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Pszczołowska M, Walczak K, Miśków W, Antosz K, Batko J, Kurpas D, Leszek J. Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy as the Course of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4639. [PMID: 38731858 PMCID: PMC11083609 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This editorial investigates chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) as a course of Alzheimer's disease (AD). CTE is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease that is the result of repeated mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). Many epidemiological studies show that experiencing a TBI in early or middle life is associated with an increased risk of dementia later in life. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) present a series of similar neuropathological features that were investigated in this work like recombinant tau into filaments or the accumulation and aggregation of Aβ protein. However, these two conditions differ from each other in brain-blood barrier damage. The purpose of this review was to evaluate information about CTE and AD from various articles, focusing especially on new therapeutic possibilities for the improvement in cognitive skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Pszczołowska
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Ludwika Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland; (M.P.)
| | - Kamil Walczak
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Ludwika Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland; (M.P.)
| | - Weronika Miśków
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Ludwika Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland; (M.P.)
| | - Katarzyna Antosz
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Ludwika Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland; (M.P.)
| | - Joanna Batko
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Ludwika Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland; (M.P.)
| | - Donata Kurpas
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Ul. Kazimierza Bartla 5, 51-618 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jerzy Leszek
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Ludwika Pasteura 10, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
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Korzh V. Development of the brain ventricular system from a comparative perspective. Clin Anat 2023; 36:320-334. [PMID: 36529666 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The brain ventricular system (BVS) consists of brain ventricles and channels filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Disturbance of CSF flow has been linked to scoliosis and neurodegenerative diseases, including hydrocephalus. This could be due to defects of CSF production by the choroid plexus or impaired CSF movement over the ependyma dependent on motile cilia. Most vertebrates have horizontal body posture. They retain additional evolutionary innovations assisting CSF flow, such as the Reissner fiber. The causes of hydrocephalus have been studied using animal models including rodents (mice, rats, hamsters) and zebrafish. However, the horizontal body posture reduces the effect of gravity on CSF flow, which limits the use of mammalian models for scoliosis. In contrast, fish swim against the current and experience a forward-to-backward mechanical force akin to that caused by gravity in humans. This explains the increased popularity of the zebrafish model for studies of scoliosis. "Slit-ventricle" syndrome is another side of the spectrum of BVS anomalies. It develops because of insufficient inflation of the BVS. Recent advances in zebrafish functional genetics have revealed genes that could regulate the development of the BVS and CSF circulation. This review will describe the BVS of zebrafish, a typical teleost, and vertebrates in general, in comparative perspective. It will illustrate the usefulness of the zebrafish model for developmental studies of the choroid plexus (CP), CSF flow and the BVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Korzh
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Akeret K, Buzzi RM, Thomson BR, Schwendinger N, Klohs J, Schulthess-Lutz N, Baselgia L, Hansen K, Regli L, Vallelian F, Hugelshofer M, Schaer DJ. MyD88-TLR4-dependent choroid plexus activation precedes perilesional inflammation and secondary brain edema in a mouse model of intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:290. [PMID: 36482445 PMCID: PMC9730653 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02641-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The functional neurological outcome of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) strongly relates to the degree of secondary brain injury (ICH-SBI) evolving within days after the initial bleeding. Different mechanisms including the incitement of inflammatory pathways, dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), activation of resident microglia, and an influx of blood-borne immune cells, have been hypothesized to contribute to ICH-SBI. Yet, the spatiotemporal interplay of specific inflammatory processes within different brain compartments has not been sufficiently characterized, limiting potential therapeutic interventions to prevent and treat ICH-SBI. METHODS We used a whole-blood injection model in mice, to systematically characterized the spatial and temporal dynamics of inflammatory processes after ICH using 7-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), spatial RNA sequencing (spRNAseq), functional BBB assessment, and immunofluorescence average-intensity-mapping. RESULTS We identified a pronounced early response of the choroid plexus (CP) peaking at 12-24 h that was characterized by inflammatory cytokine expression, epithelial and endothelial expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules, and the accumulation of leukocytes. In contrast, we observed a delayed secondary reaction pattern at the injection site (striatum) peaking at 96 h, defined by gene expression corresponding to perilesional leukocyte infiltration and correlating to the delayed signal alteration seen on MRI. Pathway analysis revealed a dependence of the early inflammatory reaction in the CP on toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling via myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88). TLR4 and MyD88 knockout mice corroborated this observation, lacking the early upregulation of adhesion molecules and leukocyte infiltration within the CP 24 h after whole-blood injection. CONCLUSIONS We report a biphasic brain reaction pattern after ICH with a MyD88-TLR4-dependent early inflammatory response of the CP, preceding inflammation, edema and leukocyte infiltration at the lesion site. Pharmacological targeting of the early CP activation might harbor the potential to modulate the development of ICH-SBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Akeret
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Universitätsspital and University of Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raphael M. Buzzi
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Division of Internal Medicine, Universitätsspital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bart R. Thomson
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Universitätsspital and University of Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Division of Internal Medicine, Universitätsspital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Schwendinger
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Universitätsspital and University of Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Division of Internal Medicine, Universitätsspital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Klohs
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nadja Schulthess-Lutz
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Division of Internal Medicine, Universitätsspital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Livio Baselgia
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Division of Internal Medicine, Universitätsspital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Hansen
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Division of Internal Medicine, Universitätsspital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Regli
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Universitätsspital and University of Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florence Vallelian
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Division of Internal Medicine, Universitätsspital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hugelshofer
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Universitätsspital and University of Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik J. Schaer
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Division of Internal Medicine, Universitätsspital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Podtschaske AH, Martin J, Ulm B, Jungwirth B, Kagerbauer SM. Sex-specific issues of central and peripheral arginine-vasopressin concentrations in neurocritical care patients. BMC Neurosci 2022; 23:69. [PMID: 36434506 PMCID: PMC9700878 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-022-00757-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arginine-Vasopressin (AVP) is a nonapeptide that exerts multiple functions within the central nervous system and in the blood circulation that might contribute to outcome in critically ill patients. Sex differences have been found for mental and physical effects of AVP. For example, stress response and response due to hemorrhage differ between males and females, at least in animal studies. Data on humans -especially on AVP within the central nervous system (CNS)-are scarce, as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which is said to represent central AVP activity, has to be collected by means of invasive procedures. Here we present data on 30 neurocritical care patients where we simultaneously collected blood, CSF and saliva to analyze concentrations in the central and peripheral compartments. PATIENTS AND METHODS 30 neurocritical care patients were included (13 male, 13 postmenopausal female, 4 premenopausal female) with a median age of 60 years. CSF, plasma and saliva were obtained simultaneously once in each patient and analyzed for AVP concentrations. Correlations between the central compartment represented by CSF, and the peripheral compartment represented by plasma and saliva, were identified. Relations between AVP concentrations and serum sodium and hematocrit were also determined. RESULTS In the whole patient collective, only very weak to weak correlations could be detected between AVP plasma/CSF, plasma/saliva and CSF/saliva as well as between AVP concentrations in each of the compartments and serum sodium/hematocrit. Regarding the subgroup of postmenopausal females, a significant moderate correlation could be detected for AVP in plasma and CSF and AVP CSF and serum sodium. CONCLUSION Absolute concentrations of AVP in central and peripheral compartments did not show sex differences. However, correlations between AVP plasma and CSF and AVP CSF and serum sodium in postmenopausal females indicate differences in AVP secretion and AVP response to triggers that deserve further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. H. Podtschaske
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - J. Martin
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - B. Ulm
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany ,grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - B. Jungwirth
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - S. M. Kagerbauer
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany ,grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Szczepańska-Sadowska E, Żera T. Vasopressin: a possible link between hypoxia and hypertension. EXPLORATION OF MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.37349/emed.2022.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular and respiratory diseases are frequently associated with transient and prolonged hypoxia, whereas hypoxia exerts pro-hypertensive effects, through stimulation of the sympathetic system and release of pressor endocrine factors. This review is focused on the role of arginine vasopressin (AVP) in dysregulation of the cardiovascular system during hypoxia associated with cardiovascular disorders. AVP is synthesized mainly in the neuroendocrine neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON), which send axons to the posterior pituitary and various regions of the central nervous system (CNS). Vasopressinergic neurons are innervated by multiple neuronal projections releasing several neurotransmitters and other regulatory molecules. AVP interacts with V1a, V1b and V2 receptors that are present in the brain and peripheral organs, including the heart, vessels, lungs, and kidneys. Release of vasopressin is intensified during hypernatremia, hypovolemia, inflammation, stress, pain, and hypoxia which frequently occur in cardiovascular patients, and blood AVP concentration is markedly elevated in cardiovascular diseases associated with hypoxemia. There is evidence that hypoxia stimulates AVP release through stimulation of chemoreceptors. It is suggested that acting in the carotid bodies, AVP may fine-tune respiratory and hemodynamic responses to hypoxia and that this effect is intensified in hypertension. There is also evidence that during hypoxia, augmentation of pro-hypertensive effects of vasopressin may result from inappropriate interaction of this hormone with other compounds regulating the cardiovascular system (catecholamines, angiotensins, natriuretic peptides, steroids, nitric oxide). In conclusion, current literature indicates that abnormal mutual interactions between hypoxia and vasopressin may significantly contribute to pathogenesis of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szczepańska-Sadowska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tymoteusz Żera
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Thompson D, Brissette CA, Watt JA. The choroid plexus and its role in the pathogenesis of neurological infections. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:75. [PMID: 36088417 PMCID: PMC9463972 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00372-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus is situated at an anatomically and functionally important interface within the ventricles of the brain, forming the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier that separates the periphery from the central nervous system. In contrast to the blood-brain barrier, the choroid plexus and its epithelial barrier have received considerably less attention. As the main producer of cerebrospinal fluid, the secretory functions of the epithelial cells aid in the maintenance of CNS homeostasis and are capable of relaying inflammatory signals to the brain. The choroid plexus acts as an immunological niche where several types of peripheral immune cells can be found within the stroma including dendritic cells, macrophages, and T cells. Including the epithelia cells, these cells perform immunosurveillance, detecting pathogens and changes in the cytokine milieu. As such, their activation leads to the release of homing molecules to induce chemotaxis of circulating immune cells, driving an immune response at the choroid plexus. Research into the barrier properties have shown how inflammation can alter the structural junctions and promote increased bidirectional transmigration of cells and pathogens. The goal of this review is to highlight our foundational knowledge of the choroid plexus and discuss how recent research has shifted our understanding towards viewing the choroid plexus as a highly dynamic and important contributor to the pathogenesis of neurological infections. With the emergence of several high-profile diseases, including ZIKA and SARS-CoV-2, this review provides a pertinent update on the cellular response of the choroid plexus to these diseases. Historically, pharmacological interventions of CNS disorders have proven difficult to develop, however, a greater focus on the role of the choroid plexus in driving these disorders would provide for novel targets and routes for therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derick Thompson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Catherine A Brissette
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - John A Watt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
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Targeting choroid plexus epithelium as a novel therapeutic strategy for hydrocephalus. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:156. [PMID: 35715859 PMCID: PMC9205094 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02500-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus is a tissue located in the lateral ventricles of the brain and is composed mainly of choroid plexus epithelium cells. The main function is currently thought to be the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid and the regulation of its pH, and more functions are gradually being demonstrated. Assistance in the removal of metabolic waste and participation in the apoptotic pathway are also the functions of choroid plexus. Besides, it helps to repair the brain by regulating the secretion of neuropeptides and the delivery of drugs. It is involved in the immune response to assist in the clearance of infections in the central nervous system. It is now believed that the choroid plexus is in an inflammatory state after damage to the brain. This state, along with changes in the cilia, is thought to be an abnormal physiological state of the choroid plexus, which in turn leads to abnormal conditions in cerebrospinal fluid and triggers hydrocephalus. This review describes the pathophysiological mechanism of hydrocephalus following choroid plexus epithelium cell abnormalities based on the normal physiological functions of choroid plexus epithelium cells, and analyzes the attempts and future developments of using choroid plexus epithelium cells as a therapeutic target for hydrocephalus.
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Bodnar CN, Watson JB, Higgins EK, Quan N, Bachstetter AD. Inflammatory Regulation of CNS Barriers After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Tale Directed by Interleukin-1. Front Immunol 2021; 12:688254. [PMID: 34093593 PMCID: PMC8176952 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Several barriers separate the central nervous system (CNS) from the rest of the body. These barriers are essential for regulating the movement of fluid, ions, molecules, and immune cells into and out of the brain parenchyma. Each CNS barrier is unique and highly dynamic. Endothelial cells, epithelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, and other cellular constituents each have intricate functions that are essential to sustain the brain's health. Along with damaging neurons, a traumatic brain injury (TBI) also directly insults the CNS barrier-forming cells. Disruption to the barriers first occurs by physical damage to the cells, called the primary injury. Subsequently, during the secondary injury cascade, a further array of molecular and biochemical changes occurs at the barriers. These changes are focused on rebuilding and remodeling, as well as movement of immune cells and waste into and out of the brain. Secondary injury cascades further damage the CNS barriers. Inflammation is central to healthy remodeling of CNS barriers. However, inflammation, as a secondary pathology, also plays a role in the chronic disruption of the barriers' functions after TBI. The goal of this paper is to review the different barriers of the brain, including (1) the blood-brain barrier, (2) the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, (3) the meningeal barrier, (4) the blood-retina barrier, and (5) the brain-lesion border. We then detail the changes at these barriers due to both primary and secondary injury following TBI and indicate areas open for future research and discoveries. Finally, we describe the unique function of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 as a central actor in the inflammatory regulation of CNS barrier function and dysfunction after a TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen N. Bodnar
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - James B. Watson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Emma K. Higgins
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Ning Quan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Adam D. Bachstetter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Shimada A, Hasegawa-Ishii S. Increased cytokine expression in the choroid plexus stroma and epithelium in response to endotoxin-induced systemic inflammation in mice. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:520-528. [PMID: 33747797 PMCID: PMC7973137 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain response to systemic inflammation is initiated by IL-1β from choroid plexus macrophages. Choroid plexus stromal cells bear IL-1 receptors and participate in the immediate reaction to systemic inflammation. This reaction is followed by elevated gene expression of various cytokines in the choroid plexus stroma and epithelium. The choroid plexus immediate responses are relevant to understanding how sepsis-associated encephalopathy is initiated.
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is characterized as diffuse brain dysfunction in patients with excessive systemic inflammatory reaction to an infection. In our previous studies using a mouse model of SAE with intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), tissue concentrations of various cytokines were elevated in the entire brain parenchyma 4 and 24 h following LPS administration. Cytokines elevated at 4 h were produced by the choroid plexus, leptomeninges and vascular endothelium, while those at 24 h were produced by astrocytes. Interleukin (IL)-1β did not increase in the concentration in the brain parenchyma during the period from 1 to 24 h following LPS. In the present study, we hypothesized that the intracranial cells that initially respond to systemic inflammation are situated in the choroid plexus and produce IL-1β to initiate cytokine-mediated reactions. We quantified the transcript levels of related cytokines within the choroid plexus and specified the choroid plexus cells that are involved in the immediate cytokine-mediated responses. Mice received LPS or saline by intraperitoneal injection. Four hours after treatments, the choroid plexuses were isolated and subjected to cytokine gene expression analyses using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Another group of mice was fixed at 1, 4 and 24 h after treatments and the expression of cytokines and receptors was studied with double immunohistofluorescence staining. The transcript levels of IL-1β, CC-motif ligand (CCL)2, CXC-motif ligand (CXCL)1, CXCL2 and IL-6 in the choroid plexus were significantly increased in mice treated with LPS compared to saline control. The IL-1β expression was remarkable in choroid plexus macrophages at 1 and 4 h but not in the brain parenchyma. Choroid plexus stromal cells expressed IL-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1). The IL-1R1-bearing stromal cells produced CCL2, CXCL1, CXCL2 and IL-6 at 4 h. Choroid plexus epithelial cells expressed CXCR2, a common receptor for CXCL1 and CXCL2. Choroid plexus epithelial cells also expressed CCL2, CXCL1 and CXCL2 at 4 h, and IL-1R1-bearing stromal cells expressed CXCR2. Therefore, in response to systemic LPS injection, one of the intracranial reactions was initiated within the choroid plexus using IL-1β derived from macrophages. The choroid plexus stromal cells subsequently had elevated expression of CCL2, CXCL1, CXCL2 and IL-6. The choroid plexus epithelial cells also had elevated expression of CCL2, CXCL1 and CXCL2. The presence of receptors for these cytokines on both epithelial and stromal cells raised the possibility of reciprocal interactions between these cells. The results suggested that the immediate early responses exerted by the choroid plexus are relevant to understanding how SAE is initiated in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuyoshi Shimada
- Pathology Research Team, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, 5-4-1 Shimorenjaku, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8612, Japan
| | - Sanae Hasegawa-Ishii
- Pathology Research Team, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, 5-4-1 Shimorenjaku, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8612, Japan
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Kulkarni P, Bhosle MR, Lu SF, Simon NS, Iriah S, Brownstein MJ, Ferris CF. Evidence of early vasogenic edema following minor head impact that can be reduced with a vasopressin V1a receptor antagonist. Brain Res Bull 2020; 165:218-227. [PMID: 33053434 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Does minor head impact without signs of structural brain damage cause short-term changes in vasogenic edema as measured by an increase apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) using diffusion weighted imaging? If so, could the increase in vasogenic edema be treated with a vasopressin V1a receptor antagonist? We hypothesized that SRX251, a highly selective V1a antagonist, would reduce vasogenic edema in response to a single minor head impact. METHODS Lightly anesthetized male rats were subjected to a sham procedure or a single hit to the forehead using a closed skull, momentum exchange model. Animals recovered in five min and were injected with saline vehicle (n = 8) or SRX251 (n = 8) at 15 min post head impact and again 7-8 hrs later. At 2 h, 6 h, and 24 h post injury, rats were anesthetized and scanned for increases in ADC, a neurological measure of vasogenic edema. Sham rats (n = 6) were exposed to anesthesia and scanned at all time points but were not hit or treated. Images were registered to and analyzed using a 3D MRI rat atlas providing site-specific data on 150 different brain areas. These brain areas were parsed into 11 major brain regions. RESULTS Untreated rats with brain injury showed a significant increase in global brain vasogenic edema as compared to sham and SRX251 treated rats. Edema peaked at 6 h in injured, untreated rats in three brain regions where changes in ADC were observed, but returned to sham levels by 24 h. There were regional variations in the time course of vasogenic edema and drug efficacy. Edema was significantly reduced in cerebellum and thalamus with SRX251 treatment while the basal ganglia did not show a response to treatment. CONCLUSION A single minor impact to the forehead causes regional increases in vasogenic edema that peak at 6 h but return to baseline within a day in a subset of brain regions. Treatment with a selective V1a receptor antagonist can reduce much of the edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kulkarni
- Center for Translational Neuroimaging, Northeastern Univ, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mansi R Bhosle
- Center for Translational Neuroimaging, Northeastern Univ, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shi-Fang Lu
- Azevan Pharmaceuticals, Bethlehem, PA, United States; Dept.of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
| | - Neal S Simon
- Azevan Pharmaceuticals, Bethlehem, PA, United States; Dept.of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
| | - Sade Iriah
- Center for Translational Neuroimaging, Northeastern Univ, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Craig F Ferris
- Center for Translational Neuroimaging, Northeastern Univ, Boston, MA, United States; Departments of Psychology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States.
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11
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Blockade of Arginine Vasopressin receptors prevents blood-brain barrier breakdown in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:467. [PMID: 31949182 PMCID: PMC6965180 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57134-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a significant pathophysiological role in multiple sclerosis (MS). Vasopressin (AVP) is released after brain injury and contributes to the inflammatory response. We propose that AVP may be modulating BBB permeability and hence affecting EAE clinical signs. Female Lewis rats were immunized s.c. with guinea-pig brain extract suspended in complete Freund’s adjuvant. Prior to that, animals were subjected to Neurointermediate pituitary lobectomy (NIL) or treated with AVP receptor antagonist (conivaptan). BBB permeability assays were performed. Western blot for claudin-5 and histological analysis were performed in conivaptan treated EAE rats. EAE increase in BBB permeability to Evans blue was reverted by the NIL surgery. AVP receptor blockade reverted the EAE BBB hyperpermeability to Evans blue and 10-kDa FITC-dextran in almost all brain regions. Both, AVP low levels and AVP receptor blockade attenuated EAE clinical signs. Conivaptan reduced perivascular cuffs in EAE rats. A decrease in claudin-5 expression was observed in EAE rats and conivaptan treatment partially restored normal levels. Our data indicate that V1a and V2 AVP receptors can modulate BBB permeability and consequently are involved in the CNS inflammatory process during EAE. Future research is required to characterize the utility of vasopressin antagonist in MS treatment.
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Morrison TR, Kulkarni P, Cai X, Iriah S, Aggarwal D, Lu SF, Simon NG, Madularu D, Ferris CF. Treating head injury using a novel vasopressin 1a receptor antagonist. Neurosci Lett 2019; 714:134565. [PMID: 31639422 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a chemical signal in the brain that influences cerebral vascular resistance and brain water permeability. Increases in AVP contribute to the pathophysiology of brain edema following traumatic brain injury (TBI). These effects are mediated through AVP V1a receptors that are expressed in cortical and subcortical brain areas. This exploratory study characterizes the effects of a novel, V1a receptor antagonist, AVN576, on behavioral and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures after severe TBI. Male Sprague Dawley rats were impacted twice producing contusions in the forebrain, putative cerebral edema, and cognitive deficits. Rats were treated with AVN576 after initial impact for 5 days and then tested for changes in cognition. MRI was used to assess brain injury, enlargement of the ventricles, and resting state functional connectivity. Vehicle treated rats had significant deficits in learning and memory, enlarged ventricular volumes, and hypoconnectivity in hippocampal circuitry. AVN576 treatment eliminated the enlargement of the lateral ventricles and deficits in cognitive function while increasing connectivity in hippocampal circuitry. These data corroborate the extensive literature that drugs selectively targeting the AVP V1a receptor could be used to treat TBI in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Morrison
- Northeastern University, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Praveen Kulkarni
- Northeastern University, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xuezhu Cai
- Northeastern University, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sade Iriah
- Northeastern University, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dipak Aggarwal
- Northeastern University, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shi-Fang Lu
- Azevan Pharmaceuticals, Bethlehem, PA, United States; Dept. of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
| | - Neal G Simon
- Azevan Pharmaceuticals, Bethlehem, PA, United States; Dept. of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
| | - Dan Madularu
- Northeastern University, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Craig F Ferris
- Northeastern University, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Boston, MA, United States; Dept of Psychology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Boston, MA, United States.
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Interleukin-1 in cerebrospinal fluid for evaluating the neurological outcome in traumatic brain injury. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181966. [PMID: 30898979 PMCID: PMC6465413 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with unfavorable outcomes secondary to injury from activation of the inflammatory cascade, the release of excitotoxic neurotransmitters, and changes in the reactivity of cerebral vessels, causing ischemia. Inflammation induced by TBI is complex, individual-specific, and associated with morbidity and mortality. The aim of the present study was to discover the differentially expressed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins and identify which can improve the clinical outcomes in TBI patients. Methods In the present study, we reported 145 patients with TBI and found the change in patients’ leukocytes in serum and interleukin-1 (IL-1) in CSF, which strongly correlated with the neurological outcome. In terms of results of leukocytes in blood and IL-1 in CSF, we retained the patient’s CSF specimens and conducted a proteomic analysis. Results A total of 119 differentially expressed proteins were detected between samples of TBI and the normal, which were commonly expressed in all samples, indicating the differentially expressed proteins. When the patients’ Glasgow outcome score (GOS) improved, IL-1 was down-regulated, and when the patients’ GCS score deteriorated, IL-1 was up-regulated accompanied with the progression in TBI. Conclusion The differentially expressed proteins in CSF may be the novel therapeutic targets for TBI treatment. The leukocytes in blood samples and the IL-1 in CSF may be two important indicators for predicting the prognosis of TBI patients.
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Postl LK, Bogner V, van Griensven M, Beirer M, Kanz KG, Egginger C, Biberthaler P, Kirchhoff C. Polymorphonuclear (PMN) elastase in patients after severe traumatic brain injury. Eur J Med Res 2018; 23:44. [PMID: 30219097 PMCID: PMC6138888 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-018-0341-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Data on PNM elastase levels in cerebrospinal fluid following traumatic brain injury (TBI) in humans are not available in the literature. Therefore, the aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the dynamics of PMN elastase in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients after TBI. Methods Patients suffering from isolated, closed TBI, presenting with an initial Glasgow coma score ≤ 8 and with intracerebral hemorrhage on the initial cranial computed tomography scan (performed within 90 min after TBI) were enrolled. CSF and blood samples were obtained immediately, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after admission. ELISA testing was used to quantify the PMN elastase levels in CSF. In addition, the ratio of CSF albumin to serum albumin was calculated to evaluate the role of the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). As controls, CSF samples were taken from patients receiving spinal anesthesia for elective orthopedic surgery of the lower extremity. Results Twenty-three patients meeting the inclusion criteria and ten control patients were enrolled. The PMN elastase showed a significant elevation at 48 and 72 h after TBI. When comparing the PMN elastase levels of patients with intact BCSFB to patients with defective BCSFB, there was no significant difference for the respective observation points. Conclusions This is the first study to demonstrate that the PMN elastase levels in CSF significantly increased in the early posttraumatic phase (48 h and 72 h after TBI) in patients. The function of the BCSFB showed no significant influence on the PMN levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Kurt Postl
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - Viktoria Bogner
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Martijn van Griensven
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Beirer
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl Georg Kanz
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Peter Biberthaler
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Chlodwig Kirchhoff
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
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Allen CJ, Subhawong TK, Hanna MM, Chelala L, Bullock MR, Schulman CI, Proctor KG. Does Vasopressin Exacerbate Cerebral Edema in Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury? Am Surg 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/000313481808400121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is often used as an alternative pressor to catecholamines (CATs). However, unlike CATs, AVP is a powerful antidiuretic that could promote edema. We tested the hypothesis that AVP promoted cerebral edema and/or increased requirements for osmotherapy, relative to those who received CATs, for cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) management after traumatic brain injury (TBI). This is a retrospective review of 286 consecutive TBI patients with intracranial pressure monitoring at a single institution from September 2008 to January 2015. Cerebral edema was quantitated using CT attenuation in prespecified areas of gray and white matter. Results: To maintain CPP >60 mm Hg, 205 patients required no vasopressors, 41 received a single CAT, 12 received AVP, and 28 required both. Those who required no pressors were generally less injured; required less hyperosmolar therapy and less total fluid; and had lower plasma Na, lower intracranial pressure, less edema, and lower mortality (all P < 0.05). Edema; daily mean, minimum, and maximum Na levels; and mortality were similar with AVP versus CATs, but the daily requirement of mannitol and 3 per cent NaCl were reduced by 45 and 35 per cent (both P < 0.05). In patients with TBI who required CPP therapy, AVP reduced the requirements for hyperosmolar therapy and did not delay resolution or increase cerebral edema compared with CATs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey J. Allen
- Dewitt-Daughtry Department of Surgery, Divisions of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Miami, Florida
| | - Ty K. Subhawong
- Department of Radiology, and, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Mena M. Hanna
- Dewitt-Daughtry Department of Surgery, Divisions of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Miami, Florida
| | - Lydia Chelala
- Department of Radiology, and, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - M. Ross Bullock
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Carl I. Schulman
- Dewitt-Daughtry Department of Surgery, Divisions of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Miami, Florida
| | - Kenneth G. Proctor
- Dewitt-Daughtry Department of Surgery, Divisions of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Miami, Florida
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Schimmel SJ, Acosta S, Lozano D. Neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury: A chronic response to an acute injury. Brain Circ 2017; 3:135-142. [PMID: 30276315 PMCID: PMC6057689 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_18_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Every year, approximately 1.4 million US citizens visit emergency rooms for traumatic brain injuries. Formerly known as an acute injury, chronic neurodegenerative symptoms such as compromised motor skills, decreased cognitive abilities, and emotional and behavioral changes have caused the scientific community to consider chronic aspects of the disorder. The injury causing impact prompts multiple cell death processes, starting with neuronal necrosis, and progressing to various secondary cell death mechanisms. Secondary cell death mechanisms, including excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, blood-brain barrier disruption, and inflammation accompany chronic traumatic brain injury (TBI) and often contribute to long-term disabilities. One hallmark of both acute and chronic TBI is neuroinflammation. In acute stages, neuroinflammation is beneficial and stimulates an anti-inflammatory response to the damage. Conversely, in chronic TBI, excessive inflammation stimulates the aforementioned secondary cell death. Converting inflammatory cells from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory may expand the therapeutic window for treating TBI, as inflammation plays a role in all stages of the injury. By expanding current research on the role of inflammation in TBI, treatment options and clinical outcomes for afflicted individuals may improve. This paper is a review article. Referred literature in this paper has been listed in the references section. The data sets supporting the conclusions of this article are available online by searching various databases, including PubMed. Some original points in this article come from the laboratory practice in our research center and the authors' experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Acosta
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Diego Lozano
- School of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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17
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Rodriguez-Grande B, Ichkova A, Lemarchant S, Badaut J. Early to Long-Term Alterations of CNS Barriers After Traumatic Brain Injury: Considerations for Drug Development. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1615-1625. [PMID: 28905273 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0123-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death and disability, particularly amongst the young and the elderly. The functions of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) are strongly impaired after TBI, thus affecting brain homeostasis. Following the primary mechanical injury that characterizes TBI, a secondary injury develops over time, including events such as edema formation, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and alterations in paracelullar and transcellular transport. To date, most therapeutic interventions for TBI have aimed at direct neuroprotection during the acute phase and have not been successful. Targeting the barriers of the central nervous system (CNS) could be a wider therapeutic approach, given that restoration of brain homeostasis would benefit all brain cells, including neurons. Importantly, BBB disregulation has been observed even years after TBI, concomitantly with neurological and psychosocial sequelae; however, treatments targeting the post-acute phase are scarce. Here, we review the mechanisms of primary and secondary injury of CNS barriers, the accumulating evidence showing long-term damage to these structures and some of the therapies that have targeted these mechanisms. Finally, we discuss how the injury characteristics (hemorrhagic vs non-hemorrhagic, involvement of head rotation, gray vs white matter), the sex, and the age of the patient need to be carefully considered to improve clinical trial design and outcome interpretation, and to improve future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleksandra Ichkova
- CNRS UMR5287, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Sighild Lemarchant
- CNRS UMR5287, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Jerome Badaut
- CNRS UMR5287, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France. .,Basic Science Departments, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA.
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18
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Leclercq S, Mian FM, Stanisz AM, Bindels LB, Cambier E, Ben-Amram H, Koren O, Forsythe P, Bienenstock J. Low-dose penicillin in early life induces long-term changes in murine gut microbiota, brain cytokines and behavior. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15062. [PMID: 28375200 PMCID: PMC5382287 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing concern about potential long-term effects of antibiotics on children's health. Epidemiological studies have revealed that early-life antibiotic exposure can increase the risk of developing immune and metabolic diseases, and rodent studies have shown that administration of high doses of antibiotics has long-term effects on brain neurochemistry and behaviour. Here we investigate whether low-dose penicillin in late pregnancy and early postnatal life induces long-term effects in the offspring of mice. We find that penicillin has lasting effects in both sexes on gut microbiota, increases cytokine expression in frontal cortex, modifies blood–brain barrier integrity and alters behaviour. The antibiotic-treated mice exhibit impaired anxiety-like and social behaviours, and display aggression. Concurrent supplementation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus JB-1 prevents some of these alterations. These results warrant further studies on the potential role of early-life antibiotic use in the development of neuropsychiatric disorders, and the possible attenuation of these by beneficial bacteria. There is concern about potential long-term effects of antibiotics on children's health. Here Leclercq et al. show, in mice, that low doses of penicillin during late pregnancy and early life induce lasting effects on the offspring, including alterations in gut microbiota, brain cytokine levels and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Leclercq
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Avenue East T3304, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 4A6.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 4A6
| | - Firoz M Mian
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Avenue East T3304, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 4A6
| | - Andrew M Stanisz
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Avenue East T3304, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 4A6
| | - Laure B Bindels
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Cambier
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Hila Ben-Amram
- Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold 8, Safed 1311502, Israel
| | - Omry Koren
- Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold 8, Safed 1311502, Israel
| | - Paul Forsythe
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Avenue East T3304, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 4A6.,Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 4A6
| | - John Bienenstock
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Avenue East T3304, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 4A6.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 4A6
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Zhang Y, Zhang ZG, Chopp M, Meng Y, Zhang L, Mahmood A, Xiong Y. Treatment of traumatic brain injury in rats with N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline. J Neurosurg 2016; 126:782-795. [PMID: 28245754 DOI: 10.3171/2016.3.jns152699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors' previous studies have suggested that thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4), a major actin-sequestering protein, improves functional recovery after neural injury. N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (AcSDKP) is an active peptide fragment of Tβ4. Its effect as a treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) has not been investigated. Thus, this study was designed to determine whether AcSDKP treatment improves functional recovery in rats after TBI. METHODS Young adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the following groups: 1) sham group (no injury); 2) TBI + vehicle group (0.01 N acetic acid); and 3) TBI + AcSDKP (0.8 mg/kg/day). TBI was induced by controlled cortical impact over the left parietal cortex. AcSDKP or vehicle was administered subcutaneously starting 1 hour postinjury and continuously for 3 days using an osmotic minipump. Sensorimotor function and spatial learning were assessed using a modified Neurological Severity Score and Morris water maze tests, respectively. Some of the animals were euthanized 1 day after injury, and their brains were processed for measurement of fibrin accumulation and neuroinflammation signaling pathways. The remaining animals were euthanized 35 days after injury, and brain sections were processed for measurement of lesion volume, hippocampal cell loss, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and dendritic spine remodeling. RESULTS Compared with vehicle treatment, AcSDKP treatment initiated 1 hour postinjury significantly improved sensorimotor functional recovery (Days 7-35, p < 0.05) and spatial learning (Days 33-35, p < 0.05), reduced cortical lesion volume, and hippocampal neuronal cell loss, reduced fibrin accumulation and activation of microglia/macrophages, enhanced angiogenesis and neurogenesis, and increased the number of dendritic spines in the injured brain (p < 0.05). AcSDKP treatment also significantly inhibited the transforming growth factor-β1/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS AcSDKP treatment initiated 1 hour postinjury provides neuroprotection and neurorestoration after TBI, indicating that this small tetrapeptide has promising therapeutic potential for treatment of TBI. Further investigation of the optimal dose and therapeutic window of AcSDKP treatment for TBI and the associated underlying mechanisms is therefore warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Chopp
- Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit; and.,Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | | | - Li Zhang
- Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit; and
| | | | - Ye Xiong
- Departments of 1 Neurosurgery and
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20
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Demeestere D, Libert C, Vandenbroucke RE. Clinical implications of leukocyte infiltration at the choroid plexus in (neuro)inflammatory disorders. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:928-41. [PMID: 25979470 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The choroid plexus (CP) is a highly vascularized organ located in the brain ventricles and contains a single epithelial cell layer forming the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). This barrier is crucial for immune surveillance in health and is an underestimated gate for entry of immune cells during numerous inflammatory disorders. Several of these disorders are accompanied by disturbance of the BCSFB and increased leukocyte infiltration, which affects neuroinflammation. Understanding the mechanism of immune cell entry at the CP might lead to identification of new therapeutic targets. Here, we focus on current knowledge of leukocyte infiltration at the CP in inflammatory conditions and its therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Demeestere
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E Vandenbroucke
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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21
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Chodobski A, Ghersi-Egea JF, Nicholson C, Nagaraja TN, Szmydynger-Chodobska J. The quest for a better insight into physiology of fluids and barriers of the brain: the exemplary career of Joseph D. Fenstermacher. Fluids Barriers CNS 2015; 12:1. [PMID: 25745556 PMCID: PMC4350980 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-12-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In June 2014 Dr. Joseph D. Fenstermacher celebrated his 80th birthday, which was honored by the symposium held in New London, NH, USA. This review discusses Fenstermacher's contribution to the field of fluids and barriers of the CNS. Specifically, his fundamental work on diffusion of molecules within the brain extracellular space and the research on properties of the blood-brain barrier in health and disease are described. Fenstermacher's early research on cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and the regulation of cerebral blood flow is also reviewed, followed by the discussion of his more recent work involving the use of magnetic resonance imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Chodobski
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Neurotrauma and Brain Barriers Research Laboratory, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Coro Center West, Room 112, 1 Hoppin Street, Providence, RI 02903 USA
| | - Jean-François Ghersi-Egea
- Blood-Brain Interface Group, Oncoflam Team and BIP Platform INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR5292 Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Rue Guillaume Paradin, Cedex 08, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Charles Nicholson
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of Medicine, MSB 460, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Tavarekere N Nagaraja
- Department of Anesthesiology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Blvd., Detroit, MI 48202-2689 USA
| | - Joanna Szmydynger-Chodobska
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Neurotrauma and Brain Barriers Research Laboratory, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Coro Center West, Room 112, 1 Hoppin Street, Providence, RI 02903 USA
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22
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Lozano D, Gonzales-Portillo GS, Acosta S, de la Pena I, Tajiri N, Kaneko Y, Borlongan CV. Neuroinflammatory responses to traumatic brain injury: etiology, clinical consequences, and therapeutic opportunities. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015; 11:97-106. [PMID: 25657582 PMCID: PMC4295534 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s65815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious public health problem accounting for 1.4 million emergency room visits by US citizens each year. Although TBI has been traditionally considered an acute injury, chronic symptoms reminiscent of neurodegenerative disorders have now been recognized. These progressive neurodegenerative-like symptoms manifest as impaired motor and cognitive skills, as well as stress, anxiety, and mood affective behavioral alterations. TBI, characterized by external bumps or blows to the head exceeding the brain's protective capacity, causes physical damage to the central nervous system with accompanying neurological dysfunctions. The primary impact results in direct neural cell loss predominantly exhibiting necrotic death, which is then followed by a wave of secondary injury cascades including excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, blood-brain barrier disruption, and inflammation. All these processes exacerbate the damage, worsen the clinical outcomes, and persist as an evolving pathological hallmark of what we now describe as chronic TBI. Neuroinflammation in the acute stage of TBI mobilizes immune cells, astrocytes, cytokines, and chemokines toward the site of injury to mount an antiinflammatory response against brain damage; however, in the chronic stage, excess activation of these inflammatory elements contributes to an "inflamed" brain microenvironment that principally contributes to secondary cell death in TBI. Modulating these inflammatory cells by changing their phenotype from proinflammatory to antiinflammatory would likely promote therapeutic effects on TBI. Because neuroinflammation occurs at acute and chronic stages after the primary insult in TBI, a treatment targeting neuroinflammation may have a wider therapeutic window for TBI. To this end, a better understanding of TBI etiology and clinical manifestations, especially the pathological presentation of chronic TBI with neuroinflammation as a major component, will advance our knowledge on inflammation-based disease mechanisms and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Lozano
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Gabriel S Gonzales-Portillo
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sandra Acosta
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ike de la Pena
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Naoki Tajiri
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Yuji Kaneko
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
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Bill BR, Korzh V. Choroid plexus in developmental and evolutionary perspective. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:363. [PMID: 25452709 PMCID: PMC4231874 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-cerebrospinal fluid boundary is present at the level of epithelial cells of the choroid plexus. As one of the sources of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the choroid plexus (CP) plays an important role during brain development and function. Its formation has been studied largely in mammalian species. Lately, progress in other model animals, in particular the zebrafish, has brought a deeper understanding of CP formation, due in part to the ability to observe CP development in vivo. At the same time, advances in comparative genomics began providing information, which opens a possibility to understand further the molecular mechanisms involved in evolution of the CP and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid boundary formation. Hence this review focuses on analysis of the CP from developmental and evolutionary perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Roy Bill
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vladimir Korzh
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research of Singapore, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology Singapore, Singapore ; National University of Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences Singapore, Singapore
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Daulatzai MA. Chronic functional bowel syndrome enhances gut-brain axis dysfunction, neuroinflammation, cognitive impairment, and vulnerability to dementia. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:624-44. [PMID: 24590859 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder world wide that lasts for decades. The human gut harbors a diverse population of microbial organisms which is symbiotic and important for well being. However, studies on conventional, germ-free, and obese animals have shown that alteration in normal commensal gut microbiota and an increase in pathogenic microbiota-termed "dysbiosis", impact gut function, homeostasis, and health. Diarrhea, constipation, visceral hypersensitivity, and abdominal pain arise in IBS from the gut-induced dysfunctional metabolic, immune, and neuro-immune communication. Dysbiosis in IBS is associated with gut inflammation. Gut-related inflammation is pivotal in promoting endotoxemia, systemic inflammation, and neuroinflammation. A significant proportion of IBS patients chronically consume alcohol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, and fatty diet; they may also suffer from co-morbid respiratory, neuromuscular, psychological, sleep, and neurological disorders. The above pathophysiological substrate is underpinned by dysbiosis, and dysfunctional bidirectional "Gut-Brain Axis" pathways. Pathogenic gut microbiota-related systemic inflammation (due to increased lipopolysaccharide and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and barrier dysfunction), may trigger neuroinflammation enhancing dysfunctional brain regions including hippocampus and cerebellum. These as well as dysfunctional vago-vagal gut-brain axis may promote cognitive impairment. Indeed, inflammation is characteristic of a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases that manifest demntia. It is argued that an awareness of pathophysiological impact of IBS and implementation of appropriate therapeutic measures may prevent cognitive impairment and minimize vulnerability to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mak Adam Daulatzai
- Sleep Disorders Group, EEE Department, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, 3rd Floor, Room No. 344, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia,
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