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Wang Q, Gao H, Liu K, Wang H, Zhang F, Wei L, Lu K, Li M, Shi Y, Zhao J, Zhou W, Peng B, Yuan H. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated enhancement of semi-dwarf glutinous traits in elite Xiangdaowan rice ( Oryza sativa L.): targeting SD1 and Wx genes for yield and quality improvement. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1333191. [PMID: 38434426 PMCID: PMC10904601 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1333191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
In rice cultivation, the traits of semi-dwarfism and glutinous texture are pivotal for optimizing yield potential and grain quality, respectively. Xiangdaowan (XDW) rice, renowned for its exceptional aromatic properties, has faced challenges due to its tall stature and high amylose content, resulting in poor lodging resistance and suboptimal culinary attributes. To address these issues, we employed CRISPR/Cas9 technology to precisely edit the SD1 and Wx genes in XDW rice, leading to the development of stable genetically homozygous lines with desired semi-dwarf and glutinous characteristics. The sd1-wx mutant lines exhibited reduced gibberellin content, plant height, and amylose content, while maintaining hardly changed germination rate and other key agronomic traits. Importantly, our study demonstrated that exogenous GA3 application effectively promoted growth by compensating for the deficiency of endogenous gibberellin. Based on this, a semi-dwarf glutinous elite rice (Oryza sativa L.) Lines was developed without too much effect on most agronomic traits. Furthermore, a comparative transcriptome analysis unveiled that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were primarily associated with the anchored component of the membrane, hydrogen peroxide catabolic process, peroxidase activity, terpene synthase activity, and apoplast. Additionally, terpene synthase genes involved in catalyzing the biosynthesis of diterpenoids to gibberellins were enriched and significantly down-regulated. This comprehensive study provides an efficient method for simultaneously enhancing rice plant height and quality, paving the way for the development of lodging-resistant and high-quality rice varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hongyu Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
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Kong B, Ma J, Zhang P, Chen T, Liu Y, Che Z, Shahinnia F, Yang D. Deciphering key genomic regions controlling flag leaf size in wheat via integration of meta-QTL and in silico transcriptome assessment. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:33. [PMID: 36658498 PMCID: PMC9854125 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grain yield is a complex and polygenic trait influenced by the photosynthetic source-sink relationship in wheat. The top three leaves, especially the flag leaf, are considered the major sources of photo-assimilates accumulated in the grain. Determination of significant genomic regions and candidate genes affecting flag leaf size can be used in breeding for grain yield improvement. RESULTS With the final purpose of understanding key genomic regions for flag leaf size, a meta-analysis of 521 initial quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from 31 independent QTL mapping studies over the past decades was performed, where 333 loci eventually were refined into 64 meta-QTLs (MQTLs). The average confidence interval (CI) of these MQTLs was 5.28 times less than that of the initial QTLs. Thirty-three MQTLs overlapped the marker trait associations (MTAs) previously reported in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for flag leaf traits in wheat. A total of 2262 candidate genes for flag leaf size, which were involved in the peroxisome, basal transcription factor, and tyrosine metabolism pathways were identified in MQTL regions by the in silico transcriptome assessment. Of these, the expression analysis of the available genes revealed that 134 genes with > 2 transcripts per million (TPM) were highly and specifically expressed in the leaf. These candidate genes could be critical to affect flag leaf size in wheat. CONCLUSIONS The findings will make further insight into the genetic determinants of flag leaf size and provide some reliable MQTLs and putative candidate genes for the genetic improvement of flag leaf size in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binxue Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Jingfu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Zhuo Che
- Plant Seed Master Station of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Fahimeh Shahinnia
- Bavarian State Research Centre for Agriculture, Institute for Crop Science and Plant Breeding, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Delong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
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Du B, Wu J, Islam MS, Sun C, Lu B, Wei P, Liu D, Chen C. Genome-wide meta-analysis of QTL for morphological related traits of flag leaf in bread wheat. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276602. [PMID: 36279291 PMCID: PMC9591062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Flag leaf is an important organ for photosynthesis of wheat plants, and a key factor affecting wheat yield. In this study, quantitative trait loci (QTL) for flag leaf morphological traits in wheat reported since 2010 were collected to investigate the genetic mechanism of these traits. Integration of 304 QTLs from various mapping populations into a high-density consensus map composed of various types of molecular markers as well as QTL meta-analysis discovered 55 meta-QTLs (MQTL) controlling morphological traits of flag leaves, of which 10 MQTLs were confirmed by GWAS. Four high-confidence MQTLs (MQTL-1, MQTL-11, MQTL-13, and MQTL-52) were screened out from 55 MQTLs, with an average confidence interval of 0.82 cM and a physical distance of 9.4 Mb, according to the definition of hcMQTL. Ten wheat orthologs from rice (7) and Arabidopsis (3) that regulated leaf angle, development and morphogenesis traits were identified in the hcMQTL region using comparative genomics, and were speculated to be potential candidate genes regulating flag leaf morphological traits in wheat. The results from this study provides valuable information for fine mapping and molecular markers assisted selection to improve morphological characters in wheat flag leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Du
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
| | - Jia Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
| | - Md. Samiul Islam
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaoyue Sun
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
| | - Baowei Lu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
| | - Peipei Wei
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
| | - Dong Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
| | - Cunwu Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
- * E-mail:
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Wang X, Hu Y, He W, Yu K, Zhang C, Li Y, Yang W, Sun J, Li X, Zheng F, Zhou S, Kong L, Ling H, Zhao S, Liu D, Zhang A. Whole-genome resequencing of the wheat A subgenome progenitor Triticum urartu provides insights into its demographic history and geographic adaptation. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100345. [PMID: 35655430 PMCID: PMC9483109 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Triticum urartu is the progenitor of the A subgenome in tetraploid and hexaploid wheat. Uncovering the landscape of genetic variations in T. urartu will help us understand the evolutionary and polyploid characteristics of wheat. Here, we investigated the population genomics of T. urartu by genome-wide sequencing of 59 representative accessions collected around the world. A total of 42.2 million high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms and 3 million insertions and deletions were obtained by mapping reads to the reference genome. The ancient T. urartu population experienced a significant reduction in effective population size (Ne) from ∼3 000 000 to ∼140 000 and subsequently split into eastern Mediterranean coastal and Mesopotamian-Transcaucasian populations during the Younger Dryas period. A map of allelic drift paths displayed splits and mixtures between different geographic groups, and a strong genetic drift towards hexaploid wheat was also observed, indicating that the direct donor of the A subgenome originated from northwestern Syria. Genetic changes were revealed between the eastern Mediterranean coastal and Mesopotamian-Transcaucasian populations in genes orthologous to those regulating plant development and stress responses. A genome-wide association study identified two single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the exonic regions of the SEMI-DWARF 37 ortholog that corresponded to the different T. urartu ecotype groups. Our study provides novel insights into the origin and genetic legacy of the A subgenome in polyploid wheat and contributes a gene repertoire for genomics-enabled improvements in wheat breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology/Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Yafei Hu
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Weiming He
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Kang Yu
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China; BGI Institute of Applied Agriculture, BGI-Agro, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Yiwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology/Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wenlong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology/Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jiazhu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology/Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology/Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Fengya Zheng
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Shengjun Zhou
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Lingrang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Hongqing Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology/Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shancen Zhao
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China; BGI Institute of Applied Agriculture, BGI-Agro, Shenzhen, 518120, China.
| | - Dongcheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
| | - Aimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology/Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
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Fang X, Bo C, Wang M, Yuan H, Li W, Chen H, Ma Q, Cai R. Overexpression of the maize WRKY114 gene in transgenic rice reduce plant height by regulating the biosynthesis of GA. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1967635. [PMID: 34498544 PMCID: PMC8525977 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1967635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
WRKYs represent an important family of transcription factors that are widely involved in plant development, defense regulation and stress response. Transgenic rice that constitutively expressed ZmWRKY114 had shorter plant height and showed less sensitivity to gibberellic acid (GA3). Further investigation proved that transgenic rice accumulated lower levels of bioactive GAs than that in wild-type plants. Application of exogenous GA3 fully rescued the semi-dwarf phenotype of ZmWRKY114 transgenic plants. Transcriptome and qRT-PCR analyses indicated that the expression of OsGA2ox4, encoding the repressor of GA biosynthesis, was markedly increased. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and dual-luciferase reporter assay indicated that ZmWRKY114 directly binds to a W-box motif in the OsGA2ox4 promoter. Taken together, these results confirm that ZmWRKY114 is a GA-responsive gene and is participated in the regulation of plant height in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Fang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Chen Bo
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Mengjie Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Haotian Yuan
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Li
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Haowei Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qing Ma
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Engineering Research Center for Maize of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ronghao Cai
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Engineering Research Center for Maize of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Zhang Y, Liu J, Yu J, Zhang H, Yang Z. Relationship between the Phenylpropanoid Pathway and Dwarfism of Paspalum seashore Based on RNA-Seq and iTRAQ. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179568. [PMID: 34502485 PMCID: PMC8431245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Seashore paspalum is a major warm-season turfgrass requiring frequent mowing. The use of dwarf cultivars with slow growth is a promising method to decrease mowing frequency. The present study was conducted to provide an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanism of T51 dwarfing in the phenylpropane pathway and to screen the key genes related to dwarfing. For this purpose, we obtained transcriptomic information based on RNA-Seq and proteomic information based on iTRAQ for the dwarf mutant T51 of seashore paspalum. The combined results of transcriptomic and proteomic analysis were used to identify the differential expression pattern of genes at the translational and transcriptional levels. A total of 8311 DEGs were detected at the transcription level, of which 2540 were upregulated and 5771 were downregulated. Based on the transcripts, 2910 proteins were identified using iTRAQ, of which 392 (155 upregulated and 237 downregulated) were DEPs. The phenylpropane pathway was found to be significantly enriched at both the transcriptional and translational levels. Combined with the decrease in lignin content and the increase in flavonoid content in T51, we found that the dwarf phenotype of T51 is closely related to the abnormal synthesis of lignin and flavonoids in the phenylpropane pathway. CCR and HCT may be the key genes for T51 dwarf. This study provides the basis for further study on the dwarfing mechanism of seashore paspalum. The screening of key genes lays a foundation for further studies on the molecular mechanism of seashore paspalum dwarfing.
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7
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Zhao DD, Son JH, Farooq M, Kim KM. Identification of Candidate Gene for Internode Length in Rice to Enhance Resistance to Lodging Using QTL Analysis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10071369. [PMID: 34371572 PMCID: PMC8309285 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Internode length and stem diameter are the primary traits affecting the lodging resistance of rice. Traits related to the length of the panicle (LP), uppermost internode (LUI), second internode (LSI), third internode (LTI), fourth internode (LFI), lowest internode (LLI) as well as stem diameter at the uppermost internode (SDUI), second internode (SDSI), third internode (SDTI), fourth internode (SDFI), and lowest internode (SDLI) in 120 Cheongcheong/Nagdong doubled haploid population were investigated using a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. Thirty-four QTL regions affected LP and the length of each internode. Twenty-six QTL regions were associated with the stem diameter of each internode. RM12285-RM212 on chromosome 1 contained 10 QTLs related to the internode length, which have overlapped for over 2 years. Twenty-three candidate genes were screened using mark interval. Among the candidate genes, Os01g0803900, named OsCYPq1, which is in the Cytochrome P450 family, might be involved in gibberellins (GA) synthesis. GA is an essential plant growth regulator that affects plant height. OsCYPq1 catalyzes oxidation steps in the middle part of the GA pathway. OsCYPq1 is expected to provide valuable information to improve the marker assessment for target traits and QTL gene cloning in rice.
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Ha CM, Rao X, Saxena G, Dixon RA. Growth-defense trade-offs and yield loss in plants with engineered cell walls. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:60-74. [PMID: 33811329 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As a major component of plant secondary cell walls, lignin provides structural integrity and rigidity, and contributes to primary defense by providing a physical barrier to pathogen ingress. Genetic modification of lignin biosynthesis has been adopted to reduce the recalcitrance of lignified cell walls to improve biofuel production, tree pulping properties and forage digestibility. However, lignin-modification is often, but unpredictably, associated with dwarf phenotypes. Hypotheses suggested to explain this include: collapsed vessels leading to defects in water and solute transport; accumulation of molecule(s) that are inhibitory to plant growth or deficiency of metabolites that are critical for plant growth; activation of defense pathways linked to cell wall integrity sensing. However, there is still no commonly accepted underlying mechanism for the growth defects. Here, we discuss recent data on transcriptional reprogramming in plants with modified lignin content and their corresponding suppressor mutants, and evaluate growth-defense trade-offs as a factor underlying the growth phenotypes. New approaches will be necessary to estimate how gross changes in transcriptional reprogramming may quantitatively affect growth. Better understanding of the basis for yield drag following cell wall engineering is important for the biotechnological exploitation of plants as factories for fuels and chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Man Ha
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311428, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Xiaolan Rao
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, No. 28 Nanli Road, Hong-shan District, Wuchang, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430068, China
| | - Garima Saxena
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311428, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311428, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
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Cui D, Tang C, Lu H, Li J, Ma X, A X, Han B, Yang Y, Dong C, Zhang F, Dai L, Han L. Genetic differentiation and restricted gene flow in rice landraces from Yunnan, China: effects of isolation-by-distance and isolation-by-environment. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 14:54. [PMID: 34131824 PMCID: PMC8206287 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-021-00497-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding and identifying the factors responsible for genetic differentiation is of fundamental importance for efficient utilization and conservation of traditional rice landraces. In this study, we examined the spatial genetic differentiation of 594 individuals sampled from 28 locations in Yunnan Province, China, covering a wide geographic distribution and diverse growing conditions. All 594 accessions were studied using ten unlinked target genes and 48 microsatellite loci, and the representative 108 accessions from the whole collection were sampled for resequencing. RESULTS The genetic diversity of rice landraces was quite different geographically and exhibited a geographical decline from south to north in Yunnan, China. Population structure revealed that the rice landraces could be clearly differentiated into japonica and indica groups, respectively. In each group, the rice accessions could be further differentiated corresponded to their geographic locations, including three subgroups from northern, southern and middle locations. We found more obvious internal geographic structure in the japonica group than in the indica group. In the japonica group, we found that genetic and phenotypic differentiation were strongly related to geographical distance, suggesting a pattern of isolation by distance (IBD); this relationship remained highly significant when we controlled for environmental effects, where the likelihood of gene flow is inversely proportional to the distance between locations. Moreover, the gene flow also followed patterns of isolation by environment (IBE) whereby gene flow rates are higher in similar environments. We detected 314 and 216 regions had been differentially selected between Jap-N and Jap-S, Ind-N and Ind-S, respectively, and thus referred to as selection signatures for different geographic subgroups. We also observed a number of significant and interesting associations between loci and environmental factors, which implies adaptation to local environment. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the influence of geographical isolation and environmental heterogeneity on the pattern of the gene flow, and demonstrate that both geographical isolation and environment drives adaptive divergence play dominant roles in the genetic differentiation of the rice landraces in Yunnan, China as a result of limited dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Cui
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Cuifeng Tang
- Institute of Biotech and Germplasm Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 Xueyunlu, 650205 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hongfeng Lu
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Jinmei Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoding Ma
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Xinxiang A
- Institute of Biotech and Germplasm Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 Xueyunlu, 650205 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Bing Han
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Yayun Yang
- Institute of Biotech and Germplasm Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 Xueyunlu, 650205 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chao Dong
- Institute of Biotech and Germplasm Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 Xueyunlu, 650205 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Feifei Zhang
- Institute of Biotech and Germplasm Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 Xueyunlu, 650205 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Luyuan Dai
- Institute of Biotech and Germplasm Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 Xueyunlu, 650205 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Longzhi Han
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, 100081 Beijing, China
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Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhu X, Wang X, Zhu Z, Li Y, Xie J, Xiong Y, Yang Z, He G, Sang X. Curled Flag Leaf 2, Encoding a Cytochrome P450 Protein, Regulated by the Transcription Factor Roc5, Influences Flag Leaf Development in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:616977. [PMID: 33643332 PMCID: PMC7907467 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.616977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Moderate curling generally causes upright leaf blades, which favors the establishment of ideal plant architecture and increases the photosynthetic efficiency of the population, both of which are desirable traits for super hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.). In this study, we identified a novel curled-leaf mutant, curled flag leaf 2 (cfl2), which shows specific curling at the base of the flag leaf owing to abnormal epidermal development, caused by enlarged bulliform cells and increased number of papillae with the disordered distribution. Map-based cloning reveals that CFL2 encodes a cytochrome P450 protein and corresponds to the previously reported OsCYP96B4. CFL2 was expressed in all analyzed tissues with differential abundance and was downregulated in the clf1 mutant [a mutant harbors a mutation in the homeodomain leucine zipper IV (HD-ZIP IV) transcription factor Roc5]. Yeast one-hybrid and transient expression assays confirm that Roc5 could directly bind to the cis-element L1 box in the promoter of CFL2 before activating CFL2 expression. RNA sequencing reveals that genes associated with cellulose biosynthesis and cell wall-related processes were significantly upregulated in the cfl2 mutant. The components of cell wall, such as lignin, cellulose, and some kinds of monosaccharide, were altered dramatically in the cfl2 mutant when compared with wild-type "Jinhui10" (WT). Taken together, CFL2, as a target gene of Roc5, plays an important role in the regulation of flag leaf shape by influencing epidermis and cell wall development.
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CRISPR/Cas9 Directed Mutagenesis of OsGA20ox2 in High Yielding Basmati Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) Line and Comparative Proteome Profiling of Unveiled Changes Triggered by Mutations. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176170. [PMID: 32859098 PMCID: PMC7504442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In rice, semi-dwarfism is among the most required characteristics, as it facilitates better yields and offers lodging resistance. Here, semi-dwarf rice lines lacking any residual transgene-DNA and off-target effects were generated through CRISPR/Cas9-guided mutagenesis of the OsGA20ox2 gene in a high yielding Basmati rice line, and the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) strategy was utilized to elucidate the proteomic changes in mutants. The results indicated the reduced gibberellins (GA1 and GA4) levels, plant height (28.72%), and flag leaf length, while all the other traits remained unchanged. The OsGA20ox2 expression was highly suppressed, and the mutants exhibited decreased cell length, width, and restored their plant height by exogenous GA3 treatment. Comparative proteomics of the wild-type and homozygous mutant line (GXU43_9) showed an altered level of 588 proteins, 273 upregulated and 315 downregulated, respectively. The identified differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were mainly enriched in the carbon metabolism and fixation, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, photosynthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation pathways. The proteins (Q6AWY7, Q6AWY2, Q9FRG8, Q6EPP9, Q6AWX8) associated with growth-regulating factors (GRF2, GRF7, GRF9, GRF10, and GRF11) and GA (Q8RZ73, Q9AS97, Q69VG1, Q8LNJ6, Q0JH50, and Q5MQ85) were downregulated, while the abscisic stress-ripening protein 5 (ASR5) and abscisic acid receptor (PYL5) were upregulated in mutant lines. We integrated CRISPR/Cas9 with proteomic screening as the most reliable strategy for rapid assessment of the CRISPR experiments outcomes.
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Systems Metabolic Alteration in a Semi-Dwarf Rice Mutant Induced by OsCYP96B4 Gene Mutation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21061924. [PMID: 32168953 PMCID: PMC7139402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dwarfism and semi-dwarfism are among the most valuable agronomic traits in crop breeding, which were adopted by the “Green Revolution”. Previously, we reported a novel semi-dwarf rice mutant (oscyp96b4) derived from the insertion of a single copy of Dissociator (Ds) transposon into the gene OsCYP96B4. However, the systems metabolic effect of the mutation is not well understood, which is important for understanding the gene function and developing new semi-dwarf mutants. Here, the metabolic phenotypes in the semi-dwarf mutant (M) and ectopic expression (ECE) rice line were compared to the wild-type (WT) rice, by using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Compared with WT, ECE of the OsCYP96B4 gene resulted in significant increase of γ-aminobutyrate (GABA), glutamine, and alanine, but significant decrease of glutamate, aromatic and branched-chain amino acids, and some other amino acids. The ECE caused significant increase of monosaccharides (glucose, fructose), but significant decrease of disaccharide (sucrose); induced significant changes of metabolites involved in choline metabolism (phosphocholine, ethanolamine) and nucleotide metabolism (adenosine, adenosine monophosphate, uridine). These metabolic profile alterations were accompanied with changes in the gene expression levels of some related enzymes, involved in GABA shunt, glutamate and glutamine metabolism, choline metabolism, sucrose metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, nucleotide metabolism, and shikimate-mediated secondary metabolism. The semi-dwarf mutant showed corresponding but less pronounced changes, especially in the gene expression levels. It indicates that OsCYP96B4 gene mutation in rice causes significant alteration in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, and shikimate-mediated secondary metabolism. The present study will provide essential information for the OsCYP96B4 gene function analysis and may serve as valuable reference data for the development of new semi-dwarf mutants.
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Zhang D, Yang H, Wang X, Qiu Y, Tian L, Qi X, Qu LQ. Cytochrome P450 family member CYP96B5 hydroxylates alkanes to primary alcohols and is involved in rice leaf cuticular wax synthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:2094-2107. [PMID: 31618451 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Odd-numbered primary alcohols are components of plant cuticular wax, but their biosynthesis remains unknown. We isolated a rice wax crystal-sparse leaf 5 (WSL5) gene using a map-based cloning strategy. The function of WSL5 was illustrated by overexpression and knockout in rice, heterologous expression in Arabidopsis and transient expression in tobacco leaves. WSL5 is predicted to encode a cytochrome P450 family member CYP96B5. The wsl5 mutant lacked crystalloid platelets on the surface of cuticle membrane, and its cuticle membrane was thicker than that of the wild-type. The wsl5 mutant is more tolerant to drought stress. The load of C23 -C33 alkanes increased, whereas the C29 primary alcohol reduced significantly in wsl5 mutant and WSL5 knockout transgenic plants. Overexpression of WSL5 increased the C29 primary alcohol and decreased alkanes in rice leaves. Heterologous expression of WSL5 increased the C29 primary alcohol and decreased alkanes, secondary alcohol, and ketone in Arabidopsis stem wax. Transient expression of WSL5 in tobacco leaves also increased the production C29 primary alcohol. WSL5 catalyzes the terminal hydroxylation of alkanes, yielding odd-numbered primary alcohols, and is involved in the formation of epidermal wax crystals on rice leaf, affecting drought sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Huifang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yijian Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Lihong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xiaoquan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Le Qing Qu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Miao C, Wang D, He R, Liu S, Zhu J. Mutations in MIR396e and MIR396f increase grain size and modulate shoot architecture in rice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:491-501. [PMID: 31336020 PMCID: PMC6953237 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Grain size and plant architecture are critical factors determining crop productivity. Here, we performed gene editing of the MIR396 gene family in rice and found that MIR396e and MIR396f are two important regulators of grain size and plant architecture. mir396ef mutations can increase grain yield by increasing grain size. In addition, mir396ef mutations resulted in an altered plant architecture, with lengthened leaves but shortened internodes, especially the uppermost internode. Our research suggests that mir396ef mutations promote leaf elongation by increasing the level of a gibberellin (GA) precursor, mevalonic acid, which subsequently promotes GA biosynthesis. However, internode elongation in mir396ef mutants appears to be suppressed via reduced CYP96B4 expression but not via the GA pathway. This research provides candidate gene-editing targets to breed elite rice varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbo Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical SilvicultureZhejiang A&F UniversityLin'anHangzhouChina
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Gene Engineering in Jiangxi ProvinceCollege of Life ScienceNanchang UniversityJiangxiChina
| | - Reqing He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Gene Engineering in Jiangxi ProvinceCollege of Life ScienceNanchang UniversityJiangxiChina
| | - Shenkui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical SilvicultureZhejiang A&F UniversityLin'anHangzhouChina
| | - Jian‐Kang Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape ArchitecturePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
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Tomita M, Tanisaka T. The Gametic Non-Lethal Gene Gal on Chromosome 5 Is Indispensable for the Transmission of the Co-Induced Semidwarfing Gene d60 in Rice. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8040094. [PMID: 31861219 PMCID: PMC6956150 DOI: 10.3390/biology8040094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The gametic lethal gene gal in combination with the semidwarfing gene d60 causes complementary lethality in rice. Here, we attempted to ascertain the existence of gal and clarify male gamete abortion caused by d60 and gal. Through the F2 to F4 generations derived from the cross between D60gal-homozygous and d60Gal-homozygous, progenies of the partial sterile plants (D60d60Galgal) were segregated in a ratio of 1 semidwarf (1 d60d60GalGal):2 tall and quarter sterile (2 D60d60Galgal):6 tall (2 D60d60GalGal:1 D60D60GalGal:2 D60D60Galgal:1 D60D60galgal), which is skewed from the Mendelian ratio of 1 semidwarf:3 tall. However, the F4 generation was derived from fertile and tall heterozygous F2 plants (D60d60GalGal), which were segregated in the Mendelian ratio of 1[semidwarf (d60d60GalGal)]:2[1 semidwarf:3 tall (D60d60GalGal)]:1[tall (D60D60GalGal)]. The backcrossing of D60Gal-homozygous tall F4 plants with Hokuriku 100 resulted in fertile BCF1 and BCF2 segregated in a ratio of 1 semidwarf:3 tall, proving that d60 is inherited as a single recessive gene in the D60d60GalGal genetic background (i.e., in the absence of gal). Further, gal was localized on chromosome 5, which is evident from the deviated segregation of d1 as 1:8 and linkage with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Next-generation sequencing identified the candidate SNP responsible for Gal. In F1 and sterile F2, at the binucleate stage, partial pollen discontinued development. Degraded pollen lost vegetative nuclei, but second pollen mitosis raising two generative nuclei was observed. Thus, our study describes a novel genetic model for a reproductive barrier. This is the first report on such a complementary lethal gene, whose mutation allows the transmission of a co-induced valuable semidwarfing gene d60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motonori Tomita
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genome Engineering, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-54-238-4929
| | - Takatoshi Tanisaka
- Laboratory of Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606, Japan;
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Han Y, Teng K, Nawaz G, Feng X, Usman B, Wang X, Luo L, Zhao N, Liu Y, Li R. Generation of semi-dwarf rice ( Oryza sativa L.) lines by CRISPR/Cas9-directed mutagenesis of OsGA20ox2 and proteomic analysis of unveiled changes caused by mutations. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:387. [PMID: 31656725 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1919-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant height (PH) is one of the most important agronomic traits of rice, as it directly affects the yield potential and lodging resistance. Here, semi-dwarf mutant lines were developed through CRISPR/Cas9-based editing of OsGA20ox2 in an indica rice cultivar. Total 24 independent lines were obtained in T0 generation with the mean mutation rate of 73.5% including biallelic (29.16%), homozygous (47.91%) and heterozygous (16.66%) mutations, and 16 T-DNA-free lines (50%) were obtained in T1 generation without off-target effect in four most likely sites. Mutations resulted in a changed amino acid sequence of mutant plants and reduced gibberellins (GA) level and PH (22.2%), flag leaf length (FLL) and increased yield per plant (YPP) (6.0%), while there was no effect on other agronomic traits. Mutants restored their PH to normal by exogenous GA3 treatment. The expression of the OsGA20ox2 gene was significantly suppressed in mutant plants, while the expression level was not affected for other GA biosynthesis (OsGA2ox3 and OsGA3ox2) and signaling (D1, GIDI and SLR1) genes. The mutant lines showed decreased cell length and width, abnormal cell elongation, while increased cell numbers in the second internode sections at mature stage. Total 30 protein spots were exercised, and 24 proteins were identified, and results showed that OsGA20ox2 editing altered protein expression. Five proteins including, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, putative ATP synthase, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase 1, S-adenosyl methionine synthetase 1 and gibberellin 20 oxidase 2, were downregulated in dwarf mutant lines which may affect the plant growth. Collectively, our results provide the insights into the role of OsGA20ox2 in PH and confirmed that CRISPR-Cas9 is a powerful tool to understand the gene functions.
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Chen X, Xu P, Zhou J, Tao D, Yu D. Mapping and breeding value evaluation of a semi-dominant semi-dwarf gene in upland rice. PLANT DIVERSITY 2018; 40:238-244. [PMID: 30740570 PMCID: PMC6224660 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant height is an important trait related to yield potential and plant architecture. A suitable plant height plays a crucial role in improvement of rice yield and lodging resistance. In this study, we found that the traditional upland landrace 'Kaowenghan' (KWH) showed a special semi-dwarf phenotype. To identify the semi-dwarf gene from KWH, we raised BC2F4 semi-dwarf introgression lines (IL) by hybridization of the japonica rice cultivar 'Dianjingyou1' (DJY1) and KWH in a DJY1 background. The plant height of the homozygous semi-dwarf IL (IL-87) was significantly reduced compared with that of DJY1. The phenotype of the F1 progeny of the semi-dwarf IL-87 and DJY1 showed that the semi-dwarf phenotype was semi-dominant. QTL mapping indicated that the semi-dwarf phenotype was controlled by a major QTL qDH1 and was localized between the markers RM6696 and RM12047 on chromosome 1. We also developed near-isogenic lines (NIL) from the BC3F3 population, and found that the yield of homozygous NIL (NIL-2) was not significantly different compared to DJY1. Breeding value evaluation through investigation of the plant height of the progeny of NIL (NIL-2) and cultivars from different genetic background indicate that the novel semi-dwarf gene shows potential as a genetic resource for rice breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Jiawu Zhou
- Food Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (YAAS), Kunming, 650200, China
| | - Dayun Tao
- Food Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (YAAS), Kunming, 650200, China
| | - Diqiu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
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18
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Liu C, Zheng S, Gui J, Fu C, Yu H, Song D, Shen J, Qin P, Liu X, Han B, Yang Y, Li L. Shortened Basal Internodes Encodes a Gibberellin 2-Oxidase and Contributes to Lodging Resistance in Rice. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:288-299. [PMID: 29253619 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Breeding semi-dwarf varieties to improve lodging resistance has been proven to be enormously successful in increasing grain yield since the advent of the "green revolution." However, the breeding of the majority of semi-dwarf rice varieties in Asia has been dependent mainly on genetic introduction of the mutant alleles of SD1, which encodes a gibberellin (GA) 20-oxidase, OsGA20ox2, for catalyzing GA biosynthesis. Here, we report a new rice lodging-resistance gene, Shortened Basal Internodes (SBI), which encodes a gibberellin 2-oxidase and specifically controls the elongation of culm basal internodes through deactivating GA activity. SBI is predominantly expressed in culm basal internodes. Genetic analyses indicate that SBI is a semi-dominant gene affecting rice height and lodging resistance. SBI allelic variants display different activities and are associated with the height of rice varieties. Breeding with higher activity of the SBI allele generates new rice varieties with improved lodging resistance and increased yield. The discovery of the SBI provides a desirable gene resource for producing semi-dwarf rice phenotypes and offers an effective strategy for breeding rice varieties with enhanced lodging resistance and high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuai Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinshan Gui
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chenjian Fu
- Yuan Longping Agriculture High-Tech Co., Ltd., Hunan 410001, China
| | - Hasi Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dongliang Song
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Junhui Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peng Qin
- Yuan Longping Agriculture High-Tech Co., Ltd., Hunan 410001, China
| | | | - Bin Han
- National Center of Plant Gene Research and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yuanzhu Yang
- Yuan Longping Agriculture High-Tech Co., Ltd., Hunan 410001, China; Hunan Ava Seed Research Institute, Hunan 410119, China; Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Disease and Insect-Resistant Rice Breeding, Hunan 410119, China.
| | - Laigeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Liu F, Wang P, Zhang X, Li X, Yan X, Fu D, Wu G. The genetic and molecular basis of crop height based on a rice model. PLANTA 2018; 247:1-26. [PMID: 29110072 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This review presents genetic and molecular basis of crop height using a rice crop model. Height is controlled by multiple genes with potential to be manipulated through breeding strategies to improve productivity. Height is an important factor affecting crop architecture, apical dominance, biomass, resistance to lodging, tolerance to crowding and mechanical harvesting. The impressive increase in wheat and rice yield during the 'green revolution' benefited from a combination of breeding for high-yielding dwarf varieties together with advances in agricultural mechanization, irrigation and agrochemical/fertilizer use. To maximize yield under irrigation and high fertilizer use, semi-dwarfing is optimal, whereas extreme dwarfing leads to decreased yield. Rice plant height is controlled by genes that lie in a complex regulatory network, mainly involved in the biosynthesis or signal transduction of phytohormones such as gibberellins, brassinosteroids and strigolactones. Additional dwarfing genes have been discovered that are involved in other pathways, some of which are uncharacterized. This review discusses our current understanding of the regulation of plant height using rice as a well-characterized model and highlights some of the most promising research that could lead to the development of new, high-yielding varieties. This knowledge underpins future work towards the genetic improvement of plant height in rice and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Pandi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding Technology Innovation and Integration, China National Seed Group Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430206, China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Donghui Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Agronomy College, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.
| | - Gang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China.
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Mustafiz A, Kumari S, Karan R. Ascribing Functions to Genes: Journey Towards Genetic Improvement of Rice Via Functional Genomics. Curr Genomics 2016; 17:155-76. [PMID: 27252584 PMCID: PMC4869004 DOI: 10.2174/1389202917666160202215135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice, one of the most important cereal crops for mankind, feeds more than half the world population. Rice has been heralded as a model cereal owing to its small genome size, amenability to easy transformation, high synteny to other cereal crops and availability of complete genome sequence. Moreover, sequence wealth in rice is getting more refined and precise due to resequencing efforts. This humungous resource of sequence data has confronted research fraternity with a herculean challenge as well as an excellent opportunity to functionally validate expressed as well as regulatory portions of the genome. This will not only help us in understanding the genetic basis of plant architecture and physiology but would also steer us towards developing improved cultivars. No single technique can achieve such a mammoth task. Functional genomics through its diverse tools viz. loss and gain of function mutants, multifarious omics strategies like transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and phenomics provide us with the necessary handle. A paradigm shift in technological advances in functional genomics strategies has been instrumental in generating considerable amount of information w.r.t functionality of rice genome. We now have several databases and online resources for functionally validated genes but despite that we are far from reaching the desired milestone of functionally characterizing each and every rice gene. There is an urgent need for a common platform, for information already available in rice, and collaborative efforts between researchers in a concerted manner as well as healthy public-private partnership, for genetic improvement of rice crop better able to handle the pressures of climate change and exponentially increasing population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Mustafiz
- South Asian University, Akbar Bhawan, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi
| | - Sumita Kumari
- Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agriculture Sciences and Technology, Jammu 180009, India
| | - Ratna Karan
- Agronomy Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville - 32611, Florida, USA
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Wang Y, Xiao X, Wang X, Zeng J, Kang H, Fan X, Sha L, Zhang H, Zhou Y. RNA-Seq and iTRAQ Reveal the Dwarfing Mechanism of Dwarf Polish Wheat (Triticum polonicum L.). Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:653-66. [PMID: 27194943 PMCID: PMC4870709 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.14577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The dwarfing mechanism of Rht-dp in dwarf Polish wheat (DPW) is unknown. Each internode of DPW was significantly shorter than it in high Polish wheat (HPW), and the dwarfism was insensitive to photoperiod, abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA), cytokinin (CK), auxin and brassinolide (BR). To understand the mechanism, three sets of transcripts, DPW, HPW, and a chimeric set (a combination of DPW and HPW), were constructed using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). Based on the chimeric transcripts, 2,446 proteins were identified using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ). A total of 108 unigenes and 12 proteins were considered as dwarfism-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), respectively. Among of these DEGs and DEPs, 6 DEGs and 6 DEPs were found to be involved in flavonoid and S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) metabolisms; 5 DEGs and 3 DEPs were involved in cellulose metabolism, cell wall plasticity and cell expansion; 2 DEGs were auxin transporters; 2 DEPs were histones; 1 DEP was a peroxidase. These DEGs and DEPs reduced lignin and cellulose contents, increased flavonoid content, possibly decreased S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) and polyamine contents and increased S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) content in DPW stems, which could limit auxin transport and reduce extensibility of the cell wall, finally limited cell expansion (the cell size of DPW was significantly smaller than HPW cells) and caused dwarfism in DPW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- 1. Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- 1. Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- 1. Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Zeng
- 2. College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Houyang Kang
- 1. Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xing Fan
- 1. Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lina Sha
- 1. Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Haiqin Zhang
- 1. Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- 1. Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan, China
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Wang X, Cheng Z, Zhao Z, Gan L, Qin R, Zhou K, Ma W, Zhang B, Wang J, Zhai H, Wan J. BRITTLE SHEATH1 encoding OsCYP96B4 is involved in secondary cell wall formation in rice. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:745-55. [PMID: 26685666 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1916-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Mutation of BSH1 leads to brittle sheath phenotype and reduction of very-long-chain fatty acids and their derivatives in wax. The cell wall plays an important role in plant mechanical strength. Several brittle culm mutants have been identified and characterized in rice. Here, we characterized an anther culture-derived rice brittle sheath mutant, named bsh1 and isolated BSH1 via map-based strategy. BSH1 encodes OsCYP96B4 protein, which was localized on ER membrane in the protoplast transient assay. BSH1 is mainly expressed in developing vascular tissues and the cells in which cell wall secondary thickening is occurring. Mutation in bsh1 causes changes in cell wall composition by affecting the expression of cell wall-related genes. Moreover, bsh1 shows reduced amounts of very-long-chain fatty acids and their derivatives in wax rather than the medium-chain fatty acids. In summary, BSH1 functions mainly in secondary cell wall formation, and probably in wax biosynthesis in an unidentified mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaole Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhijun Cheng
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhichao Zhao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lu Gan
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ruizhen Qin
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Kunneng Zhou
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weiwei Ma
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jiulin Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Huqu Zhai
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jianmin Wan
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Cho SH, Kang K, Lee SH, Lee IJ, Paek NC. OsWOX3A is involved in negative feedback regulation of the gibberellic acid biosynthetic pathway in rice (Oryza sativa). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:1677-87. [PMID: 26767749 PMCID: PMC4783357 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The plant-specific WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) nuclear proteins have important roles in the transcriptional regulation of many developmental processes. Among the rice (Oryza sativa) WOX proteins, a loss of OsWOX3A function in narrow leaf2 (nal2) nal3 double mutants (termed nal2/3) causes pleiotropic effects, such as narrow and curly leaves, opened spikelets, narrow grains, more tillers, and fewer lateral roots, but almost normal plant height. To examine OsWOX3A function in more detail, transgenic rice overexpressing OsWOX3A (OsWOX3A-OX) were generated; unexpectedly, all of them consistently exhibited severe dwarfism with very short and wide leaves, a phenotype that resembles that of gibberellic acid (GA)-deficient or GA-insensitive mutants. Exogenous GA3 treatment fully rescued the developmental defects of OsWOX3A-OX plants, suggesting that constitutive overexpression of OsWOX3A downregulates GA biosynthesis. Quantitative analysis of GA intermediates revealed significantly reduced levels of GA20 and bioactive GA1 in OsWOX3A-OX, possibly due to downregulation of the expression of KAO, which encodes ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase, a GA biosynthetic enzyme. Yeast one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that OsWOX3A directly interacts with the KAO promoter. OsWOX3A expression is drastically and temporarily upregulated by GA3 and downregulated by paclobutrazol, a blocker of GA biosynthesis. These data indicate that OsWOX3A is a GA-responsive gene and functions in the negative feedback regulation of the GA biosynthetic pathway for GA homeostasis to maintain the threshold levels of endogenous GA intermediates throughout development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hwan Cho
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea Present address: Division of Plant Science and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kiyoon Kang
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hwa Lee
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Jung Lee
- Division of Plant Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Chon Paek
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
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24
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Tamiru M, Undan JR, Takagi H, Abe A, Yoshida K, Undan JQ, Natsume S, Uemura A, Saitoh H, Matsumura H, Urasaki N, Yokota T, Terauchi R. A cytochrome P450, OsDSS1, is involved in growth and drought stress responses in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 88:85-99. [PMID: 25800365 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0310-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s are among the largest protein coding gene families in plant genomes. However, majority of the genes remain uncharacterized. Here, we report the characterization of dss1, a rice mutant showing dwarfism and reduced grain size. The dss1 phenotype is caused by a non-synonymous point mutation we identified in DSS1, which is member of a P450 gene cluster located on rice chromosome 3 and corresponds to the previously reported CYP96B4/SD37 gene. Phenotypes of several dwarf mutants characterized in rice are associated with defects in the biosynthesis or perception of the phytohormones gibberellins (GAs) and brassinosteroids (BRs). However, both GA and BR failed to rescue the dss1 phenotype. Hormone profiling revealed the accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) and ABA metabolites, as well as significant reductions in GA19 and GA53 levels, precursors of the bioactive GA1, in the mutant. The dss1 contents of cytokinin and auxins were not significantly different from wild-type plants. Consistent with the accumulation of ABA and metabolites, germination and early growth was delayed in dss1, which also exhibited an enhanced tolerance to drought. Additionally, expressions of members of the DSS1/CYP96B gene cluster were regulated by drought stress and exogenous ABA. RNA-seq-based transcriptome profiling revealed, among others, that cell wall-related genes and genes involved in lipid metabolism were up- and down-regulated in dss1, respectively. Taken together, these findings suggest that DSS1 mediates growth and stress responses in rice by fine-tuning GA-to-ABA balance, and might as well play a role in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muluneh Tamiru
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan,
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25
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Cheng J, Salentijn EMJ, Huang B, Denneboom C, Qi W, Dechesne AC, Krens FA, Visser RGF, van Loo EN. Detection of induced mutations in CaFAD2 genes by next-generation sequencing leading to the production of improved oil composition in Crambe abyssinica. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:471-81. [PMID: 25393152 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Crambe abyssinica is a hexaploid oil crop for industrial applications. An increase of erucic acid (C22:1) and reduction of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents in crambe oil is a valuable improvement. An increase in oleic acid (C18:1), a reduction in PUFA and possibly an increase in C22:1 can be obtained by down-regulating the expression of fatty acid desaturase2 genes (CaFAD2), which code for the enzyme that converts C18:1 into C18:2. We conducted EMS-mutagenesis in crambe, followed by Illumina sequencing, to screen mutations in three expressed CaFAD2 genes. Two novel analysis strategies were used to detect mutation sites. In the first strategy, mutation detection targeted specific sequence motifs. In the second strategy, every nucleotide position in a CaFAD2 fragment was tested for the presence of mutations. Seventeen novel mutations were detected in 1100 one-dimensional pools (11 000 individuals) in three expressed CaFAD2 genes, including non-sense mutations and mis-sense mutations in CaFAD2-C1, -C2 and -C3. The homozygous non-sense mutants for CaFAD2-C3 resulted in a 25% higher content of C18:1 and 25% lower content of PUFA compared to the wild type. The mis-sense mutations only led to small changes in oil composition. Concluding, targeted mutation detection using NGS in a polyploid was successfully applied and it was found that a non-sense mutation in even a single CaFAD2 gene can lead to changes in crambe oil composition. Stacking the mutations in different CaFAD2 may gain additional changes in C18:1 and PUFA contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihua Cheng
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen, The Netherlands; College of Life Science, Hubei University, Hubei, China
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26
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Plett JM, Williams M, LeClair G, Regan S, Beardmore T. Heterologous over-expression of ACC SYNTHASE8 (ACS8) in Populus tremula x P. alba clone 717-1B4 results in elevated levels of ethylene and induces stem dwarfism and reduced leaf size through separate genetic pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:514. [PMID: 25414707 PMCID: PMC4220096 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant height is an important agronomic and horticultural trait that impacts plant productivity, durability and esthetic appeal. A number of the plant hormones such as gibberellic acid (GA), auxin and ethylene have been linked to control of plant architecture and size. Reduction in GA synthesis and auxin transport result in dwarfism while ethylene may have a permissive or repressive effect on tissue growth depending upon the age of plant tissues or the environmental conditions considered. We describe here an activation-tagged mutant of Populus tremula x P. alba clone 717-1B4 identified from 2000 independent transgenic lines due to its significantly reduced growth rate and smaller leaf size. Named dwarfy, the phenotype is due to increased expression of PtaACC SYNTHASE8, which codes for an enzyme in the first committed step in the biosynthesis of ethylene. Stems of dwarfy contain fiber and vessel elements that are reduced in length while leaves contain fewer cells. These morphological differences are linked to PtaACS8 inducing different transcriptomic programs in the stem and leaf, with genes related to auxin diffusion and sensing being repressed in the stem and genes related to cell division found to be repressed in the leaves. Altogether, our study gives mechanistic insight into the genetics underpinning ethylene-induced dwarfism in a perennial model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Plett
- Department of Biology, Queen's UniversityKingston, ON, Canada
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western SydneyRichmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Martin Williams
- Atlantic Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources CanadaFredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Gaetan LeClair
- Atlantic Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources CanadaFredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Sharon Regan
- Department of Biology, Queen's UniversityKingston, ON, Canada
| | - Tannis Beardmore
- Atlantic Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources CanadaFredericton, NB, Canada
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