1
|
Sunani SK, Koti PS, Sunitha NC, Choudhary M, Jeevan B, Anilkumar C, Raghu S, Gadratagi BG, Bag MK, Acharya LK, Ram D, Bashyal BM, Das Mohapatra S. Ustilaginoidea virens, an emerging pathogen of rice: the dynamic interplay between the pathogen virulence strategies and host defense. PLANTA 2024; 260:92. [PMID: 39261328 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The Ustilaginoidea virens -rice pathosystem has been used as a model for flower-infecting fungal pathogens. The molecular biology of the interactions between U. virens and rice, with an emphasis on the attempt to get a deeper comprehension of the false smut fungus's genomes, proteome, host range, and pathogen biology, has been investigated. Meta-QTL analysis was performed to identify potential QTL hotspots for use in marker-assisted breeding. The Rice False Smut (RFS) caused by the fungus Ustilaginoidea virens currently threatens rice cultivators across the globe. RFS infects rice panicles, causing a significant reduction in grain yield. U. virens can also parasitize other hosts though they play only a minor role in its life cycle. Furthermore, because it produces mycotoxins in edible rice grains, it puts both humans and animals at risk of health problems. Although fungicides are used to control the disease, some fungicides have enabled the pathogen to develop resistance, making its management challenging. Several QTLs have been reported but stable gene(s) that confer RFS resistance have not been discovered yet. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the pathogen, its virulence mechanisms, the genome and proteome of U. virens, and its molecular interactions with rice. In addition, information has been compiled on reported resistance QTLs, facilitating the development of a consensus genetic map using meta-QTL analysis for identifying potential QTL hotspots. Finally, this review highlights current developments and trends in U. virens-rice pathosystem research while identifying opportunities for future investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Sunani
- Department of Plant Pathology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulse Research (RS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Prasanna S Koti
- University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - N C Sunitha
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Manoj Choudhary
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- ICAR-National Centre for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi, India
| | - B Jeevan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India.
| | - C Anilkumar
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India.
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA.
| | - S Raghu
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | | | - Manas Kumar Bag
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | | | - Dama Ram
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agriculture University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hu X, Wang J, Zhang Y, Wu X, Li R, Li M. Visualization of the entire process of rice spikelet infection by Ustilaginoidea virens through nondestructive inoculation. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1228597. [PMID: 37637108 PMCID: PMC10450503 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1228597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rice false smut caused by Ustilaginoidea virens, is a destructive fungal disease encountered in many rice-producing areas worldwide. To determine the process by which U. virens infects rice spikelets in the field. Methods The green fluorescent protein-labeled U. virens was used as an inoculum to conduct artificial inoculation on rice at the booting stage via non-destructive panicle sheath instillation inoculation. Results The results showed that the conidia of U. virens germinated on the surface of rice glumes and produced hyphae, which clustered at the mouth of rice glumes and entered the glumes through the gap between the palea and lemma. The conidia of U. virens colonized in rice floral organs, which led to pollen abortion of rice. U. virens wrapped the whole rice floral organ, and the floral organ-hyphae complex gradually expanded to open the glumes to form a rice false smut ball, which was two to three times larger than that observed in normal rice. Discussion Panicle sheath instillation inoculation was shown to be a non-destructive inoculation method that could simulate the natural infection of U. virens in the field. The entire infection process of U. virens was visualized, providing a theoretical reference for formulating strategies to control rice false smut in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Hu
- College of Agriculture, Anshun University, Anshun, Guizhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yubo Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Anshun University, Anshun, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaomao Wu
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Rongyu Li
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fu R, Wang J, Chen C, Liu Y, Zhao L, Lu D. Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Provide Insights into the Pathogenic Mechanism of the Rice False Smut Pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10805. [PMID: 37445981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice false smut, caused by the fungal pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens, is a worldwide rice fungal disease. However, the molecular mechanism of the pathogenicity of the fungus U. virens remains unclear. To understand the molecular mechanism of pathogenesis of the fungus U. virens, we performed an integrated analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome of strongly (S) and weakly (W) virulent strains both before and after the infection of panicles. A total of 7932 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using transcriptome analysis. Gene ontology (GO) and metabolic pathway enrichment analysis indicated that amino acid metabolism, autophagy-yeast, MAPK signaling pathway-yeast, and starch and sucrose metabolism were closely related to the pathogenicity of U. virens. Genes related to pathogenicity were significantly upregulated in the strongly virulent strain, and were ATG, MAPK, STE, TPS, and NTH genes. However, genes involved in the negative regulation of pathogenesis were significantly downregulated and contained TOR kinase, TORC1, and autophagy-related protein genes. Metabolome analysis identified 698 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs), including 13 categories of organic acids and derivatives, lipids and lipid-like molecules, organoheterocyclic compounds. The significantly enriched pathways of DAMs mainly included amino acids and carbohydrates, and they accumulated after infection by the S strain. To understand the relevance of DEGs and DAMs in the pathogenicity of U. virens, transcriptomic and metabolomic data were integrated and analyzed. These results further confirmed that the pathogenesis of U. virens was regulated by DEGs and DAMs related to these four pathways, involving arginine and proline metabolism, lysine biosynthesis, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, and starch and sugar metabolism. Therefore, we speculate that the pathogenicity of U. virens is closely related to the accumulation of amino acids and carbohydrates, and to the changes in the expression of related genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongtao Fu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Science, 20# Jingjusi Road, Chengdu 610066, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Science, 20# Jingjusi Road, Chengdu 610066, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Science, 20# Jingjusi Road, Chengdu 610066, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Environment-Friendly Crop Germplasm Innovation and Genetic Improvement Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Science, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Liyu Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Science, 20# Jingjusi Road, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Daihua Lu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Science, 20# Jingjusi Road, Chengdu 610066, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610066, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fu X, Jin Y, Paul MJ, Yuan M, Liang X, Cui R, Huang Y, Peng W, Liang X. Inhibition of rice germination by ustiloxin A involves alteration in carbon metabolism and amino acid utilization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1168985. [PMID: 37223794 PMCID: PMC10200953 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1168985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ustiloxins are the main mycotoxin in rice false smut, a devastating disease caused by Ustilaginoidea virens. A typical phytotoxicity of ustiloxins is strong inhibition of seed germination, but the physiological mechanism is not clear. Here, we show that the inhibition of rice germination by ustiloxin A (UA) is dose-dependent. The sugar availability in UA-treated embryo was lower while the starch residue in endosperm was higher. The transcripts and metabolites responsive to typical UA treatment were investigated. The expression of several SWEET genes responsible for sugar transport in embryo was down-regulated by UA. Glycolysis and pentose phosphate processes in embryo were transcriptionally repressed. Most of the amino acids detected in endosperm and embryo were variously decreased. Ribosomal RNAs for growth were inhibited while the secondary metabolite salicylic acid was also decreased under UA. Hence, we propose that the inhibition of seed germination by UA involves the block of sugar transport from endosperm to embryo, leading to altered carbon metabolism and amino acid utilization in rice plants. Our analysis provides a framework for understanding of the molecular mechanisms of ustiloxins on rice growth and in pathogen infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Fu
- The Laboratory for Phytochemistry and Botanical Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education/Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education/Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Matthew J. Paul
- Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Minxuan Yuan
- The Laboratory for Phytochemistry and Botanical Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xingwei Liang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education/Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ruqiang Cui
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education/Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yingjin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education/Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wenwen Peng
- The Laboratory for Phytochemistry and Botanical Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education/Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaogui Liang
- The Laboratory for Phytochemistry and Botanical Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education/Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jose RC, Kanchal T, Louis B, Talukdar NC, Chowdhury D. Grain Characteristics, Moisture, and Specific Peptides Produced by Ustilaginoidea virens Contribute to False Smut Disease in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.). Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040669. [PMID: 37189416 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungus Ustilaginoidea virens, the causative agent of false smut in rice (Oryza sativa L.), is responsible for one of the severe grain diseases that lead to significant losses worldwide. In this research, microscopic and proteomic analyses were performed by comparing U. virens infected and non-infected grains of the susceptible and resistant rice varieties to provide insights into the molecular and ultrastructural factors involved in false smut formation. Prominent differentially expressed peptide bands and spots were detected due to false smut formation as revealed by sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) SDS-PAGE profiles and were identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The proteins identified from the resistant grains were involved in diverse biological processes such as cell redox homeostasis, energy, stress tolerance, enzymatic activities, and metabolic pathways. It was found that U. virens produces diverse degrading enzymes such as β-1, 3-endoglucanase, subtilisin-like protease, putative nuclease S1, transaldolase, putative palmitoyl-protein thioesterase, adenosine kinase, and DNase 1 that could discretely alter the host morphophysiology resulting in false smut. The fungus also produced superoxide dismutase, small secreted proteins, and peroxidases during the smut formation. This study revealed that the dimension of rice grain spikes, their elemental composition, moisture content, and the specific peptides produced by the grains and the fungi U. virens play a vital role in the formation of false smut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robinson C Jose
- Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati 781035, India
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (IBSD), Imphal 795001, India
| | - Thangjam Kanchal
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (IBSD), Imphal 795001, India
| | - Bengyella Louis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University Park, Pennsylvania State University, 101 Tyson Bldg, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Narayan C Talukdar
- Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati 781035, India
- Faculty of Science, Assam Down Town University, Guwahati 781026, India
| | - Devasish Chowdhury
- Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati 781035, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang A, Shu X, Xu D, Jiang Y, Liang J, Yi X, Zhu J, Yang F, Jiao C, Zheng A, Yin D, Li P. Understanding the Rice Fungal Pathogen Tilletia horrida from Multiple Perspectives. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 15:64. [PMID: 36522490 PMCID: PMC9755434 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-022-00612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rice kernel smut (RKS), caused by the fungus Tilletia horrida, has become a major disease in rice-growing areas worldwide, especially since the widespread cultivation of high-yielding hybrid rice varieties. The disease causes a significant yield loss during the production of rice male sterile lines by producing masses of dark powdery teliospores. This review mainly summarizes the pathogenic differentiation, disease cycle, and infection process of the T. horrida, as well as the decoding of the T. horrida genome, functional genomics, and effector identification. We highlight the identification and characterization of virulence-related pathways and effectors of T. horrida, which could foster a better understanding of the rice-T. horrida interaction and help to elucidate its pathogenicity molecular mechanisms. The multiple effective disease control methods for RKS are also discussed, included chemical fungicides, the mining of resistant rice germplasms/genes, and the monitoring and early warning signs of this disease in field settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aijun Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xinyue Shu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Deze Xu
- Food Crop Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuqi Jiang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Liang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoqun Yi
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianqing Zhu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunhai Jiao
- Food Crop Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Aiping Zheng
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Desuo Yin
- Food Crop Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ping Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen X, Duan Y, Qiao F, Liu H, Huang J, Luo C, Chen X, Li G, Xie K, Hsiang T, Zheng L. A secreted fungal effector suppresses rice immunity through host histone hypoacetylation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1977-1994. [PMID: 35592995 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Histone acetylation is a critical epigenetic modification that regulates plant immunity. Fungal pathogens secrete effectors that modulate host immunity and facilitate infection, but whether fungal pathogens have evolved effectors that directly target plant histone acetylation remains unknown. Here, we identified a secreted protein, UvSec117, from the rice false smut fungus, Ustilaginoidea virens, as a key effector that can target the rice histone deacetylase OsHDA701 and negatively regulates rice broad-spectrum resistance against rice pathogens. UvSec117 disrupts host immunity by recruiting OsHDA701 to the nucleus and enhancing OsHDA701-modulated deacetylation, thereby reducing histone H3K9 acetylation levels in rice plants and interfering with defense gene activation. Host-induced gene silencing of UvSec117 promotes rice resistance to U. virens, thus providing an alternative way for developing rice false smut-resistant plants. This is the first direct evidence demonstrating that a fungal effector targets a histone deacetylase to suppress plant immunity. Our data provided insight into a counter-defense mechanism in a plant pathogen that inactivates host defense responses at the epigenetic level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuhang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fugang Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junbin Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chaoxi Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guotian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kabin Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tom Hsiang
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fu R, Chen C, Wang J, Liu Y, Zhao L, Lu D. Transcription Profiling of Rice Panicle in Response to Crude Toxin Extract of Ustilaginoidea virens. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:701489. [PMID: 35633715 PMCID: PMC9135463 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.701489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ustilaginoidea virens infects rice, causing rice false smut disease and reduced yields. During its growth, U. virens can also produce some toxins but less is known about the response mechanisms of the plant to U. virens toxins. U. virens toxins can inhibit the accumulation of total sugar in rice panicles. We used RNA sequencing to analyze the differential expression profile induced by infiltrating crude toxins into early growth-stage rice panicles. We compared the transcriptomes of the control and crude toxin-treated rice panicles and determined variable transcriptional responses under the action of the crude toxins. A total of 6,127 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Among these genes, 3,150 were upregulated and 2,977 were downregulated. Gene Ontology (GO) and metabolic pathway enrichment analyses indicated that U. virens toxins mainly influenced glycometabolism, amino acid metabolism, and secondary metabolism of rice panicles. DEG analysis showed that the gene expression levels of 10 transcription factor families were significantly changed. Genes involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, sugar transporters, and starch synthesis-related were significantly downregulated, including cytochrome P450, beta-glucosidase, CHS1, sucrose transporters, SWEETs, starch-branching enzymes, and UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. However, genes involved in programmed cell death (PCD) were significantly upregulated and contained cytochrome c, metacaspase, and protein kinase genes. The results indicate that U. virens toxins may act as the pathogenic factors to reduce stress resistance, disrupt total sugar accumulation and starch formation, and induce PCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongtao Fu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Liyu Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Daihua Lu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Daihua Lu,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hu X, Wang J, Li R, Wu X, Gao X, Li M. Establishment of an Artificial Inoculation Method of Ustilaginoidea virens Without Damaging the Rice Panicle Sheaths. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:289-296. [PMID: 34515502 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-20-2746-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rice false smut (RFS) is a destructive disease of rice worldwide caused by Ustilaginoidea virens. Nevertheless, there is a lack of efficient and stable artificial inoculation method to simulate the natural infection of U. virens, which is an important factor limiting further research on the pathogen. The purpose of this study was to establish an artificial inoculation method, which can simulate the natural infection process of U. virens without destroying the panicle sheath structure of rice. In this research, rice plants were inoculated by soaking roots at the seedling stage, spraying at the tillering stage, injecting at the booting stage, and again spraying at the flowering stage to determine the appropriate artificial inoculation time. Meanwhile, the panicle sheath instillation method and the injection inoculation method were compared. The results show that stages 6 to 8 of young panicle differentiation are an important period for U. virens infection. There were no significant differences in the mean rates of infected panicles, mean rates of infected grains, and maximum infected grains per panicle between the two inoculation methods. However, the frequency of RFS ball occurrence at the upper part of the panicles was significantly higher on the spikelets inoculated by the injection method than that of spikelets inoculated by natural infection and panicle sheath instillation. Therefore, panicle sheath instillation method was more similar to the natural infection of U. virens in the field. This research exhibited an innovative artificial inoculation method for identification of U. virens pathogenicity and evaluation of rice resistance against RFS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Hu
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Rongyu Li
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomao Wu
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Xiubing Gao
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dong F, Wang Y, Tang M. Effects of Laccaria bicolor on Gene Expression of Populus trichocarpa Root under Poplar Canker Stress. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7121024. [PMID: 34947006 PMCID: PMC8703858 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poplars can be harmed by poplar canker. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi can improve the resistance of poplars to canker, but the molecular mechanism is still unclear. In this study, an aseptic inoculation system of L. bicolor-P. trichocarpa-B. dothidea was constructed, and transcriptome analysis was performed to investigate regulation by L. bicolor of the expression of genes in the roots of P. trichocarpa during the onset of B. dothidea infection, and a total of 3022 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was performed on these DEGs, and 661 genes' expressions were considered to be affected by inoculation with L. bicolor and B. dothidea. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses showed that these 661 DEGs were involved in multiple pathways such as signal transduction, reactive oxygen metabolism, and plant-pathogen interaction. Inoculation with L. bicolor changed the gene expression pattern of the roots, evidencing its involvement in the disease resistance response of P. trichocarpa. This research reveals the mechanism of L. bicolor in inducing resistance to canker of P. trichocarpa at the molecular level and provides a theoretical basis for the practical application of mycorrhizal fungi to improve plant disease resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengxin Dong
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (F.D.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yihan Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (F.D.); (Y.W.)
| | - Ming Tang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (F.D.); (Y.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-1370-922-9152
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen X, Xu Q, Duan Y, Liu H, Chen X, Huang J, Luo C, Zhou DX, Zheng L. Ustilaginoidea virens modulates lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation in rice flowers during infection. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1801-1814. [PMID: 34245484 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The post-translational modification lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation (Khib ) plays an important role in gene transcription, metabolism, and enzymatic activity. Khib sites have been identified in rice (Oryza sativa). However, the Khib status of proteins in rice flowers during pathogen infection remains unclear. Here, we report a comprehensive identification of Khib -modified proteins in rice flowers, and the changes in these proteins during infection with the fungal pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens. By using a tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteomics approach, we identified 2,891 Khib sites on 964 proteins in rice flowers. Our data demonstrated that 2-hydroxyisobutyrylated proteins are involved in diverse biological processes. Khib levels were substantially reduced upon infection with U. virens. Chromatin immunoprecipitation polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription quantitative PCR analyses revealed that histone Khib is involved in the expression of disease-resistance genes. More importantly, most quantified sites on core histones H3 were downregulated upon U. virens infection. In addition, the histone deacetylases HDA705, HDA716, SRT1, and SRT2 are involved in the removal of Khib marks in rice. HDA705 was further confirmed to negatively regulate rice disease resistance to pathogens U. virens, Magnaporthe oryzae, and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Our data suggest that U. virens could modulate Khib in rice flowers during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qiutao Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuhang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junbin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chaoxi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dao-Xiu Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Institute of Plant Science Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRAE, University Paris-Saclay, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Lu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tang J, Chen X, Yan Y, Huang J, Luo C, Tom H, Zheng L. Comprehensive transcriptome profiling reveals abundant long non-coding RNAs associated with development of the rice false smut fungus, Ustilaginoidea virens. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:4998-5013. [PMID: 33587785 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in biological processes but regulation and function of lncRNAs remain largely unelucidated, especially in fungi. Ustilaginoidea virens is an economically important fungus causing a devastating disease of rice. By combining microscopic and RNA-seq analyses, we comprehensively characterized lncRNAs of this fungus in infection and developmental processes and defined four serial typical stages. RNA-seq analyses revealed 1724 lncRNAs in U. virens, including 1084 long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs), 51 intronic RNAs (incRNAs), 566 natural antisense transcripts (lncNATs) and 23 sense transcripts. Gene Ontology enrichment of differentially expressed lincRNAs and lncNATs demonstrated that these were mainly involved in transport-related regulation. Functional studies of transport-related lncRNAs revealed that UvlncNAT-MFS, a cytoplasm localized lncNAT of a putative MFS transporter gene, UvMFS, could form an RNA duplex with UvMFS and was required for regulation of growth, conidiation and various stress responses. Our results were the first to elucidate the lncRNA profiles during infection and development of this important phytopathogen U. virens. The functional discovery of the novel lncRNA, UvlncNAT-MFS, revealed the potential of lncRNAs in regulation of life processes in fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jintian Tang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yaqin Yan
- Institute of Vegetables Research, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Junbin Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chaoxi Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hsiang Tom
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lu Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sun W, Fan J, Fang A, Li Y, Tariqjaveed M, Li D, Hu D, Wang WM. Ustilaginoidea virens: Insights into an Emerging Rice Pathogen. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 58:363-385. [PMID: 32364825 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
False smut of rice, caused by Ustilaginoidea virens, has become one of the most important diseases in rice-growing regions worldwide. The disease causes a significant yield loss and imposes health threats to humans and animals by producing mycotoxins. In this review, we update our understanding of the pathogen, including the disease cycle and infection strategies, the decoding of the U. virens genome, comparative/functional genomics, and effector biology. Whereas the decoding of the U. virens genome unveils specific adaptations of the pathogen in successfully occupying rice flowers, progresses in comparative/functional genomics and effector biology have begun to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying U. virens virulence and pathogenicity. We highlight the identification and characterization of the produced mycotoxins and their biosynthetic pathways in U. virens.The management strategies for this disease are also discussed. The flower-specific infection strategy makes the pathogen a unique tool to unveil novel mechanisms for the interactions between nonobligate biotrophic pathogens and their hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China;
- College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Anfei Fang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuejiao Li
- College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Muhammad Tariqjaveed
- College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dayong Li
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China;
| | - Dongwei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wen-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pramesh D, Prasannakumar MK, Muniraju KM, Mahesh HB, Pushpa HD, Manjunatha C, Saddamhusen A, Chidanandappa E, Yadav MK, Kumara MK, Sharanabasav H, Rohith BS, Banerjee G, Das AJ. Comparative genomics of rice false smut fungi Ustilaginoidea virens Uv-Gvt strain from India reveals genetic diversity and phylogenetic divergence. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:342. [PMID: 32714737 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
False smut disease of rice caused by Ustilaginoidea virens, is an emerging threat to rice cultivation worldwide due to its detrimental effects on grain yield and quality. False smut disease severity was 4.44‒17.22% during a roving survey in Kharif 2016 in the four different rice ecosystems of Karnataka, India. Further, 15 pathogen isolates representing four different ecosystems were studied for their virulence and morphometric diversity. Among the 15 strains studied, most virulent strains Uv-Gvt was selected for whole genome sequencing in Illumina NextSeq 500 platform using 2 × 150 bp sequencing chemistry. The total assembled genome of Uv-Gvt was 26.96 Mb, which comprised of 9157 scaffolds with an N50 value of 15,934 bp and 6628 protein-coding genes. Next, the comparative genomic study revealed a similar gene inventory as UV-8b and MAFF 236576 strains reported from China and Japan, respectively. But, 1756 genes were unique to Uv-Gvt strain. The Uv-Gvt genome harbors 422 putative host-pathogen interacting genes compared to 359 and 520 genes in UV-8b and MAFF 236576 strains, respectively. The variant analysis revealed low genetic diversity (0.073‒0.088%) among U. virens strains. Further, phylogenetic analysis using 250 single copy orthologs genes of U. virens revealed a distinct phylogeny and an approximate divergence time. Our study, report the genomic resource of rice false smut pathogen from India, where the disease originated, and this information will have broader applicability in understanding the pathogen population diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devanna Pramesh
- Rice Pathology Laboratory, All India Co-ordinated Rice Improvement Program, Gangavathi, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, 584 104 India
| | | | - Kondarajanahally M Muniraju
- Rice Pathology Laboratory, All India Co-ordinated Rice Improvement Program, Gangavathi, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, 584 104 India
| | - H B Mahesh
- University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 560 065 India
| | - H D Pushpa
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseed Research, Hyderabad, 500 030 India
| | - Channappa Manjunatha
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Station, Wellington, 643 231 India
| | - Alase Saddamhusen
- Rice Pathology Laboratory, All India Co-ordinated Rice Improvement Program, Gangavathi, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, 584 104 India
| | - E Chidanandappa
- Rice Pathology Laboratory, All India Co-ordinated Rice Improvement Program, Gangavathi, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, 584 104 India
| | - Manoj K Yadav
- ICAR- National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753 006 India
| | - Masalavada K Kumara
- Rice Pathology Laboratory, All India Co-ordinated Rice Improvement Program, Gangavathi, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, 584 104 India
| | - Huded Sharanabasav
- Rice Pathology Laboratory, All India Co-ordinated Rice Improvement Program, Gangavathi, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, 584 104 India
| | - B S Rohith
- Molsys Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, 560 064 India
| | | | - Anupam J Das
- School of Biotechnology, REVA University, Bangalore, 560 064 India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fan J, Liu J, Gong Z, Xu P, Hu X, Wu J, Li G, Yang J, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Li S, Wang L, Chen X, He M, Zhao J, Li Y, Huang Y, Hu D, Wu X, Li P, Wang W. The false smut pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens requires rice stamens for false smut ball formation. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:646-659. [PMID: 31797523 PMCID: PMC7028044 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rice false smut has emerged as a serious grain disease in rice production worldwide. The disease is characterized by the transformation of individual rice florets into false smut balls, which is caused by the fungal pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens. To date, little is known about the host factors required for false smut ball formation by U. virens. In this study, we identified histological determinants for the formation of false smut balls by inoculating U. virens into rice floral mutants defective with respect to individual floral parts. The results showed that U. virens could form mature false smut balls in rice floral mutants with defective pistils, but failed to develop false smut balls in the superwoman mutant lacking stamens, identifying that U. virens requires rice stamens to complete its infection cycle. Comparative transcriptome analysis indicated a list of candidate host genes that may facilitate nutrient acquisition by U. virens from the rice stamens, such as SWEET11, SWEET14 and SUT5, and genes involved in the biosynthesis of trehalose and raffinose family sugars. These data pinpoint rice stamens as the key target organ of U. virens infection and provide a valuable starting point for dissecting the molecular mechanism of false smut ball formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaRice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaRice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Zhi‐You Gong
- College of AgronomySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Pei‐Zhou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaRice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Xiao‐Hong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaRice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
- College of AgronomySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Jin‐Long Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaRice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Guo‐Bang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaRice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Juan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaRice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Yu‐Qiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaRice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Yu‐Feng Zhou
- College of AgronomySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Shuang‐Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaRice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaRice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Xiao‐Qiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaRice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaRice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Ji‐Qun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaRice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaRice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Yan‐Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaRice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Dong‐Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyBiotechnology Institute, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Xian‐Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaRice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaRice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Wen‐Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaRice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River BasinSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yu M, Yu J, Cao H, Yong M, Liu Y. Genome-wide identification and analysis of the GATA transcription factor gene family in Ustilaginoidea virens. Genome 2019; 62:807-816. [PMID: 31437416 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2018-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In filamentous fungi, the conserved transcription factors play important roles in multiple cellular and developmental processes. The GATA proteins, a family of GATA-binding zinc finger transcription factors, play diverse functions in fungi. Ustilaginoidea virens is an economically important pathogen-causing rice false smut worldwide. To gain additional insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of this pathogen, in this study, we identified and functionally characterized seven GATA proteins from the U. virens genome (UvGATA). Sequences analysis indicated that these GATA proteins are divided into seven clades. The proteins in each clade contained conserved clade-specific sequences and structures, thus leading to the same motif serving different purposes in various contexts. The expression profiles of UvGATA genes at different infection stages and under H2O2 stress were detected. Results showed that the majority of UvGATA genes performed functions at both processes, thereby confirming the roles of these genes in pathogenicity and reactive oxygen species stress tolerance. This study provided an important starting point to further explore the biological functions of UvGATA genes and increased our understanding of their potential transcriptional regulatory mechanisms in U. virens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing 210014, China.,Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Junjie Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing 210014, China.,Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Huijuan Cao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing 210014, China.,Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Mingli Yong
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing 210014, China.,Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing 210014, China.,Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing 210014, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yong M, Liu Y, Chen T, Fan L, Wang Z, Hu D. Cytological studies on the infection of rice root by Ustilaginoidea virens. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 81:389-396. [PMID: 29356275 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, false smut disease of rice has been one of the most important diseases of cultivated rice in China. Ustilaginoidea virens is an ascomycete fungal pathogen that causes false smut in rice. There is always controversy about whether the pathogen can infect the rice root and cause the occurrence of false smut, mainly due to lack direct cytological evidence. In our study, we observed the cytological structure of rice root invaded by U. virens. The results showed that U. virens could attach to the surface of young roots and penetrate into the intercellular space of the root epidermis. The cellulose microfibrils in root epidermal cell wall are very loose and soft, and their structural features are similar to filaments of rice. After the fungus infected the roots, a large number of fungal secretions were accumulated outside of the cell walls. At 40 days, the fungus began to degrade, but pathogens still had not infected the sclerenchyma, in which the cells are arranged densely and the cell walls are thicker. U. virens could not cross the sclerenchyma layer into the endodermis and phloem of the root. To some extent, the U. virens infection affected the leaf and root growth of the rice. After inoculation, there was no fungal mycelium found in transverse sections of the rice young stem. These results suggested that root colonization of U. virens does not lead to systemic invasion in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Yong
- Department of Plant Pathology, The State Kay Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yijia Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, The State Kay Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Tianqi Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, The State Kay Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Linlin Fan
- Department of Plant Pathology, The State Kay Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Zhengyi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, The State Kay Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Dongwei Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, The State Kay Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang J, Chen L, Fu C, Wang L, Liu H, Cheng Y, Li S, Deng Q, Wang S, Zhu J, Liang Y, Li P, Zheng A. Comparative Transcriptome Analyses of Gene Expression Changes Triggered by Rhizoctonia solani AG1 IA Infection in Resistant and Susceptible Rice Varieties. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1422. [PMID: 28861102 PMCID: PMC5562724 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Rice sheath blight, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, is one of the most devastating diseases for stable rice production in most rice-growing regions of the world. Currently, studies of the molecular mechanism of rice sheath blight resistance are scarce. Here, we used an RNA-seq approach to analyze the gene expression changes induced by the AG1 IA strain of R. solani in rice at 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h. By comparing the transcriptomes of TeQing (a moderately resistant cultivar) and Lemont (a susceptible cultivar) leaves, variable transcriptional responses under control and infection conditions were revealed. From these data, 4,802 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analyses suggested that most DEGs and related metabolic pathways in both rice genotypes were common and spanned most biological activities after AG1 IA inoculation. The main difference between the resistant and susceptible plants was a difference in the timing of the response to AG1 IA infection. Photosynthesis, photorespiration, and jasmonic acid and phenylpropanoid metabolism play important roles in disease resistance, and the relative response of disease resistance-related pathways in TeQing leaves was more rapid than that of Lemont leaves at 12 h. Here, the transcription data include the most comprehensive list of genes and pathway candidates induced by AG1 IA that is available for rice and will serve as a resource for future studies into the molecular mechanisms of the responses of rice to AG1 IA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Zhang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Chenglin Fu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Lingxia Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Huainian Liu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Yuanzhi Cheng
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Shuangcheng Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Qiming Deng
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Shiquan Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Yueyang Liang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Ping Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Aiping Zheng
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fan J, Yang J, Wang Y, Li G, Li Y, Huang F, Wang W. Current understanding on Villosiclava virens, a unique flower-infecting fungus causing rice false smut disease. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:1321-1330. [PMID: 26720072 PMCID: PMC6638446 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Villosiclava virens (Vv) is an ascomycete fungal pathogen that causes false smut disease in rice. Recent reports have revealed some interesting aspects of the enigmatic pathogen to address the question of why it specifically infects rice flowers and converts a grain into a false smut ball. Comparative and functional genomics have suggested specific adaptation of Vv in the colonization of rice flowers. Anatomical studies have disclosed that Vv specifically infects rice stamen filaments before heading and intercepts seed formation. In addition, Vv can occupy the whole inner space of a spikelet embracing all floral organs and activate the rice grain-filling network, presumably for nutrient acquisition to support the development of the false smut ball. This profile provides a general overview of the rice false smut pathogen, and summarizes advances in the Vv life cycle, genomics and genetics, and the molecular Vv-rice interaction. Current understandings of the Vv-rice pathosystem indicate that it is a unique and interesting system which can enrich the study of plant-pathogen interactions. Taxonomy: Ustilaginoidea virens is the anamorph form of the pathogen (Kingdom Fungi; Phylum Ascomycota; Class Ascomycetes; Subclass Incertae sedis; Order Incertae sedis; Family Incertae sedis; Genus Ustilaginoidea). The teleomorph form is Villosiclava virens (Kingdom Fungi; Phylum Ascomycota; Class Ascomycetes; Subclass Sordariomycetes; Order Hypocreales; Family Clavicipitaceae; Genus Villosiclava). Disease symptoms: The only visible symptom is the replacement of rice grains by ball-shaped fungal mycelia, namely false smut balls. When maturing, the false smut ball is covered with powdery chlamydospores, and the colour changes to yellowish, yellowish orange, green, olive green and, finally, to greenish black. Sclerotia are often formed on the false smut balls in autumn. Identification and detection: Vv conidia are round to elliptical, measuring 3-5 μm in diameter. Chlamydospores are ornamented with prominent irregularly curved spines, which are 200-500 nm in length. The sclerotia are black, horseshoe-shaped and irregular oblong or flat, ranging from 2 to 20 mm. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative PCR have been developed to specifically detect Vv presence in rice tissues and other biotic and abiotic samples in fields. Host range: Rice is the primary host for Vv. Natural infection by Vv has been found on several paddy field weeds, including Digitaria marginata, Panicum trypheron, Echinochloa crusgalli and Imperata cylindrica. However, the occurrence of infection in these potential alternative hosts is very rare. Life cycle: Vv infects rice spikelets at the late rice booting stage, and produces false smut balls covered with dark-green chlamydospores. Occasionally, sclerotia form on the surface of false smut balls in late autumn when the temperature fluctuates greatly between day and night. Both chlamydospores and sclerotia may serve as primary infection sources. Rainfall at the rice booting stage is a major environmental factor resulting in epidemics of rice false smut disease. Disease control: The use of fungicides is the major approach for the control of Vv. Several fungicides, such as cuproxat SC, copper oxychloride, tebuconazole, propiconazole, difenoconazole and validamycin, are often applied. However, the employment of resistant rice cultivars and genes has been limited, because of the poor understanding of rice resistance to Vv. Useful websites: Villosiclava virens genome sequence: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Traces/wgs/?val=JHTR01#contigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fan
- Rice Research Institute & Key Laboratory for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Juan Yang
- Rice Research Institute & Key Laboratory for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Yu‐Qiu Wang
- Rice Research Institute & Key Laboratory for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Guo‐Bang Li
- Rice Research Institute & Key Laboratory for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Yan Li
- Rice Research Institute & Key Laboratory for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Fu Huang
- Rice Research Institute & Key Laboratory for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
- College of Agronomy & Institute of Agricultural EcologySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| | - Wen‐Ming Wang
- Rice Research Institute & Key Laboratory for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu611130China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kulkarni KS, Zala HN, Bosamia TC, Shukla YM, Kumar S, Fougat RS, Patel MS, Narayanan S, Joshi CG. De novo Transcriptome Sequencing to Dissect Candidate Genes Associated with Pearl Millet-Downy Mildew (Sclerospora graminicola Sacc.) Interaction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:847. [PMID: 27446100 PMCID: PMC4916200 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the plant-pathogen interactions is of utmost importance to design strategies for minimizing the economic deficits caused by pathogens in crops. With an aim to identify genes underlying resistance to downy mildew, a major disease responsible for productivity loss in pearl millet, transcriptome analysis was performed in downy mildew resistant and susceptible genotypes upon infection and control on 454 Roche NGS platform. A total of ~685 Mb data was obtained with 1 575 290 raw reads. The raw reads were pre-processed into high-quality (HQ) reads making to ~82% with an average of 427 bases. The assembly was optimized using four assemblers viz. Newbler, MIRA, CLC and Trinity, out of which MIRA with a total of 14.10 Mb and 90118 transcripts proved to be the best for assembling reads. Differential expression analysis depicted 1396 and 936 and 1000 and 1591 transcripts up and down regulated in resistant inoculated/resistant control and susceptible inoculated/susceptible control respectively with a common of 3644 transcripts. The pathways for secondary metabolism, specifically the phenylpropanoid pathway was up-regulated in resistant genotype. Transcripts up-regulated as a part of defense response included classes of R genes, PR proteins, HR induced proteins and plant hormonal signaling transduction proteins. The transcripts for skp1 protein, purothionin, V type proton ATPase were found to have the highest expression in resistant genotype. Ten transcripts, selected on the basis of their involvement in defense mechanism were validated with qRT-PCR and showed positive co-relation with transcriptome data. Transcriptome analysis evoked potentials of hypersensitive response and systemic acquired resistance as possible mechanism operating in defense mechanism in pearl millet against downy mildew infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani S. Kulkarni
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Anand Agricultural UniversityAnand, India
- Department of Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice ResearchHyderabad, India
| | - Harshvardhan N. Zala
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Anand Agricultural UniversityAnand, India
| | - Tejas C. Bosamia
- Department of Biotechnology, Junagadh Agriculture UniversityJunagadh, India
| | - Yogesh M. Shukla
- Department of Biochemistry, Anand Agricultural UniversityAnand, India
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Anand Agricultural UniversityAnand, India
| | - Ranbir S. Fougat
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Anand Agricultural UniversityAnand, India
| | - Mruduka S. Patel
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Anand Agricultural UniversityAnand, India
| | | | - Chaitanya G. Joshi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Anand Agricultural UniversityAnand, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Song JH, Wei W, Lv B, Lin Y, Yin WX, Peng YL, Schnabel G, Huang JB, Jiang DH, Luo CX. Rice false smut fungus hijacks the rice nutrients supply by blocking and mimicking the fertilization of rice ovary. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:3840-3849. [PMID: 27129414 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Rice false smut disease is an increasing threat to rice production in the world. Despite of best efforts, research for the infection of the fungus has yielded equivocal and conflicting results about where and how the infection is initiated and developed. Here we show a stepwise infection pattern and sophisticated regulation during this process. Initial infection occurred on the filaments, which prevented the production of mature pollen thus blocked the pollination. In the following days, the pathogen invaded the stigmas and styles, occasionally the ovaries. Expression analysis indicated that the fungus mimicked a successful fertilization process and enabled the continuous supply of nutrients for fungus to produce false smut balls. The stepwise infection of flower organs and mimicry of ovary fertilization unveiled in this study guided the rice plant into supplying nutrients for false smut ball development and represents a new and unique biological process of host pathogen interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Hui Song
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bo Lv
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yang Lin
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,The Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wei-Xiao Yin
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,The Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guido Schnabel
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Jun-Bin Huang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,The Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dao-Hong Jiang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,The Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chao-Xi Luo
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,The Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kumagai T, Ishii T, Terai G, Umemura M, Machida M, Asai K. Genome Sequence of Ustilaginoidea virens IPU010, a Rice Pathogenic Fungus Causing False Smut. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:e00306-16. [PMID: 27151791 PMCID: PMC4859173 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00306-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ustilaginoidea virens is a rice pathogenic fungus that causes false smut disease, a disease that seriously damages the yield and quality of the grain. Analysis of the U. virens IPU010 33.6-Mb genome sequence will aid in the understanding of the pathogenicity of the strain, particularly in regard to effector proteins and secondary metabolic genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshitaka Kumagai
- Fermlab Inc., Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan Technology Research Association of Highly Efficient Gene Design, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ishii
- Technology Research Association of Highly Efficient Gene Design, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Goro Terai
- Technology Research Association of Highly Efficient Gene Design, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan INTEC Inc., Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Myco Umemura
- Technology Research Association of Highly Efficient Gene Design, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masayuki Machida
- Technology Research Association of Highly Efficient Gene Design, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Asai
- Technology Research Association of Highly Efficient Gene Design, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Enguita FJ, Costa MC, Fusco-Almeida AM, Mendes-Giannini MJ, Leitão AL. Transcriptomic Crosstalk between Fungal Invasive Pathogens and Their Host Cells: Opportunities and Challenges for Next-Generation Sequencing Methods. J Fungi (Basel) 2016; 2:jof2010007. [PMID: 29376924 PMCID: PMC5753088 DOI: 10.3390/jof2010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal invasive infections are an increasing health problem. The intrinsic complexity of pathogenic fungi and the unmet clinical need for new and more effective treatments requires a detailed knowledge of the infection process. During infection, fungal pathogens are able to trigger a specific transcriptional program in their host cells. The detailed knowledge of this transcriptional program will allow for a better understanding of the infection process and consequently will help in the future design of more efficient therapeutic strategies. Simultaneous transcriptomic studies of pathogen and host by high-throughput sequencing (dual RNA-seq) is an unbiased protocol to understand the intricate regulatory networks underlying the infectious process. This protocol is starting to be applied to the study of the interactions between fungal pathogens and their hosts. To date, our knowledge of the molecular basis of infection for fungal pathogens is still very limited, and the putative role of regulatory players such as non-coding RNAs or epigenetic factors remains elusive. The wider application of high-throughput transcriptomics in the near future will help to understand the fungal mechanisms for colonization and survival, as well as to characterize the molecular responses of the host cell against a fungal infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Enguita
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal.
| | - Marina C Costa
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal.
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco-Almeida
- Núcleo de Proteômica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, Araraquara 14801-902, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Maria José Mendes-Giannini
- Núcleo de Proteômica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, Araraquara 14801-902, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ana Lúcia Leitão
- MEtRICs, Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologia da Biomassa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Andargie M, Li J. Arabidopsis thaliana: A Model Host Plant to Study Plant-Pathogen Interaction Using Rice False Smut Isolates of Ustilaginoidea virens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:192. [PMID: 26941759 PMCID: PMC4763110 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Rice false smut fungus which is a biotrophic fungal pathogen causes an important rice disease and brings a severe damage where rice is cultivated. We established a new fungal-plant pathosystem where Ustilaginoidea virens was able to interact compatibly with the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Disease symptoms were apparent on the leaves of the plants after 6 days of post inoculation in the form of chlorosis. Cytological studies showed that U. virens caused a heavy infestation inside the cells of the chlorotic tissues. Development and colonization of aerial mycelia in association with floral organ, particularly on anther and stigma of the flowers after 3 weeks of post inoculation was evident which finally caused infection on the developing seeds and pod tissues. The fungus adopts a uniquely biotrophic infection strategy in roots and spreads without causing a loss of host cell viability. We have also demonstrated that U. virens isolates infect Arabidopsis and the plant subsequently activates different defense response mechanisms which are witnessed by the expression of pathogenesis-related genes, PR-1, PR-2, PR-5, PDF1.1, and PDF1.2. The established A. thaliana-U. virens pathosystem will now permit various follow-up molecular genetics and gene expression experiments to be performed to identify the defense signals and responses that restrict fungal hyphae colonization in planta and also provide initial evidence for tissue-adapted fungal infection strategies.
Collapse
|
25
|
Han Y, Zhang K, Yang J, Zhang N, Fang A, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Chen Z, Hsiang T, Sun W. Differential expression profiling of the early response to Ustilaginoidea virens between false smut resistant and susceptible rice varieties. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:955. [PMID: 26573512 PMCID: PMC4647755 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice false smut caused by Ustilaginoidea virens has recently become one of the most devastating rice diseases worldwide. Breeding and deployment of resistant varieties is considered as the most effective strategy to control this disease. However, little is known about the genes and molecular mechanisms underlying rice resistance against U. virens. RESULTS To explore genetic basis of rice resistance to U. virens, differential expression profiles in resistant 'IR28' and susceptible 'LYP9' cultivars during early stages of U. virens infection were compared using RNA-Seq data. The analyses revealed that 748 genes were up-regulated only in the resistant variety and 438 genes showed opposite expression patterns between the two genotypes. The genes encoding receptor-like kinases and cytoplasmic kinases were highly enriched in this pool of oppositely expressed genes. Many pathogenesis-related (PR) and diterpene phytoalexin biosynthetic genes were specifically induced in the resistant variety. Interestingly, the RY repeat motif was significantly more abundant in the 5'-regulatory regions of these differentially regulated PR genes. Several WRKY transcription factors were also differentially regulated in the two genotypes, which is consistent with our finding that the cis-regulatory W-boxes were abundant in the promoter regions of up-regulated genes in IR28. Furthermore, U. virens genes that are relevant to fungal reproduction and pathogenicity were found to be suppressed in the resistant cultivar. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that rice resistance to false smut may be attributable to plant perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, activation of resistance signaling pathways, induced production of PR proteins and diterpene phytoalexins, and suppression of pathogenicity genes in U. virens as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Han
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Kang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Anfei Fang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Zhiyi Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Tom Hsiang
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2 W1, Canada.
| | - Wenxian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fan J, Guo XY, Li L, Huang F, Sun WX, Li Y, Huang YY, Xu YJ, Shi J, Lei Y, Zheng AP, Wang WM. Infection of Ustilaginoidea virens intercepts rice seed formation but activates grain-filling-related genes. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:577-90. [PMID: 25319482 PMCID: PMC5024071 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Rice false smut has become an increasingly serious disease in rice (Oryza sativa L.) production worldwide. The typical feature of this disease is that the fungal pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens (Uv) specifically infects rice flower and forms false smut ball, the ustiloxin-containing ball-like fungal colony, of which the size is usually several times larger than that of a mature rice seed. However, the underlying mechanisms of Uv-rice interaction are poorly understood. Here, we applied time-course microscopic and transcriptional approaches to investigate rice responses to Uv infection. The results demonstrated that the flower-opening process and expression of associated transcription factors, including ARF6 and ARF8, were inhibited in Uv-infected spikelets. The ovaries in infected spikelets were interrupted in fertilization and thus were unable to set seeds. However, a number of grain-filling-related genes, including seed storage protein genes, starch anabolism genes and endosperm-specific transcription factors (RISBZ1 and RPBF), were highly transcribed as if the ovaries were fertilized. In addition, critical defense-related genes like NPR1 and PR1 were downregulated by Uv infection. Our data imply that Uv may hijack host nutrient reservoir by activation of the grain-filling network because of growth and formation of false smut balls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fan
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Guo
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Liang Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Fu Huang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wen-Xian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yan-Yan Huang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yong-Ju Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jun Shi
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yang Lei
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ai-Ping Zheng
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wen-Ming Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yu M, Yu J, Hu J, Huang L, Wang Y, Yin X, Nie Y, Meng X, Wang W, Liu Y. Identification of pathogenicity-related genes in the rice pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens through random insertional mutagenesis. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 76:10-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|