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Baiges-Gaya G, Iftimie S, Castañé H, Rodríguez-Tomàs E, Jiménez-Franco A, López-Azcona AF, Castro A, Camps J, Joven J. Combining Semi-Targeted Metabolomics and Machine Learning to Identify Metabolic Alterations in the Serum and Urine of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13010163. [PMID: 36671548 PMCID: PMC9856035 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections cause metabolic dysregulation in the infected organism. The present study used metabolomics techniques and machine learning algorithms to retrospectively analyze the alterations of a broad panel of metabolites in the serum and urine of a cohort of 126 patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Results were compared with those of 50 healthy subjects and 45 COVID-19-negative patients but with bacterial infectious diseases. Metabolites were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The main metabolites altered in the sera of COVID-19 patients were those of pentose glucuronate interconversion, ascorbate and fructose metabolism, nucleotide sugars, and nucleotide and amino acid metabolism. Alterations in serum maltose, mannonic acid, xylitol, or glyceric acid metabolites segregated positive patients from the control group with high diagnostic accuracy, while succinic acid segregated positive patients from those with other disparate infectious diseases. Increased lauric acid concentrations were associated with the severity of infection and death. Urine analyses could not discriminate between groups. Targeted metabolomics and machine learning algorithms facilitated the exploration of the metabolic alterations underlying COVID-19 infection, and to identify the potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Baiges-Gaya
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Simona Iftimie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.I.); (J.C.); Tel.: +34-977-310-300 (J.C.)
| | - Helena Castañé
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Elisabet Rodríguez-Tomàs
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Andrea Jiménez-Franco
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Ana F. López-Azcona
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Antoni Castro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Jordi Camps
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.I.); (J.C.); Tel.: +34-977-310-300 (J.C.)
| | - Jorge Joven
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain
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Varsha KK, Narisetty V, Brar KK, Madhavan A, Alphy MP, Sindhu R, Awasthi MK, Varjani S, Binod P. Bioactive metabolites in functional and fermented foods and their role as immunity booster and anti-viral innate mechanisms. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 60:1-10. [PMID: 35789583 PMCID: PMC9243801 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-022-05528-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Live microorganisms in the fermented foods termed probiotics and their secondary metabolites with bioactive potential were considered as potential anti-viral capabilities through various mechanisms. Given the importance of functional and fermented foods in disease prevention, there is a need to discuss the contextualization and deep understanding of the mechanism of action of these foods, particularly considering the appearance of coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, which is causing health concerns and increased social services globally. The mechanism of probiotic strains or their bioactive metabolites is due to stimulation of immune response through boosting T-lymphocytes, cytokines, and cell toxicity of natural killer cells. Proper consumption of these functional and fermented foods may provide additional antiviral approaches for public benefit by modulating the immune functions in the hosts. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-022-05528-8.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivek Narisetty
- Moolec Science, Innovation Centre, Gallows Hill, CV34 6UW, Warwick, UK
| | - Kamalpreet Kaur Brar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, North York, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3 Canada
- Centre Technologique des Résidus Industriels en Abitibi Témiscamingue, 433 Boulevard du collège, J9X0E1, Rouyn-Noranda, Canada
| | - Aravind Madhavan
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 014 India
| | - Maria Paul Alphy
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala 695 019 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Department of Food Technology, T K M Institute of Technology, Kollam, Kerala 691505 India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712 100 Shaanxi China
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Paryavaran Bhavan, CHH Road, Sector 10 A, Gujarat Gandhinagar, 382010 India
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala 695 019 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
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de Mello FDSB, Maneira C, Suarez FUL, Nagamatsu S, Vargas B, Vieira C, Secches T, Coradini ALV, Silvello MADC, Goldbeck R, Pereira GAG, Teixeira GS. Rational engineering of industrial S. cerevisiae: towards xylitol production from sugarcane straw. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:80. [PMID: 35612634 PMCID: PMC9133290 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00359-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Sugarcane hemicellulosic material is a compelling source of usually neglected xylose that could figure as feedstock to produce chemical building blocks of high economic value, such as xylitol. In this context, Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains typically used in the Brazilian bioethanol industry are a robust chassis for genetic engineering, given their robustness towards harsh operational conditions and outstanding fermentation performance. Nevertheless, there are no reports on the use of these strains for xylitol production using sugarcane hydrolysate. Results Potential single-guided RNA off-targets were analyzed in two preeminent industrial strains (PE-2 and SA-1), providing a database of 5′-NGG 20 nucleotide sequences and guidelines for the fast and cost-effective CRISPR editing of such strains. After genomic integration of a NADPH-preferring xylose reductase (XR), FMYX (SA-1 hoΔ::xyl1) and CENPKX (CEN.PK-122 hoΔ::xyl1) were tested in varying cultivation conditions for xylitol productivity to infer influence of the genetic background. Near-theoretical yields were achieved for all strains; however, the industrial consistently outperformed the laboratory strain. Batch fermentation of raw sugarcane straw hydrolysate with remaining solid particles represented a challenge for xylose metabolization, and 3.65 ± 0.16 g/L xylitol titer was achieved by FMYX. Finally, quantification of NADPH — cofactor implied in XR activity — revealed that FMYX has 33% more available cofactors than CENPKX. Conclusions Although widely used in several S. cerevisiae strains, this is the first report of CRISPR-Cas9 editing major yeast of the Brazilian bioethanol industry. Fermentative assays of xylose consumption revealed that NADPH availability is closely related to mutant strains’ performance. We also pioneer the use of sugarcane straw as a substrate for xylitol production. Finally, we demonstrate how industrial background SA-1 is a compelling chassis for the second-generation industry, given its inhibitor tolerance and better redox environment that may favor production of reduced sugars. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43141-022-00359-8.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carla Maneira
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frank Uriel Lizarazo Suarez
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Basic Sciences, University of Pamplona, Pamplona, Colombia
| | - Sheila Nagamatsu
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Vargas
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Vieira
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais Secches
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessando L V Coradini
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rosana Goldbeck
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gonçalo Amarante Guimarães Pereira
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Gleidson Silva Teixeira
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Wu YF, Salamanca E, Chen IW, Su JN, Chen YC, Wang SY, Sun YS, Teng NC, Chang WJ. Xylitol-Containing Chewing Gum Reduces Cariogenic and Periodontopathic Bacteria in Dental Plaque—Microbiome Investigation. Front Nutr 2022; 9:882636. [PMID: 35634392 PMCID: PMC9131035 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.882636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundDental caries and periodontal disease remain the most prevalent oral health problems in the world. Chewing xylitol gum may help reduce the risk of caries and periodontitis for dental health benefits. However, little evidence has shown healthy food estimation by sequencing 16S rDNA in oral microbial communities. This study investigated the clinical effect of xylitol chewing gum on dental plaque accumulation and microbiota composition using the PacBio full-length sequencing platform in 24 young adults (N = 24). The participants were randomly assigned to xylitol chewing gum and control (no chewing gum) groups. Participants in the chewing gum group chewed ten pieces of gum (a total of 6.2 g xylitol/day). Dental plaque from all teeth was collected for weighing, measuring the pH value, and analysis of microbial communities at the beginning (baseline, M0) and end of the 2-week (effect, M1) study period.ResultsThe results suggested a 20% reduction in dental plaque accumulation (p < 0.05) among participants chewing xylitol gum for 2 weeks, and the relative abundance of Firmicutes (a type of pathogenic bacteria associated with caries) decreased by 10.26% (p < 0.05) and that of Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria (two types of pathogenic bacteria associated with periodontitis) decreased by 6.32% (p < 0.001) and 1.66% (p < 0.05), respectively. Moreover, the relative abundance of Fusobacteria was increased by 9.24% (p < 0.001), which has been proven to have a higher proportion in dental plaque of healthy adults. However, the dental plaque pH value stayed in a healthy range for the two groups.ConclusionIn conclusion, chewing xylitol gum would benefit cariogenic and periodontal bacterial reduction in the oral cavity, which could help to prevent the diseases related to these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Wu
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Eisner Salamanca
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Wen Chen
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Ning Su
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Che Chen
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sin Yu Wang
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Sui Sun
- School of Dental Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Chia Teng
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation and Center of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Nai-Chia Teng,
| | - Wei-Jen Chang
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Dental Department, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Wei-Jen Chang,
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Pilicheva B, Boyuklieva R. Can the Nasal Cavity Help Tackle COVID-19? Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1612. [PMID: 34683904 PMCID: PMC8537957 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the progress made in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic, it still poses dramatic challenges for scientists around the world. Various approaches are applied, including repurposed medications and alternative routes for administration. Several vaccines have been approved, and many more are under clinical and preclinical investigation. This review aims to systemize the available information and to outline the key therapeutic strategies for COVID-19, based on the nasal route of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bissera Pilicheva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
- Research Institute at Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Radka Boyuklieva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
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Ahuja V, Macho M, Ewe D, Singh M, Saha S, Saurav K. Biological and Pharmacological Potential of Xylitol: A Molecular Insight of Unique Metabolism. Foods 2020; 9:E1592. [PMID: 33147854 PMCID: PMC7693686 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylitol is a white crystalline, amorphous sugar alcohol and low-calorie sweetener. Xylitol prevents demineralization of teeth and bones, otitis media infection, respiratory tract infections, inflammation and cancer progression. NADPH generated in xylitol metabolism aid in the treatment of glucose-6-phosphate deficiency-associated hemolytic anemia. Moreover, it has a negligible effect on blood glucose and plasma insulin levels due to its unique metabolism. Its diverse applications in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food and polymer industries fueled its market growth and made it one of the top 12 bio-products. Recently, xylitol has also been used as a drug carrier due to its high permeability and non-toxic nature. However, it become a challenge to fulfil the rapidly increasing market demand of xylitol. Xylitol is present in fruit and vegetables, but at very low concentrations, which is not adequate to satisfy the consumer demand. With the passage of time, other methods including chemical catalysis, microbial and enzymatic biotransformation, have also been developed for its large-scale production. Nevertheless, large scale production still suffers from high cost of production. In this review, we summarize some alternative approaches and recent advancements that significantly improve the yield and lower the cost of production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Ahuja
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla 171005, India;
| | - Markéta Macho
- Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology—Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic; (M.M.); (D.E.); (S.S.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Ewe
- Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology—Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic; (M.M.); (D.E.); (S.S.)
| | - Manoj Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana 133207, India;
| | - Subhasish Saha
- Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology—Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic; (M.M.); (D.E.); (S.S.)
| | - Kumar Saurav
- Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology—Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic; (M.M.); (D.E.); (S.S.)
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Cheudjeu A. Correlation of D-xylose with severity and morbidity-related factors of COVID-19 and possible therapeutic use of D-xylose and antibiotics for COVID-19. Life Sci 2020; 260:118335. [PMID: 32846167 PMCID: PMC7443215 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-Cov-2 pandemic that currently affects the entire world has been shown to be especially dangerous in the elderly (≥65 years) and in smokers, with notably strong comorbidity in patients already suffering from chronic diseases, such as Type 2 diabetes, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases, obesity, and hypertension. Inflammation of the lungs is the main factor leading to respiratory distress in patients with chronic respiratory disease and in patients with severe COVID-19. Several studies have shown that inflammation of the lungs in general and Type 2 diabetes are accompanied by the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), especially heparan sulfate (HS). Several studies have also shown the importance of countering the degradation of HS in lung infections and Type 2 diabetes. D-xylose, which is the initiating element for different sulfate GAG chains (especially HS), has shown regeneration properties for GAGs. D-xylose and xylitol have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antiglycemic, antiviral, and antibacterial properties in lung infections, alone or in combination with antibiotics. Considering the existing research on COVID-19 and related to D-xylose/xylitol, this review offers a perspective on why the association between D-xylose and antibiotics may contribute to significantly reducing the duration of treatment of COVID-19 patients and why some anti-inflammatory drugs may increase the severity of COVID-19. A strong correlation with scurvy, based on gender, age, ethnicity, smoking status, and obesity status, is also reviewed. Related to this, the effects of treatment with plants such as Artemisia are also addressed. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS: D-xylose; xylitol; l-ascorbic Acid; D-glucuronic acid; N-acetylglucosamine; D-N-acetylglucosamine; N-acetylgalactosamine; galactose.
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Salli K, Lehtinen MJ, Tiihonen K, Ouwehand AC. Xylitol's Health Benefits beyond Dental Health: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081813. [PMID: 31390800 PMCID: PMC6723878 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylitol has been widely documented to have dental health benefits, such as reducing the risk for dental caries. Here we report on other health benefits that have been investigated for xylitol. In skin, xylitol has been reported to improve barrier function and suppress the growth of potential skin pathogens. As a non-digestible carbohydrate, xylitol enters the colon where it is fermented by members of the colonic microbiota; species of the genus Anaerostipes have been reported to ferment xylitol and produce butyrate. The most common Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species do not appear to be able to grow on xylitol. The non-digestible but fermentable nature of xylitol also contributes to a constipation relieving effect and improved bone mineral density. Xylitol also modulates the immune system, which, together with its antimicrobial activity contribute to a reduced respiratory tract infection, sinusitis, and otitis media risk. As a low caloric sweetener, xylitol may contribute to weight management. It has been suggested that xylitol also increases satiety, but these results are not convincing yet. The benefit of xylitol on metabolic health, in addition to the benefit of the mere replacement of sucrose, remains to be determined in humans. Additional health benefits of xylitol have thus been reported and indicate further opportunities but need to be confirmed in human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Salli
- Global Health & Nutrition Sciences, DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Markus J Lehtinen
- Global Health & Nutrition Sciences, DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Kirsti Tiihonen
- Global Health & Nutrition Sciences, DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Arthur C Ouwehand
- Global Health & Nutrition Sciences, DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, 02460 Kantvik, Finland.
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9
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Xu ML, Wi GR, Kim HJ, Kim HJ. Ameliorating Effect of Dietary Xylitol on Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV) Infection. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 39:540-6. [PMID: 27040626 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants. The lack of proper prophylactics and therapeutics for controlling hRSV infection has been of great concern worldwide. Xylitol is a well-known sugar substitute and its effect against bacteria in the oral cavity is well known. However, little is known of its effect on viral infections. In this study, the effect of dietary xylitol on hRSV infection was investigated in a mouse model for the first time. Mice received xylitol for 14 d prior to virus challenge and for a further 3 d post challenge. Significantly larger reductions in lung virus titers were observed in the mice receiving xylitol than in the controls receiving phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). In addition, fewer CD3(+) and CD3(+)CD8(+) lymphocytes, whose numbers reflect inflammatory status, were recruited in the mice receiving xylitol. These results indicate that dietary xylitol can ameliorate hRSV infections and reduce inflammation-associated immune responses to hRSV infection.
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10
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Tientcheu LD, Maertzdorf J, Weiner J, Adetifa IM, Mollenkopf HJ, Sutherland JS, Donkor S, Kampmann B, Kaufmann SHE, Dockrell HM, Ota MO. Differential transcriptomic and metabolic profiles of M. africanum- and M. tuberculosis-infected patients after, but not before, drug treatment. Genes Immun 2015; 16:347-55. [PMID: 26043170 PMCID: PMC4515549 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2015.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and M. africanum (Maf) suggest differences in their virulence, but the host immune profile to better understand the pathogenesis of tuberculosis (TB) have not been studied. We compared the transcriptomic and metabolic profiles between Mtb and Maf-infected TB cases to identify host biomarkers associated with lineages-specific pathogenesis and response to anti-TB chemotherapy. Venous blood samples from Mtb- and Maf-infected patients obtained before and after anti-TB treatment were analysed for cell composition, gene expression and metabolic profiles. Prior to treatment, similar transcriptomic profiles were seen in Maf- and Mtb-infected patients. In contrast, post-treatment, over 1600 genes related to immune responses and metabolic diseases were differentially expressed between the groups. Notably, the upstream regulator hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha (HNF4α), which regulated 15% of these genes, was markedly enriched. Serum metabolic profiles were similar in both group pre-treatment, but the decline in pro-inflammatory metabolites post-treatment were most pronounced in Mtb-infected patients. Together, the differences in both peripheral blood transcriptomic and serum metabolic profiles between Maf- and Mtb-infected patients observed over the treatment period, might be indicative of intrinsic host factors related to susceptibility to TB and/or differential efficacy of the standard anti-TB treatment on the two lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Tientcheu
- 1] Vaccinology Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia [2] Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK [3] Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - J Maertzdorf
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Weiner
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - I M Adetifa
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit-The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - H-J Mollenkopf
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - J S Sutherland
- Vaccinology Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - S Donkor
- Vaccinology Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - B Kampmann
- Vaccinology Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - S H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - H M Dockrell
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - M O Ota
- 1] Vaccinology Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia [2] World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
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