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Romeo C, Filipe J, Wauters LA, Comazzi S, Riva F, Ferrari N. Shifts in immune responses of an invasive alien species: A test of the evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis using American Eastern gray squirrels in Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165747. [PMID: 37495139 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Based on the Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability (EICA) hypothesis, a reduced investment in immunity, consequent to parasite loss, could partly explain the success of invasive alien species. We investigated variation in parasite load and immune responses of alien Eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) along the invasion wave of an expanding population. We first verified by fecal analyses that 1) parasite abundance decreased moving from the core towards the invasion front. Next, we used multiple measures of immunity to investigate whether, in response to the lower parasite pressure, individuals at the invasion front 2) dampened their costly inflammatory response, and 3) increased their investment in less expensive acquired immunity. We first explored variation in hematological variables related either to the inflammatory or the acquired response. On a subset of individuals, we carried out ex vivo cell cultures to analyse the basal expression of MHC class II genes and the expression of TNF-α genes in response to an immune challenge. Platelet counts and TNF-α expression suggested higher inflammation in individuals living at the invasion core, whereas parameters associated with an acquired response (lymphocyte counts and MHC II expression by spleen cells), conversely, were higher in squirrels at the front. Overall, our results suggest a shift between different immune strategies along the invasion wave, supporting a reduced investment in costly inflammatory responses and an increased investment in acquired immunity in individuals at the expanding edge of the range, which are subjected to high selective pressures for dispersal and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Romeo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Joel Filipe
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Lucas A Wauters
- Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Environment Analysis and Management Unit - Guido Tosi Research Group, Via Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; University of Antwerp, Department of Biology - Evolutionary Ecology Group, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Stefano Comazzi
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; Università degli Studi di Milano, WildlifeHealth Lab, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Federica Riva
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferrari
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; Università degli Studi di Milano, WildlifeHealth Lab, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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Wauters LA, Lurz PWW, Santicchia F, Romeo C, Ferrari N, Martinoli A, Gurnell J. Interactions between native and invasive species: A systematic review of the red squirrel-gray squirrel paradigm. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1083008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) has been labeled as one of the 100 worst invasive alien species by the IUCN. In Europe, the species has been introduced to Britain, Ireland and Italy, and its subsequent spread has resulted in wide-scale extinction of native Eurasian red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) from the areas colonized by the gray squirrel. This replacement of a native by an alien competitor is one of the best documented cases of the devastating effects of biological invasions on native fauna. To understand how this replacement occurs, we present a systematic review of the literature on competition and interactions between red and gray squirrels. We describe the patterns of red and gray squirrel distribution in those parts of Europe where gray squirrels occur and summarize the evidence on the different processes and mechanisms determining the outcome of competition between the native and alien species including the influence of predators and pathogens. Some of the drivers behind the demise of the red squirrel have been intensively studied and documented in the past 30 years, but recent field studies and mathematical models revealed that the mechanisms underlying the red-gray paradigm are more complex than previously thought and affected by landscape-level processes. Therefore, we consider habitat type and multi-species interactions, including host-parasite and predator-prey relationships, to determine the outcome of the interaction between the two species and to better address gray squirrel control efforts.
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Occurrence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Synanthropic Neozoan Egyptian Geese (Alopochen aegyptiaca, Linnaeus 1766) in Germany. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15030388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Various studies have shown that the transmission and passage of alien and native pathogens play a critical role in the establishment process of an invasive species and its further spread. Egyptian geese (Alopochen aegyptiaca) are neozotic birds on various continents. They live not only in the countryside near fresh water bodies but also in urban habitats in Central Europe with close contact to humans and their pets. Although their rapid distribution in Europe is widely debated, scientific studies on the anthropozoonotic risks of the population and studies on the present endoparasites in Egyptian geese are rare worldwide. In the present study, 114 shot Egyptian geese and 148 non-invasively collected faecal samples of wild Egyptian geese from 11 different Federal States in Germany were examined. A total of 13 metazoan endoparasite species in 12 different genera were identified. The main endoparasites found were Hystrichis tricolor, Polymorphus minutus, and, in lesser abundance, Cloacotaenia sp. and Echinuria uncinata. Adult stages of Echinostoma revolutum, an anthropozoonotic heteroxenic trematode, were found in 7.9% of the animals examined postmortem. This species was additionally identified by molecular analysis. Although Egyptian geese live in communities with native waterfowl, it appears that they have a lower parasitic load in general. The acquisition of generalistic parasites in an alien species and the associated increased risk of infection for native species is known as “spill-back” and raises the question of impacts on native waterfowl. Differences between animals from rural populations and urban populations were observed. The present study represents the first large-scale survey on gastrointestinal parasites of free-ranging Egyptian geese.
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Mazzamuto MV, Wauters LA, Koprowski JL. Exotic Pet Trade as a Cause of Biological Invasions: The Case of Tree Squirrels of the Genus Callosciurus. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10101046. [PMID: 34681145 PMCID: PMC8533491 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The pet industry is a growing global multibillion dollar market. The increase of exotic and non-domesticated animal ownership has led to an increase in the number of non-native pets released that create invasive alien species (IAS) populations in the wild. IAS negatively impact the biodiversity, human health and countries’ economies. We use tree squirrels of the genus Callosciurus as a well-documented case study of pets that become IAS. We review the pathways and range of introduction and the challenge and legal importance of species identification. Next, we document how they negatively affect native plants and animals, their parasitic infections that can threat native wildlife and human health and their impact on human activities and productive systems. We discuss the diverse biological, social, political and economic reasons that make control/eradication of these charismatic species difficult in most countries. However, we also highlight the successful management of the IAS in two countries where the early detection and engagement of stakeholders were key to successful eradication. We conclude that efforts to educate and involve the broader public by actively engaging a diversity of stakeholders are more likely to build a consensus toward IAS management and should be a priority for each country. Abstract The trade of non-native pets, especially of non-domesticated and exotic animals, and their subsequent release and establishment of populations is one of the major pathways of introduction for invasive alien reptiles, amphibia, birds and mammals. Here, we use a group of arboreal mammals, tree squirrels of the genus Callosciurus, as a well-documented case study, reviewing the pathways of introduction, the current areas of non-native distribution, the rate of establishment success and the challenge and legal importance of species identification. We further illustrate the importance of early detection and effective monitoring methods and plans. Next, we document how they interfere with native species, their risk of acting as vectors for emerging infectious diseases and their potential role in maintaining parasitic infections that can affect human health. We conclude by reviewing the current management, or the lack of it, and highlight the diverse biological, social, political and economic reasons that make control/eradication of these charismatic species difficult or even impractical in most countries. However, reviewing the only two successful eradications of the IAS, we highlight the need to acknowledge the public opinion and the importance of communication, transparency and the engagement of a diversity of stakeholders to create a consensus about the actions to undertake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vittoria Mazzamuto
- Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave, Laramie, WY 82071, USA;
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Lucas A. Wauters
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - John L. Koprowski
- Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave, Laramie, WY 82071, USA;
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Romeo C, Piscitelli AP, Santicchia F, Martinoli A, Ferrari N, Wauters LA. Invading parasites: spillover of an alien nematode reduces survival in a native species. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02611-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIt is widely assumed that spillover of alien parasites to native host species severely impacts naïve populations, ultimately conferring a competitive advantage to invading hosts that introduced them. Despite such host-switching events occurring in biological invasions, studies demonstrating the impact of alien macroparasites on native animal hosts are surprisingly few. In Europe, native red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) are replaced by introduced North American grey squirrels (S. carolinensis) mainly through resource competition, and, only in the United Kingdom and Ireland, by competition mediated by a viral disease. In Italy such disease is absent, but spillover of an introduced North American nematode (Strongyloides robustus) from grey to red squirrels is known to occur. Here, we used long-term (9 years) capture-mark-recapture and parasitological data of red squirrels in areas co-inhabited by grey squirrels in Northern Italy to investigate the impact of this alien helminth on naïve native squirrels’ body mass, local survival, and reproduction of females. We found no negative effect of the alien parasite on body mass or reproductive success, but intensity of infection by S. robustus reduced survival of both male and female squirrels. Significantly, survival of squirrels co-infected by their native nematode, Trypanoxyuris sciuri, was less affected by S. robustus, suggesting a protective effect of the native helminth against the new infection. Hence, we demonstrate that alien S. robustus spillover adds to the detrimental effects of resource competition and stress induced by grey squirrels, further reducing the fitness of the native species in the presence of the invasive competitor.
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Romeo C, D’Alessandro S, Bielli M, Comazzi S, Ferrari N. Reference intervals for hematological variables in wild Eastern grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis). EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-020-01443-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Prüter H, Franz M, Twietmeyer S, Böhm N, Middendorff G, Portas R, Melzheimer J, Kolberg H, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Greenwood AD, Lüschow D, Mühldorfer K, Czirják GÁ. Increased immune marker variance in a population of invasive birds. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21764. [PMID: 33303774 PMCID: PMC7729907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78427-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunity and parasites have been linked to the success of invasive species. Especially lower parasite burden in invasive populations has been suggested to enable a general downregulation of immune investment (Enemy Release and Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability Hypotheses). Simultaneously, keeping high immune competence towards potentially newly acquired parasites in the invasive range is essential to allow population growth. To investigate the variation of immune effectors of invasive species, we compared the mean and variance of multiple immune effectors in the context of parasite prevalence in an invasive and a native Egyptian goose (Alopochen aegyptiacus) population. Three of ten immune effectors measured showed higher variance in the invasive population. Mean levels were higher in the invasive population for three effectors but lower for eosinophil granulocytes. Parasite prevalence depended on the parasite taxa investigated. We suggest that variation of specific immune effectors, which may be important for invasion success, may lead to higher variance and enable invasive species to reduce the overall physiological cost of immunity while maintaining the ability to efficiently defend against novel parasites encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Prüter
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Mathias Franz
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sönke Twietmeyer
- Department of Research and Documentation, Eifel National Park, Urftseestraße 43, 53937, Schleiden-Gemünd, Germany
| | - Niklas Böhm
- FÖA Landschaftsplanung GmbH, Auf der Redoute 12, 54296, Trier, Germany
| | | | - Ruben Portas
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Melzheimer
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Kolberg
- Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Private Bag, 13306, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alex D Greenwood
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dörte Lüschow
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 63, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Mühldorfer
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gábor Árpád Czirják
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany.
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Romeo C, Wauters LA, Santicchia F, Dantzer B, Palme R, Martinoli A, Ferrari N. Complex relationships between physiological stress and endoparasite infections in natural populations. Curr Zool 2020; 66:449-457. [PMID: 33293925 PMCID: PMC7705514 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-term elevation of glucocorticoids (GCs) is one of the major physiological mechanisms by which vertebrates cope with challenging environmental or social factors (stressors). However, when exposure to stressors occurs repeatedly or over a prolonged period of time, animals may experience chronic elevation of GCs, which reduces the immune response efficiency and can lead to higher intensity of parasitic infection. Here, we used invasive gray squirrels Sciurus carolinensis introduced in Northern Italy and their 2 most prevalent gastrointestinal parasites, the nematode Strongyloides robustus and coccidia of the genus Eimeria, as a model to investigate relationships among macroparasite infection and concentrations of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGMs), an integrated measure of circulating GCs. Our results revealed an association of FGMs with infection by St. robustus, but not with coccidia. Individuals with higher FGMs appear to be responsible for the greatest St. robustus egg shedding within gray squirrel populations, thus possibly acting as superspreaders. However, FGMs were negatively associated with adult St. robustus, suggesting that the abundance of adults of this nematode species does not induce elevation in FGMs, but is only affected by it through immune-mediated effects on its fecundity. Finally, the relationship between St. robustus (both eggs and adult parasites) and FGMs was not linear, suggesting that only high levels of physiological stress influence parasite infection. Our findings highlight that the direction and magnitude of the stress-infection relationship may depend not only on the specific host-parasite system, but also on the different life stages of the same parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Romeo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, Milano, 2133, Italy
| | - Lucas A Wauters
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Environment Analysis and Management Unit—Guido Tosi Research Group—Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, Varese, 21100, Italy
- Department of Biology, Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
| | - Francesca Santicchia
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Environment Analysis and Management Unit—Guido Tosi Research Group—Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, Varese, 21100, Italy
| | - Ben Dantzer
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 830 North University, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Rupert Palme
- Unit of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria
| | - Adriano Martinoli
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Environment Analysis and Management Unit—Guido Tosi Research Group—Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, Varese, 21100, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, Milano, 2133, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Coordinata Epidemiologia e Sorveglianza Molecolare delle Infezioni, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Association between temporal patterns in helminth assemblages and successful range expansion of exotic Mus musculus domesticus in Senegal. Biol Invasions 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Tizzani P, Andrade D, Molinar Min AR, Peano A, Meneguz PG. Does the Introduction of Alien Species Represent a Sanitary Threat for Native Species? The Case of the Eastern Cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus in Italy. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E142. [PMID: 32781792 PMCID: PMC7460202 DOI: 10.3390/life10080142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction of alien species is a well-known threat to biodiversity. Where newly introduced, alien species may pose a risk for the local ecological community by competing for resources or by introducing pathogens. Sylvilagus floridanus is an American lagomorph introduced into Europe in the second half of 20th century, for hunting. This study evaluated the structure and epidemiological characteristics of the gastrointestinal parasite community in an introduced population of S. floridanus in the Province of Alessandria (Piedmont Region-Italy). Three alien parasites were reported out of 271 animals: Obeliscoides cuniculi in the stomach, Trichostrongylus calcaratus in the small intestine, and Passarulus nonnanulatus in the large intestine. All these nematodes are commonly reported in S. floridanus in its natural range, but they represent alien species in Europe. The report of these alien parasites is an example of the unexpected consequences caused by the introduction of non-native vertebrates. The documented introduction of new pathogens may alter the parasite community of the native lagomorphs, with possible long-term effects on local ecological dynamics.
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Santicchia F, Wauters LA, Piscitelli AP, Van Dongen S, Martinoli A, Preatoni D, Romeo C, Ferrari N. Spillover of an alien parasite reduces expression of costly behaviour in native host species. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:1559-1569. [PMID: 32291765 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of invasive alien species (IAS) on native host-parasite relationships is of importance for enhancing ecological theory and IAS management. When IAS and their parasite(s) invade a guild, the effects of interspecific resource competition and/or parasite-mediated competition can alter existing native host-parasite relationships and the dependent biological traits such as native species' behaviour. We used a natural experiment of populations of native red squirrels Sciurus vulgaris that were colonized by the alien grey squirrel Sciurus carolinensis, comparing repeated measurements of red squirrel parasite infection and personality with those taken in sites where only the native species occurred. We explored two alternative hypotheses: (a) individual differences in personality traits (activity and/or sociability) of native red squirrel positively affect the probability of macroparasite spillover and thus the likelihood to acquire the alien's parasitic helminth Strongyloides robustus; (b) the combined effects of grey squirrel presence and parasite infection result in a reduction of costly personality traits (activity and/or exploration). Using data from 323 arena tests across three experimental (native species and IAS) and three control sites (only native species), we found negative correlations between native species' activity and infection with S. robustus in the sites invaded by the alien species. Activity was also negatively correlated with infection by its native helminth Trypanoxyuris sciuri but only when grey squirrels were present, while in the red-only sites there was no relationship of T. sciuri infection with any of the personality traits. Moreover, individuals that acquired S. robustus during the study reduced their activity after infection, while this was not the case for animals that remained uninfected. Our results show that parasite-mediated competition is costly, reducing activity in individuals of the native species, and altering the native host-native parasite relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Santicchia
- Environment Analysis and Management Unit "Guido Tosi Research Group", Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Lucas A Wauters
- Environment Analysis and Management Unit "Guido Tosi Research Group", Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Anna Pia Piscitelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Università "La Sapienza" di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Adriano Martinoli
- Environment Analysis and Management Unit "Guido Tosi Research Group", Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Damiano Preatoni
- Environment Analysis and Management Unit "Guido Tosi Research Group", Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Claudia Romeo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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12
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Santicchia F, Wauters LA, Dantzer B, Westrick SE, Ferrari N, Romeo C, Palme R, Preatoni DG, Martinoli A. Relationships between personality traits and the physiological stress response in a wild mammal. Curr Zool 2019; 66:197-204. [PMID: 32440278 PMCID: PMC7233610 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoz040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are involved in the regulation of an animal's energetic state. Under stressful situations, they are part of the neuroendocrine response to cope with environmental challenges. Animals react to aversive stimuli also through behavioral responses, defined as coping styles. Both in captive and wild populations, individuals differ in their behavior along a proactive-reactive continuum. Proactive animals exhibit a bold, active-explorative and social personality, whereas reactive ones are shy, less active-explorative and less social. Here, we test the hypothesis that personality traits and physiological responses to stressors covary, with more proactive individuals having a less pronounced GC stress response. In wild populations of invasive gray squirrels Sciurus carolinensis, we measured fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGMs), an integrated measure of circulating GCs, and 3 personality traits (activity, sociability, and exploration) derived from open field test (OFT) and mirror image stimulation (MIS) test. Gray squirrels had higher FGMs in Autumn than in Winter and males with scrotal testes had higher FGMs than nonbreeding males. Personality varied with body mass and population density. Squirrels expressed more activity-exploration at higher than at lower density and heavier squirrels had higher scores for activity-exploration than animals that weighed less. Variation in FGM concentrations was not correlated with the expression of the 3 personality traits. Hence, our results do not support a strong association between the behavioral and physiological stress responses but show that in wild populations, where animals experience varying environmental conditions, the GC endocrine response and the expression of personality are uncorrelated traits among individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Santicchia
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Environment Analysis and Management Unit - Guido Tosi Research Group - Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Lucas A Wauters
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Environment Analysis and Management Unit - Guido Tosi Research Group - Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy.,Department of Biology, Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ben Dantzer
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 830 North University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sarah E Westrick
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nicola Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy.,Centro di Ricerca Coordinata Epidemiologia e Sorveglianza Molecolare delle Infezioni, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudia Romeo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Rupert Palme
- Unit of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Damiano G Preatoni
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Environment Analysis and Management Unit - Guido Tosi Research Group - Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Adriano Martinoli
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Environment Analysis and Management Unit - Guido Tosi Research Group - Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
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Santicchia F, Romeo C, Ferrari N, Matthysen E, Vanlauwe L, Wauters LA, Martinoli A. The price of being bold? Relationship between personality and endoparasitic infection in a tree squirrel. Mamm Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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14
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Di Febbraro M, Menchetti M, Russo D, Ancillotto L, Aloise G, Roscioni F, Preatoni DG, Loy A, Martinoli A, Bertolino S, Mori E. Integrating climate and land‐use change scenarios in modelling the future spread of invasive squirrels in Italy. DIVERS DISTRIB 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Di Febbraro
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio Università del Molise Pesche (Isernia) Italy
| | - Mattia Menchetti
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC‐UPF) Barcelona Spain
- Dipartimento di Biologia Università degli Studi di Firenze Sesto Fiorentino (Florence) Italy
| | - Danilo Russo
- Wildlife Research Unit, Dipartimento di Agraria Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Portici, Napoli Italy
| | - Leonardo Ancillotto
- Wildlife Research Unit, Dipartimento di Agraria Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Portici, Napoli Italy
| | - Gaetano Aloise
- Museo di Storia Naturale della Calabria e Orto Botanico Università della Calabria Rende (Cosenza) Italy
| | - Federica Roscioni
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio Università del Molise Pesche (Isernia) Italy
| | - Damiano G. Preatoni
- Environmental Analysis and Management Unit, Guido Tosi Research Group, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences Università degli Studi dell’Insubria Varese Italy
| | - Anna Loy
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio Università del Molise Pesche (Isernia) Italy
| | - Adriano Martinoli
- Environmental Analysis and Management Unit, Guido Tosi Research Group, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences Università degli Studi dell’Insubria Varese Italy
| | - Sandro Bertolino
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi Università di Torino Torino Italy
| | - Emiliano Mori
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita Università di Siena Siena Italy
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15
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Mori E, Sala JP, Fattorini N, Menchetti M, Montalvo T, Senar JC. Ectoparasite sharing among native and invasive birds in a metropolitan area. Parasitol Res 2018; 118:399-409. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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16
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Ancillotto L, Studer V, Howard T, Smith VS, McAlister E, Beccaloni J, Manzia F, Renzopaoli F, Bosso L, Russo D, Mori E. Environmental drivers of parasite load and species richness in introduced parakeets in an urban landscape. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3591-3599. [PMID: 30167793 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduced species represent a threat to native wildlife worldwide, due to predation, competition, and disease transmission. Concurrent introduction of parasites may also add a new dimension of competition, i.e. parasite-mediated competition, through spillover and spillback dynamics. Urban areas are major hotspots of introduced species, but little is known about the effects of urban habitat structure on the parasite load and diversity of introduced species. Here, we investigated such environmental effects on the ectoparasite load, richness, and occurrence of spillback in two widespread invasive parakeets, Psittacula krameri and Myiopsitta monachus, in the metropolitan area of Rome, central Italy. We tested 231 parakeets and found that in both species parasite load was positively influenced by host abundance at local scale, while environmental features such as the amount of natural or urban habitats, as well as richness of native birds, influenced parasite occurrence, load, and richness differently in the two host species. Therefore, we highlight the importance of host population density and habitat composition in shaping the role of introduced parakeets in the spread of both native and introduced parasites, recommending the monitoring of urban populations of birds and their parasites to assess and manage the potential occurrence of parasite-mediated competition dynamics as well as potential spread of vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ancillotto
- Wildlife Research Unit, Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - V Studer
- Centro Recupero Fauna Selvatica Lipu Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - T Howard
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum of London, London, UK
| | - V S Smith
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum of London, London, UK
| | - E McAlister
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum of London, London, UK
| | - J Beccaloni
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum of London, London, UK
| | - F Manzia
- Centro Recupero Fauna Selvatica Lipu Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - F Renzopaoli
- Centro Recupero Fauna Selvatica Lipu Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - L Bosso
- Wildlife Research Unit, Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - D Russo
- Wildlife Research Unit, Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy. .,School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK.
| | - E Mori
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy.,Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Palazzo Corsini, Via della Lungara 10, 00165, Rome, Italy
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17
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Mori E, Pisanu B, Zozzoli R, Solano E, Olivieri E, Sassera D, Montagna M. Arthropods and associated pathogens from native and introduced rodents in Northeastern Italy. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3237-3243. [PMID: 30058030 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduced Siberian chipmunks Eutamias sibiricus have been reported to be important reservoirs for human Lyme disease, as they may host high numbers of hard ticks carrying Borrelia spp. and other pathogens. In the present study, we assessed the prevalence of Borrelia spp. and other pathogenic bacteria in ectoparasite arthropod species infesting Siberian chipmunks and coexisting native small rodents. Small rodents were trapped with Sherman traps in Veneto (NE Italy), where the largest Italian populations of chipmunks occur. A total of 14 individual ticks were found on 223 rodents, with 6 more ticks obtained from stored dead chipmunks from the same study area. Ectoparasites were screened for pathogens by molecular analyses including species-specific PCR amplifications. Rickettsia monacensis, Borrelia lusitaniae, and Anaplasma platys were present in the parasites of both native rodents and introduced chipmunks. The present findings suggest a role for the invasive species E. sibiricus in the maintenance of the Ixodes ricinus life cycle, which may result in the modification of the transmission dynamics of tick-borne pathogens. Moreover, the presence of Rickettsia in urban populations of chipmunks may represent a serious risk for human health and should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Mori
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy. .,Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Palazzo Corsini, Via della Lungara 10, 00165, Rome, Italy.
| | - Benoît Pisanu
- Centre d'expertise et de données sur la nature (UMS Patrimoine Naturel), AFB, MNHN, CNRS, CP41, 36 rue Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 75005, Paris, France.,Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (UMR 7204), MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Rudy Zozzoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11a, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Emanuela Solano
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Via Borelli 50, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Olivieri
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologia "L. Spallanzani", Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via A. Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Davide Sassera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Agroambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Montagna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Agroambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
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18
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Romeo C, McInnes CJ, Dale TD, Shuttleworth C, Bertolino S, Wauters LA, Ferrari N. Disease, invasions and conservation: no evidence of squirrelpox virus in grey squirrels introduced to Italy. Anim Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Romeo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Università degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy
| | | | - T. D. Dale
- Institute of Integrative Biology University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - C. Shuttleworth
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography Bangor University Bangor Gwynedd UK
| | - S. Bertolino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology Università degli Studi di Torino Torino Italy
| | - L. A. Wauters
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Varese Italy
| | - N. Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Università degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Coordinata Epidemiologia e Sorveglianza Molecolare delle Infezioni Università degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy
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19
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Mori E, Zozzoli R, Mazza G. Coming in like a wrecking-ball: are native Eurasian red squirrels displacing invasive Siberian chipmunks? A study from an urban park. Urban Ecosyst 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-018-0775-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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Romeo C, Lecollinet S, Caballero J, Isla J, Luzzago C, Ferrari N, García-Bocanegra I. Are tree squirrels involved in the circulation of flaviviruses in Italy? Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1372-1376. [PMID: 29635877 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), Usutu virus (USUV) and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) are emerging zoonotic flaviviruses (family Flaviviridae), which have circulated in Europe in the past decade. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess exposure to these antigenically related flaviviruses in eastern grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) in Italy. Seventeen out of 158 (10.8%; CI95% : 5.9-15.6) squirrels' sera tested through bELISA had antibodies against flaviviruses. Specific neutralizing antibodies to WNV, USUV and TBEV were detected by virus neutralization tests. Our results indicate that tree squirrels are exposed to Culex and tick-borne zoonotic flaviviruses in Italy. Moreover, this study shows for the first time USUV and TBEV exposure in grey squirrels, broadening the host range reported for these viruses. Even though further studies are needed to define the real role of tree squirrels in the epidemiology of flaviviruses in Europe, this study highlights that serology could be an effective approach for future investigations aimed at broadening our knowledge about the species exposed to these zoonotic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Romeo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - S Lecollinet
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale de Maisons-Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie, INRA, ANSES, ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - J Caballero
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de Córdoba-Agrifood Excellence International, Córdoba, Spain
| | - J Isla
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de Córdoba-Agrifood Excellence International, Córdoba, Spain
| | - C Luzzago
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Coordinated Research Center "EpiSoMI", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - N Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Coordinated Research Center "EpiSoMI", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - I García-Bocanegra
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de Córdoba-Agrifood Excellence International, Córdoba, Spain
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21
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Mazzamuto MV, Morandini M, Panzeri M, Wauters LA, Preatoni DG, Martinoli A. Space invaders: effects of invasive alien Pallas’s squirrel on home range and body mass of native red squirrel. Biol Invasions 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-017-1396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Hofmannová L, Romeo C, Štohanzlová L, Jirsová D, Mazzamuto MV, Wauters LA, Ferrari N, Modrý D. Diversity and host specificity of coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in native and introduced squirrel species. Eur J Protistol 2016; 56:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Weight operated see-saw feeding hoppers are not selective for red squirrels when greys are present. Mamm Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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MAZZAMUTO MV, GALIMBERTI A, CREMONESI G, PISANU B, CHAPUIS JL, STUYCK J, AMORI G, SU H, ALOISE G, PREATONI DG, WAUTERS LA, CASIRAGHI M, MARTINOLI A. Preventing species invasion: A role for integrative taxonomy? Integr Zool 2016; 11:214-28. [DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. MAZZAMUTO
- Environment Analysis and Management Unit -Guido Tosi Research Group, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences; University of Insubria; Varese Italy
| | - Andrea GALIMBERTI
- ZooPlantLab, Department of Biotechnoly and Biosciences; University of Milano-Bicocca; Milan Italy
| | - Giacomo CREMONESI
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin,” Sapienza; Rome University; Rome Italy
| | - Benoît PISANU
- Centre of Ecology and Conservation Sciences; Sorbonne University, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, National Museum of Natural History; Paris France
| | - Jean-Louis CHAPUIS
- Centre of Ecology and Conservation Sciences; Sorbonne University, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, National Museum of Natural History; Paris France
| | - Jan STUYCK
- Research Institute for Nature and Forestry; Geraardsbergen Belgium
| | - Giovanni AMORI
- CNR - Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin,” Sapienza; Rome University; Rome Italy
| | - Haijun SU
- Environment Analysis and Management Unit -Guido Tosi Research Group, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences; University of Insubria; Varese Italy
- Forestry College; Guizhou University; Guiyang Guizhou China
| | - Gaetano ALOISE
- University of Calabria; Museum of Natural History of Calabria and Botanical Garden; Arcavacata di Rende (CS) Italy
| | - Damiano G. PREATONI
- Environment Analysis and Management Unit -Guido Tosi Research Group, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences; University of Insubria; Varese Italy
| | - Lucas A. WAUTERS
- Environment Analysis and Management Unit -Guido Tosi Research Group, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences; University of Insubria; Varese Italy
| | - Maurizio CASIRAGHI
- ZooPlantLab, Department of Biotechnoly and Biosciences; University of Milano-Bicocca; Milan Italy
| | - Adriano MARTINOLI
- Environment Analysis and Management Unit -Guido Tosi Research Group, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences; University of Insubria; Varese Italy
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25
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Mazzamuto MV, Pisanu B, Romeo C, Ferrari N, Preatoni D, Wauters LA, Chapuis JL, Martinoli A. Poor Parasite Community of an Invasive Alien Species: Macroparasites of Pallas's Squirrel in Italy. ANN ZOOL FENN 2016. [DOI: 10.5735/086.053.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Macroparasites of introduced parakeets in Italy: a possible role for parasite-mediated competition. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:3277-81. [PMID: 26025315 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4548-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Alien species are considered a cause of biodiversity loss throughout the world. An important but often overlooked form of competition with native species is the parasite-mediated one. Introduced species may bring their own parasites from their native ranges (spillover) or get native parasites from native species, thus increasing the parasites' spread and transmission risk (spillback). Thus, a complete knowledge of parasites hosted by introduced species is important to assess and to possibly prevent impacts. Ring-necked and monk parakeets have been introduced in many European countries, where they established a number of alien reproductive populations. We sampled 21 ring-necked parakeets and 7 monk parakeets from Italy and identified 35 arthropod ectoparasites belonging to five species. Amongst those, one species was native to India (Neopsittaconirmus lybartota), where alien populations of ring-necked parakeet may have been originated, and one species from South America (Paragoniocotes fulvofasciatus), which is typically found of the monk parakeet in its native range. The other three species of arthropod parasites were native to Italy and commonly found on native species, suggesting the possibility of spillback processes.
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27
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Biodiversity threats from outside to inside: effects of alien grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) on helminth community of native red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris). Parasitol Res 2015; 114:2621-8. [PMID: 25877391 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4466-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Biological invasions are among the major causes of biodiversity loss worldwide, and parasites carried or acquired by invaders may represent an added threat to native species. We compared gastrointestinal helminth communities of native Eurasian red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) in the presence and absence of introduced Eastern grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) to detect alterations induced by the alien species. In particular, we investigated whether spillover of a North American nematode Strongyloides robustus occurs and whether prevalence of a local parasite Trypanoxyuris sciuri in red squirrels is affected by grey squirrel presence. The probability of being infected by both parasites was significantly higher in areas co-inhabited by the alien species, where 61 % of examined red squirrels (n = 49) were infected by S. robustus and 90 % by T. sciuri. Conversely, in red-only areas, the two parasites infected only 5 and 70 % of individuals (n = 60). Overall, our findings support the hypothesis that red squirrels acquire S. robustus via spillover from the alien congener and suggest that invaders' presence may also indirectly affect infection by local parasites through mechanisms diverse than spill-back and linked to the increased competitive pressure to which red squirrels are subjected. These results indicate that the impact of grey squirrel on red squirrels may have been underestimated and highlight the importance of investigating variation in macroparasite communities of native species threatened by alien competitors.
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28
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Ectoparasite load in the crested porcupine Hystrix cristata Linnaeus, 1758 in Central Italy. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:2223-9. [PMID: 25773184 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4413-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The crested porcupine Hystrix cristata is a large body-sized rodent, occurring in Europe only in the Italian Peninsula, where it may have been introduced in early Medieval times. Its parasite fauna is currently poorly known and limited to few anecdotal observations. We have analyzed the ectoparasite load of 165 crested porcupines from Tuscany and Latium (Central Italy). Both captured and road-killed individuals were checked for fleas and ticks. Overall, only 39 porcupines were infested by four species of ticks and five of fleas. Abundance of ectoparasites was higher in areas with higher habitat richness, with respect to densely wooded areas. The most frequent species was the flea Pulex irritans (25%), whose prevalence peaked in winter probably because of optimal abiotic conditions in the porcupine's den. The remaining species of both hard ticks (Rhipicephalus bursa, Pholeoixodes hexagonus, and Ixodes ventalloi) and fleas (Paraceras melis, Ctenocephalides canis, Dasypsyllus gallinulae, and Hystrichopsylla talpae), all with prevalence lower than 5%, could be due to den sharing with other vertebrates, mainly carnivores such as, e.g., red foxes and badgers. The second most prevalent species was the generalist tick Ixodes ricinus (21%). An adult male-biased parasitism for ticks has been detected, suggesting a possible role of testosterone related immune-depressive effect. The low richness in dominant ectoparasite species, built up by locally acquired generalist taxa, provides support to the allochthonous origin of this rodent in Italy.
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29
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Santicchia F, Romeo C, Martinoli A, Lanfranchi P, Wauters LA, Ferrari N. Effects of habitat quality on parasite abundance: do forest fragmentation and food availability affect helminth infection in the Eurasian red squirrel? J Zool (1987) 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Santicchia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Teoriche e Applicate; Guido Tosi Research Group; Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; Varese Italy
| | - C. Romeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - A. Martinoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Teoriche e Applicate; Guido Tosi Research Group; Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; Varese Italy
| | - P. Lanfranchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - L. A. Wauters
- Dipartimento di Scienze Teoriche e Applicate; Guido Tosi Research Group; Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; Varese Italy
- Department of Biology; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - N. Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
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30
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Frontier population dynamics of an invasive squirrel species: Do introduced populations function differently than those in the native range? Biol Invasions 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-014-0787-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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Romeo C, Wauters LA, Cauchie S, Martinoli A, Matthysen E, Saino N, Ferrari N. Faecal egg counts from field experiment reveal density dependence in helminth fecundity: Strongyloides robustus infecting grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis). Parasitol Res 2014; 113:3403-8. [PMID: 24974093 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of endo-macroparasite infections in living animals relies mostly on indirect methods aimed to detect parasite eggs in hosts' faeces. However, faecal flotation does not provide quantitative information on parasite loads, whereas faecal egg count (FEC) techniques may not give reliable estimates of parasite intensity, since egg production may be affected by density-dependent effects on helminth fecundity. We addressed this issue using Eastern grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) and their gastrointestinal nematode Strongyloides robustus to assess the performance of coprological techniques and to investigate factors affecting parasite fecundity. We compared results of gut examination, flotation and McMaster FECs in 65 culled grey squirrels. Sensitivity and specificity of flotation were 81.2% (Confidence Interval, CI 54.3-95.9%) and 85.7% (CI 72.7-94.1%), respectively, resulting in low positive predictive values when infection prevalence is low. Individual parasite fecundity (no. of eggs/adult female worm) was negatively affected by S. robustus intensity, leading to a non-linear relationship between parasite load and eggs/gram of faeces (EPG). As a consequence, whereas flotation may be a valid method to perform the first screening of infection status, FECs are not a reliable method to estimate S. robustus intensity, since diverse values of EPG may correspond to the same number of parasites. Neither the amount of analysed faeces nor the season had any effect on EPG, indicating that the observed reduction in helminth fecundity is likely caused exclusively by density-dependent processes such as competition among worms or host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Romeo
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy,
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