Boulevard, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA; (A.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Ben Ovryn
- Department of Physics, New York Institute of Technology, Northern Boulevard, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA;
| | - Josephine Axis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Boulevard, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA; (A.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Kurt Amsler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Boulevard, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA; (A.M.); (J.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-516-686-3716
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6
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Valenzano MC, Rybakovsky E, Chen V, Leroy K, Lander J, Richardson E, Yalamanchili S, McShane S, Mathew A, Mayilvaganan B, Connor L, Urbas R, Huntington W, Corcoran A, Trembeth S, McDonnell E, Wong P, Newman G, Mercogliano G, Zitin M, Etemad B, Thornton J, Daum G, Raines J, Kossenkov A, Fong LY, Mullin JM. Zinc Gluconate Induces Potentially Cancer Chemopreventive Activity in Barrett's Esophagus: A Phase 1 Pilot Study. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:1195-1211. [PMID: 32415564 PMCID: PMC7677901 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06319-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemopreventive effects of zinc for esophageal cancer have been well documented in animal models. This prospective study explores if a similar, potentially chemopreventive action can be seen in Barrett's esophagus (BE) in humans. AIMS To determine if molecular evidence can be obtained potentially indicating zinc's chemopreventive action in Barrett's metaplasia. METHODS Patients with a prior BE diagnosis were placed on oral zinc gluconate (14 days of 26.4 mg zinc BID) or a sodium gluconate placebo, prior to their surveillance endoscopy procedure. Biopsies of Barrett's mucosa were then obtained for miRNA and mRNA microarrays, or protein analyses. RESULTS Zinc-induced mRNA changes were observed for a large number of transcripts. These included downregulation of transcripts encoding proinflammatory proteins (IL32, IL1β, IL15, IL7R, IL2R, IL15R, IL3R), upregulation of anti-inflammatory mediators (IL1RA), downregulation of transcripts mediating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) (LIF, MYB, LYN, MTA1, SRC, SNAIL1, and TWIST1), and upregulation of transcripts that oppose EMT (BMP7, MTSS1, TRIB3, GRHL1). miRNA arrays showed significant upregulation of seven miRs with tumor suppressor activity (-125b-5P, -132-3P, -548z, -551a, -504, -518, and -34a-5P). Of proteins analyzed by Western blot, increased expression of the pro-apoptotic protein, BAX, and the tight junctional protein, CLAUDIN-7, along with decreased expression of BCL-2 and VEGF-R2 were noteworthy. CONCLUSIONS When these mRNA, miRNA, and protein molecular data are considered collectively, a cancer chemopreventive action by zinc in Barrett's metaplasia may be possible for this precancerous esophageal tissue. These results and the extensive prior animal model studies argue for a future prospective clinical trial for this safe, easily-administered, and inexpensive micronutrient, that could determine if a chemopreventive action truly exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Valenzano
- The Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA
| | - E Rybakovsky
- The Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA
| | - V Chen
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - K Leroy
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - J Lander
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - E Richardson
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - S Yalamanchili
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - S McShane
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - A Mathew
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - B Mayilvaganan
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - L Connor
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - R Urbas
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - W Huntington
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - A Corcoran
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - S Trembeth
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - E McDonnell
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - P Wong
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - G Newman
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - G Mercogliano
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - M Zitin
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - B Etemad
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - J Thornton
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - G Daum
- The Department of Pathology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - J Raines
- The Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA
| | | | - L Y Fong
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J M Mullin
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA.
- The Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA.
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Sharma S, Tripathi P, Sharma J, Dixit A. Flavonoids modulate tight junction barrier functions in hyperglycemic human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Nutrition 2020; 78:110792. [PMID: 32473529 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease requiring lifelong medical attention. With hundreds of millions suffering worldwide and a rapidly rising incidence, diabetes mellitus poses a great burden on health care systems. Recent studies investigating the underlying mechanisms involved in disease development in diabetes point to the role of the dysregulation of the intestinal barrier. Hyperglycemia-mediated tight junction deformity is known to contribute to leaky gut in various metabolic disorders. The present study aimed to investigate the role of oxidative stress on intestinal epithelial tight junction (TJ) barrier functions in hyperglycemia. Because many flavonoids are known to influence the cellular redox state, exploring these flavonoids may help to understand the role of TJ barrier in hyperglycemia-mediated oxidative stress, which in turn might unfold the association of oxidative stress and dysfunction of barrier-forming TJs. METHODS Caco-2 cells were stimulated with high glucose (HG), with or without flavonoids (quercetin, morin, naringenin), for 24 h. We determined cellular viability, levels of reactive oxygen species, and mitochondrial membrane potential in flavonoids treated HG-Caco-2 cells. The levels of the proinflammatory cytokines, glucose uptake, and expression of glucose transporters were determined on flavonoids treatment. We investigated the effect of flavonoids on TJs functions by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (a TJ integrity marker), membrane permeability using tracer compounds, and the expressions levels of TJs related molecules on hyperglycemic Caco-2 cell monolayers. RESULTS We found that high glucose treatment resulted in reduced cell viability, increased reactive oxygen species production, measurable mitochondrial dysfunction, and decreased transepithelial electrical resistance, with increased membrane permeability. Treatment with the test flavonoids produced increased cell viability and reduced glucose uptake of HG-Caco-2 cells. A concomitant decrease in reactive oxygen species production, proinflammatory cytokines, and Glut-associated genes and proteins were identified with flavonoid treatment. Flavonoids prevented derangement of TJs protein interaction and stabilized membrane permeability. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that flavonoids confer protection against hyperglycemia-mediated oxidative stress and enhance intestinal barrier functions by modulating underlying intracellular molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Sharma
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Prabhanshu Tripathi
- Translational Health Science, and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Jeetesh Sharma
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Aparna Dixit
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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Temporal Effects of Quercetin on Tight Junction Barrier Properties and Claudin Expression and Localization in MDCK II Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194889. [PMID: 31581662 PMCID: PMC6801663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
: Kidney stones affect 10% of the population. Yet, there is relatively little known about how they form or how to prevent and treat them. The claudin family of tight junction proteins has been linked to the formation of kidney stones. The flavonoid quercetin has been shown to prevent kidney stone formation and to modify claudin expression in different models. Here we investigate the effect of quercetin on claudin expression and localization in MDCK II cells, a cation-selective cell line, derived from the proximal tubule. For this study, we focused our analyses on claudin family members that confer different tight junction properties: barrier-sealing (Cldn1, -3, and -7), cation-selective (Cldn2) or anion-selective (Cldn4). Our data revealed that quercetin's effects on the expression and localization of different claudins over time corresponded with changes in transepithelial resistance, which was measured continuously throughout the treatment. In addition, these effects appear to be independent of PI3K/AKT signaling, one of the pathways that is known to act downstream of quercetin. In conclusion, our data suggest that quercetin's effects on claudins result in a tighter epithelial barrier, which may reduce the reabsorption of sodium, calcium and water, thereby preventing the formation of a kidney stone.
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9
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Yang T, Magee KL, Colon-Perez LM, Larkin R, Liao YS, Balazic E, Cowart JR, Arocha R, Redler T, Febo M, Vickroy T, Martyniuk CJ, Reznikov LR, Zubcevic J. Impaired butyrate absorption in the proximal colon, low serum butyrate and diminished central effects of butyrate on blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 226:e13256. [PMID: 30656835 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Butyrate is a major gut microbiota-derived metabolite. Reduced butyrate-producing bacteria has been reported in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), a model of hypertension characterized by dysfunctional autonomic nervous system and gut dysbiosis. Here, we demonstrate a potential mechanism for butyrate in blood pressure regulation. METHODS High-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were performed to measure butyrate levels in feces and serum. Ussing chamber determined butyrate transport in colon ex vivo. Real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry evaluated expression of butyrate transporter, Slc5a8, in the colon. Mean arterial blood pressure was measured in catheterized anesthetized rats before and after a single butyrate intracerebroventricular injection. Activity of cardioregulatory brain regions was determined by functional magnetic resonance imaging to derive neural effects of butyrate. RESULTS In the SHR, we demonstrated elevated butyrate levels in cecal content, but diminished butyrate levels in circulation, possibly due to reduced expression of Slc5a8 transporter in the colon. In addition, we observed lower expression levels of butyrate-sensing receptors in the hypothalamus of SHR, likely leading to the reduced effects of centrally administered butyrate on blood pressure in the SHR. Functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed reduced activation of cardioregulatory brain regions following central administration of butyrate in the SHR compared to control. CONCLUSION We demonstrated a reduced availability of serum butyrate in the SHR, possibly due to diminished colonic absorption. Reduced expression of butyrate-sensing receptors in the SHR hypothalamus may explain the reduced central responsiveness to butyrate, indicating microbial butyrate may play a role in blood pressure regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville Florida
| | - Kacy L. Magee
- Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville Florida
| | - Luis M. Colon-Perez
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville Florida
| | - Riley Larkin
- Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville Florida
| | - Yan-Shin Liao
- Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville Florida
| | - Eliza Balazic
- Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville Florida
| | - Jonathan R. Cowart
- Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville Florida
| | - Rebeca Arocha
- Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville Florida
| | - Ty Redler
- Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville Florida
| | - Marcelo Febo
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville Florida
| | - Thomas Vickroy
- Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville Florida
| | - Christopher J. Martyniuk
- Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville Florida
| | - Leah R. Reznikov
- Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville Florida
| | - Jasenka Zubcevic
- Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville Florida
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Shi J, Zhao XH. Influence of the Maillard-type caseinate glycation with lactose on the intestinal barrier activity of the caseinate digest in IEC-6 cells. Food Funct 2019; 10:2010-2021. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02607f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The glycated caseinate digest of the Maillard-type shows lower capability than the caseinate digest to enhance the intestinal barrier function of IEC-6 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Shi
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science
- Ministry of Education
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin 150030
- PR China
| | - Xin-Huai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science
- Ministry of Education
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin 150030
- PR China
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11
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Bachinger D, Mayer E, Kaschubek T, Schieder C, König J, Teichmann K. Influence of phytogenics on recovery of the barrier function of intestinal porcine epithelial cells after a calcium switch. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 103:210-220. [PMID: 30353576 PMCID: PMC7379982 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background The gut barrier is essential for animal health as it prevents the passage of potentially harmful foreign substances. The epithelial tight junctions support the intestinal barrier and can be disrupted by stress caused, for example, by pathogens or dietary or environmental factors, predisposing the host to disease. In animal husbandry, phytogenics (plant‐derived feed additives) are used to support and maintain growth, feed efficiency and health. Therefore, several phytogenics were tested in vitro for their influence on the barrier function recovery of intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC‐J2) after disruption, particularly on the abundance of tight junction proteins. Results IPEC‐J2 treated with 1,000 µg/ml liquorice root extract, 80 µg/ml plant powder mix, or 80 µg/ml angelica root powder showed significantly higher trans‐epithelial electric resistance (TEER) 24 hr after tight junction disruption via a calcium switch assay than the control. In contrast, cells treated with 1,000 µg/ml oak bark extract showed a significantly lower TEER after 6 hr but not at later time points. The increased TEER caused by the liquorice root extract correlated with an increase in the abundance of the tight junction protein claudin‐4. Conclusions This study suggests potential beneficial effects of liquorice and angelica root extracts on the gut barrier function when used as feed additives for livestock. Further studies, especially in vivo, are necessary to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Theresa Kaschubek
- BIOMIN Research Center, Tulln an der Donau, Austria.,Department of Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Jürgen König
- Department of Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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12
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Developing a link between toxicants, claudins and neural tube defects. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 81:155-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Pao PJ, Emri E, Abdirahman SB, Soorma T, Zeng HH, Hauck SM, Thompson RB, Lengyel I. The effects of zinc supplementation on primary human retinal pigment epithelium. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018. [PMID: 29523386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Population-based and interventional studies have shown that elevated zinc levels can reduce the progression to advanced age-related macular degeneration. The objective of this study was to assess whether elevated extracellular zinc has a direct effect on retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE), by examining the phenotype and molecular characteristics of increased extracellular zinc on human primary RPE cells. Monolayers of human foetal primary RPE cells were grown on culture inserts and maintained in medium supplemented with increasing total concentrations of zinc (0, 75, 100, 125 and 150 μM) for up to 4 weeks. Changes in cell viability and differentiation as well as expression and secretion of proteins were investigated. RPE cells developed a confluent monolayer with cobblestone morphology and transepithelial resistance (TER) >200 Ω*cm2 within 4 weeks. There was a zinc concentration-dependent increase in TER and pigmentation, with the largest effects being achieved by the addition of 125 μM zinc to the culture medium, corresponding to 3.4 nM available (free) zinc levels. The cells responded to addition of zinc by significantly increasing the expression of Retinoid Isomerohydrolase (RPE65) gene; cell pigmentation; Premelanosome Protein (PMEL17) immunoreactivity; and secretion of proteins including Apolipoprotein E (APOE), Complement Factor H (CFH), and High-Temperature Requirement A Serine Peptidase 1 (HTRA1) without an effect on cell viability. This study shows that elevated extracellular zinc levels have a significant and direct effect on differentiation and function of the RPE cells in culture, which may explain, at least in part, the positive effects seen in clinical settings. The results also highlight that determining and controlling of available, as opposed to total added, zinc will be essential to be able to compare results obtained in different laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Jung Pao
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath St, London EC1 V9EL, United Kingdom; Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
| | - Eszter Emri
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath St, London EC1 V9EL, United Kingdom; Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
| | - Safiya Bishar Abdirahman
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath St, London EC1 V9EL, United Kingdom.
| | - Talha Soorma
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath St, London EC1 V9EL, United Kingdom.
| | - Hui-Hui Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health(GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | - Richard B Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
| | - Imre Lengyel
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath St, London EC1 V9EL, United Kingdom; Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
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14
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Rybakovsky E, Valenzano MC, Deis R, DiGuilio KM, Thomas S, Mullin JM. Improvement of Human-Oral-Epithelial-Barrier Function and of Tight Junctions by Micronutrients. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10950-10958. [PMID: 29172516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The oral epithelium represents a major interface between an organism and its external environment. Improving this barrier at the molecular level can provide an organism added protection from microbial-based diseases. Barrier function of the Gie-3B11-human-gingival-epithelial-cell-culture model is enhanced by the micronutrients zinc, quercetin, retinoic acid, and acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid, as observed by a concentration-dependent increase in transepithelial electrical resistance and a decrease in transepithelial 14C-d-mannitol permeability. With this improvement of tight-junction (TJ)-barrier function (reduced leak) comes a pattern of micronutrient-induced changes in TJ claudin abundance that is specific to each individual micronutrient, along with changes in claudin subcellular localization. These micronutrients were effective not only when administered to both cell surfaces simultaneously but also when administered to the apical surface alone, the surface to which the micronutrients would be presented in routine clinical use. The biomedical implications of micronutrient enhancement of the oral-epithelial barrier are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Rybakovsky
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research , 100 East Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania 19096 United States
| | - Mary Carmen Valenzano
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research , 100 East Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania 19096 United States
| | - Rachael Deis
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research , 100 East Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania 19096 United States
| | - Katherine M DiGuilio
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research , 100 East Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania 19096 United States
| | - Sunil Thomas
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research , 100 East Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania 19096 United States
| | - James M Mullin
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research , 100 East Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania 19096 United States
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15
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Roscioli E, Jersmann HP, Lester S, Badiei A, Fon A, Zalewski P, Hodge S. Zinc deficiency as a codeterminant for airway epithelial barrier dysfunction in an ex vivo model of COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2017; 12:3503-3510. [PMID: 29255357 PMCID: PMC5723110 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s149589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
There is now convincing evidence that the airway epithelium drives the pathogenesis of COPD. A major aspect of this is the disease-related reduction in barrier function that is potentiated by dysregulation of tight junction (TJ) protein complexes. However, a significant number of studies using in vitro smoke exposure models have not observed alterations in barrier permeability. We have previously shown that zinc (Zn) is an influential cytoprotective factor for the airway epithelium, and its depletion by cigarette smoke produces disease-related modifications consistent with inflammatory changes in COPD. We hypothesized that Zn deficiency is a significant co-stimulus with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) for potentiating the leaky barrier phenotype exhibited in COPD. We employed an ex vivo model of differentiated human airway epithelium exposed to Zn depletion and CSE to determine the contribution of Zn in maintaining normal epithelial permeability. Western blot analysis demonstrated a significant downregulation of the TJ proteins such as ZO-1 (−1.93-fold, P<0.05) and Claudin-1 (−3.37-fold, P<0.01) with the combination exposure. Assessment of barrier function via paracellular ionic conductance and tracer permeability also showed that Zn depletion was an important factor, which potentiated an increase in epithelial permeability (P<0.001 for both) compared to Zn depletion or CSE exposures in isolation. Visual inspection of the epithelium using transmission electron microscopy revealed a marked reduction in junction complexes between the adjacent airway epithelial cells treated with a combination of Zn depletion and CSE. These observations identify Zn deficiency as a significant codeterminant with CSE as a factor leading to an increase in airway epithelial permeability. Hence, as Zn dyshomeostasis has been reported in the airway epithelium exposed to chronic cigarette smoke and inflammation, targeting these phenomena may represent a promising strategy to ameliorate the leaky barrier phenotype that is synonymous with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Roscioli
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital.,Department of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide
| | - Hubertus Pa Jersmann
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital.,Department of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide
| | - Susan Lester
- Department of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide.,Department of Rheumatology
| | - Arash Badiei
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital.,Department of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide
| | - Andrew Fon
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital.,Department of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide
| | - Peter Zalewski
- Department of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide.,Cardiology Unit, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA, Australia
| | - Sandra Hodge
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital.,Department of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide
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16
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Hara H, Kume S, Iizuka T, Fujimoto Y, Kimura A. Enzymatically synthesized megalo-type isomaltosaccharides enhance the barrier function of the tight junction in the intestinal epithelium. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 82:629-635. [PMID: 29173029 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1398065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Megalo-type isomaltosaccharides are an enzymatically synthesized foodstuff produced by transglucosylation from maltodextrin, and they contain a mid-chain length polymer of D-glucose with α-1,6-glycoside linkages. The injection of a solution of megalo-type isomaltosaccharides (1-4%(w/v), average DP = 12.6), but not oligo-type isomaltosaccharides (average DP = 3.3), into the intestinal lumen dose-dependently reduced the transport rates of tight junction permeable markers in a ligated loop of the anesthetized rat jejunum. Application of the megalosaccharide also suppressed the transport of tight junction markers and enhanced transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Cholesterol sequestration by methyl-β-cyclodextrin in the Caco-2 monolayers abolished the effect of megalosaccharide. Treatment with anti-caveolin-1 and a caveolae inhibitor, but not clathrin-dependent endocytosis and macropinocytosis inhibitors, suppressed the increase in TEER. These results indicate that isomaltosaccharides promote the barrier function of tight junctions in the intestinal epithelium in a chain-length dependent manner and that caveolae play a role in the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hara
- a Research Faculty of Agriculture , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kume
- a Research Faculty of Agriculture , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | | | | | - Atsuo Kimura
- a Research Faculty of Agriculture , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
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17
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DiGuilio KM, Mercogliano CM, Born J, Ferraro B, To J, Mixson B, Smith A, Valenzano MC, Mullin JM. Sieving characteristics of cytokine- and peroxide-induced epithelial barrier leak: Inhibition by berberine. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2016; 7:223-234. [PMID: 27190695 PMCID: PMC4867402 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v7.i2.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study whether the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) colon which exhibits varying severity and cytokine levels across its mucosa create varying types of transepithelial leak.
METHODS: We examined the effects of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-1-β (IL1β) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) - singly and in combinations - on barrier function of CACO-2 cell layers. Our focus was on the type (not simply the magnitude) of transepithelial leak generated by these agents as measured by transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and transepithelial flux of 14C-D-mannitol, 3H-Lactulose and 14C-Polyethylene glycol as radiolabeled probe molecules. The isoquinoline alkaloid, berberine, was then examined for its ability to reduce specific types of transepithelial leak.
RESULTS: Exposure to TNF-α alone (200 ng/mL; 48 h) induced a 50% decrease in TER, i.e., increased leak of Na+ and Cl- - with only a marginal but statistically significant increase in transepithelial leak of 14C-mannitol (Jm). Exposure to TNF-α + IFN-γ (200 ng/mL; 48 h) + IL1β (50 ng/mL; 48 h) did not increase the TER change (from TNF-α alone), but there was now a 100% increase in Jm. There however was no increase in transepithelial leak of two larger probe molecules, 3H-lactulose and 14C-polyethylene glycol (PEG). However, exposure to TNF-α + IFN-γ + IL1β followed by a 5 h exposure to 2 mmol/L H2O2 resulted in a 500% increase in 14C-PEG leak as well as leak to the luminal mitogen, epidermal growth factor.
CONCLUSION: This model of graded transepithelial leak is useful in evaluating therapeutic agents reducing IBD morbidity by reducing barrier leak to various luminal substances.
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18
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Mullin JM, Skrovanek SM, Ramalingam A, DiGuilio KM, Valenzano MC. Methionine restriction fundamentally supports health by tightening epithelial barriers. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1363:59-67. [PMID: 26646941 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dietary methionine restriction (MR) has been found to affect one of the most primary tissue-level functions of an organism: the efficiency with which the epithelial linings of major organs separate the fluid compartments that they border. This process, epithelial barrier function, is basic for proper function of all organs, including the lung, liver, gastrointestinal tract, reproductive tract, blood-brain barrier, and kidney. Specifically, MR has been found to modify the protein composition of tight junctional complexes surrounding individual epithelial cells in a manner that renders the complexes less leaky. This has been observed in both a renal epithelial cell culture model and in gastrointestinal tissue. In both cases, MR increased the transepithelial electrical resistance across the epithelium, while decreasing passive leak of small nonelectrolytes. However, the specific target protein modifications involved were unique to each case. Overall, this provides an example of the primary level on which MR functions to modify, and improve, an organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Mullin
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania.,Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | - Mary C Valenzano
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
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19
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Remodeling of Tight Junctions and Enhancement of Barrier Integrity of the CACO-2 Intestinal Epithelial Cell Layer by Micronutrients. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133926. [PMID: 26226276 PMCID: PMC4520484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The micronutrients zinc, quercetin, butyrate, indole and berberine were evaluated for their ability to induce remodeling of epithelial tight junctions (TJs) and enhance barrier integrity in the CACO-2 gastrointestinal epithelial cell culture model. All five of these chemically very diverse micronutrients increased transepithelial electrical resistance (Rt) significantly, but only berberine also improved barrier integrity to the non-electrolyte D-mannitol. Increases of Rt as much as 200% of untreated controls were observed. Each of the five micronutrients also induced unique, signature-like changes in TJ protein composition, suggesting multiple pathways (and TJ arrangements) by which TJ barrier function can be enhanced. Decreases in abundance by as much as 90% were observed for claudin-2, and increases of over 300% could be seen for claudins -5 and -7. The exact effects of the micronutrients on barrier integrity and TJ protein composition were found to be highly dependent on the degree of differentiation of the cell layer at the time it was exposed to the micronutrient. The substratum to which the epithelial layer adheres was also found to regulate the response of the cell layer to the micronutrient. The implications of these findings for therapeutically decreasing morbidity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease are discussed.
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20
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Roquetto AR, Monteiro NES, Moura CS, Toreti VC, de Pace F, Santos AD, Park YK, Amaya-Farfan J. Green propolis modulates gut microbiota, reduces endotoxemia and expression of TLR4 pathway in mice fed a high-fat diet. Food Res Int 2015; 76:796-803. [PMID: 28455065 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to the various beneficial effects attributed to propolis, which include anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial infection properties, the objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of propolis supplementation on the composition of the intestinal microbiota and its anti-inflammatory action. Forty male C57BL/6 mice were fed either a standard diet (control), a high-fat (HF) diet, or a high-fat diet supplemented with 0.2% crude propolis (HFP) for 2 or 5weeks prior to sacrifice. Blood samples were collected for the determination of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and classical biochemical parameters. Expression of the TLR4 pathway in muscle, and DNA sequencing for the 16S rRNA of the gut microbiota were performed. The HF diet increased the proportion of the phylum Firmicutes and inflammatory biomarkers, while supplementation with propolis for five weeks rendered the microbiota profile nearly normal. Consistently with the above, the supplementation reduced levels of circulating LPS and down-regulated the TLR4 pathway and inflammatory cytokine expressions in muscle. Moreover, propolis improved such biochemical parameters as serum triacylglycerols and glucose levels. The data suggest that propolis supplementation reduces inflammatory response and endotoxemia by preventing dysbiosis in mice challenged with a high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Rissetti Roquetto
- Food and Nutrition Department, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Carolina Soares Moura
- Food and Nutrition Department, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Viviane Cristina Toreti
- Food Science Department, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda de Pace
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Andrey Dos Santos
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Yong Kun Park
- Food Science Department, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jaime Amaya-Farfan
- Food and Nutrition Department, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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21
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Al-Asmakh M, Hedin L. Microbiota and the control of blood-tissue barriers. Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e1039691. [PMID: 26451344 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2015.1039691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastro-intestinal tract is an ecosystem containing trillions of commensal bacteria living in symbiosis with the host. These microbiota modulate a variety of our physiological processes, including production of vitamins, absorption of nutrients and development of the immune system. One of their major functions is to fortify the intestinal barrier, thereby helping to prevent pathogens and harmful substances from crossing into the general circulation. Recently, effects of these microbiota on other blood-tissue barriers have also been reported. Here, we review the evidence indicating that gut bacteria play a role in regulating the blood-brain and blood-testis barriers. The underlying mechanisms include control of the expression of tight junction proteins by fermentation products such as butyrate, which also influences the activity of histone deacetylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Al-Asmakh
- Department of Health Sciences; College of Arts and Sciences; Qatar University ; Doha, Qatar
| | - Lars Hedin
- Sidra Medical and Research Center; Division of Clinical Epidemiology ; Doha, Qatar
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22
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Abstract
The gastro-intestinal tract is an ecosystem containing trillions of commensal bacteria living in symbiosis with the host. These microbiota modulate a variety of our physiological processes, including production of vitamins, absorption of nutrients and development of the immune system. One of their major functions is to fortify the intestinal barrier, thereby helping to prevent pathogens and harmful substances from crossing into the general circulation. Recently, effects of these microbiota on other blood-tissue barriers have also been reported. Here, we review the evidence indicating that gut bacteria play a role in regulating the blood-brain and blood-testis barriers. The underlying mechanisms include control of the expression of tight junction proteins by fermentation products such as butyrate, which also influences the activity of histone deacetylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Al-Asmakh
- Department of Health Sciences; College of Arts and Sciences; Qatar University ; Doha, Qatar
| | - Lars Hedin
- Sidra Medical and Research Center; Division of Clinical Epidemiology ; Doha, Qatar
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23
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Li G, Young KD. A new suite of tnaA mutants suggests that Escherichia coli tryptophanase is regulated by intracellular sequestration and by occlusion of its active site. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:14. [PMID: 25650045 PMCID: PMC4323232 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Escherichia coli enzyme tryptophanase (TnaA) converts tryptophan to indole, which triggers physiological changes and regulates interactions between bacteria and their mammalian hosts. Tryptophanase production is induced by external tryptophan, but the activity of TnaA is also regulated by other, more poorly understood mechanisms. For example, the enzyme accumulates as a spherical inclusion (focus) at midcell or at one pole, but how or why this localization occurs is unknown. Results TnaA activity is low when the protein forms foci during mid-logarithmic growth but its activity increases as the protein becomes more diffuse, suggesting that foci may represent clusters of inactive (or less active) enzyme. To determine what protein characteristics might mediate these localization effects, we constructed 42 TnaA variants: 6 truncated forms and 36 missense mutants in which different combinations of 83 surface-exposed residues were converted to alanine. A truncated TnaA protein containing only domains D1 and D3 (D1D3) localized to the pole. Mutations affecting the D1D3-to-D1D3 interface did not affect polar localization of D1D3 but did delay assembly of wild type TnaA foci. In contrast, alterations to the D1D3-to-D2 domain interface produced diffuse localization of the D1D3 variant but did not affect the wild type protein. Altering several surface-exposed residues decreased TnaA activity, implying that tetramer assembly may depend on interactions involving these sites. Interestingly, changing any of three amino acids at the base of a loop near the catalytic pocket decreased TnaA activity and caused it to form elongated ovoid foci in vivo, indicating that the alterations affect focus formation and may regulate how frequently tryptophan reaches the active site. Conclusions The results suggest that TnaA activity is regulated by subcellular localization and by a loop-associated occlusion of its active site. Equally important, these new TnaA variants are immediately available to the research community and should be useful for investigating how tryptophanase is localized and assembled, how substrate accesses its active site, the functional role of acetylation, and other structural and functional questions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-015-0346-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205-7199, USA.
| | - Kevin D Young
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205-7199, USA.
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24
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Retrofitting the battlements: tight junction remodeling as a novel antimicrobial approach. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:9-13. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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25
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Takashima K, Matsushima M, Hashimoto K, Nose H, Sato M, Hashimoto N, Hasegawa Y, Kawabe T. Protective effects of intratracheally administered quercetin on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury. Respir Res 2014; 15:150. [PMID: 25413579 PMCID: PMC4276052 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-014-0150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can result in a life-threatening form of respiratory failure, and established, effective pharmacotherapies are therefore urgently required. Quercetin is one of the most common flavonoids found in fruits and vegetables, and has potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. Quercetin has been demonstrated to exhibit cytoprotective effects through the induction of heme oxygenase (HO)-1. Here, we investigated whether the intratracheal administration of quercetin could suppress lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice as well as the involvement of HO-1 in quercetin’s suppressive effects. Methods Mouse model of ALI were established by challenging intratracheally LPS. The wet lung-to-body weight ratio, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activities, and pro-inflammatory cytokine productions, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were examined in ALI mice with or without quercetin pretreatment. We also examined the effects of quercetin on LPS stimulation in the mouse alveolar macrophage cell line, AMJ2-C11 cells. Results Intratracheal administration of quercetin decreased the wet lung-to-body weight ratio. Moreover, quercetin decreased MMP-9 activity and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in BALF cells activated by LPS in advance. We determined the expression of quercetin-induced HO-1 in mouse lung, e.g., alveolar macrophages (AMs), alveolar and bronchial epithelial cells. When AMJ2-C11 cells were cultured with quercetin, a marked suppression of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production was observed. The cytoprotective effects were attenuated by the addition of the HO-1 inhibitor SnPP. These results indicated that quercetin suppressed LPS-induced lung inflammation, and that an HO-1-dependent pathway mediated these cytoprotective effects. Conclusions Our findings indicated that quercetin suppressed LPS-induced lung inflammation, and that an HO-1-dependent pathway mediated these cytoprotective effects. Intratracheal administration of quercetin will lead to new supportive strategies for cytoprotection in these serious lung conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Takashima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Miyoko Matsushima
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daikou-minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, 461-8673, Japan.
| | - Katsunori Hashimoto
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daikou-minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, 461-8673, Japan.
| | - Haruka Nose
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daikou-minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, 461-8673, Japan.
| | - Mitsuo Sato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Naozumi Hashimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Hasegawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Kawabe
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daikou-minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, 461-8673, Japan.
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Skrovanek S, DiGuilio K, Bailey R, Huntington W, Urbas R, Mayilvaganan B, Mercogliano G, Mullin JM. Zinc and gastrointestinal disease. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2014; 5:496-513. [PMID: 25400994 PMCID: PMC4231515 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v5.i4.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is a current summary of the role that both zinc deficiency and zinc supplementation can play in the etiology and therapy of a wide range of gastrointestinal diseases. The recent literature describing zinc action on gastrointestinal epithelial tight junctions and epithelial barrier function is described. Zinc enhancement of gastrointestinal epithelial barrier function may figure prominently in its potential therapeutic action in several gastrointestinal diseases.
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