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Powell DM, Beetem D, Breitigan R, Eyres A, Speeg B. A perspective on ungulate management and welfare assessment across the traditional zoo to large landscape spectrum. Zoo Biol 2024; 43:5-14. [PMID: 37171165 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Wild ungulates are managed in human care in a range of settings from traditional zoos to large ranches. These varied settings present different portfolios of risks for good or poor welfare, which leads some to question whether a particular setting is "good for welfare" and have frustrated others interested in comparing the welfare of ungulates across these settings. Differing housing and management scenarios present different challenges and opportunities in terms of welfare but this commentary posits that good welfare is possible in all of these settings. In this commentary, we also consider natural behaviors that may, at face value, compromise welfare and discuss how taking a long view on welfare addresses concerns about these behaviors, in part using arguments related to normal behavioral development that likely improves welfare at other life stages. We also highlight the role of motivation in seemingly welfare-compromising behaviors. Finally, some indicators of welfare that we believe transcend management scenarios, and are thus able to be compared across scenarios, are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Powell
- Department of Reproductive and Behavioral Sciences, Saint Louis Zoo, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | - Adam Eyres
- Fossil Rim Wildlife Center, Glen Rose, Texas, USA
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2
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Wittwer A, Roller M, Müller DWH, Bertelsen MF, Lackey LB, Steck B, Biddle R, Versteege L, Clauss M. Historical development of the survivorship of zoo rhinoceroses-A comparative historical analysis. Zoo Biol 2023; 42:797-810. [PMID: 37350431 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Zoo animal husbandry is a skill that should be developing constantly. In theory, this should lead to an improvement of zoo animal survivorship over time. Additionally, it has been suggested that species that are at a comparatively higher risk of extinction in their natural habitats (in situ) might also be more difficult to keep under zoo conditions (ex situ). Here, we assessed these questions for three zoo-managed rhinoceros species with different extinction risk status allocated by the IUCN: the "critically endangered" black rhino (Diceros bicornis), the "vulnerable" greater one-horned (GOH) rhino (Rhinoceros unicornis), and the "near threatened" white rhino (Ceratotherium simum). Comparing zoo animals ≥1 year of age, the black rhino had the lowest and the white rhino the highest survivorship, in congruence with their extinction risk status. Historically, the survivorship of both black and white rhino in zoos improved significantly over time, whereas that of GOH rhino stagnated. Juvenile mortality was generally low and decreased even further in black and white rhinos over time. Together with the development of population pyramids, this shows increasing competence of the global zoo community to sustain all three species. Compared to the continuously expanding zoo population of GOH and white rhinos, the zoo-managed black rhino population has stagnated in numbers in recent years. Zoos do not only contribute to conservation by propagating ex situ populations, but also by increasing species-specific husbandry skills. We recommend detailed research to understand specific factors responsible for the stagnation but also the general improvement of survivorship of zoo-managed rhinos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Wittwer
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rebecca Biddle
- Twycross Zoo-East Midland Zoological Society, Norton Grange, Warwickshire, UK
| | | | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Appeltant R, Hermes R, Holtze S, Modina SC, Galli C, Bjarkadottir BD, Adeniran BV, Wei X, Swegen A, Hildebrandt TB, Williams SA. The neonatal southern white rhinoceros ovary contains oogonia in germ cell nests. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1049. [PMID: 37848538 PMCID: PMC10582104 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05256-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The northern white rhinoceros is functionally extinct with only two females left. Establishing methods to culture ovarian tissues, follicles, and oocytes to generate eggs will support conservation efforts using in vitro embryo production. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of the structure and molecular signature of any rhinoceros, more specifically, we describe the neonatal and adult southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) ovary; the closest relation of the northern white rhinoceros. Interestingly, all ovaries contain follicles despite advanced age. Analysis of the neonate reveals a population of cells molecularly characterised as mitotically active, pluripotent with germ cell properties. These results indicate that unusually, the neonatal ovary still contains oogonia in germ cell nests at birth, providing an opportunity for fertility preservation. Therefore, utilising ovaries from stillborn and adult rhinoceros can provide cells for advanced assisted reproductive technologies and investigating the neonatal ovaries of other endangered species is crucial for conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Appeltant
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, Level 3, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Gamete Research Centre, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Robert Hermes
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str 17, D-10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Holtze
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str 17, D-10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silvia Clotilde Modina
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Cesare Galli
- Avantea srl, Laboratory of Reproductive Technologies, Via Porcellasco 7/F, 26100, Cremona, Italy
- Fondazione Avantea, 26100, Cremona, Italy
| | - Briet D Bjarkadottir
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, Level 3, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Babatomisin V Adeniran
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, Level 3, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Xi Wei
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, Level 3, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Aleona Swegen
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, Level 3, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas Bernd Hildebrandt
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
- Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Suzannah A Williams
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, Level 3, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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4
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Scott SE, Cain B, de Kort SR, Johnson B, Khayale C, Versteege L, Bettridge CM. Group composition impacts reproductive output and population viability in captive white rhinoceros. Anim Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. E. Scott
- Department of Natural Sciences, Ecology and Environment Research Centre Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
- Joint Nature Conservation Committee Aberdeen UK
| | - B. Cain
- Department of Natural Sciences, Ecology and Environment Research Centre Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
| | - S. R. de Kort
- Department of Natural Sciences, Ecology and Environment Research Centre Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
| | | | | | - L. Versteege
- Safaripark Beekse Bergen Hilvarenbeek The Netherlands
| | - C. M. Bettridge
- Department of Natural Sciences, Ecology and Environment Research Centre Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
- School of Natural Sciences Bangor University Bangor UK
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Abegglen LM, Harrison TM, Moresco A, Fowles JS, Troan BV, Kiso WK, Schmitt D, Boddy AM, Schiffman JD. Of Elephants and Other Mammals: A Comparative Review of Reproductive Tumors and Potential Impact on Conservation. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:2005. [PMID: 35953994 PMCID: PMC9367617 DOI: 10.3390/ani12152005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive tumors can impact conception, pregnancy, and birth in mammals. These impacts are well documented in humans, while data in other mammals are limited. An urgent need exists to understand the reproductive impact of these lesions in endangered species, because some endangered species have a documented high prevalence of reproductive tumors. This article documents that the prevalence of both benign and malignant neoplasia differs between African and Asian elephants, with Asian elephants more frequently diagnosed and negatively affected by both. The prevalence of these tumors across mammalian species is compared, and impact plus treatment options in human medicine are reviewed to inform decision making in elephants. Evidence suggests that reproductive tumors can negatively impact elephant conservation. Future studies that document reproductive outcomes, including the success of various treatment approaches in elephants with tumors will benefit conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Abegglen
- Department of Pediatrics & Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
- Exotic Species Cancer Research Alliance, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Tara M. Harrison
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
- Exotic Species Cancer Research Alliance, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Anneke Moresco
- Exotic Species Cancer Research Alliance, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Reproductive Health Surveillance Program, Morrison, CO 80465, USA
| | - Jared S. Fowles
- Department of Pediatrics & Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Brigid V. Troan
- Exotic Species Cancer Research Alliance, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Wendy K. Kiso
- White Oak Conservation Foundation, Yulee, FL 32097, USA
| | - Dennis Schmitt
- Department of Animal Science, William H. Darr College of Agriculture, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65809, USA
| | - Amy M. Boddy
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
- Exotic Species Cancer Research Alliance, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Joshua D. Schiffman
- Department of Pediatrics & Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
- Exotic Species Cancer Research Alliance, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Peel Therapeutics, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
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6
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Biasetti P, Hildebrandt TB, Göritz F, Hermes R, Holtze S, Galli C, Lazzari G, Colleoni S, Pollastri I, Spiriti MM, Stejskal J, Seet S, Zwilling J, Ngulu S, Mutisya S, Kariuki L, Lokolool I, Omondo P, Ndeereh D, de Mori B. Ethical Analysis of the Application of Assisted Reproduction Technologies in Biodiversity Conservation and the Case of White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) Ovum Pick-Up Procedures. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:831675. [PMID: 35591869 PMCID: PMC9113018 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.831675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Originally applied on domestic and lab animals, assisted reproduction technologies (ARTs) have also found application in conservation breeding programs, where they can make the genetic management of populations more efficient, and increase the number of individuals per generation. However, their application in wildlife conservation opens up new ethical scenarios that have not yet been fully explored. This study presents a frame for the ethical analysis of the application of ART procedures in conservation based on the Ethical Matrix (EM), and discusses a specific case study—ovum pick-up (OPU) procedures performed in the current conservation efforts for the northern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum cottoni)—providing a template for the assessment of ART procedures in projects involving other endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierfrancesco Biasetti
- Department of Reproduction Management, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
- Ethics Laboratory for Veterinary Medicine, Conservation, and Animal Welfare, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- *Correspondence: Pierfrancesco Biasetti
| | - Thomas B. Hildebrandt
- Department of Reproduction Management, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
- Thomas B. Hildebrandt
| | - Frank Göritz
- Department of Reproduction Management, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Hermes
- Department of Reproduction Management, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Holtze
- Department of Reproduction Management, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cesare Galli
- Avantea, Laboratory of Reproductive Technologies, Cremona, Italy
| | - Giovanna Lazzari
- Avantea, Laboratory of Reproductive Technologies, Cremona, Italy
| | - Silvia Colleoni
- Avantea, Laboratory of Reproductive Technologies, Cremona, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pollastri
- Ethics Laboratory for Veterinary Medicine, Conservation, and Animal Welfare, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Maria Michela Spiriti
- Ethics Laboratory for Veterinary Medicine, Conservation, and Animal Welfare, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Jan Stejskal
- ZOO Dvůr Králové, Dvůr Králové nad Labem, Czechia
| | - Steven Seet
- Department of Reproduction Management, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Zwilling
- Department of Reproduction Management, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Barbara de Mori
- Ethics Laboratory for Veterinary Medicine, Conservation, and Animal Welfare, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
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Landolfi JA, Gaffney PM, McManamon R, Gottdenker NL, Ellis AE, Rech RR, Han S, Lowenstine LJ, Agnew D, Garner MM, McAloose D, Hollinger C, St Leger J, Terrell SP, Duncan M, Pessier AP. Reproductive tract neoplasia in adult female Asian elephants ( Elephas maximus). Vet Pathol 2021; 58:1131-1141. [PMID: 34269107 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211031843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports have highlighted a lower-than-expected prevalence of neoplasia in elephants and suggested mechanisms for cancer resistance. But despite infrequent reports in the literature, uterine neoplasia is common in managed Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). This study is an archival review of reproductive tract neoplasia in 80 adult female Asian elephant mortalities in managed care facilities in the United States from 1988 to 2019. Neoplasms occurred in 64/80 (80%) of cases. Most were in the uterus (63/64; 98%) with only a single case of ovarian neoplasia. Myometrial leiomyomas were present in 57/63 (90%) cases with uterine neoplasia. Uterine adenocarcinoma was present in 8/63 (13%) cases. Remaining cases included endometrial adenoma (2), focal carcinoma in situ in endometrial polyps (1), anaplastic carcinoma (1), endometrial hemangioma (1), primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET; 1), and angiosarcoma (1). One case with uterine adenocarcinoma had a separate pelvic mass histologically characterized as an anaplastic sarcoma. Distant metastases were documented in 5/8 (63%) cases of uterine adenocarcinoma, and in the uterine anaplastic carcinoma, PNET, and angiosarcoma. Four uterine adenocarcinomas and one carcinoma in situ were examined immunohistochemically for pan-cytokeratin, vimentin, and estrogen receptor. In all, neoplastic cells were pan-cytokeratin positive and vimentin negative, and in 2 cases were immunoreactive for estrogen receptor. Results show that female reproductive tract neoplasia, particularly of the uterus, is common in Asian elephants and is not limited to leiomyomas. Importantly, uterine neoplasms have the potential to impact fecundity and may represent obstacles to conservation in managed care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sushan Han
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Dalen Agnew
- 70726Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Denise McAloose
- 2015Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx Zoo, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Allan P Pessier
- 7114San Diego Zoo Global, San Diego, CA, USA.,6760Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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8
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Hermes R, Balfanz F, Haderthauer S, Dungl E, Hildebrandt TB, Schwarzenberger F. Case Report: Ovulation Induction in Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros ( Rhinoceros unicornis). Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:657284. [PMID: 34277752 PMCID: PMC8279775 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.657284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a profound knowledge on reproduction biology in greater one-horned (GOH) rhinoceros, many individuals cope with sub or infertility or an-ovulatory estrous. At the same time, early and regular captive breeding is of high importance in female GOH rhinoceros due to their high prevalence to develop genital tract tumors with consequent cessation of reproduction. Thus, mature, an-ovulatory GOH rhinoceros represent a challenge for captive breeding programs and warrant for means of reliable ovulation induction. Here, we used hCG and GnRH analog histrelin to induce ovulation in an-ovulatory GOH rhinoceros. Upon ultrasound diagnosis of a preovulatory follicle hCG or GnRH were injected to induce ovulation (n = 11). As a result, 75% of the hCG (n = 6/8) and 33% of GnRH (n = 1/3) inductions resulted in ovulation. Ovulation occurred when fecal estrogen concentration increased before and pregnane concentration after induction. Thirty-six percent of all treatments (n = 4/11) failed to induce ovulation. When ovulation induction by hCG/GnRH injection failed, estrogen and pregnane concentrations were significantly lower compared to ovulatory estrous (P < 0.001). Our results suggest that hCG and GnRH analog facilitate an easily applicable treatment to induce ovulation in females with behavioral but at times an-ovulatory estrous. Frequent use of hCG as an ovulation inducer might help to achieve pregnancies in genetically important but an-ovulatory GOH rhinoceroses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hermes
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Folko Balfanz
- Tierärztliche Ordination Tiergarten Schönbrunn, Vienna Zoo, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Franz Schwarzenberger
- Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Kim SH, Seung BJ, Cho SH, Lim HY, Bae MK, Eo KY, Yeo YG, Son JW, Sur JH. Ovarian adenocarcinoma with metastases in a white rhinoceros. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:366-369. [PMID: 33427119 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720986789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A 36-y-old white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) was presented with respiratory distress, sanguineous vaginal exudate, and anorexia. The clinical signs progressed over 40 d, and the rhinoceros died. Autopsy revealed significant ascites; a unilateral, 12.5-cm diameter, polypoid mass in the left ovary; a white, firm transmural mass in the right uterine horn; a white, friable mass in the lung; and white-to-tan, friable small nodules in the diaphragm. Histologic examination revealed similar neoplastic cells in the masses in all 4 locations, composed predominantly of epithelial cells proliferating in a tubulopapillary pattern with significant nuclear atypia and numerous atypical mitotic figures (18-42 per 2.37 mm2). Immunohistochemistry for CK7 (cytokeratin 7) and CK20 (cytokeratin 20) suggest that the ovarian, pulmonary, and diaphragmatic lesions were of ovarian origin and that the ovary was the primary tumor site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung-Joon Seung
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Hee Cho
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ha-Young Lim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Kyung Bae
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Yeon Eo
- Conservation and Health Center, Seoul Zoo, Gwacheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Yong-Gu Yeo
- Conservation and Health Center, Seoul Zoo, Gwacheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jang-Won Son
- Conservation and Health Center, Seoul Zoo, Gwacheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jung-Hyang Sur
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Salleh A, Zainuddin ZZ, Mohamed Tarmizi MR, Yap KC, Zamri-Saad M. Two variants of uterine leiomyoma in Malaysia's last Sumatran rhinoceros ( Dicerorhinus sumatrensis). Vet Q 2020; 40:250-257. [PMID: 33045934 PMCID: PMC7594725 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1836431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Following its capture in March 2014, an adult female Sumatran rhinoceros frequently showed profuse vaginal bleeding. An ultrasonography suggested the presence of multiple reproductive lesions, including two uterine masses which were suspected to be leiomyomas. Soon after, an open pyometra was confirmed. Later in November 2019, the patient died and necropsy confirmed the presence of two uterine masses; one was located at the cervico-uterine junction and another in the uterine body, with pyometra, and cystic endometrial hyerplasia. Based on histological, special stains, and immunohistochemical examination, it was shown that one of the masses was composed of large, ovoid and polyhedral neoplastic mesenchymal cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm and a few binucleated cells surrounded by collagen fibres. It was tested positive for SMA and vimentin, while negative for desmin, cytokeratin AE1/AE3, EMA, CD34, and S100. The other mass was composed of mesenchymal cells undergoing myxoid degeneration as evidenced by the presence of glycosaminoglycan-rich matrix. It was tested positive for SMA, vimentin, partially positive for desmin, and negative for the other markers. With the aid of human medical nomenclature, these masses were diagnosed as epithelioid leiomyoma and myxoid leiomyoma, respectively. This report provides a clinical presentation, and histologic descriptions of the two variants of leiomyomas that have not been reported in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annas Salleh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | - Mohd Zamri-Saad
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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11
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Parturition in white rhinoceros. Theriogenology 2020; 156:181-188. [PMID: 32755717 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In captive rhinoceros stillbirth and perinatal death are recorded at a rate of 6-17% in the various species. At the same time there is a substantial lack of knowledge on rhinoceros parturition. Yet, predicting parameters for birth and progress of parturition are fundamental for the recognition of dystocia and perinatal problems. Therefore, we here intended to pay close attention to the Achilles heel of the 1.5-2.5 year reproduction cycle in rhinoceros, the parturition. For the prediction of parturition we recorded timelines for pre-birth udder development, genital swelling, milk production, behavioral unrest, and decrease of serum progesterone concentration and the gestational length in 19 white rhinoceros. First, second and third labour stage, foetal presentation and events in perinatal period were recorded to describe normal parturition and establish a guideline for better birth management in rhinoceros. Udder development and genital swelling were observed 3 and 2 weeks prior birth, respectively. Milk production was observed to start up to 3 weeks prior birth and increased significantly in the last week with most significant increase one day before parturition to 50.6 ± 45.4 mL (p < 0.006). Serum progesterone concentration started to decrease 7 days prior parturition and more significantly 48 h before parturition. While behavioral unrest and first stage labour was not observed reliably in all females the break of foetal waters and thus the start of second stage labour was unmistakably observed. Second stage labour, when foetal membranes had ruptured until the foetus was born, took 1:50 ± 0:20 h:min. Eighty-four percent of fetuses were born in anterior presentation (n = 16/19) and the final expulsion took <25 min suggesting that this is the normal presentation in white rhinoceros. In the less frequent posterior presentation final expulsion took up to 47 min. Overall, 95% of calves were born alive. Calves were standing and nursing in 0:55 ± 0:12 min and 3:32 ± 0:53 h:min, respectively. In 10.5% of births (n = 2/19) in anterior presentation perinatal complications occurred. Stillbirth occurred once (5.3% n = 1/19) when the foetus was born in posterior presentation. The recorded gestational length was 506 ± 2d. Delivering live offspring is of key importance to establish a new generation and secure long-term survival of a species. Various pre-birth changes, significant decrease of serum progesterone 48 h prior birth, different labour stages, foetal presentation and perinatal events described here add substantial knowledge on the understanding of normal rhinoceros parturition and may help diagnose dystocia and perinatal complications.
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Abstract
Cancer is ubiquitous in wildlife, affecting animals from bivalves to pachyderms and cetaceans. Reports of increasing frequency demonstrate that neoplasia is associated with substantial mortality in wildlife species. Anthropogenic activities and global weather changes are shaping new geographical limitations for many species, and alterations in living niches are associated with visible examples of genetic bottlenecks, toxin exposures, oncogenic pathogens, stress and immunosuppression, which can all contribute to cancers in wild species. Nations that devote resources to monitoring the health of wildlife often do so for human-centric reasons, including for the prediction of the potential for zoonotic disease, shared contaminants, chemicals and medications, and for observing the effect of exposure from crowding and loss of habitat. Given the increasing human footprint on land and in the sea, wildlife conservation should also become a more important motivating factor. Greater attention to the patterns of the emergence of wildlife cancer is imperative because growing numbers of species are existing at the interface between humans and the environment, making wildlife sentinels for both animal and human health. Therefore, monitoring wildlife cancers could offer interesting and novel insights into potentially unique non-age-related mechanisms of carcinogenesis across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Pesavento
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Dalen Agnew
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Michael K Keel
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kevin D Woolard
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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13
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Pluháček J, Steck BL, Sinha SP, von Houwald F. Interbirth intervals are associated with age of the mother, but not with infant mortality in Indian rhinoceroses. Curr Zool 2017; 63:229-235. [PMID: 29491981 PMCID: PMC5804171 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zow036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinoceroses are among the most endangered mammals in the world. Despite a recent increase in numbers in most wild populations, poaching or political instability may exterminate large populations very quickly. Therefore, captive or ex situ rhinoceros populations can play an important role in their conservation. Previous studies identified infant mortality and interbirth intervals among the main parameters affecting the viability and survival of rhinoceros populations. In our study, we tested the recently suggested prediction that in captive Indian rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis, longer interbirth intervals may result in higher infant mortality. We also examined the factors that are the main predictors of infant mortality and interbith intervals using the studbook data on Indian rhinoceros born in zoos worldwide as well as data from Dudhwa National Park, India, where rhinoceroses were successfully reintroduced. We found no association between interbirth intervals and infant mortality. In both populations, the main predictor of infant mortality was mother's parity, with higher mortality in calves born to primiparous mothers. In addition, we found that the interbirth intervals were shorter in zoos than in Dudhwa and that they increased with increase in age of the mother, which was the only factor affecting interbirth interval in both populations. Our results show that the same factors affect both parameters in both populations and thus illustrate that the reproduction and infant survival of Indian rhinoceros in zoos reflect the natural pattern. Furthermore, we suggest that in captivity, the interbirth intervals could be slightly prolonged to approach the situation in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Pluháček
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Animal Science, Přátelství 815, 104 00 Praha - Uhříněves, Czech Republic
- Ostrava Zoo, Michálkovická 197, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Beatrice L. Steck
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Animal Science, Přátelství 815, 104 00 Praha - Uhříněves, Czech Republic
| | - Satya P. Sinha
- Wildlife Institute of India, H.No.IV. Chandrabani, Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand, India
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14
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Stoops MA, Campbell MK, DeChant CJ, Hauser J, Kottwitz J, Pairan RD, Shaffstall W, Volle K, Roth TL. Enhancing captive Indian rhinoceros genetics via artificial insemination of cryopreserved sperm. Anim Reprod Sci 2016; 172:60-75. [PMID: 27449405 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to design an artificial insemination (AI) protocol using cryopreserved spermatozoa to obtain pregnancies in captive Indian rhinoceroses (Rhinoceros unicornis). Four methods developed varied by timing and approach, as follows; Method 1: females (n=2) were inseminated pre- and post-ovulation under general anesthesia, Method 2: females (n=2) were inseminated pre-ovulation without anesthetic via endoscopy, Method 3: females (n=1) were inseminated pre-ovulation without anesthetic via manual insertion of an insemination catheter, Method 4: females (n=2) were inseminated same as Method 3 with the addition of standing sedation. Semen deposition site varied as a result of changes in AI technology and experience. All females conceived following intrauterine AI using three methods. Four pregnancies (n=3 females) produced via Method 3 and 4 resulted in term births (n=2 male calves, n=2 female calves) at 481.8±12.8days post-AI. Unfortunately, two early pregnancy losses were documented in a fourth female conceiving via Method 2. Pregnancy rates were 0%, 22%, 17%, and 50% for Method 1-4, respectively. Method 3 and 4 rates improved to 29% and 67%, respectively when accounting for AI's conducted only on ovulatory estrous cycles. Spermatozoa (n=5 males) were cryopreserved 0.3-9.3 y prior to successful AI procedures. The lowest dose of frozen-thawed sperm resulting in conception was 500×10(6) motile sperm. Mean time from AI to ovulation in conceptive and non-conceptive cycles was 26±11.8h and 66±80.7h, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica A Stoops
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
| | - Mark K Campbell
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | | | - Joe Hauser
- Buffalo Zoo, 300 Parkside Ave., Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jack Kottwitz
- Auburn University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Randal D Pairan
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Wendy Shaffstall
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Kurt Volle
- Buffalo Zoo, 300 Parkside Ave., Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Terri L Roth
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
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15
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Hermes R, Schwarzenberger F, Göritz F, Oh S, Fernandes T, Bernardino R, Leclerc A, Greunz E, Mathew A, Forsyth S, Saragusty J, Hildebrandt TB. Ovarian down Regulation by GnRF Vaccination Decreases Reproductive Tract Tumour Size in Female White and Greater One-Horned Rhinoceroses. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157963. [PMID: 27403662 PMCID: PMC4942122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive tract tumours, specifically leiomyoma, are commonly found in female rhinoceroses. Similar to humans, tumour growth in rhinoceroses is thought to be sex hormone dependent. Tumours can form and expand from the onset of ovarian activity at puberty until the cessation of sex-steroid influences at senescence. Extensive tumour growth results in infertility. The aim of this study was to down regulate reproductive function of tumour-diseased and infertile females to stop further tumour growth using a Gonadotropin releasing factor (GnRF) vaccine. Four infertile southern white (Ceratotherium simum simum) and three Greater one-horned rhinoceroses (rhinoceros unicornis) with active ovaries and 2.7 ± 0.9 and 14.0 ± 1.5 reproductive tract tumours respectively were vaccinated against GnRF (Improvac®, Zoetis, Germany) at 0, 4 and 16 weeks and re-boostered every 6-8 months thereafter. After GnRF vaccination ovarian and luteal activity was suppressed in all treated females. Three months after vaccination the size of the ovaries, the number of follicles and the size of the largest follicle were significantly reduced (P<0.03). Reproductive tract tumours decreased significantly in diameter (Greater-one horned rhino: P<0.0001; white rhino: P<0.01), presumably as a result of reduced sex-steroid influence. The calculated tumour volumes were reduced by 50.8 ± 10.9% in Greater one-horned and 48.6 ± 12.9% in white rhinoceroses. In conclusion, GnRF vaccine effectively down regulated reproductive function and decreased the size of reproductive tract tumours in female rhinoceros. Our work is the first to use down regulation of reproductive function as a symptomatic treatment against benign reproductive tumour disease in a wildlife species. Nonetheless, full reversibility and rhinoceros fertility following GnRF vaccination warrants further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hermes
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, PF 700430, D-10342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franz Schwarzenberger
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank Göritz
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, PF 700430, D-10342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Serena Oh
- Singapore Zoological Gardens, 80 Mandai Lakeroad, Singapore 729826, Singapore
| | - Teresa Fernandes
- Lisbon Zoo, Veterinary Hospital, Estrada de Benfica, n°158-160 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Bernardino
- Lisbon Zoo, Veterinary Hospital, Estrada de Benfica, n°158-160 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | - Abraham Mathew
- Singapore Zoological Gardens, 80 Mandai Lakeroad, Singapore 729826, Singapore
| | - Sarah Forsyth
- Colchester Zoo, Maldon Road, Stanway, Essex CO3 0SL, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Saragusty
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, PF 700430, D-10342 Berlin, Germany
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16
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Heidegger EM, von Houwald F, Steck B, Clauss M. Body condition scoring system for greater one-horned rhino (Rhinoceros unicornis): Development and application. Zoo Biol 2016; 35:432-443. [PMID: 27322390 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Preventing obesity in zoo animals is increasingly recognized as an important husbandry objective. To achieve this goal, body condition scoring (BCS) systems are available for an ever-increasing number of species. Here, we present a BCS for the greater one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) based on an evaluation (on a scale from 1 to 5) of seven different body regions, and report resulting scores for 62 animals from 27 facilities, based on digital photographs. In animals above 4 years of age, this BCS correlated with the body mass:shoulder height ratio. Although differences between the sexes for individual regions were noted (with consistently higher scores in males for the neck and shoulder and in parous females for the abdomen), the average BCS of all regions did not differ significantly between males (4.3 ± 0.4) and females (4.1 ± 0.5). Linking the BCS to results of a questionnaire survey and studbook information, there were no differences in BCS between animals with and without foot problems or between parous and non-parous females. In a very limited sample of 11 females, those eight that had been diagnosed with leiomyoma in a previous study had a higher BCS (range 3.9-4.9) than the three that had been diagnosed as leiomyoma-free (range 3.5-3.7). The BCS was correlated to the amount of food offered as estimated from the questionnaire. Adjusting the amounts and the nutritional quality of the diet components is an evident measure to maintain animals at a target BCS (suggested as 3-3.5). Zoo Biol. 35:432-443, 2016. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Heidegger
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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17
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Roth T, Stoops M, Robeck T, O’Brien J. Factors impacting the success of post-mortem sperm rescue in the rhinoceros. Anim Reprod Sci 2016; 167:22-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Kretzschmar P, Kramer-Schadt S, Ambu L, Bender J, Bohm T, Ernsing M, Göritz F, Hermes R, Payne J, Schaffer N, Thayaparan S, Zainal Z, Hildebrandt T, Hofer H. The catastrophic decline of the Sumatran rhino ( Dicerorhinus sumatrensis harrissoni ) in Sabah: Historic exploitation, reduced female reproductive performance and population viability. Glob Ecol Conserv 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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19
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Edwards KL, Shultz S, Pilgrim M, Walker SL. Irregular ovarian activity, body condition and behavioural differences are associated with reproductive success in female eastern black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis michaeli). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 214:186-94. [PMID: 25150145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ex situ populations of endangered species such as the black rhinoceros play an important role in global conservation strategies. However, the European captive population of eastern black rhinoceros is performing sub-optimally, with growth rates and genetic viability limited by low birth rates and high reproductive skew. We investigated several intrinsic differences between parous and nulliparous females that may underlie differences in reproductive success, including ovarian cyclicity, adrenal activity, behaviour and body condition. Faecal samples were collected from 39 females (17 parous, 15 nulliparous and 7 pre-reproductive) at 11 zoological institutions, every other day for between 4months and 6years. Progestagen metabolite concentration indicated that although all non-pregnant females exhibited ovarian activity, irregular cyclicity was common. Longer cycles (>40days) were more common in nulliparous females and periods of acyclicity observed more often in females that had not bred for at least 7years. Even when endocrine data indicated clear ovarian activity, overt behavioural signs of oestrus were not always apparent, particularly among nulliparous females. Faecal glucocorticoids did not differ between parous and nulliparous females, although did differ according to individual temperament. More unpredictable temperaments were associated with higher glucocorticoids, and nulliparous females tended to be rated as more unpredictable. Finally, nulliparous females had higher body condition scores than parous females. This is the first comprehensive survey of the reproductive physiology of this European captive population, and highlights a number of intrinsic differences related to parity, which may underlie differences in reproductive success among captive female black rhinoceros.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Edwards
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Chester CH2 1LH, UK.
| | - Susanne Shultz
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Mark Pilgrim
- North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Chester CH2 1LH, UK
| | - Susan L Walker
- North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Chester CH2 1LH, UK
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