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Duan D, Long C, Zhang H. An authentic assessment method for cordyceps sinensis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 239:115879. [PMID: 38048742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Cordyceps Sinensis, renowned for its diverse pharmacological properties and the rarity of its natural species, faces significant challenges due to rampant adulteration by counterfeit products. Consequently, there is a crucial need to reliably identify Cordyceps species to ensure their quality and efficacy. While current analytical techniques predominantly rely on LC-MS, there remains a notable deficiency and substantial demand for the development of a unified, reproducible, and fast method suitable for commercial applications. In this study, we employed a cost-effective and straightforward approach utilizing headspace GC-MS to authenticate Cordyceps sinensis. This method enables the comprehensive analysis of the chemical profile, facilitating the identification of quality and authenticity in Cordyceps samples. Through a comparative analysis of the chemical profiles of seven authentic Cordyceps samples with seven other Cordyceps samples, we propose a Quality Assessment System for Authentic Cordyceps, encompassing the following criteria: 1) the presence of 29 compounds commonly found in authentic Cordyceps within the chemical profile, and 2) the area ratio of 3-methylbutanal to 2-methylbutanal falling within the range of 2.09-3.01. This method exhibits considerable promise as a standardized, reproducible, and expeditious technique for the quality assessment and authentication of Cordyceps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Duan
- Center of Guangdong Higher Education for Engineering and Technological Development of Specialty Condiments, Department of Food and Biological Engineering, Guangdong Industry Technical College, Guangzhou 510300, China.
| | - Chentao Long
- Molecular Info-Tech Co. Ltd, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Huajun Zhang
- Molecular Info-Tech Co. Ltd, Guangzhou 510300, China; Molecular Info-Tech Joint Lab, A⁎STAR, 117674, Singapore.
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Gao K, He Z, Xiong J, Chen Q, Lai B, Liu F, Chen P, Chen M, Luo W, Huang J, Ding W, Wang H, Pu Y, Zheng L, Jiao Y, Zhang M, Tang Z, Yue Q, Yang D, Yan T. Population structure and adaptability analysis of Schizothorax o'connori based on whole-genome resequencing. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:145. [PMID: 38321406 PMCID: PMC10845765 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-09975-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizothorax o'connori is an endemic fish distributed in the upper and lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River in China. It has experienced a fourth round of whole gene replication events and is a good model for exploring the genetic differentiation and environmental adaptability of fish in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has led to changes in the river system, thereby affecting gene exchange and population differentiation between fish populations. With the release of fish whole genome data, whole genome resequencing has been widely used in genetic evolutionary analysis and screening of selected genes in fish, which can better elucidate the genetic basis and molecular environmental adaptation mechanisms of fish. Therefore, our purpose of this study was to understand the population structure and adaptive characteristics of S. o'connori using the whole-genome resequencing method. RESULTS The results showed that 23,602,746 SNPs were identified from seven populations, mostly distributed on chromosomes 2 and 23. There was no significant genetic differentiation between the populations, and the genetic diversity was relatively low. However, the Zangga population could be separated from the Bomi, Linzhi, and Milin populations in the cluster analysis. Based on historical dynamics analysis of the population, the size of the ancestral population of S. o'connori was affected by the late accelerated uplift of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau and the Fourth Glacial Age. The selected sites were mostly enriched in pathways related to DNA repair and energy metabolism. CONCLUSION Overall, the whole-genome resequencing analysis provides valuable insights into the population structure and adaptive characteristics of S. o'connori. There was no obvious genetic differentiation at the genome level between the S. o'connori populations upstream and downstream of the Yarlung Zangbo River. The current distribution pattern and genetic diversity are influenced by the late accelerated uplift of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau and the Fourth Ice Age. The selected sites of S. o'connori are enriched in the energy metabolism and DNA repair pathways to adapt to the low temperature and strong ultraviolet radiation environment at high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinxin Xiong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiqi Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bolin Lai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingqiang Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjie Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junjie Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenxiang Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haochen Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Pu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingwang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziting Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingsong Yue
- Huadian Tibet Hydropower Development Co.,Ltd, Dagu Hydropower Station, Sangri, 856200, Shannan, China
| | - Deying Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Taiming Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
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Hu L, Lu T, Wang X, Wang J, Shi W. Conservation Priorities and Demographic History of Saussurea involucrata in the Tianshan Mountains and Altai Mountains. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2209. [PMID: 38004349 PMCID: PMC10672382 DOI: 10.3390/life13112209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare and vulnerable endemic plants represent different evolutionary units that occur at different times, and protecting these species is a key issue in biological protection. Understanding the impact of the history of endangered plant populations on their genetic diversity helps to reveal evolutionary history and is crucial for guiding conservation efforts. Saussurea involucrata, a perennial alpine species mainly distributed in the Tianshan Mountains, is famous for its medicinal value but has become endangered due to over-exploitation. In the present study, we employed both nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences to investigate the genetic distribution pattern and evolutionary history of S. involucrata. A total of 270 individuals covering nine S. involucrata populations were sampled for the amplification and sequencing of nrDNA Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) and chloroplast trnL-trnF, matK and ndhF-rpl32 sequences. Via calculation, we identified 7 nuclear and 12 plastid haplotypes. Among the nine populations, GL and BA were characterized by high haplotype diversity, whereas BG revealed the lowest haplotype diversity. Molecular dating estimations suggest that divergence among S. involucrata populations occurred around 0.75 Ma, coinciding with the uplift of Tianshan Mountains. Our results reveal that both isolation-by-distance (IBD) and isolation-by-resistance (IBR) have promoted genetic differentiation among populations of S. involucrata. The results from the ecological niche modeling analyses show a more suitable habitat for S. involucrata in the past than at present, indicating a historical distribution contraction of the species. This study provides new insight into understanding the genetic differentiation of S. involucrata, as well as the theoretical basis for conserving this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (L.H.); (X.W.)
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830011, China;
| | - Ting Lu
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830011, China;
| | - Xiyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (L.H.); (X.W.)
- Turpan Eremophytes Botanic Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Jiancheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (L.H.); (X.W.)
- Turpan Eremophytes Botanic Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (L.H.); (X.W.)
- Turpan Eremophytes Botanic Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
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Li S, Zhu Y, Xu Z, Chen L, Wang W, Cheng Z. The phylogeny and divergence time of Ophiocordyceps sinensis and its host insects based on elongation factor 1 alpha. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:98. [PMID: 36853446 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis Berk. is a fungal parasite that parasitizes the larvae of Hepialidae and is endemic to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). The phylogeny and divergence time of O. sinensis and its host insects were analyzed for 137 individuals from 48 O. sinensis populations based on the elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1α) gene. Lower nucleotide variation, with only 7 and 16 EF-1α haplotypes, was detected in O. sinensis and its host insects, respectively. The isolated and broad distribution patterns coexisted in both O. sinensis and its host insects on the QTP. The divergence time estimates show that O. sinensis and its host insects originated later than 14.33 million years (Myr) and earlier than 23.60 Myr in the Miocene period, and the major differentiation occurred later than 4 Myr. Their origin and differentiation match well with the second and third uplifts of the QTP, respectively. The host insects from the O. sinensis populations distributed around Qinghai Lake are inferred as an ancient and relict species that has survived various geological events of the QTP. It is suitable to estimate the divergence times of both O. sinensis and its host insects from the same individuals using one gene: EF-1α. Our findings of the origin, phylogeny, and evolution of the endemic species also support the epoch of geological events on the QTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239, Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunguo Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239, Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixian Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239, Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239, Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqian Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239, Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Cheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239, Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
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Meng Q, Xie Z, Xu H, Guo J, Tang Y, Ma T, Peng Q, Wang B, Mao Y, Yan S, Yang J, Dong D, Duan Y, Zhang F, Gao T. Out of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau: Origin, evolution and historical biogeography of Morchella (both Elata and Esculenta clades). Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1078663. [PMID: 36643413 PMCID: PMC9832445 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1078663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Morchella has become a research hotspot because of its wide distribution, delicious taste, and phenotypic plasticity. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau subkingdoms (QTPs) are known as the cradle of Ice age biodiversity. However, the diversity of Morchella in the QTPs has been poorly investigated, especially in phylogenetic diversity, origin, and biogeography. Methods The genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition (GCPSR, based on Bayesian evolutionary analysis using sequences from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), nuclear large subunit rDNA (nrLSU), translation elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α), and the largest and second largest subunits of RNA polymerase II (RPB1 and RPB2)), differentiation time estimation, and ancestral region reconstruction were used to infer Morchella's phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography in the QTPs. Results Firstly, a total of 18 Morchella phylogenetic species are recognized in the QTPs, including 10 Elata clades and 8 Esculenta clades of 216 individuals Secondly, the divergences of the 18 phylogenetic species were 50.24-4.20 Mya (Eocene-Pliocene), which was closely related to the geological activities in the QTPs. Furthermore, the ancestor of Morchella probably originated in the Northern regions (Qilian Shan, Elata cade) and southwestern regions (Shangri-La, Esculenta clade) of QTPs and might have migrated from North America (Rufobrunnea clade) via Beringian Land Bridge (BLB) and Long-Distance Dispersal (LDD) expansions during the Late Cretaceous. Moreover, as the cradle of species origin and diversity, the fungi species in the QTPs have spread out and diffused to Eurasia and South Africa starting in the Paleogene Period. Conclusion This is the first report that Esculenta and Elata clade of Morchella originated from the QTPs because of orogenic, and rapid differentiation of fungi is strongly linked to geological uplift movement and refuge in marginal areas of the QTPs. Our findings contribute to increasing the diversity of Morchella and offer more evidence for the origin theory of the QTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Meng
- College of Ecological and Environment Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Innovation and Utilization of Plateau Crop Germplasm, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Zhanling Xie
- College of Ecological and Environment Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Innovation and Utilization of Plateau Crop Germplasm, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Hongyan Xu
- College of Ecological and Environment Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Jing Guo
- College of Ecological and Environment Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Innovation and Utilization of Plateau Crop Germplasm, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Yongpeng Tang
- State-owned Forest Farm of Tianjun County, Delingha, Qinghai, China
| | - Ting Ma
- College of Ecological and Environment Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Qingqing Peng
- College of Ecological and Environment Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Bao Wang
- College of Ecological and Environment Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Innovation and Utilization of Plateau Crop Germplasm, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Yujing Mao
- College of Ecological and Environment Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Innovation and Utilization of Plateau Crop Germplasm, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Shangjin Yan
- College of Ecological and Environment Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Jiabao Yang
- College of Ecological and Environment Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Innovation and Utilization of Plateau Crop Germplasm, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Deyu Dong
- College of Ecological and Environment Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Innovation and Utilization of Plateau Crop Germplasm, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Yingzhu Duan
- State-owned Forest Farm of Tianjun County, Delingha, Qinghai, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Forestry and Grassland Station of Tianjun County, Delingha, Qinghai, China
| | - Taizhen Gao
- State-owned Forest Farm of Tianjun County, Delingha, Qinghai, China
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Lin M, Guo S, Xie D, Li S, Hu H. Lipidomic profiling of wild cordyceps and its substituents by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Wu H, Cao L, He M, Han R, De Clercq P. Interspecific Hybridization and Complete Mitochondrial Genome Analysis of Two Ghost Moth Species. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12111046. [PMID: 34821846 PMCID: PMC8625261 DOI: 10.3390/insects12111046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The Chinese cordyceps is a valuable parasitic Ophiocordyceps sinensis fungus–Thitarodes/Hepialus larva complex. In view of culturing this complex, a method for the artificial rearing of the Thitarodes/Hepialus ghost moth hosts was established. Deterioration of the host insect population and low mummification rates in infected larvae constrain effective cultivation. Hybridization of Thitarodes/Hepialus populations may overcome this problem. Thitarodes shambalaensis and Thitarodes sp. were inbred or hybridized, and the biological parameters, larval sensitivity to the fungal infection and mitochondrial genomes of the resulting populations were investigated. Hybridization of T. shambalaensis and Thitarodes sp. allowed producing a new generation. One hybrid population (T. shambalaensis females mated with Thitarodes sp. males) showed increased population growth as compared with the parental Thitarodes sp. population. The sensitivity of the inbred larval populations to four fungal isolates of O. sinensis differed. The complete mitochondrial genomes of T. shambalaensis, Thitarodes sp. and the hybrid population were 15,612 bp, 15,389 bp and 15,496 bp in length, respectively. A + T-rich regions were variable in sizes and repetitive sequences. The hybrid population was located in the same clade with T. shambalaensis, implying the maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA. Abstract The Chinese cordyceps, a parasitic Ophiocordyceps sinensis fungus–Thitarodes/Hepialus larva complex, is a valuable biological resource endemic to the Tibetan Plateau. Protection of the Plateau environment and huge market demand make it necessary to culture this complex in an artificial system. A method for the large-scale artificial rearing of the Thitarodes/Hepialus insect host has been established. However, the deterioration of the insect rearing population and low mummification of the infected larvae by the fungus constrain effective commercial cultivation. Hybridization of Thitarodes/Hepialus populations may be needed to overcome this problem. The species T. shambalaensis (GG♂ × GG♀) and an undescribed Thitarodes species (SD♂ × SD♀) were inbred or hybridized to evaluate the biological parameters, larval sensitivity to the fungal infection and mitochondrial genomes of the resulting populations. The two parental Thitarodes species exhibited significant differences in adult fresh weights and body lengths but not in pupal emergence rates. Hybridization of T. shambalaensis and Thitarodes sp. allowed producing a new generation. The SD♂ × GG♀ population showed a higher population trend index than the SD♂ × SD♀ population, implying increased population growth compared with the male parent. The sensitivity of the inbred larval populations to four fungal isolates of O. sinensis also differed. This provides possibilities to create Thitarodes/Hepialus populations with increased growth potential for the improved artificial production of the insect hosts. The mitochondrial genomes of GG♂ × GG♀, SD♂ × SD♀ and SD♂ × GG♀ were 15,612 bp, 15,389 bp and 15,496 bp in length, with an A + T content of 80.92%, 82.35% and 80.87%, respectively. The A + T-rich region contains 787 bp with two 114 bp repetitive sequences, 554 bp without repetitive sequences and 673 bp without repetitive sequences in GG♂ × GG♀, SD♂ × SD♀ and SD♂ × GG♀, respectively. The hybrid population (SD♂ × GG♀) was located in the same clade with GG♂ × GG♀, based on the phylogenetic tree constructed by 13 PCGs, implying the maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wu
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510260, China; (L.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Li Cao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510260, China; (L.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Meiyu He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510260, China; (L.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Richou Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510260, China; (L.C.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (P.D.C.)
| | - Patrick De Clercq
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (P.D.C.)
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Stage- and Rearing-Dependent Metabolomics Profiling of Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Its Pipeline Products. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12080666. [PMID: 34442232 PMCID: PMC8396551 DOI: 10.3390/insects12080666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cordyceps, a parasitic complex of the fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) (Hypocreales: Ophiocordycipitaceae) and the ghost moth Thitarodes (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae), is a historical ethnopharmacological commodity in China. Recently, artificial cultivation of Chinese cordyceps has been established to supplement the dwindling natural resources. However, much is unknown between the natural and cultivated products in terms of nutritional aspect, which may provide essential information for quality evaluation. The current study aims to determine the metabolic profiles of 17 treatments from 3 sample groups including O. sinensis fungus, Thitarodes insect and cordyceps complex, using Gas Chromatography - Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. A total of 98 metabolites were detected, with 90 of them varying in concentrations among groups. The tested groups could be separated, except that fungal fruiting body was clustered into the same group as Chinese cordyceps. The main distinguishing factors for the groups studied were the 24 metabolites involved in numerous different metabolic pathways. In conclusion, metabolomics of O. sinensis and its related products were determined mainly by the fruiting bodies other than culture methods. Our results suggest that artificially cultured fruiting bodies and cordyceps may share indistinguishable metabolic functions as the natural ones.
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Rakhee, Mishra J, Yadav RB, Meena DK, Arora R, Sharma RK, Misra K. Novel formulation development from Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) for management of high-altitude maladies. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:9. [PMID: 33442508 PMCID: PMC7778651 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02536-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) is a fungus closely related to medicinal mushroom, which belongs to the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It is a well-known and rich herbal source of bioactive active constituents. The medicinal mushroom has garnered worldwide attention owing to its multifarious bioactivities. This mushroom grows on the larva of ghost moths (Hepialidae) and produces fruiting bodies, which serve as a vital natural source of medicine and supplementary diets. On account of the diverse pharmacological and bioactive constituents present in O. sinensis, it has been established as a potential antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory agent that has been successfully used for treating several health issues, including hypoxia-related problems encountered by mountaineers, pilgrims, tourists and soldiers occurring at high-altitude regions such as acute mountain sickness (AMS), high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE), frostbite, chilblains, hypothermia, etc. The most important pharmacologically active compounds present in the O. sinensis include nucleobases and its derivatives (adenosine, cordycepin, 3-deoxyadenosine, AMP, GMP, UMP, guanosine, uridine), polysaccharides (mannose, glucose, galactose, rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, galactose), proteins, peptides and steroids. This article focuses on the various research endeavors undertaken to scientifically establish the medicinal properties of O. sinensis, highlighting the various principally active compounds, their pharmacological action, drug designing and development and future perspective for various health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhee
- Phyto Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Jigni Mishra
- Phyto Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Renu Bala Yadav
- Phyto Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Delhi, 110054 India
| | - D. K. Meena
- Phyto Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Rajesh Arora
- Phyto Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Delhi, 110054 India
| | - R. K. Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Kshipra Misra
- Phyto Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Delhi, 110054 India
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Zhang CB, Ren CH, Wang YL, Wang QQ, Wang YS, Weng QB. Uncovering fungal community composition in natural habitat of Ophiocordyceps sinensis using high-throughput sequencing and culture-dependent approaches. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:331. [PMID: 33138775 PMCID: PMC7607863 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01994-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The fungal communities inhabiting natural Ophiocordyceps sinensis play critical ecological roles in alpine meadow ecosystem, contribute to infect host insect, influence the occurrence of O. sinensis, and are repertoire of potential novel metabolites discovery. However, a comprehensive understanding of fungal communities of O. sinensis remain elusive. Therefore, the present study aimed to unravel fungal communities of natural O. sinensis using combination of high-throughput sequencing and culture-dependent approaches. Results A total of 280,519 high-quality sequences, belonging to 5 fungal phyla, 15 classes, 41 orders, 79 families, 112 genera, and 352 putative operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained from natural O. sinensis using high-throughput sequencing. Among of which, 43 genera were identified in external mycelial cortices, Ophiocordyceps, Sebacinia and Archaeorhizomyces were predominant genera with the abundance of 95.86, 1.14, 0.85%, respectively. A total of 66 genera were identified from soil microhabitat, Inocybe, Archaeorhizomyces, unclassified Thelephoraceae, Tomentella, Thelephora, Sebacina, unclassified Ascomycota and unclassified fungi were predominant genera with an average abundance of 53.32, 8.69, 8.12, 8.12, 7.21, 4.6, 3.08 and 3.05%, respectively. The fungal communities in external mycelial cortices were significantly distinct from soil microhabitat. Meanwhile, seven types of culture media were used to isolate culturable fungi at 16 °C, resulted in 77 fungal strains identified by rDNA ITS sequence analysis, belonging to 33 genera, including Ophiocordyceps, Trichoderma, Cytospora, Truncatella, Dactylonectria, Isaria, Cephalosporium, Fusarium, Cosmospora and Paecilomyces, etc.. Among all culturable fungi, Mortierella and Trichoderma were predominant genera. Conclusions The significantly differences and overlap in fungal community structure between two approaches highlight that the integration of high-throughput sequencing and culture-dependent approaches would generate more information. Our result reveal a comprehensive understanding of fungal community structure of natural O. sinensis, provide new insight into O. sinensis associated fungi, and support that microbiota of natural O. sinensis is an untapped source for novel bioactive metabolites discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Bo Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Huaxi University Town, Gui'an New District, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Chao-Hui Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Huaxi University Town, Gui'an New District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yan-Li Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Huaxi University Town, Gui'an New District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Qi-Qi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Huaxi University Town, Gui'an New District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yun-Sheng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Huaxi University Town, Gui'an New District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Qing-Bei Weng
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Huaxi University Town, Gui'an New District, Guiyang, 550025, China
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11
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Wang Z, Li M, Ju W, Ye W, Xue L, Boufford DE, Gao X, Yue B, Liu Y, Pierce NE. The entomophagous caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis is consumed by its lepidopteran host as a plant endophyte. FUNGAL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.100989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Xu Z, Li S, Chen L, Zhu Y, Xuan L, Cheng Z. Effects of fungus–host associations on nucleoside differences among Ophiocordyceps sinensis populations on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau of China. Arch Microbiol 2020; 202:2323-2328. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-01919-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Haplotype Diversity of NADPH-Cytochrome P450 Reductase Gene of Ophiocordyceps sinensis and the Effect on Fungal Infection in Host Insects. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8070968. [PMID: 32610431 PMCID: PMC7409138 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8070968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis Berk. is a fungal parasite that parasitizes the larvae of Hepialidae and is used as a traditional Chinese medicine. However, it is not clear how O. sinensis infects its host. The encoding gene haplotype diversity and predicted function of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) related to the fungal pathogenicity was analyzed for 219 individuals from 47 O. sinensis populations. Two NADPH CPR genes of O. sinensis were detected and their dominant haplotypes were widely distributed throughout the entire distribution range in Western China. Only 5.43% of all O. sinensis individuals possessed the specific private haplotypes of NADPH CPR-1 and CPR-2 genes. Bioinformatic analyses predicted that the phosphorylation sites, motifs, and domains of NADPH CPR of O. sinensis were different between those encoding by the dominant and private gene haplotypes. The one-to-one match fungus–host correspondence of the same individual suggested that the widely distributed O. sinensis with the dominant NADPH CPR gene haplotypes may strongly infect almost all host insects through a random infection by oral or respiratory pores. Conversely, O. sinensis with the specific private NADPH CPR gene haplotypes is likely to infect only a few corresponding host insects by breaching the cuticle, due to the changed NADPH CPR structure and function.
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14
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Qiu X, Cao L, Han R. Analysis of Volatile Components in Different Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Insect Host Products. Molecules 2020; 25:E1603. [PMID: 32244487 PMCID: PMC7181253 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The artificial production of Ophiocordyceps sinensis mycelia and fruiting bodies and the Chinese cordyceps has been established. However, the volatile components from these O. sinensis products are not fully identified. An efficient, convenient, and widely used approach based on headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-QTOFMS) was developed for the extraction and the analysis of volatile compounds from three categories of 16 products, including O. sinensis fungus, Thitarodes hosts of O. sinensis, and the Chinese cordyceps. A total of 120 volatile components including 36 alkanes, 25 terpenes, 17 aromatic hydrocarbons, 10 ketones, 5 olefines, 5 alcohols, 3 phenols, and 19 other compounds were identified. The contents of these components varied greatly among the products but alkanes, especially 2,5,6-trimethyldecane, 2,3-dimethylundecane and 2,2,4,4-tetramethyloctane, are the dominant compounds in general. Three categories of volatile compounds were confirmed by partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). This study provided an ideal method for characterizing and distinguishing different O. sinensis and insect hosts-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richou Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou 510260, Guangdong, China; (X.Q.); (L.C.)
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15
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Wang Z, Zhuang H, Wang M, Pierce NE. Thitarodes shambalaensis sp. nov. (Lepidoptera, Hepialidae): a new host of the caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis supported by genome-wide SNP data. Zookeys 2019; 885:89-113. [PMID: 31736619 PMCID: PMC6848235 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.885.34638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A new species of ghost moth, Thitarodesshambalaensissp. nov., is described from Yanzigou glacier, Mt. Gongga, Sichuan, China. The species is a host of the economically important caterpillar fungus Ophiocordycepssinensis. Establishment of this new species is supported by morphology and genetic differentiation measured in a CO1 phylogeny and in genome-wide SNP coverage. A summary tree from 538 sequences of different genetic markers from Thitarodes (including sequences extracted from caterpillar fungus sclerotium samples) support the genus Thitarodes as a monophyletic group, and indicate that Thitarodes is the host genus for O.sinensis. Sampling efforts so far have centered on half of the known phylogenetic diversity of Thitarodes, with some species-level clusters (separated by < 2.5% genetic distance) containing 17 described species. Fifteen clusters are known from either a single “orphan taxon” or a single sequence from a caterpillar fungus sclerotium sample. We provide suggestions for building a more robust phylogeny of the genus Thitarodes and highlight some of the conservation threats that species from this genus face due to unprecedented habitat exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyang Wang
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Harvard University Cambridge United States of America
| | - Hailing Zhuang
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China South China Agricultural University Guangzhou China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China South China Agricultural University Guangzhou China
| | - Naomi E Pierce
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Harvard University Cambridge United States of America
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16
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Liang Y, Hong Y, Mai Z, Zhu Q, Guo L. Internal and External Microbial Community of the Thitarodes Moth, the Host of Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7110517. [PMID: 31683719 PMCID: PMC6920881 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7110517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis is a widely known medicinal entomogenous fungus, which parasitizes the soil-borne larva of Thitarodes (Hepialidae, Lepidoptera) distributed in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent areas. Previous research has involved artificial cultivation of Chinese cordyceps (the fungus-caterpillar complex), but it is difficult to achieve large-scale cultivation because the coupling relation between the crucial microbes and their hosts is not quite clear. To clarify the influence of the internal microbial community on the occurrence of Chinese cordyceps, in this study, the unfertilized eggs of Thitarodes of different sampling sites were chosen to analyze the bacterial and fungal communities via 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing for the first time. The results showed that for bacteria, 348 genera (dominant genera include Wolbachia, Spiroplasma, Carnobacterium, Sphingobium, and Acinetobacter) belonging to 26 phyla (dominant phyla include Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Tenericutes, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Bacteroidetes), 58 classes, 84 orders, and 120 families were identified from 1294 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The dominant bacterial genus (Spiroplasma) may be an important bacterial factor promoting the occurrence of Chinese cordyceps. For fungi, 289 genera, mainly including Aureobasidium, Candida, and Cryptococcus, were identified, and they belonged to 5 phyla (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota, and Zygomycota), 26 classes, 82 orders, and 165 families. Eight bacterial OTUs and 12 fungal OTUs were shared among all of the detected samples and were considered as core species. Among them, Wolbachia, Spiroplasma, Carnobacterium, Aureobasidium, and Phoma may play important roles in helping the host larva to digest foods, adapt to extreme environments, or resist pathogens. On the other hand, the external (soil) microbial community was synchronously and comparatively analyzed. Comparative analysis revealed that external microbial factors might play a more significant role in the occurrence of Chinese cordyceps, owing to the significant differences revealed by α-diversity and β-diversity analyses among different groups. In summary, the results of this study may contribute to the large-scale cultivation of Chinese cordyceps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Yuehui Hong
- Department of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Jiangmen Chinese Medical College, Jiangmen 529000, China.
| | - Zhanhua Mai
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Qijiong Zhu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Lianxian Guo
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
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17
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Shao JL, Lai B, Jiang W, Wang JT, Hong YH, Chen FB, Tan SQ, Guo LX. Diversity and Co-Occurrence Patterns of Soil Bacterial and Fungal Communities of Chinese Cordyceps Habitats at Shergyla Mountain, Tibet: Implications for the Occurrence. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090284. [PMID: 31443515 PMCID: PMC6780579 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese Cordyceps is a well-known medicinal larva-fungus symbiote distributed in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas. Previous studies have involved its artificial cultivation but commercial cultivation is difficult to perform because the crucial factors triggering the occurrence of Chinese Cordyceps are not quite clear. The occurrence of Chinese Cordyceps is greatly affected by the soil environment, including the soil’s physicochemical and microecological properties. In this study, the effects of these soil properties on the occurrence of Chinese Cordyceps were investigated. The results show that the physicochemical properties, including easily oxidizable organic carbon (EOC), soil organic carbon (SOC), humic acid carbon (HAC), humin carbon (HMC), and pH, might be negatively related to the occurrence of Chinese Cordyceps, and soil water content (SWC) might be positively related. Several soil physicochemical parameters (pH, SOC, HMC, HAC, available potassium (APO), available phosphorus (APH), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and the ratio of NH4+ to NO3− (NH4+/NO3−)) and microbial properties interact and mix together, which might affect the occurrence of Chinese Cordyceps. Soil microbial community structure was also a possible factor, and a low level of bacterial and fungal diversity was suitable for the occurrence of Chinese Cordyceps. The intra-kingdom network revealed that a closer correlation of the bacterial community might help the occurrence of Chinese Cordyceps, while a closer correlation of the fungal community might suppress it. The inter-kingdom network revealed that the occurrence rate of Chinese Cordyceps might be negatively correlated with the stability of the correlation state of the soil habitat. In conclusion, this study shows that soil physicochemical properties and microbial communities could be greatly related with the occurrence of Chinese Cordyceps. In addition, soil physicochemical properties, the level of bacterial and fungal diversity, and correlations of bacterial and fungal communities should be controlled to a certain level to increase the production of Chinese Cordyceps in artificial cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Li Shao
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Bei Lai
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Jia-Ting Wang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yue-Hui Hong
- Department of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Jiangmen Chinese Medical College, Jiangmen 529000, China
| | - Fu-Bin Chen
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Shao-Qing Tan
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Lian-Xian Guo
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
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18
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Zhang M, Gao Z, Yin J, Zhang T, Zhang X, Yuan D, Li T, Zhong Y, Ma E, Ren Z. Complete mitochondrial genome of two Thitarodes species (Lepidoptera, Hepialidae), the host moths of Ophiocordyceps sinensis and phylogenetic implications. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 140:794-807. [PMID: 31445151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Thitarodes (Lepidoptera, Hepialidae) is the only genus that hosts to the Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a traditional Chinese medicine considered as a powerful medicinal supplement. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of two species, T. damxungensis and T. pui, have been sequenced, which are 15,928 bp and 15,362 bp in size respectively, and both contain 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 rRNAs, 22 tRNAs and an AT-rich region. Like other hepialoids, the gene arrangement of the mitogenomes of T. damxungensis and T. pui is identical to the ancestral arrangement but differs from those of other lepidopteran species on account of the different arrangements of trnM, trnI, and trnQ. The size of AT-rich region is 545 bp in T. damxungensis and 1030 bp in T. pui. Tandem repetition in the AT-rich region is responsible for the length difference of the A + T-rich region in both species. In Hepialidae, the phylogenetic study based on the dataset of the sequences that combined the protein-coding genes and RNA genes suggested that the species T. yunnanensis should still belong to the genus Thitarodes rather than Ahamns, which is different from the results based on the traditional phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Zhimei Gao
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jie Yin
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xueyao Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Dongwei Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Tao Li
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yang Zhong
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Institute of Biodiversity Science and Geobiology, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China.
| | - Enbo Ma
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhumei Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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19
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Phylogeographic structures of the host insects of Ophiocordyceps sinensis. ZOOLOGY 2019; 134:27-37. [PMID: 31146905 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A fungus-insect complex, known as DongChong XiaCao, is formed from the infection of the hepialid larvae by the fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis, which is endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). Due to previously limited sample collection size, the data about the diversity and structure of the host insect was insufficient and lacked details. The purpose of this study was aimed to discuss the diversity and phylogeography of the host insects of O. sinensis with a large-scale sampling. The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (cox1) was sequenced and analyzed among 710 samples representing 88 geographic locations. 205 haplotypes of cox1 were identified from all the 710 samples and 4 phylogenetic clades with 12 subclades were identified. Instead of the single latitude-based divergence suggested previously, three distribution patterns were deduced to correspond to the phylogeographic structures, including but not limited to the co-existence of a wide and specific local phylogeographic distribution structures. Two separate genetic diversity and differentiation centers, namely the northwestern Yunnan and the southeastern Tibet were identified. Dating analyses from three calibrations supported that the divergence of the 4 clades occurred in the Oligocene-Miocene period (30.54-13.66 million years ago) (Ma), which were connected with the second and third geological movements of the QTP (17-25, 8-13 Ma). Our results provide a more detailed understanding of the divergence and distribution patterns of the host insects of O. sinensis.
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20
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Li Y, Guo LX, Zhou QZ, Chen D, Liu JZ, Xu XM, Wang JH. Characterization of Humic Substances in the Soils of Ophiocordyceps sinensis Habitats in the Sejila Mountain, Tibet: Implication for the Food Source of Thitarodes Larvae. Molecules 2019; 24:E246. [PMID: 30634712 PMCID: PMC6359227 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Humic substances in soil are considered to be an alternative food to the tender plant roots for Thitarodes larvae in the habitats of Ophiocordyceps sinensis in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. However, there is no report involving the evaluation of their potential as a food source from the composition and structure of habitat soils. In this work, the composition and structure of humic substances in habitat soils from the Sejila Mountain, Tibet were characterized by diverse techniques for evaluating the nutritional value and possibility of humus as the food source for Thitarodes larvae. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that humic acid may possess superior ability to provide the molecular segments for biosynthesizing lipids more than other humic fractions. Combining with the analysis of solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum, the fractions of hydrophobic fulvic acid and hydrophilic fulvic acid are further considered as a potential food source for Thitarodes larvae. Overall, humic substances in habitat soils are rich in the molecular segments for biosynthesizing lipids and other important nutrients, which may provide the energy and material sources for maintaining the survival of Thitarodes larvae in the absence of tender plant roots, particularly in the annual cold winter. Combining with the evidence of physico-chemical parameters of habitat soils and stable carbon isotopic composition of major tender plant roots in the Sejila Mountain, the composition and structure of humic substances in habitat soils may provide a novel idea for the eco-friendly and semi-wild cultivation of Thitarodes larvae with low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Zhuhai 519000, China.
| | - Lian-Xian Guo
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Qian-Zhi Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Di Chen
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Jin-Zhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Zhuhai 519000, China.
| | - Jiang-Hai Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Zhuhai 519000, China.
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21
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Zhang P, Cui S, Ren X, Kang S, Wei F, Ma S, Liu B. Discriminatory Power Evaluation of Nuclear Ribosomal RNA Barcoding Sequences Through Ophiocordyceps sinensis Related Samples. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2498. [PMID: 30405561 PMCID: PMC6206270 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the cost of Ophiocordyceps sinensis has increased dramatically and the counterfeits may have adverse effect to health, a rapid and precise species-level DNA barcoding identification system could be a potent approach and significantly enhance the regulatory capacity. The discrimination power of three subunits sequences from nuclear ribosomal RNA gene cluster were determined by Simpson’s index of discrimination using 43 wild O. sinensis fruiting bodies, pure cultures, commercial mycelium fermented powder and counterfeits. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences showed the highest variance and discrimination power among 43 samples, as determined by Simpson’s index of discrimination (D = 0.972), followed by large subunit (LSU; D = 0.963) and small subunit (SSU; D = 0.921). ITS-2 sequences showed the highest discrimination power for 43 samples among ITS-1, ITS-2, and 5.8S region of ITS sequences. All O. sinensis samples were grouped into a unique ITS sequence cluster under 95% similarity and two O. sinensis samples and six non-O. sinensis samples showed false claims. Our data showed that the ITS region could provide accurate species identification for O. sinensis samples, especially when macroscopic and microscopic method could not be applied in the highly processed commercial products. Since the authentication of O. sinensis related products is essential to ensure its safety and efficacy, identification of O. sinensis through ITS sequence comparison or unique PCR amplification of the species specific target, such as the ITS region, should be considered in the next revision of Chinese pharmacopeia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Food and Drug Administration, Beijing, China.,Department of Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shenghui Cui
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Food and Drug Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu Ren
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Food and Drug Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Kang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Food and Drug Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Wei
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Food and Drug Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangcheng Ma
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Food and Drug Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Cheng QQ, Cheng CS, Ouyang Y, Lao CC, Cui H, Xian Y, Jiang ZH, Li WJ, Zhou H. Discovery of differential sequences for improving breeding and yield of cultivated Ophiocordyceps sinensis through ITS sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Chin J Nat Med 2018; 16:749-755. [PMID: 30322608 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(18)30114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To accelerate the breeding process of cultivated Ophiocordyceps sinensis and increase its yield, it is important to identify molecular fingerprint of dominant O. sinensis. In the present study, we collected 3 batches of industrially cultivated O. sinensis product with higher yield than the others and compared their internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences with the wild and the reported. The ITS sequence was obtained by bidirectional sequencing and analyzed with molecular systematics as a DNA barcode for rapid and accurate identification of wild and cultivated O. sinensis collected. The ITS sequences of O. sinensis with detailed collection loci on NCBI were downloaded to construct a phylogenetic tree together with the sequences obtained from the present study by using neighbor-joining method based on their evolution relationship. The information on collection loci was analyzed with ArcGIS 10.2 to demonstrate the geographic distribution of these samples and thus to determine the origin of the dominant samples. The results showed that all wild and cultivated samples were identified as O. sinensis and all sequences were divided into seven phylogenetic groups in the tree. Those groups were precisely distributed on the map and the process of their system evolution was clearly presented. The three cultivated samples were clustered into two dominant groups, showing the correlation between the industrially cultivated samples and the dominant wild samples, which can provide references for its optimized breeding in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Qing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Avenida Wailong, Taipa, Macau Special Administrative Region, China; Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Avenida Wailong, Taipa, Macau Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chun-Song Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Avenida Wailong, Taipa, Macau Special Administrative Region, China; Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wailong, Taipa, Macau Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yue Ouyang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wailong, Taipa, Macau Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chi-Chou Lao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Avenida Wailong, Taipa, Macau Special Administrative Region, China; Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wailong, Taipa, Macau Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Hao Cui
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wailong, Taipa, Macau Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yu Xian
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wailong, Taipa, Macau Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Avenida Wailong, Taipa, Macau Special Administrative Region, China; Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Avenida Wailong, Taipa, Macau Special Administrative Region, China; Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wailong, Taipa, Macau Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wen-Jia Li
- Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Avenida Wailong, Taipa, Macau Special Administrative Region, China; Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Avenida Wailong, Taipa, Macau Special Administrative Region, China; Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wailong, Taipa, Macau Special Administrative Region, China.
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Abstract
Modern genomics has shed light on many entomopathogenic fungi and expanded our knowledge widely; however, little is known about the genomic features of the insect-commensal fungi. Harpellales are obligate commensals living in the digestive tracts of disease-bearing insects (black flies, midges, and mosquitoes). In this study, we produced and annotated whole-genome sequences of nine Harpellales taxa and conducted the first comparative analyses to infer the genomic diversity within the members of the Harpellales. The genomes of the insect gut fungi feature low (26% to 37%) GC content and large genome size variations (25 to 102 Mb). Further comparisons with insect-pathogenic fungi (from both Ascomycota and Zoopagomycota), as well as with free-living relatives (as negative controls), helped to identify a gene toolbox that is essential to the fungus-insect symbiosis. The results not only narrow the genomic scope of fungus-insect interactions from several thousands to eight core players but also distinguish host invasion strategies employed by insect pathogens and commensals. The genomic content suggests that insect commensal fungi rely mostly on adhesion protein anchors that target digestive system, while entomopathogenic fungi have higher numbers of transmembrane helices, signal peptides, and pathogen-host interaction (PHI) genes across the whole genome and enrich genes as well as functional domains to inactivate the host inflammation system and suppress the host defense. Phylogenomic analyses have revealed that genome sizes of Harpellales fungi vary among lineages with an integer-multiple pattern, which implies that ancient genome duplications may have occurred within the gut of insects. Insect guts harbor various microbes that are important for host digestion, immune response, and disease dispersal in certain cases. Bacteria, which are among the primary endosymbionts, have been studied extensively. However, fungi, which are also frequently encountered, are poorly known with respect to their biology within the insect guts. To understand the genomic features and related biology, we produced the whole-genome sequences of nine gut commensal fungi from disease-bearing insects (black flies, midges, and mosquitoes). The results show that insect gut fungi tend to have low GC content across their genomes. By comparing these commensals with entomopathogenic and free-living fungi that have available genome sequences, we found a universal core gene toolbox that is unique and thus potentially important for the insect-fungus symbiosis. This comparative work also uncovered different host invasion strategies employed by insect pathogens and commensals, as well as a model system to study ancient fungal genome duplication within the gut of insects.
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Guo LX, Xu XM, Hong YH, Li Y, Wang JH. Stable Carbon Isotope Composition of the Lipids in Natural Ophiocordyceps sinensis from Major Habitats in China and Its Substitutes. Molecules 2017; 22:E1567. [PMID: 28927020 PMCID: PMC6151613 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis is one rare medicinal fungus produced in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Its quality and price varies hugely with different habitat, and its numerous substitutes have sprung up in functional food markets. This paper aims to discriminate the geographic origin of wild O. sinensis and its substitutes via element analyzer-isotope ratio mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The δ13C values of major fatty acids in the lipids of O. sinensis are characterized unanimously by the variation relation C18:0 < C18:2 ≈ C16:0 < C18:1, while their fluctuation intervals are notably different between those of neutral and polar lipids. The comparative analysis of the δ13C ratios of major fatty acids in lipids of O. sinensis suggests that the δ13C patterns may be sensitive potential indicators to discriminate its geographical origin. The δ13C values of individual major fatty acids of lipids from the cultivated stromata of Cordyceps militaris (SCM), the fermented mycelia of Hirsurella sinensis (FMH) and Paecilomyces epiali (FMP) range from -31.2‰ to -29.7‰, -16.9‰ to -14.3‰, and -26.5‰ to -23.9‰, respectively. Their δ13C pattern of individual major fatty acids may be used as a potential indicator to discriminate the products of natural O. sinensis and its substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Xian Guo
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering/South China Sea Bioresource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering/South China Sea Bioresource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yue-Hui Hong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering/South China Sea Bioresource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering/South China Sea Bioresource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jiang-Hai Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering/South China Sea Bioresource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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25
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Todisco V, Nazari V, Cesaroni D, Sbordoni V. Preliminary molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the monobasic subfamily Calinaginae (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). ZOOSYST EVOL 2017. [DOI: 10.3897/zse.93.10744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Xu J, Huang Y, Chen XX, Zheng SC, Chen P, Mo MH. The Mechanisms of Pharmacological Activities of Ophiocordyceps sinensis Fungi. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1572-1583. [PMID: 27373780 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The entomopathogenic fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis, formerly known as Cordyceps sinensis, has long been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of many illnesses. In recent years its usage has increased dramatically because of the improvement of people's living standard and the emphasis on health. Such demands have resulted in over-harvesting of this fungus in the wild. Fortunately, scientists have demonstrated that artificially cultured and fermented mycelial products of O. sinensis have similar pharmacological activities to wild O. sinensis. The availability of laboratory cultures will likely to further expand its usage for the treatment of various illnesses. In this review, we summarize recent results on the pharmacological activities of the components of O. sinensis and their putative mechanisms of actions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Xiang-Xiang Chen
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Shuai-Chao Zheng
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Yunnan Academy of Forestry, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Ming-He Mo
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
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Isolation and Classification of Fungal Whitefly Entomopathogens from Soils of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Gansu Corridor in China. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156087. [PMID: 27228109 PMCID: PMC4881913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Gansu Corridor of China with distinct geographic and climatic conditions are remote and less disturbed by humans, in which are likely to find some new strains of fungal entomopathogens against B-biotype whiteflies that is a very important invading pest worldwide. In this research, nineteen strains among six species of entomogenous fungi were isolated from the soil samples collected from 32 locations in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Gansu Corridor. From the data of isolation rates, it was indicated that the good biodiversity of entomogenous fungi was found in the soil covered good vegetations. On the contrary, no strains were isolated from the desert areas. In addition, the dominant species, Isaria fumosorosea and Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are different from the strains of other places based on ITS genetic homology analysis. It was verified that the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau area was less disturbed by human, and the fungi in this place exchanged less compared with other regional species. All of these strains showed the pathogenicity against the B-biotype whitefly with the mortality of more than 30%. However, a few strains of Paecilomyces lilacinus, Lecanicillium psalliotae, Aspergillus ustus, I. fumosorosea and M. anisopliae var. anisopliae had better virulence with LC50s of 0.36–26.44×106 spores/mL on post-treatment day 6–7. Especially, the L. psalliotae strain LpTS01 was the greatest virulence with LC50 of 0.36×106spores/mL and LT50 of 4.23d. Our research thus presents some new insights to discover new entomopathogenic fungal strains used for B-biotype whitefly biocontrol.
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Fu Y, Li W, Duo H, Guo Z, Dang Z, Shen X, Peng M, Zhang Y. Morphological and molecular characterization of Oestromyia leporina (Pallas, 1778) (Diptera: Hypodermatinae) from wild plateau pikas(Ochotona curzoniae) in Qinghai province, China. Exp Parasitol 2016; 161:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Wichadakul D, Kobmoo N, Ingsriswang S, Tangphatsornruang S, Chantasingh D, Luangsa-ard JJ, Eurwilaichitr L. Insights from the genome of Ophiocordyceps polyrhachis-furcata to pathogenicity and host specificity in insect fungi. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:881. [PMID: 26511477 PMCID: PMC4625970 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ophiocordyceps unilateralis is an outstanding insect fungus for its biology to manipulate host ants’ behavior and for its extreme host-specificity. Through the sequencing and annotation of Ophiocordyceps polyrhachis-furcata, a species in the O. unilateralis species complex specific to the ant Polyrhachis furcata, comparative analyses on genes involved in pathogenicity and virulence between this fungus and other fungi were undertaken in order to gain insights into its biology and the emergence of host specificity. Results O. polyrhachis-furcata possesses various genes implicated in pathogenicity and virulence common with other fungi. Overall, this fungus possesses protein-coding genes similar to those found on other insect fungi with available genomic resources (Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium robertsii (formerly classified as M. anisopliae s.l.), Metarhizium acridum, Cordyceps militaris, Ophiocordyceps sinensis). Comparative analyses in regard of the host ranges of insect fungi showed a tendency toward contractions of various gene families for narrow host-range species, including cuticle-degrading genes (proteases, carbohydrate esterases) and some families of pathogen-host interaction (PHI) genes. For many families of genes, O. polyrhachis-furcata had the least number of genes found; some genes commonly found in other insect fungi are even absent (e.g. Class 1 hydrophobin). However, there are expansions of genes involved in 1) the production of bacterial-like toxins in O. polyrhachis-furcata, compared with other entomopathogenic fungi, and 2) retrotransposable elements. Conclusions The gain and loss of gene families helps us understand how fungal pathogenicity in insect hosts evolved. The loss of various genes involved throughout the pathogenesis for O. unilateralis would result in a reduced capacity to exploit larger ranges of hosts and therefore in the different level of host specificity, while the expansions of other gene families suggest an adaptation to particular environments with unexpected strategies like oral toxicity, through the production of bacterial-like toxins, or sophisticated mechanisms underlying pathogenicity through retrotransposons. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2101-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duangdao Wichadakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Neung, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand. .,Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Floor 17th, Building 4, Payathai Rd., Wangmai, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Noppol Kobmoo
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Neung, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
| | - Supawadee Ingsriswang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Neung, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
| | - Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Neung, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
| | - Duriya Chantasingh
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Neung, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
| | - Janet Jennifer Luangsa-ard
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Neung, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
| | - Lily Eurwilaichitr
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Neung, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
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Hao DC, Xiao PG. Genomics and Evolution in Traditional Medicinal Plants: Road to a Healthier Life. Evol Bioinform Online 2015; 11:197-212. [PMID: 26461812 PMCID: PMC4597484 DOI: 10.4137/ebo.s31326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants have long been utilized in traditional medicine and ethnomedicine worldwide. This review presents a glimpse of the current status of and future trends in medicinal plant genomics, evolution, and phylogeny. These dynamic fields are at the intersection of phytochemistry and plant biology and are concerned with the evolution mechanisms and systematics of medicinal plant genomes, origin and evolution of the plant genotype and metabolic phenotype, interaction between medicinal plant genomes and their environment, the correlation between genomic diversity and metabolite diversity, and so on. Use of the emerging high-end genomic technologies can be expanded from crop plants to traditional medicinal plants, in order to expedite medicinal plant breeding and transform them into living factories of medicinal compounds. The utility of molecular phylogeny and phylogenomics in predicting chemodiversity and bioprospecting is also highlighted within the context of natural-product-based drug discovery and development. Representative case studies of medicinal plant genome, phylogeny, and evolution are summarized to exemplify the expansion of knowledge pedigree and the paradigm shift to the omics-based approaches, which update our awareness about plant genome evolution and enable the molecular breeding of medicinal plants and the sustainable utilization of plant pharmaceutical resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Cheng Hao
- Biotechnology Institute, School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Pei-Gen Xiao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
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31
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Guo LX, Xu XM, Liang FR, Yuan JP, Peng J, Wu CF, Wang JH. Morphological Observations and Fatty Acid Composition of Indoor-Cultivated Cordyceps sinensis at a High-Altitude Laboratory on Sejila Mountain, Tibet. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126095. [PMID: 25938484 PMCID: PMC4418754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps sinensis, a caterpillar entomopathogenic fungus-host larva complex, is a rare medicinal herb found in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding high-altitude areas. The alternation of generations in the life cycle, whatever the fungus or its host insect, requires special growth conditions. However, it is difficult to simulate the growth conditions of C. sinensis, which hinders its artificial cultivation. In this work, the life cycle from the host larva to C. sinensis was observed in an indoor-cultivation laboratory at 4,200 m a.s.l. on Sejila Mountain, Tibet. Comparative examinations between indoor-cultivated and wild C. sinensis demonstrated that the indoor-cultivated C. sinensis preferred to germinate multiple long, slim stromata at diverse positions on dead larvae, including but not limited to their heads. Their fatty acid composition shows a significant difference in the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In indoor-cultivated C. sinensis, PUFAs constituted 24.59% and 49.43%, respectively, of neutral and polar lipids; meanwhile, in wild C. sinensis, PUFAs represented 34.34% and 61.25% of neutral and polar lipids, respectively. These observations and fatty acid data suggest that environmental factors, particularly temperature, soil pressure and light intensity, strongly affect the growth of C. sinensis. Our new findings may provide important information for improving techniques for the large-scale artificial cultivation of C. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Xian Guo
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Rui Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ping Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chou-Fei Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Hai Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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32
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Zhang Y, Zhang S, Li Y, Ma S, Wang C, Xiang M, Liu X, An Z, Xu J, Liu X. Phylogeography and evolution of a fungal-insect association on the Tibetan Plateau. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:5337-55. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
- School of Life Sciences; Shanxi University; Taiyuan 030006 China
- Department of Biology; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Shu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences; Shanxi University; Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Yuling Li
- Institute of Grassland; Qinghai Academy of Animal & Veterinary Sciences; Xining 810016 China
| | - Shaoli Ma
- Institute of Grassland; Qinghai Academy of Animal & Veterinary Sciences; Xining 810016 China
| | - Chengshu Wang
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology; Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Meichun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Xin Liu
- Institute of Grassland; Qinghai Academy of Animal & Veterinary Sciences; Xining 810016 China
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Institute of Molecular Medicine; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Jianping Xu
- Department of Biology; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada L8S 4K1
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources; Yunnan University; Kunming 650091 China
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
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