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Picazo-Bueno JÁ, Sanz M, Granero L, García J, Micó V. Multi-Illumination Single-Holographic-Exposure Lensless Fresnel (MISHELF) Microscopy: Principles and Biomedical Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1472. [PMID: 36772511 PMCID: PMC9918952 DOI: 10.3390/s23031472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lensless holographic microscopy (LHM) comes out as a promising label-free technique since it supplies high-quality imaging and adaptive magnification in a lens-free, compact and cost-effective way. Compact sizes and reduced prices of LHMs make them a perfect instrument for point-of-care diagnosis and increase their usability in limited-resource laboratories, remote areas, and poor countries. LHM can provide excellent intensity and phase imaging when the twin image is removed. In that sense, multi-illumination single-holographic-exposure lensless Fresnel (MISHELF) microscopy appears as a single-shot and phase-retrieved imaging technique employing multiple illumination/detection channels and a fast-iterative phase-retrieval algorithm. In this contribution, we review MISHELF microscopy through the description of the principles, the analysis of the performance, the presentation of the microscope prototypes and the inclusion of the main biomedical applications reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ángel Picazo-Bueno
- Department of Optics, Optometry and Vision Science, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
- Biomedical Technology Center of the Medical Faculty, University of Muenster, Mendelstr. 17, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Martín Sanz
- Department of Optics, Optometry and Vision Science, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Luis Granero
- Department of Optics, Optometry and Vision Science, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Javier García
- Department of Optics, Optometry and Vision Science, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Vicente Micó
- Department of Optics, Optometry and Vision Science, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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Tyagi A, Khaware N, Tripathi BS, Jeet T, Balasubramanian P, Elangovan R. i-scope: A Compact automated fluorescence microscope for cell counting applications in low resource settings. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2022; 10. [PMID: 36063812 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ac8f84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy has widespread applications across biological sciences. It has been routinely used for cell counting, which provides a preliminary diagnostic test for many infectious diseases. Conventional fluorescence microscopes are bulky, expensive, time-intensive and laborious. They often require trained operators to acquire and analyze data. We report a compact automated digital fluorescence microscopy system, i-scope, for cell counting applications. The i-scope employs a total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) mode of sample illumination, along with a brightfield mode. It has a magnification of 30X, an optical resolution of ~0.2 µm/pixel and offers sample scanning over 20 mm x 20 mm. A custom-written program enables automated image acquisition and analysis, thereby enhancing ease of operation. It has a compact form-factor and has been developed into a standalone system with a processing unit, screen, and other accessories to offer a portable and economic point-of-care diagnostic solution in low-resource settings. We analysed the performance of the i-scope for milk somatic cell enumeration and benchmarked it against that of a conventional fluorescence microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Tyagi
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Room 335, Block 1, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, INDIA
| | - Neha Khaware
- School of Interdisciplinary Research, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, INDIA
| | - Bramha Swaroop Tripathi
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, INDIA
| | - Tushar Jeet
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, INDIA
| | - Prabhu Balasubramanian
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, INDIA
| | - Ravikrishnan Elangovan
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, INDIA
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Jiang S, Guo C, Bian Z, Wang R, Zhu J, Song P, Hu P, Hu D, Zhang Z, Hoshino K, Feng B, Zheng G. Ptychographic sensor for large-scale lensless microbial monitoring with high spatiotemporal resolution. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 196:113699. [PMID: 34653716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Traditional microbial detection methods often rely on the overall property of microbial cultures and cannot resolve individual growth event at high spatiotemporal resolution. As a result, they require bacteria to grow to confluence and then interpret the results. Here, we demonstrate the application of an integrated ptychographic sensor for lensless cytometric analysis of microbial cultures over a large scale and with high spatiotemporal resolution. The reported device can be placed within a regular incubator or used as a standalone incubating unit for long-term microbial monitoring. For longitudinal study where massive data are acquired at sequential time points, we report a new temporal-similarity constraint to increase the temporal resolution of ptychographic reconstruction by 7-fold. With this strategy, the reported device achieves a centimeter-scale field of view, a half-pitch spatial resolution of 488 nm, and a temporal resolution of 15-s intervals. For the first time, we report the direct observation of bacterial growth in a 15-s interval by tracking the phase wraps of the recovered images, with high phase sensitivity like that in interferometric measurements. We also characterize cell growth via longitudinal dry mass measurement and perform rapid bacterial detection at low concentrations. For drug-screening application, we demonstrate proof-of-concept antibiotic susceptibility testing and perform single-cell analysis of antibiotic-induced filamentation. The combination of high phase sensitivity, high spatiotemporal resolution, and large field of view is unique among existing microscopy techniques. As a quantitative and miniaturized platform, it can improve studies with microorganisms and other biospecimens at resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Chengfei Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
| | - Zichao Bian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Ruihai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Jiakai Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Pengming Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Patrick Hu
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Derek Hu
- Amador Valley High School, Pleasanton, CA, 94566, USA
| | - Zibang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Kazunori Hoshino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Bin Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Guoan Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
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Song P, Guo C, Jiang S, Wang T, Hu P, Hu D, Zhang Z, Feng B, Zheng G. Optofluidic ptychography on a chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:4549-4556. [PMID: 34726219 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00719j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report the implementation of a fully on-chip, lensless microscopy technique termed optofluidic ptychography. This imaging modality complements the miniaturization provided by microfluidics and allows the integration of ptychographic microscopy into various lab-on-a-chip devices. In our prototype, we place a microfluidic channel on the top surface of a coverslip and coat the bottom surface with a scattering layer. The channel and the coated coverslip substrate are then placed on top of an image sensor for diffraction data acquisition. Similar to the operation of a flow cytometer, the device utilizes microfluidic flow to deliver specimens across the channel. The diffracted light from the flowing objects is modulated by the scattering layer and recorded by the image sensor for ptychographic reconstruction, where high-resolution quantitative complex images are recovered from the diffraction measurements. By using an image sensor with a 1.85 μm pixel size, our device can resolve the 550 nm linewidth on the resolution target. We validate the device by imaging different types of biospecimens, including C. elegans, yeast cells, paramecium, and closterium sp. We also demonstrate a high-resolution ptychographic reconstruction at a video framerate of 30 frames per second. The reported technique can address a wide range of biomedical needs and engenders new ptychographic imaging innovations in a flow cytometer configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengming Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
| | - Chengfei Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
| | - Shaowei Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
| | - Tianbo Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
| | - Patrick Hu
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Derek Hu
- Amador Valley High School, Pleasanton, CA, 94566, USA
| | - Zibang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
| | - Bin Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
| | - Guoan Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
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Huang Y, Jiang S, Wang R, Song P, Zhang J, Zheng G, Ji X, Zhang Y. Ptychography-based high-throughput lensless on-chip microscopy via incremental proximal algorithms. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:37892-37906. [PMID: 34808853 DOI: 10.1364/oe.442530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ptychography-based lensless on-chip microscopy enables high-throughput imaging by retrieving the missing phase information from intensity measurements. Numerous reconstruction algorithms for ptychography have been proposed, yet only a few incremental algorithms can be extended to lensless on-chip microscopy because of large-scale datasets but limited computational efficiency. In this paper, we propose the use of accelerated proximal gradient methods for blind ptychographic phase retrieval in lensless on-chip microscopy. Incremental gradient approaches are adopted in the reconstruction routine. Our algorithms divide the phase retrieval problem into sub-problems involving the evaluation of proximal operator, stochastic gradient descent, and Wirtinger derivatives. We benchmark the performances of accelerated proximal gradient, extended ptychographic iterative engine, and alternating direction method of multipliers, and discuss their convergence and accuracy in both noisy and noiseless cases. We also validate our algorithms using experimental datasets, where full field of view measurements are captured to recover the high-resolution complex samples. Among these algorithms, accelerated proximal gradient presents the overall best performance regarding accuracy and convergence rate. The proposed methods may find applications in ptychographic reconstruction, especially for cases where a wide field of view and high resolution are desired at the same time.
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Song P, Wang R, Zhu J, Wang T, Bian Z, Zhang Z, Hoshino K, Murphy M, Jiang S, Guo C, Zheng G. Super-resolved multispectral lensless microscopy via angle-tilted, wavelength-multiplexed ptychographic modulation. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:3486-3489. [PMID: 32630878 DOI: 10.1364/ol.394923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report an angle-tilted, wavelength-multiplexed ptychographic modulation approach for multispectral lensless on-chip microscopy. In this approach, we illuminate the specimen with lights at five wavelengths simultaneously. A prism is added at the illumination path for spectral dispersion. Thus, lightwaves at different wavelengths hit the specimen at slightly different incident angles, breaking the ambiguities in mixed-state ptychographic reconstruction. At the detection path, we place a thin diffuser between the specimen and the monochromatic image sensor for encoding the spectral information into 2D intensity measurements. By scanning the sample to different x-y positions, we acquire a sequence of monochromatic images for reconstructing the five complex object profiles at the five wavelengths. An up-sampling procedure is integrated into the recovery process to bypass the resolution limit imposed by the imager pixel size. We demonstrate a half-pitch resolution of 0.55 µm using an image sensor with 1.85 µm pixel size. We also demonstrate quantitative and high-quality multispectral reconstructions of stained tissue sections for digital pathology applications.
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Jiang S, Zhu J, Song P, Guo C, Bian Z, Wang R, Huang Y, Wang S, Zhang H, Zheng G. Wide-field, high-resolution lensless on-chip microscopy via near-field blind ptychographic modulation. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1058-1065. [PMID: 32073018 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01027k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel lensless on-chip microscopy platform based on near-field blind ptychographic modulation. In this platform, we place a thin diffuser in between the object and the image sensor for light wave modulation. By blindly scanning the unknown diffuser to different x-y positions, we acquire a sequence of modulated intensity images for quantitative object recovery. Different from previous ptychographic implementations, we employ a unit magnification configuration with a Fresnel number of ∼50 000, which is orders of magnitude higher than those of previous ptychographic setups. The unit magnification configuration allows us to have the entire sensor area, 6.4 mm by 4.6 mm, as the imaging field of view. The ultra-high Fresnel number enables us to directly recover the positional shift of the diffuser in the phase retrieval process, addressing the positioning accuracy issue plaguing regular ptychographic experiments. In our implementation, we use a low-cost, DIY scanning stage to perform blind diffuser modulation. Precise mechanical scanning that is critical in conventional ptychography experiments is no longer needed in our setup. We further employ an up-sampling phase retrieval scheme to bypass the resolution limit set by the imager pixel size and demonstrate a half-pitch resolution of 0.78 μm. We validate the imaging performance via in vitro cell cultures, transparent and stained tissue sections, and a thick biological sample. We show that the recovered quantitative phase map can be used to perform effective cell segmentation of a dense yeast culture. We also demonstrate 3D digital refocusing of the thick biological sample based on the recovered wavefront. The reported platform provides a cost-effective and turnkey solution for large field-of-view, high-resolution, and quantitative on-chip microscopy. It is adaptable for a wide range of point-of-care-, global-health-, and telemedicine-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Jiakai Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Pengming Song
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Chengfei Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Zichao Bian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Ruihai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Yikun Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Shiyao Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Guoan Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA. and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Huang CH, Park YI, Lin HY, Pathania D, Park KS, Avila-Wallace M, Castro CM, Weissleder R, Lee H. Compact and Filter-Free Luminescence Biosensor for Mobile in Vitro Diagnoses. ACS NANO 2019; 13:11698-11706. [PMID: 31461265 PMCID: PMC7307311 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b05634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report a sensitive and versatile biosensing approach, LUCID (luminescence compact in vitro diagnostics), for quantitative molecular and cellular analyses. LUCID uses upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) as luminescent reporters in mutually exclusive photoexcitation and read-out sequences implemented on a smartphone. The strategy improves imaging signal-to-noise ratios, eliminating interference from excitation sources and minimizing autofluorescence, and thus enables filterless imaging. Here we developed a miniaturized detection system and optimized UCNPs for the system and biological applications. Nanoparticle luminescence lifetime was extended by controlling particle structure and composition. When tested with a range of biological targets, LUCID achieved high detection sensitivity (0.5 pM for protein and 0.1 pM for nucleic acids), differentiated bacterial samples, and allowed profiling of cells. In proof-of-concept clinical use, LUCID demonstrated effective screening of cancer cells in cervical brushing specimens, identifying patients at high risk for malignancy. These results suggest that LUCID could serve as a broadly applicable and inexpensive diagnostic platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Han Huang
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, No. 300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan
| | - Yong Il Park
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hsing-Ying Lin
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Divya Pathania
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Ki Soo Park
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Maria Avila-Wallace
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Cesar M. Castro
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Hakho Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
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Huang W, Yang L, Yang G, Li F. Microfluidic multi-angle laser scattering system for rapid and label-free detection of waterborne parasites. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:1520-1530. [PMID: 29675299 PMCID: PMC5905903 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.001520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic laser scattering system for rapid and label-free detection of single waterborne parasites in microfluidic flows was designed, fabricated and demonstrated. The key novelty of the system lies in the integration of functional modules involving pre-concentration, on-chip laser scattering detection, and pattern recognition. The silicon-based pre-concentration chip can concentrate 10 ml reagent water sample spiked with protozoa (oo)cysts into a volume of 200 μl in ~30 minutes. The concentrated sample is further channeled into the on-chip laser scattering detection module at a flow rate of 10 μl/min, which can collect the multi-angle scattering pattern of single flowing microparticles. The Zernike moment features of scattering patterns are extracted using principal component analysis, and classification of scattering patterns are performed using the linear discriminator analysis algorithm. As a result, Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Giardia lamblia cysts spiked in ~10 ml reagent water can be enumerated and identified within an hour without labeling, with a mean recovery efficiency of ~73% and average accuracies of 96%, 97%, 97% and 98% at concentrations of 10, 50, 100, 300 (oo)cysts per 10 ml water, respectively. We believe that this compact microfluidic laser scattering system has potential for rapid and label-free water quality monitoring in field and resource-limited environments.
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Soler C, Picazo-Bueno JÁ, Micó V, Valverde A, Bompart D, Blasco FJ, Álvarez JG, García-Molina A. Effect of counting chamber depth on the accuracy of lensless microscopy for the assessment of boar sperm motility. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 30:924-934. [DOI: 10.1071/rd17467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm motility is one of the most significant parameters in the prediction of male fertility. Until now, both motility analysis using an optical microscope and computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA-Mot) entailed the use of counting chambers with a depth to 20 µm. Chamber depth significantly affects the intrinsic sperm movement, leading to an artificial motility pattern. For the first time, laser microscopy offers the possibility of avoiding this interference with sperm movement. The aims of the present study were to determine the different motility patterns observed in chambers with depths of 10, 20 and 100 µm using a new holographic approach and to compare the results obtained in the 20-µm chamber with those of the laser and optical CASA-Mot systems. The ISAS®3D-Track results showed that values for curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight line velocity, wobble and beat cross frequency were higher for the 100-µm chambers than for the 10- and 20-µm chambers. Only VCL showed a positive correlation between chambers. In addition, Bayesian analysis confirmed that the kinematic parameters observed with the 100-µm chamber were significantly different to those obtained using chambers with depths of 10 and 20 µm. When an optical analyser CASA-Mot system was used, all kinematic parameters, except VCL, were higher with ISAS®3D-Track, but were not relevant after Bayesian analysis. Finally, almost three different three-dimensional motility patterns were recognised. In conclusion, the use of the ISAS®3D-Track allows for the analysis of the natural three-dimensional pattern of sperm movement.
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Sung YL, Garan J, Nguyen H, Hu Z, Shih WC. Automated batch characterization of inkjet-printed elastomer lenses using a LEGO platform. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:7346-7350. [PMID: 29048055 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.007346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Small, self-adhesive, inkjet-printed elastomer lenses have enabled smartphone cameras to image and resolve microscopic objects. However, the performance of different lenses within a batch is affected by hard-to-control environmental variables. We present a cost-effective platform to perform automated batch characterization of 300 lens units simultaneously for quality inspection. The system was designed and configured with LEGO bricks, 3D printed parts, and a digital camera. The scheme presented here may become the basis of a high-throughput, in-line inspection tool for quality control purposes and can also be employed for optimization of the manufacturing process.
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Rosado-García FM, Guerrero-Flórez M, Karanis G, Hinojosa MDC, Karanis P. Water-borne protozoa parasites: The Latin American perspective. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:783-798. [PMID: 28460996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Health systems, sanitation and water access have certain limitations in nations of Latin America (LA): typical matters of developing countries. Water is often contaminated and therefore unhealthy for the consumers and users. Information on prevalence and detection of waterborne parasitic protozoa are limited or not available in LA. Only few reports have documented in this field during the last forty years and Brazil leads the list, including countries in South America and Mexico within Central America region and Caribbean islands. From 1979 to 2015, 16 outbreaks of waterborne-protozoa, were reported in Latin American countries. T. gondii and C. cayetanensis were the protozoa, which caused more outbreaks and Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. were the most frequently found protozoa in water samples. On the other hand, Latin America countries have not got a coherent methodology for detection of protozoa in water samples despite whole LA is highly vulnerable to extreme weather events related to waterborne-infections; although Brazil and Colombia have some implemented laws in their surveillance systems. It would be important to coordinate all surveillance systems in between all countries for early detection and measures against waterborne-protozoan and to establish effective and suitable diagnosis tools according to the country's economic strength and particular needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Manuel Rosado-García
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, PR China; National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology of Cuba, Cuba
| | - Milena Guerrero-Flórez
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, PR China; Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Doctorate in Biotechnology, Universidad de Nariño, Research Group of Functional Materials and Catalysis, GIMFC, Colombia
| | - Gabriele Karanis
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, PR China; Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining City, 810016, Qinghai Province, PR China
| | | | - Panagiotis Karanis
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, PR China.
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Compact, cost-effective and field-portable microscope prototype based on MISHELF microscopy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43291. [PMID: 28233829 PMCID: PMC5324169 DOI: 10.1038/srep43291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on a reduced cost, portable and compact prototype design of lensless holographic microscope with an illumination/detection scheme based on wavelength multiplexing, working with single hologram acquisition and using a fast convergence algorithm for image processing. All together, MISHELF (initials coming from Multi-Illumination Single-Holographic-Exposure Lensless Fresnel) microscopy allows the recording of three Fresnel domain diffraction patterns in a single camera snap-shot incoming from illuminating the sample with three coherent lights at once. Previous implementations have proposed an illumination/detection procedure based on a tuned (illumination wavelengths centered at the maximum sensitivity of the camera detection channels) configuration but here we report on a detuned (non-centered ones) scheme resulting in prototype miniaturization and cost reduction. Thus, MISHELF microscopy in combination with a novel and fast iterative algorithm allows high-resolution (μm range) phase-retrieved (twin image elimination) quantitative phase imaging of dynamic events (video rate recording speed). The performance of this microscope prototype is validated through experiments using both amplitude (USAF resolution test) and complex (live swine sperm cells and flowing microbeads) samples. The proposed method becomes in an alternative instrument improving some capabilities of existing lensless microscopes.
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McLeod E, Ozcan A. Unconventional methods of imaging: computational microscopy and compact implementations. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2016; 79:076001. [PMID: 27214407 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/79/7/076001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades or so, there has been a renaissance of optical microscopy research and development. Much work has been done in an effort to improve the resolution and sensitivity of microscopes, while at the same time to introduce new imaging modalities, and make existing imaging systems more efficient and more accessible. In this review, we look at two particular aspects of this renaissance: computational imaging techniques and compact imaging platforms. In many cases, these aspects go hand-in-hand because the use of computational techniques can simplify the demands placed on optical hardware in obtaining a desired imaging performance. In the first main section, we cover lens-based computational imaging, in particular, light-field microscopy, structured illumination, synthetic aperture, Fourier ptychography, and compressive imaging. In the second main section, we review lensfree holographic on-chip imaging, including how images are reconstructed, phase recovery techniques, and integration with smart substrates for more advanced imaging tasks. In the third main section we describe how these and other microscopy modalities have been implemented in compact and field-portable devices, often based around smartphones. Finally, we conclude with some comments about opportunities and demand for better results, and where we believe the field is heading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euan McLeod
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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15
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Im H, Park YI, Pathania D, Castro CM, Weissleder R, Lee H. Digital diffraction detection of protein markers for avian influenza. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:1340-5. [PMID: 26980325 PMCID: PMC4829473 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01558h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Rapid pathogen testing is expected to play a critical role in infection control and in limiting epidemics. Smartphones equipped with state-of-the-art computing and imaging technologies have emerged as new point-of-use (POU) sensing platforms. We herein report a new assay format for fast, sensitive and portable detection of avian influenza-associated antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungsoon Im
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St., CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA. and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yong Il Park
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St., CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Divya Pathania
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St., CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA. and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Cesar M Castro
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St., CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA. and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St., CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA. and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hakho Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St., CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA. and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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16
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Real-time bacterial microcolony counting using on-chip microscopy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21473. [PMID: 26902822 PMCID: PMC4763285 DOI: 10.1038/srep21473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Observing microbial colonies is the standard method for determining the microbe titer and investigating the behaviors of microbes. Here, we report an automated, real-time bacterial microcolony-counting system implemented on a wide field-of-view (FOV), on-chip microscopy platform, termed ePetri. Using sub-pixel sweeping microscopy (SPSM) with a super-resolution algorithm, this system offers the ability to dynamically track individual bacterial microcolonies over a wide FOV of 5.7 mm × 4.3 mm without requiring a moving stage or lens. As a demonstration, we obtained high-resolution time-series images of S. epidermidis at 20-min intervals. We implemented an image-processing algorithm to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution of microcolonies, the development of which could be observed from a single bacterial cell. Test bacterial colonies with a minimum diameter of 20 μm could be enumerated within 6 h. We showed that our approach not only provides results that are comparable to conventional colony-counting assays but also can be used to monitor the dynamics of colony formation and growth. This microcolony-counting system using on-chip microscopy represents a new platform that substantially reduces the detection time for bacterial colony counting. It uses chip-scale image acquisition and is a simple and compact solution for the automation of colony-counting assays and microbe behavior analysis with applications in antibacterial drug discovery.
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Abstract
High-resolution optical microscopy has traditionally relied on high-magnification and high-numerical aperture objective lenses. In contrast, lensless microscopy can provide high-resolution images without the use of any focusing lenses, offering the advantages of a large field of view, high resolution, cost-effectiveness, portability, and depth-resolved three-dimensional (3D) imaging. Here we review various approaches to lensless imaging, as well as its applications in biosensing, diagnostics, and cytometry. These approaches include shadow imaging, fluorescence, holography, superresolution 3D imaging, iterative phase recovery, and color imaging. These approaches share a reliance on computational techniques, which are typically necessary to reconstruct meaningful images from the raw data captured by digital image sensors. When these approaches are combined with physical innovations in sample preparation and fabrication, lensless imaging can be used to image and sense cells, viruses, nanoparticles, and biomolecules. We conclude by discussing several ways in which lensless imaging and sensing might develop in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aydogan Ozcan
- Department of Electrical Engineering.,Department of Bioengineering, and.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095;
| | - Euan McLeod
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721;
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18
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Hosseini S, Aeinehvand MM, Uddin SM, Benzina A, Rothan HA, Yusof R, Koole LH, Madou MJ, Djordjevic I, Ibrahim F. Microsphere integrated microfluidic disk: synergy of two techniques for rapid and ultrasensitive dengue detection. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16485. [PMID: 26548806 PMCID: PMC4637926 DOI: 10.1038/srep16485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of microfluidic devices in diagnostic systems is well-established in contemporary research. Large specific surface area of microspheres, on the other hand, has secured an important position for their use in bioanalytical assays. Herein, we report a combination of microspheres and microfluidic disk in a unique hybrid platform for highly sensitive and selective detection of dengue virus. Surface engineered polymethacrylate microspheres with carefully designed functional groups facilitate biorecognition in a multitude manner. In order to maximize the utility of the microspheres' specific surface area in biomolecular interaction, the microfluidic disk was equipped with a micromixing system. The mixing mechanism (microballoon mixing) enhances the number of molecular encounters between spheres and target analyte by accessing the entire sample volume more effectively, which subsequently results in signal amplification. Significant reduction of incubation time along with considerable lower detection limits were the prime motivations for the integration of microspheres inside the microfluidic disk. Lengthy incubations of routine analytical assays were reduced from 2 hours to 5 minutes while developed system successfully detected a few units of dengue virus. Obtained results make this hybrid microsphere-microfluidic approach to dengue detection a promising avenue for early detection of this fatal illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Hosseini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Center for Innovation in Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad M. Aeinehvand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Center for Innovation in Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Shah M. Uddin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Center for Innovation in Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Abderazak Benzina
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Hussin A. Rothan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rohana Yusof
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Leo H. Koole
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Center for Innovation in Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Marc J. Madou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Center for Innovation in Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 92697, United States
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 92697, United States
| | - Ivan Djordjevic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Center for Innovation in Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Ibrahim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Center for Innovation in Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
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Chu K, Smith ZJ, Wachsmann-Hogiu S. Development of inexpensive blood imaging systems: where are we now? Expert Rev Med Devices 2015; 12:613-27. [PMID: 26305840 DOI: 10.1586/17434440.2015.1075388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Clinical applications in the developing world, such as malaria and anemia diagnosis, demand a change in the medical paradigm of expensive care given in central locations by highly trained professionals. There has been a recent explosion in optical technologies entering the consumer market through the widespread adoption of smartphones and LEDs. This technology commoditization has enabled the development of small, portable optical imaging systems at an unprecedentedly low cost. Here, we review the state-of-the-field of the application of these systems for low-cost blood imaging with an emphasis on cellular imaging systems. In addition to some promising results addressing specific clinical issues, an overview of the technology landscape is provided. We also discuss several key issues that need to be addressed before these technologies can be commercialized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqin Chu
- a 1 Center for Biophotonics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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20
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Koydemir HC, Gorocs Z, Tseng D, Cortazar B, Feng S, Chan RYL, Burbano J, McLeod E, Ozcan A. Rapid imaging, detection and quantification of Giardia lamblia cysts using mobile-phone based fluorescent microscopy and machine learning. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:1284-93. [PMID: 25537426 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01358a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and sensitive detection of waterborne pathogens in drinkable and recreational water sources is crucial for treating and preventing the spread of water related diseases, especially in resource-limited settings. Here we present a field-portable and cost-effective platform for detection and quantification of Giardia lamblia cysts, one of the most common waterborne parasites, which has a thick cell wall that makes it resistant to most water disinfection techniques including chlorination. The platform consists of a smartphone coupled with an opto-mechanical attachment weighing ~205 g, which utilizes a hand-held fluorescence microscope design aligned with the camera unit of the smartphone to image custom-designed disposable water sample cassettes. Each sample cassette is composed of absorbent pads and mechanical filter membranes; a membrane with 8 μm pore size is used as a porous spacing layer to prevent the backflow of particles to the upper membrane, while the top membrane with 5 μm pore size is used to capture the individual Giardia cysts that are fluorescently labeled. A fluorescence image of the filter surface (field-of-view: ~0.8 cm(2)) is captured and wirelessly transmitted via the mobile-phone to our servers for rapid processing using a machine learning algorithm that is trained on statistical features of Giardia cysts to automatically detect and count the cysts captured on the membrane. The results are then transmitted back to the mobile-phone in less than 2 minutes and are displayed through a smart application running on the phone. This mobile platform, along with our custom-developed sample preparation protocol, enables analysis of large volumes of water (e.g., 10-20 mL) for automated detection and enumeration of Giardia cysts in ~1 hour, including all the steps of sample preparation and analysis. We evaluated the performance of this approach using flow-cytometer-enumerated Giardia-contaminated water samples, demonstrating an average cyst capture efficiency of ~79% on our filter membrane along with a machine learning based cyst counting sensitivity of ~84%, yielding a limit-of-detection of ~12 cysts per 10 mL. Providing rapid detection and quantification of microorganisms, this field-portable imaging and sensing platform running on a mobile-phone could be useful for water quality monitoring in field and resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Ceylan Koydemir
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA.
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21
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Jung JH, Han C, Lee SA, Kim J, Yang C. Microfluidic-integrated laser-controlled microactuators with on-chip microscopy imaging functionality. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:3781-9. [PMID: 25099225 PMCID: PMC4153594 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00790e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of a novel microfluidic system, integrated with a set of laser-controlled microactuators on an ePetri on-chip microscopy platform, is presented in this paper. In the fully integrated microfluidic system, a set of novel thermally actuated paraffin-based microactuators, precisely controlled by programmed laser optics, was developed to regulate flow and to provide pumping of liquid solutions without external connections. The microfluidic chip was fabricated on a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-imaging sensor chip on an ePetri platform; this configuration provided real-time, wide field-of-view, high-resolution imaging using a sub-pixel sweeping microscopy technique. The system of microactuators, which consisted of microvalves and a micropump, operated well in the microfluidic channel with a focused near-infrared laser beam providing the actuation control. As a demonstration, we used our prototype to assess cell-drug interactions and to monitor cell growth directly within an incubator in real time. The powerful combination of laser-actuated microfluidics and chip-scale microscopy techniques represents a significant step forward in terms of a simple, robust, high-throughput, and highly compact analysis system for biomedical and bioscience applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hee Jung
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Center for Environment, Health, and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Chao Han
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Seung Ah Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Jinho Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Changhuei Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
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22
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Boppart SA, Richards-Kortum R. Point-of-care and point-of-procedure optical imaging technologies for primary care and global health. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:253rv2. [PMID: 25210062 PMCID: PMC4370289 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3009725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Leveraging advances in consumer electronics and wireless telecommunications, low-cost, portable optical imaging devices have the potential to improve screening and detection of disease at the point of care in primary health care settings in both low- and high-resource countries. Similarly, real-time optical imaging technologies can improve diagnosis and treatment at the point of procedure by circumventing the need for biopsy and analysis by expert pathologists, who are scarce in developing countries. Although many optical imaging technologies have been translated from bench to bedside, industry support is needed to commercialize and broadly disseminate these from the patient level to the population level to transform the standard of care. This review provides an overview of promising optical imaging technologies, the infrastructure needed to integrate them into widespread clinical use, and the challenges that must be addressed to harness the potential of these technologies to improve health care systems around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Rebecca Richards-Kortum
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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23
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Lee SA, Yang C. A smartphone-based chip-scale microscope using ambient illumination. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:3056-63. [PMID: 24964209 PMCID: PMC4124038 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00523f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Portable chip-scale microscopy devices can potentially address various imaging needs in mobile healthcare and environmental monitoring. Here, we demonstrate the adaptation of a smartphone's camera to function as a compact lensless microscope. Unlike other chip-scale microscopy schemes, this method uses ambient illumination as its light source and does not require the incorporation of a dedicated light source. The method is based on the shadow imaging technique where the sample is placed on the surface of the image sensor, which captures direct shadow images under illumination. To improve the image resolution beyond the pixel size, we perform pixel super-resolution reconstruction with multiple images at different angles of illumination, which are captured while the user is manually tilting the device around any ambient light source, such as the sun or a lamp. The lensless imaging scheme allows for sub-micron resolution imaging over an ultra-wide field-of-view (FOV). Image acquisition and reconstruction are performed on the device using a custom-built Android application, constructing a stand-alone imaging device for field applications. We discuss the construction of the device using a commercial smartphone and demonstrate the imaging capabilities of our system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Ah Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd. Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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