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Netzley AH, Pelled G. The Pig as a Translational Animal Model for Biobehavioral and Neurotrauma Research. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2165. [PMID: 37626662 PMCID: PMC10452425 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the pig has attracted considerable attention as an important intermediary model animal in translational biobehavioral research due to major similarities between pig and human neuroanatomy, physiology, and behavior. As a result, there is growing interest in using pigs to model many human neurological conditions and injuries. Pigs are highly intelligent and are capable of performing a wide range of behaviors, which can provide valuable insight into the effects of various neurological disease states. One area in which the pig has emerged as a particularly relevant model species is in the realm of neurotrauma research. Indeed, the number of investigators developing injury models and assessing treatment options in pigs is ever-expanding. In this review, we examine the use of pigs for cognitive and behavioral research as well as some commonly used physiological assessment methods. We also discuss the current usage of pigs as a model for the study of traumatic brain injury. We conclude that the pig is a valuable animal species for studying cognition and the physiological effect of disease, and it has the potential to contribute to the development of new treatments and therapies for human neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alesa H. Netzley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Galit Pelled
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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2
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Regional Characterization of the Gottingen Minipig Brain by [18 F]FDG Dynamic Pet Modeling. J Med Biol Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40846-022-00739-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
To determine the best kinetic model to be applied on dynamic brain [18 F]FDG PET images by characterizing the regional brain glucose metabolism of normal Göttingen minipigs.
Methods
Nine Göttingen minipigs were scanned with a clinical PET/CT tomograph, starting from the injection of an intravenous bolus of [18 F]FDG, for about 25 min. Dynamic images were reconstructed and nine brain regions of interest (ROI), plus a vascular region, were defined and time-activity curves (TAC) were determined.
Three kinetic models were considered for fitting with experimental TACs: one-tissue compartment model 1TC, two-tissue irreversible compartment model 2TCi and two-tissue reversible model 2TC. Akaike Information Criterion was considered to evaluate the goodness of each model fitting. Regional and global kinetic parameter values were evaluated, in addition to the partition coefficient, net influx rate and retention index (RI).
Results
Both 2TCi and 2TC models turned out to be good choices for the next analysis. Parameter values were very similar between the different brain regions, with similar values to when the brain as a whole is considered (kinetic parameters mean values, from 2TCi model: K1 = 1.0 ml/g/min, k2 = 0.49 min− 1, k3 = 0.034 min− 1, K1/k2 = 2.14ml/g, Ki =0.069 ml/g/min; from 2TC model: K1 = 1.10 ml/g/min, k2 = 0.54 min− 1, k3 = 0.058 min− 1, k4 = 0.039 min− 1, K1/k2 = 2.18 ml/g, Ki = 0.10 ml/g/min; RI mean ± sd: 0.147 ± 0.037 min− 1), with the exception of the cerebellum (mean values from the 2TCi model: K1 = 0.52 ml/g/min, k2 = 0.56 min− 1, k3 = 0.025 min− 1, K1/k2 = 0.98ml/g, Ki=0.022 ml/g/min; from 2TC model: K1 = 0.54 ml/g/min, k2 = 0.61 min− 1, k3 = 0.044 min− 1, k4 = 0.038 min− 1, K1/k2 = 0.95ml/g, Ki=0.032 ml/g/min; RI mean ± sd: 0.071 ± 0.018 min− 1).
Conclusion
The two-tissue model is able to describe the regional brain metabolism in Göttingen minipigs. Compared to the 2TCi model, in the 2TC model the k4 micro-parameter was also evaluated. This led to adjustments of the other microparameters, especially k3 and consequently the net influx rate Ki. For healthy minipigs, the glucose metabolism was similar in all of the brain regions analyzed, with the exception of the cerebellum, where the FDG uptake was lower.
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Parois SP, Eicher SD, Lindemann SR, Marchant JN. Potential improvements of the cognition of piglets through a synbiotic supplementation from 1 to 28 days via the gut microbiota. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24113. [PMID: 34916559 PMCID: PMC8677727 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03565-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of feed supplements on behavior and memory has been recently studied in livestock. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effects of a synbiotic on: an episodic-like (SOR: Spontaneous Object Recognition), a working (BARR: Fence barrier task), a long-term (TMAZE: Spatial T-maze task) memory test and on gut microbiota composition. Eighteen female piglets were supplemented from 1 to 28 days of age with a synbiotic (SYN), while 17 served as control (CTL). Feces were collected on days 16, 33 and 41 for 16S rRNA gene composition analyses. In the SOR, SYN piglets interacted more quickly with the novel object than CTL piglets. In the BARR, SYN piglets had shorter distances to finish the test in trial 3. In the TMAZE, SYN piglets were quicker to succeed on specific days and tended to try the new rewarded arm earlier during the reversal stage. Difference of microbiota composition between treatments was nonexistent on D16, a tendency on D33 and significant on D41. The synbiotic supplement may confer memory advantages in different cognitive tasks, regardless of the nature of the reward and the memory request. Difference in memory abilities can potentially be explained by differences in microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severine P Parois
- PEGASE, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Saint-Gilles, France.
- USDA-ARS, Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Susan D Eicher
- USDA-ARS, Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Stephen R Lindemann
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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d'Isa R, Comi G, Leocani L. The 4-Hole-Board Test for Assessment of Long-Term Spatial Memory in Mice. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e228. [PMID: 34432376 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The hole-board test has been used in rodents since the early 60s to measure exploratory behavior, locomotor activity and cognitive function. The test is based on rodents' natural curiosity and attraction for novelty. Basically, the hole-board consists of a small square arena with an extractable platform as floor, which has a set of equally spaced circular holes on its surface. In this article, we describe the protocol of a 4-hole-board test allowing the assessment of long-term spatial memory in mice without the employment of water or food restriction, painful stimuli (as electrical shocks) or any aversive condition (as forced swimming or exposure to intense light). Four holes are present on the floor of the square arena (one for each of its four quadrants). Mice released in the arena spontaneously approach the holes and explore them by briefly inserting the snout inside, a behavior defined as nose-poking (or head-dipping). If, after 24 hr, rodents are re-exposed to the hole-board, the novelty of the holes decreases. Animals with an intact long-term memory will show a reduction of the frequency of nose-poking into the holes. The total number of nose-pokes on day 1 is an index of exploration, while the percentage of decrease in nose-poking on day 2 represents an index of long-term spatial memory. Number of quadrant crossings is scored as a control measure for locomotor activity, which with the present protocol should remain stable across the days of testing. Indeed, the 4-hole-board test represents a stress-free and animal-friendly option to evaluate long-term spatial memory. In the present paper, we provide detailed description of the hole-board apparatus and step-by-step protocol for assessment of spatial memory in mice. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Validation of the 4-hole-board Basic Protocol 2: Evaluation of long-term spatial memory through the 4-hole-board test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele d'Isa
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, IRCCS-San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Casa di Cura del Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Leocani
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, IRCCS-San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Dionysopoulou S, Charmandari E, Bargiota A, Vlahos NF, Mastorakos G, Valsamakis G. The Role of Hypothalamic Inflammation in Diet-Induced Obesity and Its Association with Cognitive and Mood Disorders. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020498. [PMID: 33546219 PMCID: PMC7913301 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is often associated with cognitive and mood disorders. Recent evidence suggests that obesity may cause hypothalamic inflammation. Our aim was to investigate the hypothesis that there is a causal link between obesity-induced hypothalamic inflammation and cognitive and mood disorders. Inflammation may influence hypothalamic inter-connections with regions important for cognition and mood, while it may cause dysregulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis and influence monoaminergic systems. Exercise, healthy diet, and glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists, which can reduce hypothalamic inflammation in obese models, could improve the deleterious effects on cognition and mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Dionysopoulou
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Hippocratio General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Evangelia Charmandari
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Bargiota
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital of Larisa, Medical School of Larisa, University of Thessaly, 41334 Larisa, Greece;
| | - Nikolaos F Vlahos
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Areteion University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece;
| | - George Mastorakos
- Endocrine Unit, Areteion University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece;
| | - Georgios Valsamakis
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital of Larisa, Medical School of Larisa, University of Thessaly, 41334 Larisa, Greece;
- Endocrine Unit, Areteion University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-694-889-3274
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6
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Smith M, Murrell JC, Mendl M. Two assays of working memory in companion dogs: The holeboard and disappearing object tasks. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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7
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Roelofs S, Murphy E, Ni H, Gieling E, Nordquist RE, van der Staay FJ. Judgement bias in pigs is independent of performance in a spatial holeboard task and conditional discrimination learning. Anim Cogn 2017; 20:739-753. [PMID: 28508125 PMCID: PMC5486501 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-017-1095-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Biases in judgement of ambiguous stimuli, as measured in a judgement bias task, have been proposed as a measure of the valence of affective states in animals. We recently suggested a list of criteria for behavioural tests of emotion, one of them stating that responses on the task used to assess emotionality should not be confounded by, among others, differences in learning capacity, i.e. must not simply reflect the cognitive capacity of an animal. We performed three independent studies in which pigs acquired a spatial holeboard task, a free choice maze which simultaneously assesses working memory and reference memory. Next, pigs learned a conditional discrimination between auditory stimuli predicting a large or small reward, a prerequisite for assessment of judgement bias. Once pigs had acquired the conditional discrimination task, optimistic responses to previously unheard ambiguous stimuli were measured in the judgement bias task as choices indicating expectation of the large reward. We found that optimism in the judgement bias task was independent of all three measures of learning and memory indicating that the performance is not dependent on the pig's cognitive abilities. These results support the use of biases in judgement as proxy indicators of emotional valence in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Roelofs
- Behaviour and Welfare Group (Formerly: Emotion and Cognition Group), Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University, Stratenum Building, Room STR5.203, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Eimear Murphy
- Behaviour and Welfare Group (Formerly: Emotion and Cognition Group), Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University, Stratenum Building, Room STR5.203, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Animal Welfare, VPHI Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 120, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Haifang Ni
- Behaviour and Welfare Group (Formerly: Emotion and Cognition Group), Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 14, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elise Gieling
- Behaviour and Welfare Group (Formerly: Emotion and Cognition Group), Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University, Stratenum Building, Room STR5.203, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca E Nordquist
- Behaviour and Welfare Group (Formerly: Emotion and Cognition Group), Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University, Stratenum Building, Room STR5.203, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - F Josef van der Staay
- Behaviour and Welfare Group (Formerly: Emotion and Cognition Group), Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University, Stratenum Building, Room STR5.203, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Roelofs S, Nordquist RE, van der Staay FJ. Female and male pigs’ performance in a spatial holeboard and judgment bias task. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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9
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Mentzel CMJ, Cardoso TF, Lex AMJ, Sørensen DB, Fredholm M, Cirera S. Fat and carbohydrate content in the diet induces drastic changes in gene expression in young Göttingen minipigs. Mamm Genome 2017; 28:166-175. [PMID: 28396939 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-017-9690-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In human health, there is interest in developing specific diets to reduce body weight. These studies are mainly focused on phenotypic changes induced in blood measurements, i.e., triglycerides, HDL, LDL, and insulin, and on physical changes, i.e., body weight and BMI. To evaluate the biological impact of diet interventions, it is very important to investigate the molecular mechanisms driving the diet-induced phenotypic changes in relevant tissues. However, studying these effects in humans is difficult due to ethical concerns in doing interventions and obtaining tissue samples and good animal models are therefore needed. Göttingen minipigs, a small size obesity prone pig breed, have previously been shown to be a useful translational animal model for metabolic studies. In this study, 16 Göttingen minipig males (2-month old) were submitted to 13 weeks of differential diets to investigate the initial stages of diet-induced metabolic changes. Half of them were fed a high-fat/cholesterol, low-carbohydrate (HFLC) diet, and the other half were fed a low- fat/cholesterol, high-carbohydrate (LFHC) diet. After 13 weeks, the HFLC group weighted less and had dyslipidemia compared to the LFHC group. Liver, pancreas, and adipose tissues were collected at slaughter. Gene expression profiling of 83 metabolism-relevant genes was performed using high-throughput qPCR. In total, 41 genes were deregulated in at least one of the five tissues analyzed, with liver being the most drastically affected tissue. The new knowledge gained in this study could potentially be of value for considering direct modulation of gene expression by nutrient content in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Junker Mentzel
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Tainã Figueiredo Cardoso
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Department of Animal Genetics, Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Annika M J Lex
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Dorte Bratbo Sørensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Merete Fredholm
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Susanna Cirera
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Val-Laillet D, Besson M, Guérin S, Coquery N, Randuineau G, Kanzari A, Quesnel H, Bonhomme N, Bolhuis JE, Kemp B, Blat S, Le Huërou-Luron I, Clouard C. A maternal Western diet during gestation and lactation modifies offspring's microbiota activity, blood lipid levels, cognitive responses, and hippocampal neurogenesis in Yucatan pigs. FASEB J 2017; 31:2037-2049. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601015r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Val-Laillet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)Unité de Recherche 1341Alimentation et Adaptations DigestivesNerveuses et Comportementales (ADNC)Saint‐GillesFrance
| | - Marie Besson
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)Unité de Recherche 1341Alimentation et Adaptations DigestivesNerveuses et Comportementales (ADNC)Saint‐GillesFrance
| | - Sylvie Guérin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)Unité de Recherche 1341Alimentation et Adaptations DigestivesNerveuses et Comportementales (ADNC)Saint‐GillesFrance
| | - Nicolas Coquery
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)Unité de Recherche 1341Alimentation et Adaptations DigestivesNerveuses et Comportementales (ADNC)Saint‐GillesFrance
| | - Gwénaëlle Randuineau
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)Unité de Recherche 1341Alimentation et Adaptations DigestivesNerveuses et Comportementales (ADNC)Saint‐GillesFrance
| | - Ameni Kanzari
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)Unité de Recherche 1341Alimentation et Adaptations DigestivesNerveuses et Comportementales (ADNC)Saint‐GillesFrance
| | - Hélène Quesnel
- INRAUnité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1348Physiologie Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d’Élevage (PEGASE)Saint‐GillesFrance
- Agrocampus OuestUMR 1348 PEGASERennesFrance
| | - Nathalie Bonhomme
- INRAUnité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1348Physiologie Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d’Élevage (PEGASE)Saint‐GillesFrance
- Agrocampus OuestUMR 1348 PEGASERennesFrance
| | - J. Elizabeth Bolhuis
- Adaptation Physiology GroupDepartment of Animal SciencesWageningen University ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Bas Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology GroupDepartment of Animal SciencesWageningen University ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Sophie Blat
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)Unité de Recherche 1341Alimentation et Adaptations DigestivesNerveuses et Comportementales (ADNC)Saint‐GillesFrance
| | - Isabelle Le Huërou-Luron
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)Unité de Recherche 1341Alimentation et Adaptations DigestivesNerveuses et Comportementales (ADNC)Saint‐GillesFrance
| | - Caroline Clouard
- Adaptation Physiology GroupDepartment of Animal SciencesWageningen University ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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Clouard C, Kemp B, Val‐Laillet D, Gerrits WJJ, Bartels AC, Bolhuis JE. Prenatal, but not early postnatal, exposure to a Western diet improves spatial memory of pigs later in life and is paired with changes in maternal prepartum blood lipid levels. FASEB J 2016; 30:2466-75. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500208r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Clouard
- Department of Animal SciencesAdaptation Physiology GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Bas Kemp
- Department of Animal SciencesAdaptation Physiology GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - David Val‐Laillet
- Department of Animal SciencesAnimal Nutrition GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Walter J. J. Gerrits
- Unité de Recherche 1341, Alimentation et Adaptations Digestives, Nerveuses et ComportementalesInstitut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueSaint GillesFrance
| | - Andrea C. Bartels
- Department of Animal SciencesAdaptation Physiology GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - J. Elizabeth Bolhuis
- Department of Animal SciencesAdaptation Physiology GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
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12
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van der Staay FJ, Schoonderwoerd AJ, Stadhouders B, Nordquist RE. Overnight Social Isolation in Pigs Decreases Salivary Cortisol but Does Not Impair Spatial Learning and Memory or Performance in a Decision-Making Task. Front Vet Sci 2016; 2:81. [PMID: 26793715 PMCID: PMC4707236 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs in modern farming practice may be exposed to a number of stressors, including social stressors such as mixing or isolation. This may potentially affect both cognitive abilities and stress physiology of the animals. We tested the hypothesis that overnight social isolation in pigs impairs performance in a cognitive holeboard (HB) task (Experiment 1) and the Pig Gambling Task (PGT) (Experiment 2), a decision-making task inspired by the Iowa Gambling Task. In addition, we tested the effect of overnight social isolation on salivary cortisol levels. A within-subjects approach was used in which performance in the two behavioral tasks and cortisol levels were first determined during normal social housing, followed by performance and cortisol levels after experiencing stress induced by overnight social isolation. A total of 19 female pigs with a birth weight closest to their respective litter average was selected from 10 different litters and placed in two pens after weaning. Following habituation, pigs were trained in the HB task, starting at 10 weeks of age. Then, the pigs were isolated overnight, five individuals per night, at 15, 16, and 17 weeks of age. Between these three isolations, social housing and training in the HB continued. Starting 6 weeks after the end of the HB experiment, at approximately 23 weeks of age, the pigs were trained in the PGT. The effects of overnight social isolation on performance in this task were assessed once, when the pigs were 25 weeks old. Salivary cortisol was measured from samples collected 15 min after the start of isolation and at the end of the isolation period and compared to baseline values collected before the start of social isolation. Our results did not confirm the hypothesis that isolation impaired HB performance and decision-making in the PGT. Unexpectedly, overnight social isolation decreased cortisol levels below baseline values, an effect that was not associated with changes in performance of the behavioral tasks. We hypothesized that the housing and testing conditions may have prepared the animals to cope efficiently with stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Josef van der Staay
- Emotion and Cognition Group, Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Bo Stadhouders
- Applied Biology, HAS University of Applied Sciences , Den Bosch , Netherlands
| | - Rebecca E Nordquist
- Emotion and Cognition Group, Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Haagensen AMJ, Sørensen DB, Sandøe P, Matthews LR, Birck MM, Fels JJ, Astrup A. High fat, low carbohydrate diet limit fear and aggression in Göttingen minipigs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93821. [PMID: 24740321 PMCID: PMC3989186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
High fat, low carbohydrate diets have become popular, as short-term studies show that such diets are effective for reducing body weight, and lowering the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. There is growing evidence from both humans and other animals that diet affects behaviour and intake of fat has been linked, positively and negatively, with traits such as exploration, social interaction, anxiety and fear. Animal models with high translational value can help provide relevant and important information in elucidating potential effects of high fat, low carbohydrate diets on human behaviour. Twenty four young, male Göttingen minipigs were fed either a high fat/cholesterol, low carbohydrate diet or a low fat, high carbohydrate/sucrose diet in contrast to a standard low fat, high carbohydrate minipig diet. Spontaneous behaviour was observed through video recordings of home pens and test-related behaviours were recorded during tests involving animal-human contact and reaction towards a novel object. We showed that the minipigs fed a high fat/cholesterol, low carbohydrate diet were less aggressive, showed more non-agonistic social contact and had fewer and less severe skin lesions and were less fearful of a novel object than minipigs fed low fat, high carbohydrate diets. These results found in a porcine model could have important implications for general health and wellbeing of humans and show the potential for using dietary manipulations to reduce aggression in human society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Maria Juul Haagensen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section of Experimental Animal Models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Dorte Bratbo Sørensen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section of Experimental Animal Models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Peter Sandøe
- Department of Food and Resource Economics and Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lindsay R. Matthews
- Lindsay R Matthews & Associates Research International, Scerne Di Pineto, Italy
- Psychology Department, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Malene Muusfeldt Birck
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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