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Okurut S, Boulware DR, Okafor E, Rhein J, Kajumbula H, Bagaya BS, Bwanga F, Olobo JO, Manabe YC, Meya DB, Janoff EN. Divergent neuroimmune signatures in the cerebrospinal fluid predict differential gender-specific survival among patients with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1275443. [PMID: 38152404 PMCID: PMC10752005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1275443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Survival among people with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis (CM) remains low, particularly among women, despite the currently optimal use of antifungal drugs. Cryptococcus dissemination into the central nervous system [brain, spinal cord, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)] elicits the local production of cytokines, chemokines, and other biomarkers. However, no consistent diagnostic or prognostic neuroimmune signature is reported to underpin the risk of death or to identify mechanisms to improve treatment and survival. We hypothesized that distinct neuroimmune signatures in the CSF would distinguish survivors from people who died on antifungal treatment and who may benefit from tailored therapy. Methods We considered baseline clinical features, CSF cryptococcal fungal burden, and CSF neuroimmune signatures with survival at 18 weeks among 419 consenting adults by "gender" (168 women and 251 men by biological sex defined at birth). Results Survival at 18 weeks was significantly lower among women than among men {47% vs. 59%, respectively; hazard ratio (HR) = 1.4 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.0 to 1.9; p = 0.023]}. Unsupervised principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated divergent neuroimmune signatures by gender, survival, and intragender-specific survival. Overall, women had lower levels of programmed death ligand 1, Interleukin (IL) (IL-11RA/IL-1F30, and IL-15 (IL-15) than men (all p < 0.028). Female survivors compared with those who died expressed significant elevations in levels of CCL11 and CXCL10 chemokines (both p = 0.001), as well as increased T helper 1, regulatory, and T helper 17 cytokines (all p < 0.041). In contrast, male survivors expressed lower levels of IL-15 and IL-8 compared with men who died (p < 0.044). Conclusions Survivors of both genders demonstrated a significant increase in the levels of immune regulatory IL-10. In conclusion, the lower survival among women with CM was accompanied by distinct differential gender-specific neuroimmune signatures. These female and male intragender-specific survival-associated neuroimmune signatures provide potential targets for interventions to advance therapy to improve the low survival among people with HIV-associated CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Okurut
- Translation Sciences Laboratory, Research Department, Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David R. Boulware
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Elizabeth Okafor
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Joshua Rhein
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Henry Kajumbula
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bernard S. Bagaya
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Freddie Bwanga
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph O. Olobo
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Yukari C. Manabe
- Translation Sciences Laboratory, Research Department, Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - David B. Meya
- Translation Sciences Laboratory, Research Department, Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Edward N. Janoff
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Disease, Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, United States
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Trifone C, Baquero L, Czernikier A, Benencio P, Leng L, Laufer N, Quiroga MF, Bucala R, Ghiglione Y, Turk G. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) Promotes Increased Proportions of the Highly Permissive Th17-like Cell Profile during HIV Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102218. [PMID: 36298774 PMCID: PMC9611675 DOI: 10.3390/v14102218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluate the role of the MIF/CD74 axis in the functionality of CD4+ T lymphocytes (CD4TL) during HIV infection. MDMs from healthy donors were infected with a R5-tropic or Transmitted/Founder (T/F) HIV strain. At day 11 post-MDM infection, allogeneic co-cultures with uninfected CD4TLs plus MIF stimulus were performed. Cytokine production was evaluated by ELISA. MIF plasma levels of people with HIV (PWH) were evaluated by ELISA. The phenotype and infection rate of CD4TLs from PWH were analyzed after MIF stimulus. Intracellular cytokines and transcription factors were evaluated by flow cytometry. Data were analyzed by parametric or non-parametric methods. The MIF stimulation of HIV-infected MDMs induced an increased expression of IL-6, IL-1β and IL-8. In CD4TL/MDM co-cultures, the MIF treatment increased IL-17A/RORγt-expressing CD4TLs. Higher concentrations of IL-17A in supernatants were also observed. These results were recapitulated using transmitted/founder (T/F) HIV-1 strains. The MIF treatment appeared to affect memory CD4TLs more than naïve CD4TLs. MIF blocking showed a negative impact on IL17A+CD4TL proportions. Higher MIF concentrations in PWH-derived plasma were correlated with higher IL-17A+CD4TL percentages. Finally, MIF stimulation in PWH-derived PBMCs led to an increase in Th17-like population. MIF may contribute to viral pathogenesis by generating a microenvironment enriched in activating mediators and Th17-like CD4TLs, which are known to be highly susceptible to HIV-1 infection and relevant to viral persistence. These observations establish a basis for considering MIF as a possible therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Trifone
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Lucía Baquero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Czernikier
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Paula Benencio
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Lin Leng
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Natalia Laufer
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Quiroga
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Yanina Ghiglione
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Turk
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +54-11-4508-3689 (ext. 130); Fax: +54-11-4508-3705
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Yang L, Chen H, Liu L, Song J, Feng T, Li Y, Shen C, Kong L, Xin X. Foot-and-mouth disease virus VP1 promotes viral replication by regulating the expression of chemokines and GBP1. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:937409. [PMID: 35937300 PMCID: PMC9353127 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.937409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an acute, highly contagious, and economically destructive pathogen of vesicular disease that affects domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals. The FMDV VP1 protein is an important part of the nucleocapsid and plays a significant role during FMDV infection. However, the signal pathways mediated by VP1 in the life cycle of FMDV and the related mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Here, we performed RNA-seq to compare gene expression profiles between pCAGGS-HA-VP1 transfected PK-15 cells and pCAGGS-HA (empty vector) transfected PK-15 cells. The results showed 5,571 genes with significantly different expression levels, of which 2,981 were up-regulated and 2,590 were down-regulated. GO enrichment analysis showed that 51 GO terms were significantly enriched in cell components including protein complex, membrane and organelle part. KEGG enrichment analysis showed 11 KEGG pathways were significantly enriched which were mainly related to the immune system, infectious viral disease, and signal transduction. Among the up-regulated genes, the chemokines such as CCL5, CXCL8, and CXCL10 in turn promoted FMDV replication. In contrast, GBP1, an interferon-stimulated gene that was suppressed by VP1 and FMDV, could effectively inhibit FMDV replication. Our research provides a comprehensive overview of the response of host cells to VP1 protein and a basis for further research to understand the roles of VP1 in FMDV infection including the genes involved in FMDV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Nanchang City Key Laboratory of Animal Virus and Genetic Engineering, Nanchang, China
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Nanchang City Key Laboratory of Animal Virus and Genetic Engineering, Nanchang, China
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Liqing Liu
- Nanchang City Key Laboratory of Animal Virus and Genetic Engineering, Nanchang, China
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jingjing Song
- Nanchang City Key Laboratory of Animal Virus and Genetic Engineering, Nanchang, China
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tian Feng
- Nanchang City Key Laboratory of Animal Virus and Genetic Engineering, Nanchang, China
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yihan Li
- Nanchang City Key Laboratory of Animal Virus and Genetic Engineering, Nanchang, China
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingbao Kong
- Nanchang City Key Laboratory of Animal Virus and Genetic Engineering, Nanchang, China
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiu Xin
- Nanchang City Key Laboratory of Animal Virus and Genetic Engineering, Nanchang, China
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Xiu Xin
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Gumbs SBH, Kübler R, Gharu L, Schipper PJ, Borst AL, Snijders GJLJ, Ormel PR, van Berlekom AB, Wensing AMJ, de Witte LD, Nijhuis M. Human microglial models to study HIV infection and neuropathogenesis: a literature overview and comparative analyses. J Neurovirol 2022; 28:64-91. [PMID: 35138593 PMCID: PMC9076745 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-01049-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
HIV persistence in the CNS despite antiretroviral therapy may cause neurological disorders and poses a critical challenge for HIV cure. Understanding the pathobiology of HIV-infected microglia, the main viral CNS reservoir, is imperative. Here, we provide a comprehensive comparison of human microglial culture models: cultured primary microglia (pMG), microglial cell lines, monocyte-derived microglia (MDMi), stem cell-derived microglia (iPSC-MG), and microglia grown in 3D cerebral organoids (oMG) as potential model systems to advance HIV research on microglia. Functional characterization revealed phagocytic capabilities and responsiveness to LPS across all models. Microglial transcriptome profiles of uncultured pMG showed the highest similarity to cultured pMG and oMG, followed by iPSC-MG and then MDMi. Direct comparison of HIV infection showed a striking difference, with high levels of viral replication in cultured pMG and MDMi and relatively low levels in oMG resembling HIV infection observed in post-mortem biopsies, while the SV40 and HMC3 cell lines did not support HIV infection. Altogether, based on transcriptional similarities to uncultured pMG and susceptibility to HIV infection, MDMi may serve as a first screening tool, whereas oMG, cultured pMG, and iPSC-MG provide more representative microglial culture models for HIV research. The use of current human microglial cell lines (SV40, HMC3) is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie B H Gumbs
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Raphael Kübler
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lavina Gharu
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline J Schipper
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anne L Borst
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsje J L J Snijders
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul R Ormel
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Amber Berdenis van Berlekom
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie M J Wensing
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lot D de Witte
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Nijhuis
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Dabee S, Tanko RF, Brown BP, Bunjun R, Balle C, Feng C, Konstantinus IN, Jaumdally SZ, Onono M, Nair G, Palanee-Phillips T, Gill K, Baeten JM, Bekker LG, Passmore JAS, Heffron R, Jaspan HB, Happel AU. Comparison of Female Genital Tract Cytokine and Microbiota Signatures Induced by Initiation of Intramuscular DMPA and NET-EN Hormonal Contraceptives - a Prospective Cohort Analysis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:760504. [PMID: 34956191 PMCID: PMC8696178 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.760504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cervicovaginal inflammation, bacterial microbiota and hormonal contraceptives all influence sexual and reproductive health. To date, the effects of intramuscular depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA-IM) versus injectable norethisterone enanthate (NET-EN) on vaginal microbiota or cytokines have not been compared back-to-back, although in-vitro data suggest that DMPA-IM and NET-EN have different pharmacokinetic and biologic activities. This study aimed at comparing the effects of DMPA-IM versus NET-EN initiation on cervicovaginal cytokines and microbiota in women at high risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) assigned to the respective contraceptives. Methods We collected socio-demographic characteristics and vaginal samples from women initiating DMPA-IM (ECHO Trial; n = 53) and NET-EN (UChoose Trial; n = 44) at baseline and after two consecutive injections to assess cytokine concentrations by Luminex, vaginal microbiota by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, STIs, bacterial vaginosis (BV) and candidiasis. Results Cytokine concentrations did not change significantly after initiating DMPA-IM or NET-EN, although NET-EN versus DMPA-IM-associated profiles were distinct. While the abundance of bacterial taxa associated with optimal and non-optimal microbiota fluctuated with DMPA-IM use, overall community composition did not significantly change with either contraceptive. HSV-2 serology, chlamydial infection, gonorrhoea and candidiasis did not influence the associations between contraceptive type and cervicovaginal cytokines or microbiota. Conclusions Both DMPA-IM and NET-EN use did not lead to broad inflammatory or microbiota changes in the female genital tract of sub-Saharan African women. This suggests that NET-EN is likely a viable option for contraception in African women at high risk of BV and STIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smritee Dabee
- Center for Global Infectious Disease, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ramla F. Tanko
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA) Centre of Excellence in HIV Prevention, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,The Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies (IMPM), Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Bryan P. Brown
- Center for Global Infectious Disease, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Rubina Bunjun
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christina Balle
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Colin Feng
- Center for Global Infectious Disease, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Shameem Z. Jaumdally
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Thesla Palanee-Phillips
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Jared M. Baeten
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, United States
| | | | - Jo-Ann S. Passmore
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA) Centre of Excellence in HIV Prevention, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Renee Heffron
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Heather B. Jaspan
- Center for Global Infectious Disease, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,*Correspondence: Heather B. Jaspan,
| | - Anna-Ursula Happel
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Gama WM, Frank CHM, Almeida TVR, Dos Santos DS, Chaves YO, da Silva DF, Orlandi PP, Pereira FR, Magalhães GF, Baptista BJ, de Oliveira Silva VL, da Silva Balieiro AA, Santana MF, Gonçalves RL, da Costa AG, Dos Santos MC, de Lima Ferreira LC, Lacerda MVG, Nogueira PA. Immunologic biomarkers, morbidity and mortality among HIV patients hospitalised in a Tertiary Care Hospital in the Brazilian Amazon. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:876. [PMID: 34445956 PMCID: PMC8394190 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06566-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The irregular use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and late diagnosis still account for a large part of HIV-associated mortality in people living with HIV (PLHIV). Herein, we describe HIV-associated morbidity among hospitalised HIV/AIDS patients with advanced immunosuppression and assess the comorbidities, laboratory parameters, and immunological markers associated with mortality. Methods The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD) in Manaus, Brazil. In all, 83 participants aged between 12 and 70 years were enrolled by convenience within 72 h of their hospitalisation. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained from electronic medical records. We prospectively measured the cytokines Th1/Th2/Th17 and inflammatory cytokines IL-8, IL-1β, and IL-12 using cytometric bead array, and the soluble CD14 using in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The HIV/AIDS inpatients presented a scenario of respiratory syndromes as the most prevalent comorbidity. Almost all patients had CD4 T counts below 350 cells/mL and the mortality rate was 20.5%. Pulmonary tuberculosis, neurotoxoplasmosis and oropharyngeal–esophageal candidiasis were the most prevalent opportunistic infections. TB and weight loss were more prevalent in HIV/AIDS inpatients who died. The Mann Whitney analysis showed that those who died had higher platelet distribution width (PDW) on admission, which is suggestive for platelet activation. The Poisson multivariate analysis showed the prevalence of TB, digestive syndrome and increases in IL-8 and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) associated to death. Conclusions The advanced immunosuppression characterized by the opportunistic infections presented in these HIV/AIDS inpatients was the major factor of mortality. The role of platelet activation in worse outcomes of hospitalisation and the IL-8 associated with the context of advanced immunosuppression may be promising markers in the prediction of mortality in HIV/AIDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wellington Mota Gama
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Daniel Silva Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia da Relação Patógeno Hospedeiro, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Yury Oliveira Chaves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia da Relação Patógeno Hospedeiro, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Danielle Furtado da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Puccinelli Orlandi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia da Relação Patógeno Hospedeiro, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto Aggeu Magalhaes, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Gleicienne Feliz Magalhães
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Antônio Alcirley da Silva Balieiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia da Relação Patógeno Hospedeiro, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Monique Freire Santana
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Roberta Lins Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Allyson Guimarães da Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Cordeiro Dos Santos
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhaes, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Recife, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Luís Carlos de Lima Ferreira
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Guimaraes Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia da Relação Patógeno Hospedeiro, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Paulo Afonso Nogueira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil. .,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia da Relação Patógeno Hospedeiro, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus, Brazil.
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Sonti S, Sharma AL, Tyagi M. HIV-1 persistence in the CNS: Mechanisms of latency, pathogenesis and an update on eradication strategies. Virus Res 2021; 303:198523. [PMID: 34314771 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite four decades of research into the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), a successful strategy to eradicate the virus post-infection is lacking. The major reason for this is the persistence of the virus in certain anatomical reservoirs where it can become latent and remain quiescent for as long as the cellular reservoir is alive. The Central Nervous System (CNS), in particular, is an intriguing anatomical compartment that is tightly regulated by the blood-brain barrier. Targeting the CNS viral reservoir is a major challenge owing to the decreased permeability of drugs into the CNS and the cellular microenvironment that facilitates the compartmentalization and evolution of the virus. Therefore, despite effective antiretroviral (ARV) treatment, virus persists in the CNS, and leads to neurological and neurocognitive deficits. To date, viral eradication strategies fail to eliminate the virus from the CNS. To facilitate the improvement of the existing elimination strategies, as well as the development of potential therapeutic targets, the aim of this review is to provide an in-depth understanding of HIV latency in CNS and the onset of HIV-1 associated neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Sonti
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | | | - Mudit Tyagi
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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8
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Camacho-Zavala E, Santacruz-Tinoco C, Muñoz E, Chacón-Salinas R, Salazar-Sanchez MI, Grajales C, González-Ibarra J, Borja-Aburto VH, Jaenisch T, Gonzalez-Bonilla CR. Pregnant Women Infected with Zika Virus Show Higher Viral Load and Immunoregulatory Cytokines Profile with CXCL10 Increase. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010080. [PMID: 33430059 PMCID: PMC7827657 DOI: 10.3390/v13010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy usually shows only mild symptoms and is frequently subclinical. However, it can be vertically transmitted to the fetus, causing microcephaly and other congenital defects. During pregnancy, the immune environment modifications can alter the response to viruses in general and ZIKV in particular. OBJECTIVE To describe the role of pregnancy in the systemic pro- and anti-inflammatory response during symptomatic ZIKV infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS A multiplex assay was used to measure 25 cytokines, chemokines, and receptors in 110 serum samples from pregnant and nonpregnant women with and without ZIKV infection with and without symptoms. Samples were collected through an epidemiological surveillance system. RESULTS Samples from pregnant women with ZIKV infection showed a higher viral load but had similar profiles of inflammatory markers as compared with nonpregnant infected women, except for CXCL10 that was higher in infected pregnant women. Notably, the presence of ZIKV in pregnancy favored a regulatory profile by significantly increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-10, receptors IL-1RA, and IL-2R, but only those pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-γ and IL-17 that are essential for the antiviral response. Interestingly, there were no differences between symptomatic and weakly symptomatic ZIKV-infected groups. CONCLUSION Our results revealed a systemic anti-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine profile that could participate in the control of the virus. The anti-inflammatory response in pregnant women infected with ZIKA was characterized by high CXCL10, a cytokine that has been correlated with congenital malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Camacho-Zavala
- División de Laboratorios de Vigilancia e Investigación Epidemiológica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (E.C.-Z.); (C.S.-T.); (E.M.)
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (R.C.-S.); (M.I.S.-S.)
| | - Clara Santacruz-Tinoco
- División de Laboratorios de Vigilancia e Investigación Epidemiológica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (E.C.-Z.); (C.S.-T.); (E.M.)
| | - Esteban Muñoz
- División de Laboratorios de Vigilancia e Investigación Epidemiológica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (E.C.-Z.); (C.S.-T.); (E.M.)
| | - Rommel Chacón-Salinas
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (R.C.-S.); (M.I.S.-S.)
| | - Ma Isabel Salazar-Sanchez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (R.C.-S.); (M.I.S.-S.)
| | - Concepción Grajales
- Coordinación de Control Técnico de Insumos, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 07760, Mexico;
| | - Joaquin González-Ibarra
- Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Victor Hugo Borja-Aburto
- Dirección de Prestaciones Médicas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Thomas Jaenisch
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH) and Tropical Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Cesar R. Gonzalez-Bonilla
- Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-5761-0930
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9
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Ellwanger JH, Valverde-Villegas JM, Kaminski VDL, de Medeiros RM, Almeida SEDM, Santos BR, de Melo MG, Hackenhaar FS, Chies JAB. Increased IL-8 levels in HIV-infected individuals who initiated ART with CD4 + T cell counts <350 cells/mm 3 - A potential hallmark of chronic inflammation. Microbes Infect 2020; 22:474-480. [PMID: 32534178 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The identification of inflammatory markers in HIV+ individuals on ART is fundamental since chronic ART-controlled HIV infection is linked to an increased inflammatory state. In this context, we assessed plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-12p70) of HIV+ individuals who initiated ART after immunosuppression (CD4+ T cell counts <350 cells/mm3). HIV+ individuals were stratified according to two extreme phenotypes: Slow Progressors (SPs; individuals with at least 8 years of infection before ART initiation) and Rapid Progressors (RPs; individuals who needed to initiate ART within 1-4 years after infection). A control group was composed of HIV-uninfected individuals. We found increased IL-8 levels (median: 5.13 pg/mL; SPs and RPs together) in HIV-infected individuals on ART as compared to controls (median: 3.2 pg/mL; p = 0.04), although no association with the progression profile (slow or rapid progressors) or CD4+ T cell counts at sampling was observed. This result indicates that IL-8 is a general marker of chronic inflammation in HIV+ individuals on ART, independently of CD4+ T cell counts at the beginning of the treatment or of the potential progression profile of the patient. In this sense, IL-8 may be considered a possible target for novel therapies focused on reducing inflammation in chronic HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PPGBM), Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
| | - Jacqueline María Valverde-Villegas
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PPGBM), Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil; Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections (PCCI) Research Unit 1058, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France
| | - Valéria de Lima Kaminski
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PPGBM), Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
| | - Rúbia Marília de Medeiros
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PPGBM), Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
| | - Sabrina Esteves de Matos Almeida
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PPGBM), Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil; Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Feevale (FEEVALE), Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fernanda Schäfer Hackenhaar
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (PPGBCM), Biotechnology Center (CBiot), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PPGBM), Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis Reactivates HIV-1 via Exosome-Mediated Resetting of Cellular Redox Potential and Bioenergetics. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.03293-19. [PMID: 32127457 PMCID: PMC7064780 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03293-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The synergy between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) interferes with therapy and facilitates the pathogenesis of both human pathogens. Fundamental mechanisms by which M. tuberculosis exacerbates HIV-1 infection are not clear. Here, we show that exosomes secreted by macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis, including drug-resistant clinical strains, reactivated HIV-1 by inducing oxidative stress. Mechanistically, M. tuberculosis-specific exosomes realigned mitochondrial and nonmitochondrial oxygen consumption rates (OCR) and modulated the expression of host genes mediating oxidative stress response, inflammation, and HIV-1 transactivation. Proteomics analyses revealed the enrichment of several host factors (e.g., HIF-1α, galectins, and Hsp90) known to promote HIV-1 reactivation in M. tuberculosis-specific exosomes. Treatment with a known antioxidant-N-acetyl cysteine (NAC)-or with inhibitors of host factors-galectins and Hsp90-attenuated HIV-1 reactivation by M. tuberculosis -specific exosomes. Our findings uncover new paradigms for understanding the redox and bioenergetics bases of HIV-M. tuberculosis coinfection, which will enable the design of effective therapeutic strategies.IMPORTANCE Globally, individuals coinfected with the AIDS virus (HIV-1) and with M. tuberculosis (causative agent of tuberculosis [TB]) pose major obstacles in the clinical management of both diseases. At the heart of this issue is the apparent synergy between the two human pathogens. On the one hand, mechanisms induced by HIV-1 for reactivation of TB in AIDS patients are well characterized. On the other hand, while clinical findings clearly identified TB as a risk factor for HIV-1 reactivation and associated mortality, basic mechanisms by which M. tuberculosis exacerbates HIV-1 replication and infection remain poorly characterized. The significance of our research is in identifying the role of fundamental mechanisms such as redox and energy metabolism in catalyzing HIV-M. tuberculosis synergy. The quantification of redox and respiratory parameters affected by M. tuberculosis in stimulating HIV-1 will greatly enhance our understanding of HIV-M. tuberculosis coinfection, leading to a wider impact on the biomedical research community and creating new translational opportunities.
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11
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Natarajan V, Moar P, Kaur US, Venkatesh V, Kumar A, Chaturvedi R, Himanshu D, Tandon R. Helicobacter pylori Reactivates Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 in Latently Infected Monocytes with Increased Expression of IL-1β and CXCL8. Curr Genomics 2020; 20:556-568. [PMID: 32581644 PMCID: PMC7290055 DOI: 10.2174/1389202921666191226091138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Helicobacter pylori are gram-negative bacteria, which colonize the human stomach. More than 50% of the world's population is infected by H. pylori. Based on the high prevalence of H. pylori, it is very likely that HIV and H. pylori infection may coexist. However, the molecular events that occur during HIV-H. pylori co-infection remain unclear. Latent HIV reservoirs are the major obstacle in HIV cure despite effective therapy. Here, we explored the effect of H. pylori stimulation on latently HIV-infected monocytic cell line U1. Methods High throughput RNA-Seq using Illumina platform was performed to analyse the change in transcriptome between unstimulated and H. pylori-stimulated latently HIV-infected U1 cells. Transcriptome analysis identified potential genes and pathways involved in the reversal of HIV latency using bioinformatic tools that were validated by real-time PCR. Results H. pylori stimulation increased the expression of HIV-1 Gag, both at transcription (p<0.001) and protein level. H. pylori stimulation also increased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, CXCL8 and CXCL10 (p<0.0001). Heat-killed H. pylori retained their ability to induce HIV transcription. RNA-Seq analysis revealed 197 significantly upregulated and 101 significantly downregulated genes in H. pylori-stimulated U1 cells. IL-1β and CXCL8 were found to be significantly upregulated using transcriptome analysis, which was consistent with real-time PCR data. Conclusion H. pylori reactivate HIV-1 in latently infected monocytes with the upregulation of IL-1β and CXCL8, which are prominent cytokines involved in the majority of inflammatory pathways. Our results warrant future in vivo studies elucidating the effect of H. pylori in HIV latency and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidhya Natarajan
- 1Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 2Department of Microbiology, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India; 3Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangaluru, 560066, India; 4Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal576104, Karnataka, India; 5Host Pathogen Interaction Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 6Department of Medicine, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Preeti Moar
- 1Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 2Department of Microbiology, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India; 3Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangaluru, 560066, India; 4Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal576104, Karnataka, India; 5Host Pathogen Interaction Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 6Department of Medicine, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Urvinder S Kaur
- 1Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 2Department of Microbiology, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India; 3Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangaluru, 560066, India; 4Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal576104, Karnataka, India; 5Host Pathogen Interaction Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 6Department of Medicine, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Vimala Venkatesh
- 1Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 2Department of Microbiology, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India; 3Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangaluru, 560066, India; 4Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal576104, Karnataka, India; 5Host Pathogen Interaction Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 6Department of Medicine, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- 1Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 2Department of Microbiology, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India; 3Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangaluru, 560066, India; 4Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal576104, Karnataka, India; 5Host Pathogen Interaction Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 6Department of Medicine, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Rupesh Chaturvedi
- 1Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 2Department of Microbiology, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India; 3Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangaluru, 560066, India; 4Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal576104, Karnataka, India; 5Host Pathogen Interaction Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 6Department of Medicine, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - D Himanshu
- 1Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 2Department of Microbiology, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India; 3Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangaluru, 560066, India; 4Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal576104, Karnataka, India; 5Host Pathogen Interaction Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 6Department of Medicine, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Ravi Tandon
- 1Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 2Department of Microbiology, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India; 3Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangaluru, 560066, India; 4Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal576104, Karnataka, India; 5Host Pathogen Interaction Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 6Department of Medicine, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India
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12
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Yu L, Dong J, Wang Y, Zhang P, Liu Y, Zhang L, Liang P, Wang L, Song C. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus nsp4 induces pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression inhibiting viral replication in vitro. Arch Virol 2019; 164:1147-1157. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04176-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Dupont HA, Lam J, Woods MW, Zahoor MA, Kaushic C. Hormonal influence on HIV-1 transmission in the female genital tract: New insights from systems biology. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 80:e13019. [PMID: 30014538 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although anti-retroviral treatments have significantly slowed down the spread of the HIV-1 pandemic, approximately 2 million new infections occur every year. The majority of new infections are in sub-Saharan Africa where rates of infection are much higher in women than men. Young women are disproportionately affected and have higher susceptibility to HIV-1. The complex interactions between HIV-1 and the female genital tract (FGT) and the mechanisms regulating susceptibility in women remain incompletely understood. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of the acute events that occur in the FGT following HIV-1 exposure with a particular focus on the effect of endogenous and exogenous sex hormones on HIV-1 susceptibility. We highlight the contribution of the recent transcriptomic and proteomic studies in providing new insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley A Dupont
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jeff Lam
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew W Woods
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mohammed A Zahoor
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Charu Kaushic
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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14
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A central question for the HIV cure field is to determine new ways to target clinically relevant, latently and actively replicating HIV-infected cells beyond resting memory CD4 T cells, particularly in anatomical areas of low drug penetrability. RECENT FINDINGS HIV eradication strategies being positioned for targeting HIV for extinction in the CD4 T-cell compartment may also show promise in non-CD4 T-cells reservoirs. Furthermore, several exciting novel therapeutic approaches specifically focused on HIV clearance from non-CD4 T-cell populations are being developed. SUMMARY Although reservoir validity in these non-CD4 T cells continues to remain debated, this review will highlight recent advances and make an argument as to their clinical relevancy as we progress towards an HIV cure.
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Abstract
The modulation of tuberculosis (TB)-induced immunopathology caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 coinfection remains incompletely understood but underlies the change seen in the natural history, presentation, and prognosis of TB in such patients. The deleterious combination of these two pathogens has been dubbed a "deadly syndemic," with each favoring the replication of the other and thereby contributing to accelerated disease morbidity and mortality. HIV-1 is the best-recognized risk factor for the development of active TB and accounts for 13% of cases globally. The advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) has considerably mitigated this risk. Rapid roll-out of ART globally and the recent recommendation by the World Health Organization (WHO) to initiate ART for everyone living with HIV at any CD4 cell count should lead to further reductions in HIV-1-associated TB incidence because susceptibility to TB is inversely proportional to CD4 count. However, it is important to note that even after successful ART, patients with HIV-1 are still at increased risk for TB. Indeed, in settings of high TB incidence, the occurrence of TB often remains the first presentation of, and thereby the entry into, HIV care. As advantageous as ART-induced immune recovery is, it may also give rise to immunopathology, especially in the lower-CD4-count strata in the form of the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. TB-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome will continue to impact the HIV-TB syndemic.
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16
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Vartak-Sharma N, Nooka S, Ghorpade A. Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) and the A(E)Ging HIV/AIDS-HAND. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 157:133-157. [PMID: 27090750 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent attempts to analyze human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-induced gene expression changes in astrocytes uncovered a multifunctional oncogene, astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1). Our previous studies revealed that AEG-1 regulates reactive astrocytes proliferation, migration and inflammation, hallmarks of aging and CNS injury. Moreover, the involvement of AEG-1 in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Huntington's disease and migraine, and its induction in the aged brain suggest a plausible role in regulating overall CNS homeostasis and aging. Therefore, it is important to investigate AEG-1 specifically in aging-associated cognitive decline. In this study, we decipher the common mechanistic links in cancer, aging and HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders that likely contribute to AEG-1-based regulation of astrocyte responses and function. Despite AEG-1 incorporation into HIV-1 virions and its induction by HIV-1, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β, the specific role(s) of AEG-1 in astrocyte-driven HIV-1 neuropathogenesis are incompletely defined. We propose that AEG-1 plays a central role in a multitude of cellular stress responses involving mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and the nucleolus. It is thus important to further investigate AEG-1-based cellular and molecular regulation in order to successfully develop better therapeutic approaches that target AEG-1 to combat cancer, HIV-1 and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Vartak-Sharma
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107-2699, USA; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan; Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Shruthi Nooka
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107-2699, USA
| | - Anuja Ghorpade
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107-2699, USA.
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17
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Yadav A, Betts MR, Collman RG. Statin modulation of monocyte phenotype and function: implications for HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders. J Neurovirol 2016; 22:584-596. [PMID: 27021071 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0433-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) remains a persistent problem despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), largely a result of continued inflammation in the periphery and the brain and neurotoxin release from activated myeloid cells in the CNS. CD14+CD16+ inflammatory monocytes, expanded in HIV infection, play a central role in the pathogenesis of HAND and have parallels with monocyte-dependent inflammatory mechanisms in atherosclerosis. Statins, through their HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor activity, have pleiotropic immunomodulatory properties that contribute to their benefit in atherosclerosis beyond lipid lowering. Here, we investigated whether statins would modulate the monocyte phenotype and function associated with HIV-1 neuropathogenesis. Treatment ex vivo with simvastatin and atorvastatin reduced the proportion of CD16+ monocytes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, as well as in purified monocytes, especially CD14++CD16+ "intermediate" monocytes most closely associated with neurocognitive disease. Statin treatment also markedly reduced expression of CD163, which is also linked to HAND pathogenesis. Finally, simvastatin inhibited production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and other inflammatory cytokines following LPS stimulation and reduced monocyte chemotaxis in response to MCP-1, a major driver of myeloid cell accumulation in the CNS in HAND. Together, these findings suggest that statin drugs may be useful to prevent or reduce HAND in HIV-1-infected subjects on ART with persistent monocyte activation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Yadav
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 36th and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 36th and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ronald G Collman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 36th and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 36th and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Borgmann K, Ghorpade A. HIV-1, methamphetamine and astrocytes at neuroinflammatory Crossroads. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1143. [PMID: 26579077 PMCID: PMC4621459 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As a popular psychostimulant, methamphetamine (METH) use leads to long-lasting, strong euphoric effects. While METH abuse is common in the general population, between 10 and 15% of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) patients report having abused METH. METH exacerbates the severity and onset of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) through direct and indirect mechanisms. Repetitive METH use impedes adherence to antiretroviral drug regimens, increasing the likelihood of HIV-1 disease progression toward AIDS. METH exposure also directly affects both innate and adaptive immunity, altering lymphocyte numbers and activity, cytokine signaling, phagocytic function and infiltration through the blood brain barrier. Further, METH triggers the dopamine reward pathway and leads to impaired neuronal activity and direct toxicity. Concurrently, METH and HIV-1 alter the neuroimmune balance and induce neuroinflammation, which modulates a wide range of brain functions including neuronal signaling and activity, glial activation, viral infection, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity. Pathologically, reactive gliosis is a hallmark of both HIV-1- and METH-associated neuroinflammation. Significant commonality exists in the neurotoxic mechanisms for both METH and HAND; however, the pathways dysregulated in astroglia during METH exposure are less clear. Thus, this review highlights alterations in astrocyte intracellular signaling pathways, gene expression and function during METH and HIV-1 comorbidity, with special emphasis on HAND-associated neuroinflammation. Importantly, this review carefully evaluates interventions targeting astrocytes in HAND and METH as potential novel therapeutic approaches. This comprehensive overview indicates, without a doubt, that during HIV-1 infection and METH abuse, a complex dialog between all neural cells is orchestrated through astrocyte regulated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Borgmann
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Anuja Ghorpade
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Liu X, Kumar A. Differential signaling mechanism for HIV-1 Nef-mediated production of IL-6 and IL-8 in human astrocytes. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9867. [PMID: 26075907 PMCID: PMC4467202 DOI: 10.1038/srep09867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Variety of HIV-1 viral proteins including HIV-1 Nef are known to activate astrocytes and microglia in the brain and cause the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which is thought to be one of the mechanisms leading to HIV-1- mediated neurotoxicity. IL-6 and IL-8 have been found in the CSF of patients with HIV-1 associated dementia (HAD), suggesting that they might play important roles in HIV-1 neuropathology. In the present study we examined the effects of HIV-1 Nef on IL-6 and IL-8 induction in astrocytes. The results demonstrate that both IL-6 and IL-8 are significantly induced in HIV-1 Nef-transfected SVGA astrocytes and HIV-1 Nef-treated primary fetal astrocytes. We also determined the molecular mechanisms responsible for the HIV-1 Nef-induced increased IL-6 and IL-8 by using chemical inhibitors and siRNAs against PI3K/Akt/PKC, p38 MAPK, NF-κB, CEBP and AP-1. Our results clearly demonstrate that the PI3K/PKC, p38 MAPK, NF-κB and AP-1 pathways are involved in HIV-1 Nef-induced IL-6 production in astrocytes, while PI3K/PKC and NF-κB pathways are involved in HIV-1 Nef-induced IL-8 production. These results offer new potential targets to develop therapeutic strategy for treatment of HIV-1 associated neurological disorders, prevalent in > 40% of individuals infected with HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Liu
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64108
| | - Anil Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64108
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Meulendyke KA, Croteau JD, Zink MC. HIV life cycle, innate immunity and autophagy in the central nervous system. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2014; 9:565-71. [PMID: 25203639 PMCID: PMC4212891 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this era of modern combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) continue to affect a large portion of the infected population. In this review, we highlight recent discoveries that help to define the interplay between HIV life cycle, the innate immune system and cellular autophagy in the context of the central nervous system (CNS). RECENT FINDINGS Investigators have recently elucidated themes in HAND, which place it in a unique framework. Cells of macrophage lineage and probably astrocytes play a role in disseminating virus through the CNS. Each of these cell types responds to a diverse population of constantly evolving virus existing in an inflammatory environment. This occurs though the failure of both host antiviral mechanisms, such as autophagy, and innate immunological signalling pathways to control viral replication. SUMMARY The newest findings detailed in this review help define why HIV CNS disease is a difficult target for therapeutics and create hope that these new mechanisms may be exploited to attenuate viral replication and eliminate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Meulendyke
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Joshua D. Croteau
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - M. Christine Zink
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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