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Roque CS, de Castro M, Castro TG, Silva C, Cavaco-Paulo A, Noro J. Solvent-free synthesis of hydrophobic and amphiphilic esters using a chemically modified lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus: a comparative study with native and immobilized forms. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300843. [PMID: 38169079 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Using lipases to catalyze the synthesis of the most differentiated type of compounds remains one of the major challenges among scientists. Seeking more economic and advantageous catalysts is a current goal of green chemistry. In this work, we demonstrate the potential of a chemically modified form of lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (cmLTL) for the synthesis of both hydrophobic (heptyl heptanoate, heptyl octanoate, heptyl decanoate, decyl heptanoate, decyl octanoate and decyl decanoate) and amphiphilic (2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethyl oleate and 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethyl linoleate) esters, in bulk. The results were compared with its native (LTL) and immobilized (imLTL) forms. The data revealed that LTL showed poor activity for all reactions performed with n-heptane (η<20 %). ImLTL was able to synthesize all hydrophobic esters (η>60 %), with exception of the short ester, heptyl heptanoate. cmLTL was the only form of LTL capable of producing hydrophobic and amphiphilic esters, without compromising the yield when the reactions were performed under solvent-free conditions (>50 %). Molecular modeling showed that the active pocket of cmLTL is able to deeply internalize transcutol, with stronger interactions, justifying the outstanding results obtained. Furthermore, owing to the possibility of cmLTL filtration, the reusability of the catalyst is ensured for at least 6 cycles, without compromising the reaction yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina S Roque
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
- Solfarcos - Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic, Solutions, 4710-053 Braga, Portugal
| | - Mariana de Castro
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
- Solfarcos - Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic, Solutions, 4710-053 Braga, Portugal
| | - Tarsila G Castro
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Carla Silva
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Artur Cavaco-Paulo
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
- Solfarcos - Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic, Solutions, 4710-053 Braga, Portugal
| | - Jennifer Noro
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
- Solfarcos - Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic, Solutions, 4710-053 Braga, Portugal
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Cui Y, Ma X, Lee SH, He J, Yang KL, Zhou K. Production of butyl butyrate from lignocellulosic biomass through Escherichia coli-Clostridium beijerinckii G117 co-culture. Process Biochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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3
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Rabbani G, Ahmad E, Ahmad A, Khan RH. Structural features, temperature adaptation and industrial applications of microbial lipases from psychrophilic, mesophilic and thermophilic origins. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 225:822-839. [PMID: 36402388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Microbial lipases are very prominent biocatalysts because of their ability to catalyze a wide variety of reactions in aqueous and non-aqueous media. Here microbial lipases from different origins (psychrophiles, mesophiles, and thermophiles) have been reviewed. This review emphasizes an update of structural diversity in temperature adaptation and industrial applications, of psychrophilic, mesophilic, and thermophilic lipases. The microbial origins of lipases are logically dynamic, proficient, and also have an extensive range of industrial uses with the manufacturing of altered molecules. It is therefore of interest to understand the molecular mechanisms of adaptation to temperature in occurring lipases. However, lipases from extremophiles (psychrophiles, and thermophiles) are widely used to design biotransformation reactions with higher yields, fewer byproducts, or useful side products and have been predicted to catalyze those reactions also, which otherwise are not possible with the mesophilic lipases. Lipases as a multipurpose biological catalyst have given a favorable vision in meeting the needs of several industries such as biodiesel, foods, and drinks, leather, textile, detergents, pharmaceuticals, and medicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulam Rabbani
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, India; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ejaz Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Abrar Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rizwan Hasan Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, India.
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Producing Natural Flavours from Isoamyl Alcohol and Fusel Oil by Using Immobilised Rhizopus oryzae Lipase. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12060639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic synthesis of short-chain esters (flavours) might enable their labelling as natural, increasing their value. Covalently immobilised Rhizopus oryzae lipase (EO-proROL) was used to synthesise isoamyl butyrate and acetate. In cyclohexane, the best performer reaction solvent, 1.8 times higher yield of isoamyl butyrate (ca. 100%) than isoamyl acetate (ca. 55%) was obtained. Optimum initial acid concentration (410 mM) and acid:alcohol mole ratio (0.5) were established by a central composite rotatable design to maximise isoamyl butyrate single-batch and cumulative production with reused enzyme. These conditions were used to scale up the esterification (150 mL) and to assess yield, initial esterification rate, productivity and enzyme operational stability. Commercial isoamyl alcohol and fusel oil results were found to be similar as regards yield (91% vs. 84%), initial reaction rate (5.4 µM min−1 with both substrates), operational stability (40% activity loss after five runs with both) and productivity (31.09 vs. 28.7 mM h−1). EO-proROL specificity for the structural isomers of isoamyl alcohol was also evaluated. Thus, a successful biocatalyst and product conditions ready to be used for isoamyl ester industrial production are here proposed.
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Sinumvayo JP, Li Y, Zhang Y. Microbial production of butyl butyrate: from single strain to cognate consortium. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:50. [PMID: 38650250 PMCID: PMC10992917 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00403-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyl butyrate (BB) is an important chemical with versatile applications in beverage, food and cosmetics industries. Since chemical synthesis of BB may cause adverse impacts on the environment, biotechnology is an emerging alternative approach for microbial esters biosynthesis. BB can be synthesized by using a single Clostridium strain natively producing butanol or butyrate, with exogenously supplemented butyrate or butanol, in the presence of lipase. Recently, E. coli strains have been engineered to produce BB, but the titer and yield remained very low. This review highlighted a new trend of developing cognate microbial consortium for BB production and associated challenges, and end up with new prospects for further improvement for microbial BB biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Paul Sinumvayo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Yanping Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Cold Active Lipases: Biocatalytic Tools for Greener Technology. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:2245-2266. [PMID: 33544363 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03516-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipases are enzymes that catalyze the ester bond hydrolysis in triglycerides with the release of fatty acids, mono- and diglycerides, and glycerol. The microbial lipases account for $400 million market size in 2017 and it is expected to reach $590 million by 2023. Many biotechnological processes are expedited at high temperatures and hence much research is dealt with thermostable enzymes. Cold active lipases are now gaining importance in the detergent, synthesis of chiral intermediates and frail/fragile compounds, and food and pharmaceutical industries. In addition, they consume less energy since they are active at low temperatures. These cold active lipases have not been commercially exploited so far compared to mesophilic and thermophilc lipases. Cold active lipases are distributed in microbes found at low temperatures. Only a few microbes were studied for the production of these enzymes. These cold-adapted enzymes show increased flexibility of their structures in response to freezing effect of the cold habitats. This review presents an update on cold-active lipases from microbial sources along with some structural features justifying high enzyme activity at low temperature. In addition, recent achievements on their use in various industries will also be discussed.
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Barzkar N, Sohail M, Tamadoni Jahromi S, Gozari M, Poormozaffar S, Nahavandi R, Hafezieh M. Marine Bacterial Esterases: Emerging Biocatalysts for Industrial Applications. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:1187-1214. [PMID: 33411134 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03483-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The marine ecosystem has been known to be a significant source of novel enzymes. Esterase enzymes (EC 3.1.1.1) represent a diverse group of hydrolases that catalyze the cleavage and formation of ester bonds. Although esterases are widely distributed among marine organisms, only microbial esterases are of paramount industrial importance. This article discusses the importance of marine microbial esterases, their biochemical and kinetic properties, and their stability under extreme conditions. Since culture-dependent techniques provide limited insights into microbial diversity of the marine ecosystem, therefore, genomics and metagenomics approaches have widely been adopted in search of novel esterases. Additionally, the article also explains industrial applications of marine bacterial esterases particularly for the synthesis of optically pure substances, the preparation of enantiomerically pure drugs, the degradation of human-made plastics and organophosphorus compounds, degradation of the lipophilic components of the ink, and production of short-chain flavor esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noora Barzkar
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, 7931674576, Iran.
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Saeid Tamadoni Jahromi
- Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecological Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mohsen Gozari
- Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecological Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Sajjad Poormozaffar
- Persian Gulf Mollusks Research Station, Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecology Research Center, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Bandar-e-Lengeh, Iran
| | - Reza Nahavandi
- Animal Science Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hafezieh
- Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (ASRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Enzyme-mediated esterification reactions can be a promising alternative to produce esters of commercial interest, replacing conventional chemical processes. The aim of this work was to verify the potential of an esterase for ester synthesis. For that, recombinant lipolytic enzyme EST5 was purified and presented higher activity at pH 7.5, 45 °C, with a Tm of 47 °C. Also, the enzyme remained at least 50% active at low temperatures and exhibited broad substrate specificity toward p-nitrophenol esters with highest activity for p-nitrophenyl valerate with a Kcat/Km of 1533 s−1 mM−1. This esterase exerted great properties that make it useful for industrial applications, since EST5 remained stable in the presence of up to 10% methanol and 20% dimethyl sulfoxide. Also, preliminary studies in esterification reactions for the synthesis of methyl butyrate led to a specific activity of 127.04 U·mg−1. The enzyme showed higher esterification activity compared to other literature results, including commercial enzymes such as LIP4 and CL of Candida rugosa assayed with butyric acid and propanol which showed esterification activity of 86.5 and 15.83 U·mg−1, respectively. In conclusion, EST5 has potential for synthesis of flavor esters, providing a concept for its application in biotechnological processes.
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Facile One-Pot Immobilization of a Novel Esterase and Its Application in Cinnamyl Acetate Synthesis. Catal Letters 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-020-03168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Chandra P, Enespa, Singh R, Arora PK. Microbial lipases and their industrial applications: a comprehensive review. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:169. [PMID: 32847584 PMCID: PMC7449042 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01428-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipases are very versatile enzymes, and produced the attention of the several industrial processes. Lipase can be achieved from several sources, animal, vegetable, and microbiological. The uses of microbial lipase market is estimated to be USD 425.0 Million in 2018 and it is projected to reach USD 590.2 Million by 2023, growing at a CAGR of 6.8% from 2018. Microbial lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) catalyze the hydrolysis of long chain triglycerides. The microbial origins of lipase enzymes are logically dynamic and proficient also have an extensive range of industrial uses with the manufacturing of altered molecules. The unique lipase (triacylglycerol acyl hydrolase) enzymes catalyzed the hydrolysis, esterification and alcoholysis reactions. Immobilization has made the use of microbial lipases accomplish its best performance and hence suitable for several reactions and need to enhance aroma to the immobilization processes. Immobilized enzymes depend on the immobilization technique and the carrier type. The choice of the carrier concerns usually the biocompatibility, chemical and thermal stability, and insolubility under reaction conditions, capability of easy rejuvenation and reusability, as well as cost proficiency. Bacillus spp., Achromobacter spp., Alcaligenes spp., Arthrobacter spp., Pseudomonos spp., of bacteria and Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp., of fungi are screened large scale for lipase production. Lipases as multipurpose biological catalyst has given a favorable vision in meeting the needs for several industries such as biodiesel, foods and drinks, leather, textile, detergents, pharmaceuticals and medicals. This review represents a discussion on microbial sources of lipases, immobilization methods increased productivity at market profitability and reduce logistical liability on the environment and user.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Chandra
- Food Microbiology & Toxicology, Department of Microbiology, School for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central) University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226025 India
| | - Enespa
- Department of Plant Pathology, School for Agriculture, SMPDC, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007 U.P. India
| | - Ranjan Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, School for Environmental Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central) University, Lucknow, U.P. India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Arora
- Department of Microbiology, School for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central) University, Lucknow, U.P. India
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Production of isopropyl and butyl esters by Clostridium mono-culture and co-culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 47:543-550. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-020-02279-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Production of esters from the acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation by Clostridium often focuses on butyl butyrate, leaving acetone as an undesired product. Addition of butyrate is also often needed because ABE fermentation does not produce enough butyrate. Here we addressed the problems using Clostridium beijerinckii BGS1 that preferred to produce isopropanol instead of acetone, and co-culturing it with Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC 25,755 that produced butyrate. Unlike acetone, isopropanol could be converted into ester using lipase and acids . C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25,755 produced acids at pH 6, while C. beijerinckii BGS1 produced mainly solvents at the same pH. When the two strains were co-cultured, more butyrate was produced, leading to a higher titer of esters than the mono-culture of C. beijerinckii BGS1. As the first study reporting the production of isopropyl butyrate from the Clostridium fermentation, this study highlighted the potential use of lipase and co-culture strategy in ester production.
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Sharma A, Sharma P, Singh J, Singh S, Nain L. Prospecting the Potential of Agroresidues as Substrate for Microbial Flavor Production. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Almeida JM, Alnoch RC, Souza EM, Mitchell DA, Krieger N. Metagenomics: Is it a powerful tool to obtain lipases for application in biocatalysis? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1868:140320. [PMID: 31756433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.140320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, metagenomic strategies have been widely used to isolate and identify new enzymes from uncultivable components of microbial communities. Among these enzymes, various lipases have been obtained from metagenomic libraries from different environments and characterized. Although many of these lipases have characteristics that could make them interesting for application in biocatalysis, relatively little work has been done to evaluate their potential to catalyze industrially important reactions. In the present article, we highlight the latest research on lipases obtained through metagenomic tools, focusing on studies of activity and stability and investigations of application in biocatalysis. We also discuss the challenges of metagenomic approaches for the bioprospecting of new lipases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina Marques Almeida
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx.P. 19046 Centro Politécnico, Curitiba 81531-980, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Robson Carlos Alnoch
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx.P. 19046 Centro Politécnico, Curitiba 81531-980, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Maltempi Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx.P. 19046 Centro Politécnico, Curitiba 81531-980, Paraná, Brazil
| | - David Alexander Mitchell
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx.P. 19046 Centro Politécnico, Curitiba 81531-980, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Nadia Krieger
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx.P. 19032 Centro Politécnico, Curitiba 81531-980, Paraná, Brazil.
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Kaur M, Mehta A, Gupta R. Synthesis of Methyl Butyrate Catalyzed by Lipase from Aspergillus fumigatus. J Oleo Sci 2019; 68:989-993. [PMID: 31511470 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess19125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipase is a potential biocatalyst and can be exploited for various applications such as food, pharmaceutical, oleochemistry, organic chemistry, biofuels and in detergent industries. In the present study, lipase from Aspergillus fumigatus was purified to homogeneity by SDS and Native PAGE and evaluated as biocatalyst for the synthesis of methyl butyrate which is a flavor ester. A purification fold of 6.96 was achieved by using Octyl Sepharose column chromatography. Methyl butyrate was synthesized by trans-esterification of vinyl butyrate with methanol, in a medium containing n-hexane as a solvent. The molar ratio of 2:2 (vinyl butyrate:methanol) was found to be optimum for the synthesis of methyl butyrate. The yield of methyl butyrate was maximum when reactants were incubated for 16 h at an incubation temperature of 40°C. The maximum yield (86%) of ester was obtained with 30 µg/ml of purified lipase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University
| | - Akshita Mehta
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University
| | - Reena Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University
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Zaitsev SY, Savina AA, Zaitsev IS. Biochemical aspects of lipase immobilization at polysaccharides for biotechnology. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 272:102016. [PMID: 31421454 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.102016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The design of immobilized enzyme preparations is an important and relevant area of modern sciences and technologies. Immobilization of enzymes from animal sources (component I) on natural carriers (component II) increases the system stability by protecting the active site of the enzyme from deactivation; facilitates the separation and accelerates the recovery of the enzyme. This makes reuse possible and provides a significant reduction in operating costs. Hydrolytic enzymes (such as lipases) and polysaccharides (such as chitosan) are the most promising of such pairs of components. The main attention here is devoted to the discussion on lipase immobilization on polysaccharide (mainly - chitin and chitosan). Based on the analysis of the available literature, the most adequate method is the immobilization of lipase from porcine pancreas (LPP) on polysaccharide particles (such as chitin or chitosan) pre-treated with ultrasound (to increase the particle surface area) and glutaraldehyde (for particle activation) that shows reasonably high LPP activity and stability. In order to increase further the activity of the lipase, some authors proposed to incorporate a spacer in the form of 1,3-diaminopropane (or 1,3-diaminobutane) prior to activation of the surface of the chitosan particles. In particular cases, the use of chitin (instead of chitosan) may be an alternative solution for biotechnological applications. Recently the idea of constructing "supramolecular enzyme systems" realized in the so-called "coimmobilized multienzymatic systems" strategy. The most fascinating example is the combined assay of a mixture of native LPP, glycerol kinase (from Cellulomonas) and glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase (from Aerococcus viridans) linked by glutaraldehyde to chitosan (as shell for inorganic nanoparticle core). This material was placed on a Pt-electrode as biosensor and was successfully applied for amperometric determination of the triglyceride level in the serum of healthy and diseased person. Thus, the whole innovative research-production sequence is described by Aggarwal V. and Pundir C.S.: from simple components to advanced material and further biomedical application. Thus, the following approach of lipase immobilization appears the most promising for future applications: a few types of lipases or the combination of LPP with some other enzymes immobilized simultaneously on multifunctional carriers (as nanohybrids of inorganic core and polysaccharide shell).
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Xin F, Zhang W, Jiang M. Bioprocessing Butanol into More Valuable Butyl Butyrate. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 37:923-926. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Moreira WC, Elias ALP, Osório WR, Padilha GS. Alternative method to improve the ethyl valerate yield using an immobilised Burkholderia cepacia lipase. J Microencapsul 2019; 36:327-337. [DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2019.1626927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wellington Correa Moreira
- School of Applied Sciences/FCA, Research Group in Manufacturing of Advanced Materials (CPMMA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Luís Pereira Elias
- School of Applied Sciences/FCA, Research Group in Manufacturing of Advanced Materials (CPMMA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wislei Riuper Osório
- School of Applied Sciences/FCA, Research Group in Manufacturing of Advanced Materials (CPMMA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, Limeira, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovana Silva Padilha
- School of Applied Sciences/FCA, Research Group in Manufacturing of Advanced Materials (CPMMA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Perdomo IC, Gianolio S, Pinto A, Romano D, Contente ML, Paradisi F, Molinari F. Efficient Enzymatic Preparation of Flavor Esters in Water. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6517-6522. [PMID: 31099247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A straightforward biocatalytic method for the enzymatic preparation of different flavor esters starting from primary alcohols (e.g., isoamyl, n-hexyl, geranyl, cinnamyl, 2-phenethyl, and benzyl alcohols) and naturally available ethyl esters (e.g., formate, acetate, propionate, and butyrate) was developed. The biotransformations are catalyzed by an acyltransferase from Mycobacterium smegmatis (MsAcT) and proceeded with excellent yields (80-97%) and short reaction times (30-120 min), even when high substrate concentrations (up to 0.5 M) were used. This enzymatic strategy represents an efficient alternative to the application of lipases in organic solvents and a significant improvement compared with already known methods in terms of reduced use of organic solvents, paving the way to sustainable and efficient preparation of natural flavoring agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Chiarelli Perdomo
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS) , University of Milan , Via Mangiagalli 25 , 20133 Milan , Italy
| | - Stefania Gianolio
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS) , University of Milan , Via Mangiagalli 25 , 20133 Milan , Italy
| | - Andrea Pinto
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS) , University of Milan , Via Mangiagalli 25 , 20133 Milan , Italy
| | - Diego Romano
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS) , University of Milan , Via Mangiagalli 25 , 20133 Milan , Italy
| | - Martina Letizia Contente
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS) , University of Milan , Via Mangiagalli 25 , 20133 Milan , Italy
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Paradisi
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Molinari
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS) , University of Milan , Via Mangiagalli 25 , 20133 Milan , Italy
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de Souza CEC, Ribeiro BD, Coelho MAZ. Characterization and Application of Yarrowia lipolytica Lipase Obtained by Solid-State Fermentation in the Synthesis of Different Esters Used in the Food Industry. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 189:933-959. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Cong S, Tian K, Zhang X, Lu F, Singh S, Prior B, Wang ZX. Synthesis of flavor esters by a novel lipase from Aspergillus niger in a soybean-solvent system. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:244. [PMID: 31168437 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1778-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To find a lipase for synthesis of flavor esters in food processing, a total of 35 putative lipases from Aspergillus niger F0215 were heterologously expressed and their esterification properties in crude preparations were examined. One of them, named An-lipase with the highest esterification rate (23.1%) was selected for further study. The purified An-lipase had the maximal activity at 20 °C and pH 6.5 and the specific activity of 1293 U/mg. Sixty percent of the activity was maintained in a range of temperatures of 0-30 °C and pHs of 3.0-8.5. The highest hydrolysis activity of An-lipase was towards pNPC (C8), followed by pNPB (C4) and pNPA (C2), then pNPL (C12). K m, V max, k cat, and k cat/K m towards pNPC were 26.7 mmol/L, 129.9 mmol/(L h), 23.2 s-1, and 0.8/mM/s, respectively. The ethyl lactate, butyl butyrate, and ethyl caprylate flavor esters were produced by esterification of the corresponding acids with conversion efficiencies of 15.8, 37.5, and 24.7%, respectively, in a soybean-oil-based solvent system. In conclusion, An lipase identified in this study significantly mediated synthesis of predominant flavor esters (ethyl lactate, butyl butyrate, and ethyl caprylate) in a soybean-oil-lacking other toxic organic solvents, which has potential application in food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanzi Cong
- 1College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 China
- 2Department of Biological Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Kangming Tian
- 2Department of Biological Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Xin Zhang
- 1College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Fuping Lu
- 1College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Suren Singh
- 3Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4001 South Africa
| | - Bernard Prior
- 4Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 South Africa
| | - Zheng-Xiang Wang
- 2Department of Biological Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 China
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21
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Molina-Gutiérrez M, Hakalin NLS, Rodríguez-Sánchez L, Alcaraz L, López FA, Martínez MJ, Prieto A. Effect of the Immobilization Strategy on the Efficiency and Recyclability of the Versatile Lipase from Ophiostoma piceae. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071313. [PMID: 30987194 PMCID: PMC6480004 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The recombinant lipase from Ophiostoma piceae OPEr has demonstrated to have catalytic properties superior to those of many commercial enzymes. Enzymatic crudes with OPEr were immobilized onto magnetite nanoparticles by hydrophobicity (SiMAG-Octyl) and by two procedures that involve covalent attachment of the protein (mCLEAs and AMNP-GA), giving three nanobiocatalysts with different specific activity in hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl butyrate (pNPB) and good storage stability at 4 °C over a period of 4 months. Free OPEr and the different nanobiocatalysts were compared for the synthesis of butyl esters of volatile fatty acids C4 to C7 in reactions containing the same lipase activity. The esterification yields and the reaction rates obtained with AMNP-GA-OPEr were in general higher or similar to those observed for the free enzyme, the mCLEAs-OPEr, and the non-covalent preparation SiMAG-Octyl-OPEr. The time course of the esterification of the acids C4 to C6 catalyzed by AMNP-GA-OPEr was comparable. The synthesis of the C7 ester was slower but very efficient, admitting concentrations of heptanoic acid up to 1 M. The best 1-butanol: acid molar ratio was 2:1 for all the acids tested. Depending on the substrate, this covalent preparation of OPEr maintained 80–96% activity over 7 cycles, revealing its excellent properties, easy recovery and recycling, and its potential to catalyze the green synthesis of chemicals of industrial interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Molina-Gutiérrez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), C/Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Neumara L S Hakalin
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), C/Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Lorena Alcaraz
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas (CSIC), C/Gregorio del Amo, 8, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Félix A López
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas (CSIC), C/Gregorio del Amo, 8, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Jesús Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), C/Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alicia Prieto
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), C/Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Cebrián-García S, Balu AM, García A, Luque R. Sol-Gel Immobilisation of Lipases: Towards Active and Stable Biocatalysts for the Esterification of Valeric Acid. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092283. [PMID: 30200657 PMCID: PMC6225346 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkyl esters are high added value products useful in a wide range of industrial sectors. A methodology based on a simple sol-gel approach (biosilicification) is herein proposed to encapsulate enzymes in order to design highly active and stable biocatalysts. Their performance was assessed through the optimization of valeric acid esterification evaluating the effect of different parameters (biocatalyst load, presence of water, reaction temperature and stirring rate) in different alcoholic media, and comparing two different methodologies: conventional heating and microwave irradiation. Ethyl valerate yields were in the 80–85% range under optimum conditions (15 min, 12% m/v biocatalyst, molar ratio 1:2 of valeric acid to alcohol). Comparatively, the biocatalysts were slightly deactivated under microwave irradiation due to enzyme denaturalisation. Biocatalyst reuse was attempted to prove that good reusability of these sol-gel immobilised enzymes could be achieved under conventional heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Cebrián-García
- Organic Chemistry Department, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie (C-3), Ctra. Nacional IV-A, Km 396, E14014 Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Alina M Balu
- Organic Chemistry Department, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie (C-3), Ctra. Nacional IV-A, Km 396, E14014 Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Araceli García
- Organic Chemistry Department, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie (C-3), Ctra. Nacional IV-A, Km 396, E14014 Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Rafael Luque
- Organic Chemistry Department, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie (C-3), Ctra. Nacional IV-A, Km 396, E14014 Cordoba, Spain.
- Scientific Centre for Molecular Design and Synthesis of Innovative Compounds for Medicine, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya str., 117198 Moscow, Russia.
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23
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Raghu S, Pennathur G. Enhancing the stability of a carboxylesterase by entrapment in chitosan coated alginate beads. Turk J Biol 2018; 42:307-318. [PMID: 30814894 DOI: 10.3906/biy-1805-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A carboxylesterase isolated from Aeromonas caviae MTCC 7725 was immobilized by entrapping it in chitosan coated calcium alginate beads. This was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The activity of the native and immobilized enzyme was measured at various temperatures, pH levels, and organic solvents. The optimum temperature for activity of the native enzyme was found to be 40 °C and this increased to 50 °C on immobilization. The immobilized enzyme showed enhanced stability and high residual activity in various organic solvents as compared to the free enzyme. An environmentally benign approach was used for the synthesis of ethyl salicylate using the immobilized enzyme. The product obtained was confirmed by GC-MS. The kinetic parameters, such as K m and Vmax, were also determined for the native and immobilized enzyme. The immobilized enzyme retained 50% of its activity after vfie cycles. The immobilized enzyme retained 80% and 40% of its activity at 4 °C and at 37 °C, respectively, at the end of 40 days. The results obtained from our study show that the immobilized enzyme can serve as a robust catalyst for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujatha Raghu
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University , Chennai , India
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24
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Bio-mediated generation of food flavors – Towards sustainable flavor production inspired by nature. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Cebrián-García S, Balu AM, Luque R. Ultrasound-Assisted Esterification of Valeric Acid to Alkyl Valerates Promoted by Biosilicified Lipases. Front Chem 2018; 6:197. [PMID: 29930937 PMCID: PMC5999784 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel, environmentally friendly, and sustainable ultrasound-assisted methodology in the valorization of valeric acid to alkyl valerate using a biosilicified lipase from Candida antarctica is reported. This one-pot room temperature methodology of enzyme biosilicification leads to biosilicified lipases with improved activity and reaction efficiency as compared to free enzymes. Yields in the ultrasound-promoted esterification of valeric acid was ca. 90% in 2 h with 15% m/v of biosilicified lipase (Bio-lipase; 616 U/g biocatalyst enzymatic activity) and a molar ratio 1:2 (valeric acid:ethanol), slightly superior to that observed by the free enzyme (75% conversion, 583U/g biocatalyst enzymatic activity). The reuse of enzymes in these conditions was tested and the results show a relatively good reusability of these biosilicified enzymes under the investigated conditions, particularly preserving fairly stable specific activities (616 vs. 430 U/g biocatalyst after four reuses).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alina M Balu
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Universidad de Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Luque
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Universidad de Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Scientific Center for Molecular Design and Synthesis of Innovative Compounds for the Medical Industry, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN), Moscow, Russia
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26
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Liu CH, Chen YT, Hou MH, Hu NJ, Chen CS, Shaw JF. Crystallographic analysis of the Staphylococcus epidermidis lipase involved in esterification in aqueous solution. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2018; 74:351-354. [PMID: 29870019 PMCID: PMC5987743 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x18006775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The Staphylococcus epidermidis lipase (SeLip, GehC) can be used in flavour-compound production via esterification in aqueous solution. This study reports the crystallization and crystallographic analysis of recombinant GehC (rGehC; Lys303-Lys688) with a molecular weight of 43 kDa. rGehC was crystallized at 293 K using PEG 10 000 as a precipitant, and a 99.9% complete native data set was collected from a cooled crystal at 77 K to a resolution of 1.9 Å with an overall Rmerge value of 7.3%. The crystals were orthorhombic and belonged to space group P212121, with unit-cell parameters a = 42.07, b = 59.31, c = 171.30 Å, α = β = γ = 90°. Solvent-content calculations suggest that there is likely to be one lipase subunit in the asymmetric unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Huan Liu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, South District, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Chen
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, South District, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hon Hou
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, South District, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Nien-Jen Hu
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, South District, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Shuh Chen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, South District, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Jei-Fu Shaw
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, No. 1, Section 1, Syuecheng Road, Dashu District, Kaohsiung City 84001, Taiwan
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27
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Savvidou MG, Katsabea A, Kotidis P, Mamma D, Lymperopoulou TV, Kekos D, Kolisis FN. Studies on the catalytic behavior of a membrane-bound lipolytic enzyme from the microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica CCMP1779. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 116:64-71. [PMID: 29887019 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic behavior of a membrane-bound lipolytic enzyme (MBL-Enzyme) from the microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica CCMP1779 was investigated. The biocatalyst showed maximum activity at 50 °C and pH 7.0, and was stable at pH 7.0 and temperatures from 40 to 60 °C. Half-lives at 60 °C, 70 °C and 80 °C were found 866.38, 150.67 and 85.57 min respectively. Thermal deactivation energy was 68.87 kJ mol-1. The enzyme's enthalpy (ΔΗ*), entropy (ΔS*) and Gibb's free energy (ΔG*) were in the range of 65.86-66.27 kJ mol-1, 132.38-140.64 J mol-1 K-1 and 107.80-115.81 kJ mol-1, respectively. Among p-nitrophenyl esters of fatty acids tested, MBL-Enzyme exhibited the highest hydrolytic activity against p-nitrophenyl palmitate (pNPP). The Km and Vmax values were found 0.051 mM and of 0.054 mmole pNP mg protein-1 min-1, respectively with pNPP as substrate. The presence of Mn2+ increased lipolytic activity by 68.25%, while Fe3+ and Cu2+ ions had the strongest inhibitory effect. MBL-Enzyme was stable in the presence of water miscible (66% of the initial activity in ethanol) and water immiscible (71% of the initial activity in n-octane) solvents. Myristic acid was found to be the most efficient acyl donor in esterification reactions with ethanol. Methanol was the best acyl acceptor among the primary alcohols tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Savvidou
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Katsabea
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Pavlos Kotidis
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Diomi Mamma
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Theopisti V Lymperopoulou
- Environment and Quality of Life Center, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kekos
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Fragiskos N Kolisis
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, 15780, Athens, Greece.
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28
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Yang C, Qi Y, Zheng J, Fan XU, Liang P, Song C. Efficacy of Various Preservatives on Extending Shelf Life of Vacuum-Packaged Raw Pork during 4°C Storage. J Food Prot 2018; 81:636-645. [PMID: 29543526 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Uncontrolled bacterial growth and metabolic activities are responsible for the short shelf life of raw pork. Culture-independent analysis by 16S ribosome cDNA could reveal viable bacteria in raw pork. This study investigated microbial growth and volatile organic compounds of raw pork supplemented with various preservatives. Vacuum-packaged raw pork was stored at 4°C, after soaking in solutions of potassium sorbate, ε-poly-l-lysine, kojic acid (KA), or sodium diacetate, individually. Spoilage of raw pork was monitored by determining pH and total volatile basic nitrogen, whereas bacterial growth was determined by culture-dependent and culture-independent analyses. Data indicated that all the preservatives were able to inhibit bacterial growth and extend the shelf life of pork. High-throughput sequencing of 16S ribosome cDNA indicated that Pseudomonas was inhibited under vacuum conditions, whereas facultative anaerobes ( Acinetobacter, Photobacterium, Brochothrix, and Myroides) were the most active genera in the spoiled pork. Photobacterium was further inhibited by each preservative. The inhibition of Acinetobacter, Photobacterium, and Myroides could be responsible for the extended shelf life of vacuum-packaged pork; they were effectively inhibited by KA, which also induced the longest shelf life. Moreover, 19 types of volatile organic compounds were detected. 3-Methylbutanol, 3-methylbutanol acetate, 2-butanone, toluene, benzeneacetaldehyde, dimethyl trisulfide, and acetoin were associated with spoilage. Furthermore, KA is a potential preservative in raw pork; because no phenol was detectable within 35 days, excessive intake of phenol induced by preservatives was avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - X U Fan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Peixin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Cunjiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
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29
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Berini F, Casciello C, Marcone GL, Marinelli F. Metagenomics: novel enzymes from non-culturable microbes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2017; 364:4329276. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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30
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Transesterification Synthesis of Chloramphenicol Esters with the Lipase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091523. [PMID: 28925953 PMCID: PMC6151736 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents a synthetic route to produce chloramphenicol esters by taking advantage the high enantio- and regio-selectivity of lipases. A series of chloramphenicol esters were synthesized using chloramphenicol, acyl donors of different carbon chain length and lipase LipBA (lipase cloned from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens). Among acyl donors with different carbon chain lengths, vinyl propionate was found to be the best. The influences of different organic solvents, reaction temperature, reaction time, enzyme loading and water content on the synthesis of the chloramphenicol esters were studied. The synthesis of chloramphenicol propionate (0.25 M) with 4.0 g L−1 of LipBA loading gave a conversion of ~98% and a purity of ~99% within 8 h at 50 °C in 1,4-dioxane as solvent. The optimum mole ratio of vinyl propionate to chloramphenicol was increased to 5:1. This is the first report of B. amyloliquefaciens lipase being used in chloramphenicol ester synthesis and a detailed study of the synthesis of chloramphenicol propionate using this reaction. The high enzyme activity and selectivity make lipase LipBA an attractive catalyst for green chemical synthesis of molecules with complex structures.
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31
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Obeng EM, Adam SNN, Budiman C, Ongkudon CM, Maas R, Jose J. Lignocellulases: a review of emerging and developing enzymes, systems, and practices. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-017-0146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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32
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Madalozzo AD, Martini VP, Kuniyoshi KK, Souza EM, Pedrosa FDO, Zanin GM, Mitchell DA, Krieger N. Synthesis of flavor esters and structured lipids by a new immobilized lipase, LipC12, obtained from metagenomics. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Corradini MCC, Gomes RAB, Luiz JHH, Mendes AA. Optimization of Enzymatic Synthesis of n-Propyl Acetate (Fruit Flavor Ester) – Effect of the Support on the Properties of Biocatalysts. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2016.1201658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jaine H. H. Luiz
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Adriano A. Mendes
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
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34
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Wachtmeister J, Rother D. Recent advances in whole cell biocatalysis techniques bridging from investigative to industrial scale. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 42:169-177. [PMID: 27318259 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in biocatalysis have strongly boosted its recognition as a valuable addition to traditional chemical synthesis routes. As for any catalytic process, catalyst's costs and stabilities are of highest relevance for the economic application in chemical manufacturing. Employing biocatalysts as whole cells circumvents the need of cell lysis and enzyme purification and hence strongly cuts on cost. At the same time, residual cell wall components can shield the entrapped enzyme from potentially harmful surroundings and aid to enable applications far from natural enzymatic environments. Further advantages are the close proximity of reactants and catalysts as well as the inherent presence of expensive cofactors. Here, we review and comment on benefits and recent advances in whole cell biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dörte Rother
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
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Palmerín-Carreño DM, Rutiaga-Quiñones OM, Verde-Calvo JR, Prado-Barragán A, Huerta-Ochoa S. Whole Cell Bioconversion of (+)-valencene to (+)-nootkatone in 100 % Organic Phase using Yarrowia lipolytica 2.2ab. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL REACTOR ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/ijcre-2016-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this work was to assess the whole cell bioconversion of (+)-valencene to (+)-nootkatone in 100 % organic phase (orange essential oil) using a stirred tank bioreactor. Yarrowia lipolytica 2.2ab was used to perform bioconversion experiments; 600 mL of orange essential oil was inoculated with 50 cm3 of cell paste containing 13.5 g of biomass previously permeabilized with 0.2 % (w/v) of cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and enriched with 2.0 mM niacin. Experiments were conducted at 200 rpm, 0.5 vvm and 30 °C. The highest (+)-nootkatone yield was ca. 773 mg L−1 after 4 days of conversion. Bioconversion percent and volumetric productivity increased to 82.3 % and 8.06 mg L−1 h−1 compared to those reported previously using a three-phase partitioning bioreactor. The absence of free water in the system did not affect the performance of Y. lipolytica 2.2ab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulce M. Palmerín-Carreño
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, P.A. 55–535, 09340 Iztapalapa, México D.F., México
| | | | - José R. Verde-Calvo
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, P.A. 55–535, 09340 Iztapalapa, México D.F., México
| | - Arely Prado-Barragán
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, P.A. 55–535, 09340 Iztapalapa, México D.F., México
| | - Sergio Huerta-Ochoa
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, P.A. 55–535, 09340 Iztapalapa, México D.F., México
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Palmerín-Carreño D, Rutiaga-Quiñones O, Verde Calvo J, Prado-Barragán A, Huerta-Ochoa S. Screening of microorganisms for bioconversion of (+)-valencene to (+)-nootkatone. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Zhuang S, Fu J, Powell C, Huang J, Xia Y, Yan R. Production of medium-chain volatile flavour esters in Pichia pastoris whole-cell biocatalysts with extracellular expression of Saccharomyces cerevisiae acyl-CoA:ethanol O-acyltransferase Eht1 or Eeb1. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:467. [PMID: 26357598 PMCID: PMC4556718 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Medium-chain volatile flavour esters are important molecules since they have extensive applications in food, fragrance, cosmetic, paint and coating industries, which determine different characteristics of aroma or taste in commercial products. Biosynthesis of these compounds by alcoholysis is catalyzed by acyl-CoA:ethanol O-acyltransferases Eht1 or Eeb1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, these two yeast enzymes were selected to explore their preparations as the form of whole cell biocatalysts for the production of volatile flavour esters. Here, the novel whole cell biocatalysts Pichia pastoris yeasts with functional extracellular expression of Eht1 or Eeb1 were constructed. Flavour production was established through an integrated process with coupled enzyme formation and ester biosynthesis in the recombinant yeasts in one pot, leading to the formation of volatile C6–C14 methyl and ethyl esters from wort medium. Interestingly, there is no significant difference between P. pastoris-EHT1 and P. pastoris-EEB1 in substrate preference during flavour biosynthesis, indicating a similar role of Eht1 and Eeb1 in P. pastoris cells, in contradiction with previous findings in S. cerevisiae to some extent. Consequently the study not only provides a greater understanding of these two enzymes in a heterogeneous host, but also demonstrated the positive effect of the recombinant Eht1 and Eeb1 in ester formation by P. pastoris live cells, potentially paving the way towards achieving efficient production of volatile flavour by an integrated biocatalytic system composed of recombinant enzyme production and flavour biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Zhuang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kg. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Junshu Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chris Powell
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottinghamshire, UK
| | - Jinhai Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yihe Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruixiang Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Borrelli GM, Trono D. Recombinant Lipases and Phospholipases and Their Use as Biocatalysts for Industrial Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:20774-840. [PMID: 26340621 PMCID: PMC4613230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160920774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipases and phospholipases are interfacial enzymes that hydrolyze hydrophobic ester linkages of triacylglycerols and phospholipids, respectively. In addition to their role as esterases, these enzymes catalyze a plethora of other reactions; indeed, lipases also catalyze esterification, transesterification and interesterification reactions, and phospholipases also show acyltransferase, transacylase and transphosphatidylation activities. Thus, lipases and phospholipases represent versatile biocatalysts that are widely used in various industrial applications, such as for biodiesels, food, nutraceuticals, oil degumming and detergents; minor applications also include bioremediation, agriculture, cosmetics, leather and paper industries. These enzymes are ubiquitous in most living organisms, across animals, plants, yeasts, fungi and bacteria. For their greater availability and their ease of production, microbial lipases and phospholipases are preferred to those derived from animals and plants. Nevertheless, traditional purification strategies from microbe cultures have a number of disadvantages, which include non-reproducibility and low yields. Moreover, native microbial enzymes are not always suitable for biocatalytic processes. The development of molecular techniques for the production of recombinant heterologous proteins in a host system has overcome these constraints, as this allows high-level protein expression and production of new redesigned enzymes with improved catalytic properties. These can meet the requirements of specific industrial process better than the native enzymes. The purpose of this review is to give an overview of the structural and functional features of lipases and phospholipases, to describe the recent advances in optimization of the production of recombinant lipases and phospholipases, and to summarize the information available relating to their major applications in industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia M Borrelli
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca per la Cerealicoltura, S.S. 673 Km 25, 200-71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Daniela Trono
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca per la Cerealicoltura, S.S. 673 Km 25, 200-71122 Foggia, Italy.
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Est16, a New Esterase Isolated from a Metagenomic Library of a Microbial Consortium Specializing in Diesel Oil Degradation. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26214846 PMCID: PMC4516351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipolytic enzymes have attracted attention from a global market because they show enormous biotechnological potential for applications such as detergent production, leather processing, cosmetics production, and use in perfumes and biodiesel. Due to the intense demand for biocatalysts, a metagenomic approach provides methods of identifying new enzymes. In this study, an esterase designated as Est16 was selected from 4224 clones of a fosmid metagenomic library, revealing an 87% amino acid identity with an esterase/lipase (accession number ADM63076.1) from an uncultured bacterium. Phylogenetic studies showed that the enzyme belongs to family V of bacterial lipolytic enzymes and has sequence and structural similarities with an aryl-esterase from Pseudomonas fluorescens and a patented Anti-Kazlauskas lipase (patent number US20050153404). The protein was expressed and purified as a highly soluble, thermally stable enzyme that showed a preference for basic pH. Est16 exhibited activity toward a wide range of substrates and the highest catalytic efficiency against p-nitrophenyl butyrate and p-nitrophenyl valerate. Est16 also showed tolerance to the presence of organic solvents, detergents and metals. Based on molecular modeling, we showed that the large alpha-beta domain is conserved in the patented enzymes but not the substrate pocket. Here, it was demonstrated that a metagenomic approach is suitable for discovering the lipolytic enzyme diversity and that Est16 has the biotechnological potential for use in industrial processes.
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Alnoch RC, Martini VP, Glogauer A, Costa ACDS, Piovan L, Muller-Santos M, de Souza EM, de Oliveira Pedrosa F, Mitchell DA, Krieger N. Immobilization and characterization of a new regioselective and enantioselective lipase obtained from a metagenomic library. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0114945. [PMID: 25706996 PMCID: PMC4338019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous work, a new lipase and its cognate foldase were identified and isolated from a metagenomic library constructed from soil samples contaminated with fat. This new lipase, called LipG9, is a true lipase that shows specific activities that are comparable to those of well-known industrially-used lipases with high activity against long-chain triglycerides. In the present work, LipG9 was co-expressed and co-immobilized with its foldase, on an inert hydrophobic support (Accurel MP1000). We studied the performance of this immobilized LipG9 (Im-LipG9) in organic media, in order to evaluate its potential for use in biocatalysis. Im-LipG9 showed good stability, maintaining a residual activity of more than 70% at 50 °C after incubation in n-heptane (log P 4.0) for 8 h. It was also stable in polar organic solvents such as ethanol (log P -0.23) and acetone (log P -0.31), maintaining more than 80% of its original activity after 8 h incubation at 30 °C. The synthesis of ethyl esters was tested with fatty acids of different chain lengths in n-heptane at 30 °C. The best conversions (90% in 3 h) were obtained for medium and long chain saturated fatty acids (C8, C14 and C16), with the maximum specific activity, 29 U per gram of immobilized preparation, being obtained with palmitic acid (C16). Im-LipG9 was sn-1,3-specific. In the transesterification of the alcohol (R,S)-1-phenylethanol with vinyl acetate and the hydrolysis of the analogous ester, (R,S)-1-phenylethyl acetate, Im-LipG9 showed excellent enantioselectivity for the R-isomer of both substrates (E> 200), giving an enantiomeric excess (ee) of higher than 95% for the products at 49% conversion. The results obtained in this work provide the basis for the development of applications of LipG9 in biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Carlos Alnoch
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx. P. 19046 Centro Politécnico, Curitiba 81531–980, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Arnaldo Glogauer
- Agência Tecpar de Inovação, Instituto de Tecnologia do Paraná—Tecpar, Curitiba 81350–010, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Allen Carolina dos Santos Costa
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx. P. 19081 Centro Politécnico, Curitiba 81531–980, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Leandro Piovan
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx. P. 19081 Centro Politécnico, Curitiba 81531–980, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Muller-Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx. P. 19046 Centro Politécnico, Curitiba 81531–980, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Maltempi de Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx. P. 19046 Centro Politécnico, Curitiba 81531–980, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fábio de Oliveira Pedrosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx. P. 19046 Centro Politécnico, Curitiba 81531–980, Paraná, Brazil
| | - David Alexander Mitchell
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx. P. 19046 Centro Politécnico, Curitiba 81531–980, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Nadia Krieger
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx. P. 19081 Centro Politécnico, Curitiba 81531–980, Paraná, Brazil
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