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Zhu J, Qu R, Wang Y, Ni R, Tian K, Yang C, Li M, Kristensen M, Qiu X. Up-regulation of CYP6G4 mediated by a CncC/maf binding-site-containing insertion confers resistance to multiple classes of insecticides in the house fly Musca domestica. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127024. [PMID: 37769776 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Populations of many insect species have evolved a variety of resistance mechanisms in response to insecticide selection. Current knowledge about mutations responsible for insecticide resistance is largely achieved from studies on target-site resistance, while much less is known about metabolic resistance. Although it is well known that P450 monooxygenases are one of the major players involved in insecticide metabolism and resistance, understanding mutation(s) responsible for CYP-mediated resistance has been a big challenge. In this study, we used the house fly to pursue a better understanding of P450 mediated insecticide resistance at the molecular level. Metabolism studies illustrated that CYP6G4 had a broad-spectrum metabolic activity in metabolizing insecticides. Population genotyping revealed that the CYP6G4v1 allele harboring a DNA insertion (MdIS1) had been selected in many house fly populations on different continents. Dual luciferase reporter assays identified that the MdIS1 contained a CncC/Maf binding site, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay confirmed that transcription factor CncC was involved in the MdIS1-mediated regulation. This study highlights the common involvement of the CncC pathway in adaptive evolution, and provides an interesting case supportive of parallel evolution in P450-mediated insecticide resistance in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruinan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruoyao Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kai Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | | | - Xinghui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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2
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Chapman NC, Colin T, Cook J, da Silva CRB, Gloag R, Hogendoorn K, Howard SR, Remnant EJ, Roberts JMK, Tierney SM, Wilson RS, Mikheyev AS. The final frontier: ecological and evolutionary dynamics of a global parasite invasion. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20220589. [PMID: 37222245 PMCID: PMC10207324 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying rapid biological changes accompanying the introduction of alien organisms into native ecosystems can provide insights into fundamental ecological and evolutionary theory. While powerful, this quasi-experimental approach is difficult to implement because the timing of invasions and their consequences are hard to predict, meaning that baseline pre-invasion data are often missing. Exceptionally, the eventual arrival of Varroa destructor (hereafter Varroa) in Australia has been predicted for decades. Varroa is a major driver of honeybee declines worldwide, particularly as vectors of diverse RNA viruses. The detection of Varroa in 2022 at over a hundred sites poses a risk of further spread across the continent. At the same time, careful study of Varroa's spread, if it does become established, can provide a wealth of information that can fill knowledge gaps about its effects worldwide. This includes how Varroa affects honeybee populations and pollination. Even more generally, Varroa invasion can serve as a model for evolution, virology and ecological interactions between the parasite, the host and other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine C. Chapman
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution Lab, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Théotime Colin
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - James Cook
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Carmen R. B. da Silva
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Clayton Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ros Gloag
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Katja Hogendoorn
- School of Agriculture, The University of Adelaide, Food and Wine, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Scarlett R. Howard
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Emily J. Remnant
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution Lab, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - John M. K. Roberts
- Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra 2601, ACT, Australia
| | - Simon M. Tierney
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW 2753, USA
| | - Rachele S. Wilson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alexander S. Mikheyev
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 26000, Australia
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3
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Lago DC, Nora LC, Hasselmann M, Hartfelder K. Positive selection in cytochrome P450 genes is associated with gonad phenotype and mating strategy in social bees. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5921. [PMID: 37041178 PMCID: PMC10090045 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32898-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The honey bee, Apis mellifera differs from all other social bees in its gonad phenotype and mating strategy. Honey bee queens and drones have tremendously enlarged gonads, and virgin queens mate with several males. In contrast, in all the other bees, the male and female gonads are small, and the females mate with only one or very few males, thus, suggesting an evolutionary and developmental link between gonad phenotype and mating strategy. RNA-seq comparisons of A. mellifera larval gonads revealed 870 genes as differentially expressed in queens versus workers and drones. Based on Gene Ontology enrichment we selected 45 genes for comparing the expression levels of their orthologs in the larval gonads of the bumble bee Bombus terrestris and the stingless bee, Melipona quadrifasciata, which revealed 24 genes as differentially represented. An evolutionary analysis of their orthologs in 13 solitary and social bee genomes revealed four genes with evidence of positive selection. Two of these encode cytochrome P450 proteins, and their gene trees indicated a lineage-specific evolution in the genus Apis, indicating that cytochrome P450 genes may be involved in the evolutionary association of polyandry and the exaggerated gonad phenotype in social bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denyse Cavalcante Lago
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine (FMRP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luísa Czamanski Nora
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine (FMRP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Martin Hasselmann
- Department of Livestock Population Genomics, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Hartfelder
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine (FMRP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine (FMRP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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4
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Cohen ZP, Schoville SD, Hawthorne DJ. The role of structural variants in pest adaptation and genome evolution of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Mol Ecol 2023; 32:1425-1440. [PMID: 36591939 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Structural variation has been associated with genetic diversity and adaptation. Despite these observations, it is not clear what their relative importance is for evolution, especially in rapidly adapting species. Here, we examine the significance of structural polymorphisms in pesticide resistance evolution of the agricultural super-pest, the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata. By employing a parent offspring trio sequencing procedure, we develop highly contiguous reference genomes to characterize structural variation. These updated assemblies represent >100-fold improvement of contiguity and include derived pest and ancestral nonpest individuals. We identify >200,000 structural variations, which appear to be nonrandomly distributed across the genome as they co-occur with transposable elements and genes. Structural variations intersect with exons in a large proportion of gene annotations (~20%) that are associated with insecticide resistance (including cytochrome P450s), development, and transcription. To understand the role structural variations play in adaptation, we measure their allele frequencies among an additional 57 individuals using whole genome resequencing data, which represents pest and nonpest populations of North America. Incorporating multiple independent tests to detect the signature of natural selection using SNP data, we identify 14 genes that are probably under positive selection, include structural variations, and SNPs of elevated frequency within the pest lineages. Among these, three are associated with insecticide resistance based on previous research. One of these genes, CYP4g15, is coinduced during insecticide exposure with glycosyltransferase-13, which is a duplicated gene enclosed within a structural variant adjacent to the CYP4g15 genic region. These results demonstrate the significance of structural variations as a genomic feature to describe species history, genetic diversity, and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary P Cohen
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sean D Schoville
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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5
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Macdonald SJ, Long AD. Discovery of malathion resistance QTL in Drosophila melanogaster using a bulked phenotyping approach. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 12:jkac279. [PMID: 36250804 PMCID: PMC9713458 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has proved an effective system with which to understand the evolutionary genetics and molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance. Insecticide use has left signatures of selection in the fly genome, and both functional and quantitative genetic studies in the system have identified genes and variants associated with resistance. Here, we use D. melanogaster and leverage a bulk phenotyping and pooled sequencing "extreme quantitative trait loci" approach to genetically dissect variation in resistance to malathion, an organophosphate insecticide. We resolve 2 quantitative trait loci, one of which implicates allelic variation at the cytochrome P450 gene Cyp6g1, a strong candidate based on previous work. The second shows no overlap with hits from a previous genome-wide association study for malathion resistance, recapitulating other studies showing that different strategies for complex trait dissection in flies can yield apparently different architectures. Notably, we see no genetic signal at the Ace gene. Ace encodes the target of organophosphate insecticide inhibition, and genome-wide association studies have identified strong Ace-linked associations with resistance in flies. The absence of quantitative trait locus implicating Ace here is most likely because our mapping population does not segregate for several of the known functional polymorphisms impacting resistance at Ace, perhaps because our population is derived from flies collected prior to the widespread use of organophosphate insecticides. Our fundamental approach can be an efficient, powerful strategy to dissect genetic variation in resistance traits. Nonetheless, studies seeking to interrogate contemporary insecticide resistance variation may benefit from deriving mapping populations from more recently collected strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Macdonald
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66046, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Anthony D Long
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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6
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Sarkar P, Dhara K, Guhathakurta H. Azadirachtin in the aquatic environment: Fate and effects on non-target fauna. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2022-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The present-day inclination towards increased application of pesticides derived from natural sources is not without its own hazards. Such pesticides are indubitably less harmful compared to the newer classes of low persistence organophosphates; however, these pesticides may be hydrolyzed to yield secondary products which often exhibit significantly different toxicity. Additionally, studies show that the inert materials used in formulation can exhibit significant toxicity on their own. The toxicity of secondary products and inert materials are largely unknown since these molecules are largely uncharacterized. Azadirachtin is such a candidate pesticide. It is derived from the neem tree Azadirachta indica, and it ticks all the above boxes. In its pure form, formulation and crude extracts, it can generate ecotoxicological effects ranging from behavioural anomalies and physiological imbalances to growth suppression. Authors at various times have pointed out the ability of azadirachtin (or that of its metabolites’/break-down products’) to cause specific, documentable effects on growth and reproduction of non-target fauna. Since extensive reports are available on the toxicology of azadirachtin to terrestrial beneficial fauna like bees and earthworms, this review aims to present a coherent picture of the effects of azadirachtin on non-target aquatic organisms through a documentation of relevant reports published during the last three decades. It is hoped that this compilation will help sensitize public opinion about the erroneous supposition that pesticides derived from natural sources are not innately harmful to non-target biota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kishore Dhara
- Office of the Deputy Director of Fisheries (Research & Training), Freshwater Fisheries Research & Training Centre , Directorate of Fisheries, Government of West Bengal , Kulia, Kalyani , Nadia, West Bengal , 741235 , India
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7
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Tang B, Xu K, Liu Y, Zhou Z, Karthi S, Yang H, Li C. A review of physiological resistance to insecticide stress in Nilaparvata lugens. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:84. [PMID: 35251886 PMCID: PMC8882538 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insecticides are widely used in agriculture as effective means to control pests. However, pests have not been completely mitigated with the increased use of insecticides. Instead, many side effects have arisen, especially the '3Rs' (resistance, resurgence, and residue). The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, is one of the most threatening rice pests. The main insecticides for controlling N. lugens belong to organochlorine, organophosphorus, carbamate, neonicotinoid and pyrethroid groups. However, metabolic enzymes, including cytochrome P450s, esterases, glutathione-S-transferases, and ATP-binding cassette transporters, effectively promote the detoxification of insecticides. Besides, mutations of neurological target sites, such as acetylcholinesterase, nicotinic acetylcholine, γ-aminobutyric acid receptor, and ryanodine receptor, result in insensitivity to insecticides. Here, we review the physiological metabolic resistance in N. lugens under insecticide stress to provide a theoretical basis for identifying and developing more effective and harmless insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang, 550005 People’s Republic of China ,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Kangkang Xu
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang, 550005 People’s Republic of China ,Institute of Entomology, Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongkang Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongshi Zhou
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang, 550005 People’s Republic of China
| | - Sengodan Karthi
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627 412 India
| | - Hong Yang
- Institute of Entomology, Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Can Li
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang, 550005 People’s Republic of China
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8
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Heckel DG. Perspectives on gene copy number variation and pesticide resistance. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:12-18. [PMID: 34480789 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the generation of evolutionary diversity by gene duplication has long been known, the implications for pesticide resistance are just now beginning to be appreciated. A few examples will be cited to illustrate the point that there are many variations on the theme that gene duplication does not follow a set pattern. Transposable elements may facilitate the process but the mechanistic details are obscure and unpredictable. New developments in DNA sequencing technology and genome assembly promise to reveal more examples, yet care must be taken in interpreting the results of transcriptome and genome assemblies and independent means of validation are important. Once a specific gene family is identified, special methods generally must be used to avoid underestimating population polymorphisms and being trapped in preconceptions about the simplicity of the process. © 2021 The Author. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Heckel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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9
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Stoffel TJR, Segatto AL, Silva MM, Prestes A, Barbosa NBV, Rocha JBT, Loreto ELS. Cyclophosphamide in Drosophila promotes genes and transposable elements differential expression and mitochondrial dysfunction. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 230:108718. [PMID: 31982542 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CPA) is an alkylating agent used for cancer chemotherapy, organ transplantation, and autoimmune disease treatment. Here, mRNA sequencing and high-resolution respirometry were performed to evaluate the alterations of Drosophila melanogaster gene expression fed with CPA under acute (0.1 mg/mL, for 24 h) and chronic (0.05 mg/mL, for 35 days) treatments. Differential expression analysis was performed using Cufflinks-Cuffdiff, DESeq2, and edgeR software. CPA affected genes are involved in several biological functions, including stress response and immune-related pathways, oxi-reduction and apoptotic processes, and cuticle and vitelline membrane formation. In particular, this is the first report of CPA-induced mitochondrial dysfunction caused by the downregulation of genes involved with mitochondria constituents. CPA treatment also changed the transcription pattern of transposable elements (TEs) from the gypsy and copia superfamilies. The results presented here provided evidence of CPA mitochondrial toxicity mechanisms and that CPA can modify TEs transcription in Drosophila flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tailini J R Stoffel
- PPG Genética e Biologia Molecular, Univ. Fed. do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana L Segatto
- Dep de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Univ. Fed. de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Monica M Silva
- Dep de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Univ. Fed. de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Prestes
- Dep de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Univ. Fed. de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, 080002, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Nilda B V Barbosa
- Dep de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Univ. Fed. de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - João B T Rocha
- Dep de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Univ. Fed. de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Elgion L S Loreto
- PPG Genética e Biologia Molecular, Univ. Fed. do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Dep de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Univ. Fed. de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.
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10
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Anholt RRH. Chemosensation and Evolution of Drosophila Host Plant Selection. iScience 2020; 23:100799. [PMID: 31923648 PMCID: PMC6951304 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.100799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to respond to chemosensory cues is critical for survival of most organisms. Among insects, Drosophila melanogaster has the best characterized olfactory system, and the availability of genome sequences of 30 Drosophila species provides an ideal scenario for studies on evolution of chemosensation. Gene duplications of chemoreceptor genes allow for functional diversification of the rapidly evolving chemoreceptor repertoire. Although some species of the genus Drosophila are generalists for host plant selection, rapid evolution of olfactory receptors, gustatory receptors, odorant-binding proteins, and cytochrome P450s has enabled diverse host specializations of different members of the genus. Here, I review diversification of the chemoreceptor repertoire among members of the genus Drosophila along with co-evolution of detoxification mechanisms that may have enabled occupation of diverse host plant ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R H Anholt
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry and Center for Human Genetics, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA.
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11
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Seong KM, Coates BS, Pittendrigh BR. Cytochrome P450s Cyp4p1 and Cyp4p2 associated with the DDT tolerance in the Drosophila melanogaster strain 91-R. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 159:136-143. [PMID: 31400775 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s are part of a super-gene family that has undergone gene duplication, divergence, over-expression and, in some cases, loss of function. One such case is the 91-R and 91-C strains of common origin, in Drosophila melanogaster, whereby 91-R (DDT resistant strain) overexpresses Cyp4p1 and Cyp4p2 and both genes are lost in 91-C (DDT susceptible strain). In this study, we used a comparative approach to demonstrate that transcription of Cyp4p1 and Cyp4p2 were constitutively up-regulated in the Drosophila melanogaster strain 91-R as compared to another DDT susceptible strain Canton-S which does not have a loss of function of these genes. Furthermore, significantly increased expression of Cyp4p1 and Cyp4p2 was induced in 91-R in response to sublethal DDT exposure, however, such induction did not occur in the DDT treated Canton-S. Additionally, fixed nucleotide variation within putative transcription factor binding sites of Cyp4p1 and Cyp4p2 promoters were observed between 91-R and Canton-S, however, their impact on transcription remains to be determined. Two GAL4/UAS transgenic strains with integrated heat shock-inducible Cyp4p1- or Cyp4p2-RNAi constructs within wild-type genetic backgrounds were developed. Following heat shock induction of Cyp4p1 and Cyp4p2 knockdown, these transgenic lines showed increased DDT mortality as compared to their corresponding non-heat shock controls. These results provide a functional link of Cyp4p1 and Cyp4p2 in conferring tolerance to DDT exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keon Mook Seong
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Brad S Coates
- USDA-ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA, USA
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12
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Seong KM, Coates BS, Berenbaum MR, Clark JM, Pittendrigh BR. Comparative CYP-omic analysis between the DDT-susceptible and -resistant Drosophila melanogaster strains 91-C and 91-R. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:2530-2543. [PMID: 29656515 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are involved in the biosynthesis of endogenous intracellular compounds and the metabolism of xenobiotics, including chemical insecticides. We investigated the structural and expression level variance across all P450 genes with respect to the evolution of insecticide resistance under multigenerational dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) selection. RESULTS RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) indicated that the transcript levels of seven P450 genes were significantly up-regulated and three P450 genes were down-regulated in the DDT-resistant strain 91-R, as compared to the control strain 91-C. The overexpression of Cyp6g1 was associated with the presence of an Accord and an HMS-Beagle element insertion in the 5' upstream region in conjunction with copy number variation in the 91-R strain, but not in the 91-C strain. A total of 122 (50.2%) fixed nonsynonymous (amino acid-changing) mutations were found between 91-C and 91-R, and 20 (8.2%) resulted in amino acid changes within functional domains. Three P450 proteins were truncated as a result of premature stop codons and fixed between strains. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that a combination of changes in P450 protein-coding regions and transcript levels are possibly associated with DDT resistance, and thereby suggest that selection for variant function may occur within this gene family in response to chronic DDT exposure. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keon Mook Seong
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Brad S Coates
- USDA-ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - May R Berenbaum
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - John M Clark
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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13
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Seong KM, Coates BS, Sun W, Clark JM, Pittendrigh BR. Changes in Neuronal Signaling and Cell Stress Response Pathways are Associated with a Multigenic Response of Drosophila melanogaster to DDT Selection. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 9:3356-3372. [PMID: 29211847 PMCID: PMC5737697 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptation of insect populations to insecticidal control is a continual threat to human health and sustainable agricultural practices, but many complex genomic mechanisms involved in this adaption remain poorly understood. This study applied a systems approach to investigate the interconnections between structural and functional variance in response to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) within the Drosophila melanogaster strain 91-R. Directional selection in 6 selective sweeps coincided with constitutive gene expression differences in DDT resistant flies, including the most highly upregulated transcript, Unc-115 b, which plays a central role in axon guidance, and the most highly downregulated transcript, the angiopoietin-like CG31832, which is involved in directing vascular branching and dendrite outgrowth but likely may be under trans-regulatory control. Direct functions and protein–protein interactions mediated by differentially expressed transcripts control changes in cell migration, signal transduction, and gene regulatory cascades that impact the nervous system. Although changes to cellular stress response pathways involve 8 different cytochrome P450s, stress response, and apoptosis is controlled by a multifacetted regulatory mechanism. These data demonstrate that DDT selection in 91-R may have resulted in genome-wide adaptations that impacts genetic and signal transduction pathways that converge to modify stress response, cell survival, and neurological functions. This study implicates the involvement of a multigenic mechanism in the adaptation to a chemical insecticide, which impact interconnected regulatory cascades. We propose that DDT selection within 91-R might act systemically, wherein pathway interactions function to reinforce the epistatic effects of individual adaptive changes on an additive or nonadditive basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keon Mook Seong
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Brad S Coates
- Corn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Weilin Sun
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - John M Clark
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Barry R Pittendrigh
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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14
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Peyser RD, Lanno SM, Shimshak SJ, Coolon JD. Analysis of cytochrome P450 contribution to evolved plant toxin resistance in Drosophila sechellia. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 26:715-720. [PMID: 28703934 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila sechellia is a dietary specialist species of fruit fly that has evolved resistance to the toxic secondary defence compounds produced by the fruit of its preferred host plant Morinda citrifolia. The genetic basis of adult toxin resistance is the result of evolution at five loci across the genome. Genetic mapping between D. sechellia and Drosophila simulans and subsequent functional studies in Drosophila melanogaster have identified candidate genes potentially underlying one locus involved in toxin resistance but the remainder of the genes involved are unknown. Genes in the mixed function oxidase or cytochrome P450 gene family are frequently utilized in evolved toxin resistance in insects, yet whether they play a role in D. sechellia's resistance to the toxins found in its host plant is unknown. Here we test the role of cytochrome P450 enzymatic activity in evolved resistance to the two primary toxins found in M. citrifolia fruit: octanoic acid and hexanoic acid. We found that although cytochrome P450 enzymatic activity is involved in basal resistance it is not involved in derived toxin resistance in D. sechellia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Peyser
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - S M Lanno
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - S J Shimshak
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - J D Coolon
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
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15
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Calla B, Noble K, Johnson RM, Walden KKO, Schuler MA, Robertson HM, Berenbaum MR. Cytochrome P450 diversification and hostplant utilization patterns in specialist and generalist moths: Birth, death and adaptation. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:6021-6035. [PMID: 28921805 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Across insect genomes, the size of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) gene superfamily varies widely. CYPome size variation has been attributed to reciprocal adaptive radiations in insect detoxification genes in response to plant biosynthetic gene radiations driven by co-evolution between herbivores and their chemically defended hostplants. Alternatively, variation in CYPome size may be due to random "birth-and-death" processes, whereby exponential increase via gene duplications is limited by random decay via gene death or transition via divergence. We examined CYPome diversification in the genomes of seven Lepidoptera species varying in host breadth from monophagous (Bombyx mori) to highly polyphagous (Amyelois transitella). CYPome size largely reflects the size of Clan 3, the clan associated with xenobiotic detoxification, and to some extent phylogenetic age. Consistently across genomes, families CYP6, CYP9 and CYP321 are most diverse and CYP6AB, CYP6AE, CYP6B, CYP9A and CYP9G are most diverse among subfamilies. Higher gene number in subfamilies is due to duplications occurring primarily after speciation and specialization ("P450 blooms"), and the genes are arranged in clusters, indicative of active duplicating loci. In the parsnip webworm, Depressaria pastinacella, gene expression levels in large subfamilies are high relative to smaller subfamilies. Functional and phylogenetic data suggest a correlation between highly dynamic loci (reflective of extensive gene duplication, functionalization and in some cases loss) and the ability of enzymes encoded by these genes to metabolize hostplant defences, consistent with an adaptive, nonrandom process driven by ecological interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernarda Calla
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Katherine Noble
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Reed M Johnson
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Kimberly K O Walden
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Mary A Schuler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Hugh M Robertson
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - May R Berenbaum
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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16
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Ingham VA, Pignatelli P, Moore JD, Wagstaff S, Ranson H. The transcription factor Maf-S regulates metabolic resistance to insecticides in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:669. [PMID: 28854876 PMCID: PMC5577768 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria control in Africa is dependent upon the use insecticides but intensive use of a limited number of chemicals has led to resistance in mosquito populations. Increased production of enzymes that detoxify insecticides is one of the most potent resistance mechanisms. Several metabolic enzymes have been implicated in insecticide resistance but the processes controlling their expression have remained largely elusive. Results Here, we show that the transcription factor Maf-S regulates expression of multiple detoxification genes, including the key insecticide metabolisers CYP6M2 and GSTD1 in the African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Attenuation of this transcription factor through RNAi induced knockdown reduced transcript levels of these effectors and significantly increased mortality after exposure to the pyrethroid insecticides and DDT (permethrin: 9.2% to 19.2% (p = 0.015), deltamethrin: 3.9% to 21.6% (p = 0.036) and DDT: 1% to 11.7% (p = <0.01), whilst dramatically decreasing mortality induced by the organophosphate malathion (79.6% to 8.0% (p = <0.01)). Additional genes regulated by Maf-S were also identified providing new insight into the role of this transcription factor in insects. Conclusion Maf-S is a key regulator of detoxification genes in Anopheles mosquitoes. Disrupting this transcription factor has opposing effects on the mosquito’s response to different insecticide classes providing a mechanistic explanation to the negative cross resistance that has been reported between pyrethroids and organophosphates. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4086-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Ingham
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, England, L35QA.
| | - Patricia Pignatelli
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, England, L35QA
| | - Jonathan D Moore
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park Innovation Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich, England, NR4 7UH
| | - Simon Wagstaff
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, England, L35QA
| | - Hilary Ranson
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, England, L35QA.
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17
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Martins WFS, Subramaniam K, Steen K, Mawejje H, Liloglou T, Donnelly MJ, Wilding CS. Detection and quantitation of copy number variation in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5821. [PMID: 28725028 PMCID: PMC5517494 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Insecticide resistance is typically associated with alterations to the insecticidal target-site or with gene expression variation at loci involved in insecticide detoxification. In some species copy number variation (CNV) of target site loci (e.g. the Ace-1 target site of carbamate insecticides) or detoxification genes has been implicated in the resistance phenotype. We show that field-collected Ugandan Culex quinquefasciatus display CNV for the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (Vgsc), target-site of pyrethroid and organochlorine insecticides. In order to develop field-applicable diagnostics for Vgsc CN, and as a prelude to investigating the possible association of CN with insecticide resistance, three assays were compared for their accuracy in CN estimation in this species. The gold standard method is droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), however, the hardware is prohibitively expensive for widespread utility. Here, ddPCR was compared to quantitative PCR (qPCR) and pyrosequencing. Across all platforms, CNV was detected in ≈10% of mosquitoes, corresponding to three or four copies (per diploid genome). ddPCR and qPCR-Std-curve yielded similar predictions for Vgsc CN, indicating that the qPCR protocol developed here can be applied as a diagnostic assay, facilitating monitoring of Vgsc CN in wild populations and the elucidation of association between the Vgsc CN and insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Fabricio Silva Martins
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, Brazil
| | | | - Keith Steen
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Henry Mawejje
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Triantafillos Liloglou
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research, Liverpool, UK
| | - Martin James Donnelly
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Craig Stephen Wilding
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
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18
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Le Goff G, Hilliou F. Resistance evolution in Drosophila: the case of CYP6G1. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:493-499. [PMID: 27787942 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The massive use of DDT as an insecticide between 1940 and 1970 has resulted in the emergence of a resistant population of insects. One of the main metabolic mechanisms developed by resistant insects involves detoxification enzymes such as cytochrome P450s. These enzymes can metabolise the insecticide to render it less toxic and facilitate its elimination from the organism. The P450 Cyp6g1 was identified as the major factor responsible for DDT resistance in Drosophila melanogaster field populations. In this article, we review the data available for this gene since it was associated with resistance in 2002. The knowledge gained on Cyp6g1 allows a better understanding of the evolution of insecticide resistance mechanisms and highlights the major role of transposable elements in evolutionary processes. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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19
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Riveron JM, Chiumia M, Menze BD, Barnes KG, Irving H, Ibrahim SS, Weedall GD, Mzilahowa T, Wondji CS. Rise of multiple insecticide resistance in Anopheles funestus in Malawi: a major concern for malaria vector control. Malar J 2015; 14:344. [PMID: 26370361 PMCID: PMC4570681 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0877-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Deciphering the dynamics and evolution of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors is crucial for successful vector control. This study reports an increase of resistance
intensity and a rise of multiple insecticide resistance in Anopheles funestus in Malawi leading to reduced bed net efficacy. Methods Anopheles funestus group mosquitoes were collected in southern Malawi and the species composition, Plasmodium infection rate, susceptibility to insecticides and molecular bases of the resistance were analysed. Results Mosquito collection revealed a predominance of An. funestus group mosquitoes with a high hybrid rate (12.2 %) suggesting extensive species hybridization. An. funestus sensu stricto was the main Plasmodium vector (4.8 % infection). Consistently high levels of resistance to pyrethroid and carbamate insecticides were recorded and had increased between 2009 and 2014. Furthermore, the 2014 collection exhibited multiple insecticide resistance, notably to DDT, contrary to 2009. Increased pyrethroid resistance correlates with reduced efficacy of bed nets (<5 % mortality by Olyset® net), which can compromise control efforts. This change in resistance dynamics is mirrored by prevalent resistance mechanisms, firstly with increased over-expression of key pyrethroid resistance genes (CYP6Pa/b and CYP6M7) in 2014 and secondly, detection of the A296S-RDL dieldrin resistance mutation for the first time. However, the L119F-GSTe2 and kdr mutations were absent. Conclusions Such increased resistance levels and rise of multiple resistance highlight the need to rapidly implement resistance management strategies to preserve the effectiveness of existing insecticide-based control interventions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0877-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Riveron
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Martin Chiumia
- Malaria Alert Centre, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi.
| | - Benjamin D Menze
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK. .,Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, PO Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Kayla G Barnes
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Helen Irving
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Sulaiman S Ibrahim
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Gareth D Weedall
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Themba Mzilahowa
- Malaria Alert Centre, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi.
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK.
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20
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Good RT, Gramzow L, Battlay P, Sztal T, Batterham P, Robin C. The molecular evolution of cytochrome P450 genes within and between drosophila species. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6:1118-34. [PMID: 24751979 PMCID: PMC4040991 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We map 114 gene gains and 74 gene losses in the P450 gene family across the phylogeny of 12 Drosophila species by examining the congruence of gene trees and species trees. Although the number of P450 genes varies from 74 to 94 in the species examined, we infer that there were at least 77 P450 genes in the ancestral Drosophila genome. One of the most striking observations in the data set is the elevated loss of P450 genes in the Drosophila sechellia lineage. The gain and loss events are not evenly distributed among the P450 genes-with 30 genes showing no gene gains or losses whereas others show as many as 20 copy number changes among the species examined. The P450 gene clades showing the fewest number of gene gain and loss events tend to be those evolving with the most purifying selection acting on the protein sequences, although there are exceptions, such as the rapid rate of amino acid replacement observed in the single copy phantom (Cyp306a1) gene. Within D. melanogaster, we observe gene copy number polymorphism in ten P450 genes including multiple cases of interparalog chimeras. Nonallelic homologous recombination (NAHR) has been associated with deleterious mutations in humans, but here we provide a second possible example of an NAHR event in insect P450s being adaptive. Specifically, we find that a polymorphic Cyp12a4/Cyp12a5 chimera correlates with resistance to an insecticide. Although we observe such interparalog exchange in our within-species data sets, we have little evidence of it between species, raising the possibility that such events may occur more frequently than appreciated but are masked by subsequent sequence change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Good
- Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, AustraliaPresent address: Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, Jena, GermanyPresent address: School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Lydia Gramzow
- Present address: Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, Jena, Germany
| | - Paul Battlay
- Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, AustraliaPresent address: Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, Jena, GermanyPresent address: School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Tamar Sztal
- Present address: School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Philip Batterham
- Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, AustraliaPresent address: Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, Jena, GermanyPresent address: School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Charles Robin
- Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, AustraliaPresent address: Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, Jena, GermanyPresent address: School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Australia
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21
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Mitchell CL, Saul MC, Lei L, Wei H, Werner T. The mechanisms underlying α-amanitin resistance in Drosophila melanogaster: a microarray analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93489. [PMID: 24695618 PMCID: PMC3973583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid evolution of toxin resistance in animals has important consequences for the ecology of species and our economy. Pesticide resistance in insects has been a subject of intensive study; however, very little is known about how Drosophila species became resistant to natural toxins with ecological relevance, such as α-amanitin that is produced in deadly poisonous mushrooms. Here we performed a microarray study to elucidate the genes, chromosomal loci, molecular functions, biological processes, and cellular components that contribute to the α-amanitin resistance phenotype in Drosophila melanogaster. We suggest that toxin entry blockage through the cuticle, phase I and II detoxification, sequestration in lipid particles, and proteolytic cleavage of α-amanitin contribute in concert to this quantitative trait. We speculate that the resistance to mushroom toxins in D. melanogaster and perhaps in mycophagous Drosophila species has evolved as cross-resistance to pesticides, other xenobiotic substances, or environmental stress factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L. Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Saul
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Liang Lei
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hairong Wei
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Thomas Werner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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