1
|
Park JS, Kim DH, Choi HI, Kim CS, Bae EH, Ma SK, Kim SW. 3-Carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF) induces cell death through ferroptosis and acts as a trigger of apoptosis in kidney cells. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:78. [PMID: 36732325 PMCID: PMC9894909 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05601-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a cell death mechanism characterized by intracellular iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation. Effects of uremic toxins on ferroptosis in the kidney are not well understood. We investigated whether protein-bound uremic toxins induce ferroptosis, resulting in cell death, using the bilateral ureteral obstruction (BUO) mouse model and kidney cells. In BUO mice, we observed elevated lipid peroxidation, increased iron concentration, and decreased glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) expression. Levels of transferrin receptor 1 and system Xc-, which are involved in iron transport and storage, were also elevated, while those of ferritin heavy and light chains (FHC and FLC) were reduced. Treatment of HK-2 and NRK49F kidney cells with CMPF decreased GSH levels and the expression of GPX4, FHC, and FLC, and increased levels of ROS, lipid peroxidation, and intracellular iron concentration. CMPF-induced and erastin-induced decreases in GPX4 levels and increases in Bax and cytochrome C levels were counteracted by ferrostatin-1 pretreatment. However, GPX4 mRNA levels, protein abundance, or promoter activity were not restored by Z-VAD-FMK, a multi-caspase inhibitor. These results suggest that ferroptosis induced by CMPF treatment induces apoptosis, and inhibition of ferroptosis reduces apoptosis, suggesting that ferroptosis plays a role in triggering cell death by apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Sun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Korea
| | - Hoon-In Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Korea
| | - Chang Seong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Korea
| | - Eun Hui Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Korea
| | - Seong Kwon Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Korea
| | - Soo Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
The Effects of Indoxyl Sulfate and Oxidative Stress on the Severity of Peripheral Nerve Dysfunction in Patients with Chronic Kidney Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122350. [PMID: 36552558 PMCID: PMC9774783 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pieces of evidence support the view that the accumulation of uremic toxins enhances oxidative stress and downstream regulation of signaling pathways, contributing to both endothelial microangiography and cell dysfunction. This study is to address the impact of protein-binding uremic toxins on the severity of peripheral nerve function in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Fifty-four patients with CKD were included in the Toronto Clinical Neuropathy Score (TCNS), nerve conduction study (NCS), and laboratory studies including protein-binding uremic toxin (indoxyl sulfate [IS] and p-cresyl sulfate [PCS]), oxidative stress (Thiol and thiobarbituric acid reacting substances [TBARS]), and endothelial dysfunction (serum intercellular adhesion molecule 1 [sICAM-1] and serum vascular adhesion molecule 1 [sVCAM-1]) at enrollment. We used composite amplitude scores (CAS) to analyze the severity of nerve conductions on peripheral nerve function. TCNS and CAS were higher in the diabetic CKD group (p = 0.02 and 0.01, respectively). The NCS revealed the compound muscle action potential of ulnar and peroneal nerves and the sensory nerve action potential of ulnar and sural nerves (p = 0.004, p = 0.004, p = 0.004, and p = 0.001, respectively), which was found to be significantly low in the diabetic group. CAS was significantly correlated with age (r = 0.27, p = 0.04), urine albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) (r = 0.29, p = 0.046), free-form IS (r = 0.39, p = 0.009), sICAM-1 (r = 0.31, p = 0.02), sVCAM-1 (r = 0.44, p < 0.0001), TBARS (r = 0.35, p = 0.002), and thiols (r = −0.28, p = 0.045). Linear regression revealed that only TBARS and free-form IS were strongly associated with CAS. The mediation analysis shows that the sVCAM-1 level serves as the mediator between higher IS and higher CAS. IS and oxidative stress contribute to the severity of peripheral nerve dysfunction in patients with CKD, and chronic glycemic impairment can worsen the conditions.
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu X, Patel KP, Zheng H. Role of Renal Sympathetic Nerves in GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1) Receptor Agonist Exendin-4-Mediated Diuresis and Natriuresis in Diet-Induced Obese Rats. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e022542. [PMID: 34713714 PMCID: PMC8751817 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.022542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background The gut‐derived hormone GLP‐1 (glucagon‐like peptide‐1) exerts beneficial effects against established risk factors for chronic kidney disease. GLP‐1 influences renal function by stimulating diuresis and natriuresis and thus lowering arterial blood pressure. The role of the sympathetic nervous system has been implicated as an important link between obesity with elevated arterial pressure and chronic kidney disease. The primary aim of this study was to determine the contribution of renal sympathetic nerves on intrapelvic GLP‐1‐mediated diuresis and natriuresis in high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced obese rats. Methods and Results Obesity was induced in rats by HFD for 12 weeks, followed by either surgical bilateral renal denervation or chronic subcutaneous endopeptidase neprilysin inhibition by sacubitril for a week. Diuretic and natriuretic responses to intrapelvic administration of the GLP‐1R (GLP‐1 receptor) agonist exendin‐4 were monitored in anesthetized control and HFD rats. Renal GLP‐1R expression and neprilysin expression and activity were measured. The effects of norepinephrine on the expression of GLP‐1R and neprilysin in kidney epithelial LLC‐PK1 cells were also examined. We found that diuretic and natriuretic responses to exendin‐4 were significantly reduced in the HFD obese rats compared with the control rats (cumulative urine flow at 40 minutes, 387±32 versus 650±65 µL/gkw; cumulative sodium excretion at 40 minutes, 42±5 versus 75±10 µEq/gkw, P<0.05). These responses in the HFD rats were restored after ablation of renal nerves (cumulative urine flow at 40 minutes, 625±62 versus 387±32 µL/gkw; cumulative sodium excretion at 40 minutes, 70±9 versus 42±5 µEq/gkw, P<0.05). Renal denervation induced significant reductions in arterial pressure and heart rate responses to intrapelvic GLP‐1 in the HFD rats. Renal denervation also significantly increased the GLP‐1R expression and reduced neprilysin expression and activity in renal tissues from the HFD rats. Chronic subcutaneous neprilysin inhibition by sacubitril increased GLP‐1–induced diuretic and natriuretic effects in the HFD rats. Finally, exposure of the renal epithelial cells to norepinephrine in vitro led to downregulation of GLP‐1R expression but upregulation of neprilysin expression and activity. Conclusions These results suggest that renal sympathetic nerve activation contributes to the blunted diuretic and natriuretic effects of GLP‐1 in HFD obese rats. This study provides significant novel insight into the potential renal nerve–neprilysin–GLP‐1 pathway involved in renal dysfunction during obesity that leads to hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Liu
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota Vermillion SD
| | - Kaushik P Patel
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE
| | - Hong Zheng
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota Vermillion SD
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hu X, Chen S, Xie C, Li Z, Wu Z, You Z. DPP4 gene silencing inhibits proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of papillary thyroid carcinoma cells through suppression of the MAPK pathway. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:1609-1623. [PMID: 33387351 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01455-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is characterized by epithelial malignancy and is the most prevalent thyroid neoplasm with the best overall prognosis. Notably, recently published studies have indicated remarkably high expression of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) in PTC. However, the underlying molecular mechanism and regulatory factors of PTC progression remain unknown. Therefore, the current study aimed to elucidate the effects of DPP4 gene silencing on PTC and further investigated whether the mechanism of PTC progression is related to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. METHODS Herein, microarray-based gene expression profiling of PTC was conducted to identify the differentially expressed genes between tumor thyroid tissue and normal thyroid tissue as well as the underlying signaling pathway involved in PTC pathogenesis. Moreover, protein quantification was performed to assess the protein expression of DPP4 in PTC tissues collected from 65 patients. In addition, DPP4 was silenced in PTC cell lines (GLAG-66 and TPC-1) through siRNA-mediated DPP4 knockdown or sitagliptin (inhibitor of DPP4)-mediated inhibition to assess the effects of DPP4 on the MAPK pathway and cellular processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). RESULTS Intriguingly, our data revealed markedly high expression of DPP4 in PTC tissues. However, in GLAG-66 and TPC-1 cells, the silencing of DPP4 resulted in significantly reduced expression of ERK1/2, JNK1, P38 MAPK, VEGF, FGFR-1, TGF-β1, Snail, HIF-1α, N-cadherin, and Bcl-2 along with reduced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK1, and P38 MAPK, whereas the expression of E-cadherin and Bax was increased. Furthermore, DPP4 silencing was found to hinder cell proliferation and potentiate cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION Collectively, the present study demonstrated that DPP4 gene silencing inhibits PTC cell proliferation and EMT and promotes cell apoptosis via suppression of the MAPK pathway, thus highlighting a possible regulatory pathway in PTC progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Hu
- The First Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Dongguan People's Hospital, Southern Medical University (Dongguan People's Hospital), No. 3, Wandao Road South, Dongguan, 523059, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - S Chen
- The First Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Dongguan People's Hospital, Southern Medical University (Dongguan People's Hospital), No. 3, Wandao Road South, Dongguan, 523059, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - C Xie
- The First Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Dongguan People's Hospital, Southern Medical University (Dongguan People's Hospital), No. 3, Wandao Road South, Dongguan, 523059, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Z Li
- The First Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Dongguan People's Hospital, Southern Medical University (Dongguan People's Hospital), No. 3, Wandao Road South, Dongguan, 523059, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Z Wu
- The First Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Dongguan People's Hospital, Southern Medical University (Dongguan People's Hospital), No. 3, Wandao Road South, Dongguan, 523059, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Z You
- The First Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Dongguan People's Hospital, Southern Medical University (Dongguan People's Hospital), No. 3, Wandao Road South, Dongguan, 523059, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Favero C, Carriazo S, Cuarental L, Fernandez-Prado R, Gomá-Garcés E, Perez-Gomez MV, Ortiz A, Fernandez-Fernandez B, Sanchez-Niño MD. Phosphate, Microbiota and CKD. Nutrients 2021; 13:1273. [PMID: 33924419 PMCID: PMC8070653 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphate is a key uremic toxin associated with adverse outcomes. As chronic kidney disease (CKD) progresses, the kidney capacity to excrete excess dietary phosphate decreases, triggering compensatory endocrine responses that drive CKD-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Eventually, hyperphosphatemia develops, and low phosphate diet and phosphate binders are prescribed. Recent data have identified a potential role of the gut microbiota in mineral bone disorders. Thus, parathyroid hormone (PTH) only caused bone loss in mice whose microbiota was enriched in the Th17 cell-inducing taxa segmented filamentous bacteria. Furthermore, the microbiota was required for PTH to stimulate bone formation and increase bone mass, and this was dependent on bacterial production of the short-chain fatty acid butyrate. We review current knowledge on the relationship between phosphate, microbiota and CKD-MBD. Topics include microbial bioactive compounds of special interest in CKD, the impact of dietary phosphate and phosphate binders on the gut microbiota, the modulation of CKD-MBD by the microbiota and the potential therapeutic use of microbiota to treat CKD-MBD through the clinical translation of concepts from other fields of science such as the optimization of phosphorus utilization and the use of phosphate-accumulating organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Favero
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.F.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (R.F.-P.); (E.G.-G.); (M.V.P.-G.)
| | - Sol Carriazo
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.F.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (R.F.-P.); (E.G.-G.); (M.V.P.-G.)
- Red de Investigacion Renal (REDINREN), Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Leticia Cuarental
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.F.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (R.F.-P.); (E.G.-G.); (M.V.P.-G.)
- Red de Investigacion Renal (REDINREN), Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raul Fernandez-Prado
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.F.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (R.F.-P.); (E.G.-G.); (M.V.P.-G.)
- Red de Investigacion Renal (REDINREN), Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Gomá-Garcés
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.F.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (R.F.-P.); (E.G.-G.); (M.V.P.-G.)
| | - Maria Vanessa Perez-Gomez
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.F.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (R.F.-P.); (E.G.-G.); (M.V.P.-G.)
- Red de Investigacion Renal (REDINREN), Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.F.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (R.F.-P.); (E.G.-G.); (M.V.P.-G.)
- Red de Investigacion Renal (REDINREN), Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernandez-Fernandez
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.F.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (R.F.-P.); (E.G.-G.); (M.V.P.-G.)
- Red de Investigacion Renal (REDINREN), Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.F.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (R.F.-P.); (E.G.-G.); (M.V.P.-G.)
- Red de Investigacion Renal (REDINREN), Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sun B, Wang X, Liu X, Wang L, Ren F, Wang X, Leng X. Hippuric Acid Promotes Renal Fibrosis by Disrupting Redox Homeostasis via Facilitation of NRF2-KEAP1-CUL3 Interactions in Chronic Kidney Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090783. [PMID: 32854194 PMCID: PMC7555723 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by the accumulation of protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs), which play a pathophysiological role in renal fibrosis (a common pathological process resulting in CKD progression). Accumulation of the PBUT hippuric acid (HA) is positively correlated with disease progression in CKD patients, suggesting that HA may promote renal fibrosis. Oxidative stress is the most important factor affecting PBUTs nephrotoxicity. Herein, we assessed the ability of HA to promote kidney fibrosis by disrupting redox homeostasis. In HK-2 cells, HA increased fibrosis-related gene expression, extracellular matrix imbalance, and oxidative stress. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated TGFβ/SMAD signaling contributed to HA-induced fibrotic responses. HA disrupted antioxidant networks by decreasing the levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), leading to ROS accumulation and fibrotic responses, as evidenced by NRF2 activation and knockdown. Moreover, NRF2 levels were reduced by NRF2 ubiquitination, which was regulated via increased interactions of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 with Cullin 3 and NRF2. Finally, renal fibrosis and redox imbalance promoted by HA were confirmed in rats. Importantly, sulforaphane (NRF2 activator) reversed HA-promoted renal fibrosis. Thus, HA promotes renal fibrosis in CKD by disrupting NRF2-driven antioxidant system, indicating that NRF2 is a potential therapeutic target for CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (B.S.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (L.W.); (F.R.)
| | - Xifan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (B.S.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (L.W.); (F.R.)
| | - Xiaoxue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (B.S.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (L.W.); (F.R.)
| | - Longjiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (B.S.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (L.W.); (F.R.)
| | - Fazheng Ren
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (B.S.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (L.W.); (F.R.)
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (B.S.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (L.W.); (F.R.)
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (X.L.); Tel.: +86-10-6273-8589 (X.W.); +86-10-6273-7761 (X.L.)
| | - Xiaojing Leng
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (B.S.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (L.W.); (F.R.)
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (X.L.); Tel.: +86-10-6273-8589 (X.W.); +86-10-6273-7761 (X.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Watanabe H, Enoki Y, Maruyama T. Sarcopenia in Chronic Kidney Disease: Factors, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Interventions. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 42:1437-1445. [PMID: 31474705 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), a chronic catabolic condition, is characterized by muscle wasting and decreased muscle endurance. Many insights into the molecular mechanisms of muscle wasting in CKD have been obtained. A persistent imbalance between protein degradation and synthesis in muscle causes muscle wasting. During muscle wasting, high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory cytokines are detected in muscle. These increased ROS and inflammatory cytokine levels induce the expression of myostatin. The myostatin binding to its receptor activin A receptor type IIB stimulates the expression of atrogenes such as atrogin-1 and muscle ring factor 1, members of the muscle-specific ubiquitin ligase family. Impaired mitochondrial function also contributes to reducing muscle endurance. The increased protein-bound uremic toxin, parathyroid hormone, glucocorticoid, and angiotensin II levels that are observed in CKD all have a negative effect on muscle mass and endurance. Among the protein-bound uremic toxins, indoxyl sulfate, an indole-containing compound has the potential to induce muscle atrophy by stimulating ROS-mediated myostatin and atrogenes expression. Indoxyl sulfate also impairs mitochondrial function. Some potential therapeutic approaches based on the muscle wasting mechanisms in CKD are currently in the testing stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Yuki Enoki
- Division of Pharmacodynamics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy
| | - Toru Maruyama
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Indoxyl Sulfate Induces Renal Fibroblast Activation through a Targetable Heat Shock Protein 90-Dependent Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:2050183. [PMID: 31178953 PMCID: PMC6501427 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2050183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Indoxyl sulfate (IS) accumulation occurs early during chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression and contributes to renal dysfunction by inducing fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and tissue remodeling. Renal toxicity of high IS concentrations (250 μM) has been widely explored, particularly in resident tubular and glomerular cells, while the effect of a moderate IS increase on kidneys is still mostly unknown. To define the effects of IS accumulation on renal fibroblasts, we first analyzed kidneys of C57BL/6 mice receiving IS (0.1%) in drinking water for 12 weeks. As a next step, we treated renal fibroblasts (NRK-49F) with IS (20 μM) with or without the HSP90 inhibitor 17-AAG (1 μM). In mouse kidneys, IS increased the collagen deposition and HSP90 and α-SMA expression (immunohistochemistry) in interstitial fibroblasts and caused tubular necrosis (histological H&E and picrosirius red staining). In NRK-49F cells, IS induced MCP1, TGF-β, collagen I, α-SMA, and HSP90 gene/protein expression and Smad2/3 pathway activation. IS had no effects on fibroblast proliferation and ROS production. 17-AAG counteracted IS-induced MCP1, TGF-β, collagen I, and α-SMA expression and Smad2/3 phosphorylation. Our study demonstrates that the IS increase promotes renal fibroblast activation by a HSP90-dependent pathway and indicates HSP90 inhibition as a potential strategy to restrain IS-induced kidney inflammation and fibrosis in CKD.
Collapse
|
9
|
Lin YT, Wu PH, Tsai YC, Hsu YL, Wang HY, Kuo MC, Kuo PL, Hwang SJ. Indoxyl Sulfate Induces Apoptosis Through Oxidative Stress and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway Inhibition in Human Astrocytes. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8020191. [PMID: 30764571 PMCID: PMC6406290 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Uremic toxins accumulated in chronic kidney disease (CKD) increases the risk of cognitive impairment. Indoxyl sulfate (IS) is a well-known protein-bound uremic toxin that is correlated with several systemic diseases, but no studies on human brain cells are available. We investigated the effect of IS on primary human astrocytes through next-generation sequencing and cell experiment confirmation to explore the mechanism of IS-associated brain damage. Total RNAs extracted from IS-treated and control astrocytes were evaluated by performing functional and pathway enrichment analysis. The toxicities of IS in the astrocytes were investigated in terms of cell viability through flow cytometry; the signal pathway was then investigated through immunoblotting. IS stimulated the release of reactive oxygen species, increased nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 levels, and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. IS triggered astrocyte apoptosis by inhibiting the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, including extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK), MAPK/ERK kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38. The decreased ERK phosphorylation was mediated by the upregulated dual-specificity phosphatase 1, 5, 8, and 16. In conclusion, IS can induce neurotoxicity in patients with CKD and the pathogenesis involves cell apoptosis through oxidative stress induction and MAPK pathway inhibition in human astrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-T.L.); (P.-H.W.); (Y.-C.T.); (P.-L.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Hsun Wu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-T.L.); (P.-H.W.); (Y.-C.T.); (P.-L.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Chun Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-T.L.); (P.-H.W.); (Y.-C.T.); (P.-L.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Faculty of Renal Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ling Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Han Ying Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Mei-Chuan Kuo
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Faculty of Renal Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Po-Lin Kuo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-T.L.); (P.-H.W.); (Y.-C.T.); (P.-L.K.)
| | - Shang-Jyh Hwang
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-3121101 (ext. 7900); Fax: +886-7-3228721
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Park JS, Choi HI, Bae EH, Ma SK, Kim SW. Paricalcitol attenuates indoxyl sulfate-induced apoptosis through the inhibition of MAPK, Akt, and NF-kB activation in HK-2 cells. Korean J Intern Med 2019; 34:146-155. [PMID: 28992684 PMCID: PMC6325450 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2016.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Indoxyl sulfate (IS) is a uremic toxin and an important causative factor in the progression of chronic kidney disease. Recently, paricalcitol (19-nor-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2) was shown to exhibit protective effects in kidney injury. Here, we investigated the effects of paricalcitol treatment on IS-induced renal tubular injury. METHODS The fluorescent dye 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate was used to measure intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) following IS administration in human renal proximal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells. The effects of IS on cell viability were determined using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays and levels of apoptosis-related proteins (Bcl-2-associated protein X [Bax] and B-cell lymphoma 2 [Bcl-2]), nuclear factor-κB (NF- κB) p65, and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and protein kinase B (Akt) were determined by semiquantitative immunoblotting. The promoter activity of NF-κB was measured by luciferase assays and apoptosis was determined by f low cytometry of cells stained with f luorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated Annexin V protein. RESULTS IS treatment increased ROS production, decreased cell viability and induced apoptosis in HK-2 cells. IS treatment increased the expression of apoptosis-related protein Bax, decreased Bcl-2 expression, and activated phosphorylation of MAPK, NF-κB p65, and Akt. In contrast, paricalcitol treatment decreased Bax expression, increased Bcl-2 expression, and inhibited phosphorylation of MAPK, NF-κB p65, and Akt in HK-2 cells. NF-κB promoter activity was increased following IS, administration and was counteracted by pretreatment with paricalcitol. Additionally, flow cytometry analysis revealed that IS-induced apoptosis was attenuated by paricalcitol treatment, which resulted in decreased numbers of fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated Annexin V positive cells. CONCLUSION Treatment with paricalcitol inhibited IS-induced apoptosis by regulating MAPK, NF-κB, and Akt signaling pathway in HK-2 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Sun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hoon In Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Eun Hui Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seong Kwon Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Soo Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wu CT, Wang CC, Huang LC, Liu SH, Chiang CK. Plasticizer Di-(2-Ethylhexyl)Phthalate Induces Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Renal Fibrosis In Vitro and In Vivo. Toxicol Sci 2018; 164:363-374. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Tien Wu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chia Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chen Huang
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kang Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Integrated Diagnostics & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Enoki Y, Watanabe H, Arake R, Fujimura R, Ishiodori K, Imafuku T, Nishida K, Sugimoto R, Nagao S, Miyamura S, Ishima Y, Tanaka M, Matsushita K, Komaba H, Fukagawa M, Otagiri M, Maruyama T. Potential therapeutic interventions for chronic kidney disease-associated sarcopenia via indoxyl sulfate-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2017; 8:735-747. [PMID: 28608457 PMCID: PMC5659061 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients experience skeletal muscle wasting and decreased exercise endurance. Our previous study demonstrated that indoxyl sulfate (IS), a uremic toxin, accelerates skeletal muscle atrophy. The purpose of this study was to examine the issue of whether IS causes mitochondria dysfunction and IS-targeted intervention using AST-120, which inhibits IS accumulation, or mitochondria-targeted intervention using L-carnitine or teneligliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor which retains mitochondria function and alleviates skeletal muscle atrophy and muscle endurance in chronic kidney disease mice. METHODS The in vitro effect of IS on mitochondrial status was evaluated using mouse myofibroblast cells (C2C12 cell). The mice were divided into sham or 5/6-nephrectomized (CKD) mice group. Chronic kidney disease mice were also randomly assigned to non-treatment group and AST-120, L-carnitine, or teneligliptin treatment groups. RESULTS In C2C12 cells, IS induced mitochondrial dysfunction by decreasing the expression of PGC-1α and inducing autophagy in addition to decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential. Co-incubation with an anti-oxidant, ascorbic acid, L-carnitine, or teneligliptine restored the values to their original state. In CKD mice, the body and skeletal muscle weights were decreased compared with sham mice. Compared with sham mice, the expression of interleukin-6 and atrophy-related factors such as myostatin and atrogin-1 was increased in the skeletal muscle of CKD mice, whereas muscular Akt phosphorylation was decreased. In addition, a reduced exercise capacity was observed for the CKD mice, which was accompanied by a decreased expression of muscular PCG-1α and increased muscular autophagy, as reflected by decreased mitochondria-rich type I fibres. An AST-120 treatment significantly restored these changes including skeletal muscle weight observed in CKD mice to the sham levels accompanied by a reduction in IS levels. An L-carnitine or teneligliptin treatment also restored them to the sham levels without changing IS level. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that IS induces mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle cells and provides a potential therapeutic strategy such as IS-targeted and mitochondria-targeted interventions for treating CKD-induced muscle atrophy and decreased exercise endurance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Enoki
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Riho Arake
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Rui Fujimura
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kana Ishiodori
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tadashi Imafuku
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kento Nishida
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryusei Sugimoto
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Saori Nagao
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Miyamura
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yu Ishima
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Motoko Tanaka
- Department of Nephrology, Akebono Clinic, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Hirotaka Komaba
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masafumi Fukagawa
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Otagiri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan.,DDS Research Institute, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toru Maruyama
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Choi SY, Ryu HM, Oh EJ, Choi JY, Cho JH, Kim CD, Kim YL, Park SH. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor gemigliptin protects against vascular calcification in an experimental chronic kidney disease and vascular smooth muscle cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180393. [PMID: 28686724 PMCID: PMC5501516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Although dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, a class of antidiabetic drugs, have various pleiotropic effects, it remains undetermined whether gemigliptin has a beneficial effect on vascular calcification. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the effect of gemigliptin on vascular calcification in a rat model of adenine-induced chronic kidney disease and in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Gemigliptin attenuated calcification of abdominal aorta and expression of RUNX2 in adenine-induced chronic kidney disease rats. In cultured vascular smooth muscle cells, phosphate-induced increase in calcium content was reduced by gemigliptin. Gemigliptin reduced phosphate-induced PiT-1 mRNA expression, reactive oxygen species generation, and NADPH oxidase mRNA expression (p22phox and NOX4). The reduction of oxidative stress by gemigliptin was associated with the downregulation of phospho-PI3K/AKT expression. High phosphate increased the expression of frizzled-3 (FDZ3) and decreased the expression of dickkopf-related protein-1 (DKK-1) in the Wnt pathway. These changes were attenuated by gemigliptin treatment. Gemigliptin restored the decreased expression of vascular smooth muscle cells markers (α-SMA and SM22α) and increased expression of osteogenic makers (CBFA1, OSX, E11, and SOST) induced by phosphate. In conclusion, gemigliptin attenuated vascular calcification and osteogenic trans-differentiation in vascular smooth muscle cells via multiple steps including downregulation of PiT-1 expression and suppression of reactive oxygen species generation, phospho-PI3K/AKT, and the Wnt signaling pathway.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenine
- Animals
- Aorta, Abdominal/drug effects
- Aorta, Abdominal/metabolism
- Aorta, Abdominal/pathology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit/genetics
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit/metabolism
- Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Frizzled Receptors/genetics
- Frizzled Receptors/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- NADPH Oxidase 4
- NADPH Oxidases/genetics
- NADPH Oxidases/metabolism
- Phosphates/antagonists & inhibitors
- Phosphates/pharmacology
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Piperidones/pharmacology
- Primary Cell Culture
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reactive Oxygen Species/antagonists & inhibitors
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/chemically induced
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/genetics
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/pathology
- Transcription Factor Pit-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transcription Factor Pit-1/genetics
- Transcription Factor Pit-1/metabolism
- Vascular Calcification/genetics
- Vascular Calcification/metabolism
- Vascular Calcification/pathology
- Vascular Calcification/prevention & control
- Wnt Signaling Pathway
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Youn Choi
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- BK21 Plus Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hye-Myung Ryu
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Oh
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Choi
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jang-Hee Cho
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chan-Duck Kim
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yong-Lim Kim
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- BK21 Plus Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Park
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Uchida T, Oda T, Matsubara H, Watanabe A, Takechi H, Oshima N, Sakurai Y, Kumagai H. Renoprotective effects of a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor in a mouse model of progressive renal fibrosis. Ren Fail 2017; 39:340-349. [PMID: 28118775 PMCID: PMC6014509 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2017.1279553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the effects of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors beyond their hypoglycemic action have been reported, whether these inhibitors have renoprotective effects in nondiabetic chronic kidney disease (CKD) is unclear. We examined the therapeutic effects of DPP-4 inhibition in mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), a nondiabetic model of progressive renal fibrosis. After UUO surgery, mice were administered either the DPP-4 inhibitor alogliptin or a vehicle by oral gavage once a day for 10 days. Physiological parameters, degrees of renal fibrosis and inflammation, and molecules related to renal fibrosis and inflammation were then evaluated using sham-operated mice as controls. Positive area of α-smooth muscle actin was significantly smaller and expression of transforming growth factor β messenger RNA was significantly lower in the alogliptin-treated group than in the vehicle-treated group. Renal total collagen content was also significantly lower in the alogliptin-treated group than in the vehicle-treated group. These results suggest that alogliptin exerted renoprotective antifibrotic effects. The positive area of F4/80 was significantly smaller and expression of CD68 messenger RNA was significantly lower in the alogliptin-treated group than in the vehicle-treated group, suggesting an anti-inflammatory action by the DPP-4 inhibitor. Compared to the results for the vehicle-treated group, expression of markers for M1 macrophages tended to be lower in the alogliptin-treated group, and the relative expression of M2 macrophages tended to be higher. These data indicate the various protective effects of DPP-4 inhibition in nondiabetic mice with UUO. DPP-4 inhibitors may therefore be promising therapeutic choices even for nondiabetic CKD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Uchida
- a Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology , National Defense Medical College , Tokorozawa , Saitama , Japan
| | - Takashi Oda
- b Department of Nephrology , Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center , Hachioji , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hidehito Matsubara
- a Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology , National Defense Medical College , Tokorozawa , Saitama , Japan
| | - Atsushi Watanabe
- a Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology , National Defense Medical College , Tokorozawa , Saitama , Japan
| | - Hanako Takechi
- a Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology , National Defense Medical College , Tokorozawa , Saitama , Japan
| | - Naoki Oshima
- a Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology , National Defense Medical College , Tokorozawa , Saitama , Japan
| | - Yutaka Sakurai
- c Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health , National Defense Medical College , Tokorozawa , Saitama , Japan
| | - Hiroo Kumagai
- a Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology , National Defense Medical College , Tokorozawa , Saitama , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hsu WL, Li SY, Liu JS, Huang PH, Lin SJ, Hsu CC, Lin YP, Tarng DC. High Uric Acid Ameliorates Indoxyl Sulfate-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction and Is Associated with Lower Mortality among Hemodialysis Patients. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9010020. [PMID: 28067806 PMCID: PMC5308252 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
High uric acid (UA) can act as a pro-oxidant in normal physiological conditions; however, emerging evidence is still debatable with regard to the association between high UA and poor outcomes among chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients. In the present study, 27,229 stable prevalent HD patients were enrolled and divided into four groups according to the quartiles of baseline UA concentration, and 5737 died during a median follow-up of 38 months. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that a UA level of <6.1 mg/dL was associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality compared with a UA level of >8.1 mg/dL [HR, 1.20, 95% CI (1.10–1.31)] adjusting for baseline demographic and biochemical parameters. Moreover, a UA level of <6.1 mg/dL was associated with greater risks of cardiovascular mortality [HR, 1.26, 95% CI (1.13–1.41)] and stroke-related mortality [HR, 1.59, 95% CI (1.12–2.25)], respectively. In vitro experiments further showed an increase in oxidative stress and an inhibition nitric oxide synthesis by indoxyl sulfate (IS) in human aortic endothelial cells, which were significantly attenuated by UA in a dose-dependent manner. We concluded that higher UA in serum was associated with lower risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among HD patients probably through its antioxidant property in ameliorating the IS-related vascular toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Liang Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
| | - Szu-Yuan Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
| | - Jia-Sin Liu
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Hsun Huang
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
| | - Shing-Jong Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipe 11217, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Cheng Hsu
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan.
- Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Yao-Ping Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
| | - Der-Cherng Tarng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Department and Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Enoki Y, Watanabe H, Arake R, Sugimoto R, Imafuku T, Tominaga Y, Ishima Y, Kotani S, Nakajima M, Tanaka M, Matsushita K, Fukagawa M, Otagiri M, Maruyama T. Indoxyl sulfate potentiates skeletal muscle atrophy by inducing the oxidative stress-mediated expression of myostatin and atrogin-1. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32084. [PMID: 27549031 PMCID: PMC4994088 DOI: 10.1038/srep32084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy, referred to as sarcopenia, is often observed in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, especially in patients who are undergoing hemodialysis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether uremic toxins are involved in CKD-related skeletal muscle atrophy. Among six protein-bound uremic toxins, indole containing compounds, indoxyl sulfate (IS) significantly inhibited proliferation and myotube formation in C2C12 myoblast cells. IS increased the factors related to skeletal muscle breakdown, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and TGF-β1) in C2C12 cells. IS also enhanced the production of muscle atrophy-related genes, myostatin and atrogin-1. These effects induced by IS were suppressed in the presence of an antioxidant or inhibitors of the organic anion transporter and aryl hydrocarbon receptor. The administered IS was distributed to skeletal muscle and induced superoxide production in half-nephrectomized (1/2 Nx) mice. The chronic administration of IS significantly reduced the body weights accompanied by skeletal muscle weight loss. Similar to the in vitro data, IS induced the expression of myostatin and atrogin-1 in addition to increasing the production of inflammatory cytokines by enhancing oxidative stress in skeletal muscle. These data suggest that IS has the potential to accelerate skeletal muscle atrophy by inducing oxidative stress-mediated myostatin and atrogin-1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Enoki
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan.,Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Riho Arake
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Ryusei Sugimoto
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Tadashi Imafuku
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Yuna Tominaga
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Yu Ishima
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan.,Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kotani
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakajima
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Motoko Tanaka
- Department of Nephrology, Akebono Clinic, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Masafumi Fukagawa
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Otagiri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan.,DDS Research Institute, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toru Maruyama
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan.,Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nakamura Y, Hasegawa H, Tsuji M, Oguchi T, Mihara M, Suzuki H, Nishida K, Inoue M, Shimizu T, Ohsawa I, Gotoh H, Goto Y, Inagaki M, Oguchi K. Linagliptin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-stimulated interleukin-6 production, intranuclear p65 expression, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s41100-016-0030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
18
|
Lin CH, Lin CC. Sitagliptin attenuates inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cardiomyocytes via nuclear factor-κB pathway inhibition. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:2609-2615. [PMID: 27284355 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1Rs) are responsible for glucose homeostasis, and have been shown to reduce inflammation in preclinical studies. The aim of the present study was to determine whether sitagliptin, an inhibitor of the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), as a GLP-1 receptor agonist, exerts an anti-inflammatory effect on cardiomyoblasts during lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Exposure to LPS increased the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin-6 (IL)-6 and IL-1β in H9c2 cells, and also resulted in elevations in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) nuclear translocation. Treatment with the DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin dose-dependently downregulated the mRNA levels of IL-6, COX-2 and iNOS in LPS-stimulated H9c2 cells. In addition, sitagliptin inhibited the increased protein expression of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β. NF-κB mRNA expression was reduced and its translocation to the nucleus was suppressed by treatment with sitagliptin. The present results demonstrated that sitagliptin exerts a beneficial effect on cardiomyoblasts exposed to LPS by inhibiting expression of inflammatory mediators and suppressing NF-κB activation. These findings indicate that the DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin may serve a function in cardiac remodeling attributed to sepsis-induced inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hung Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Pediatrics, Zhongxing Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 11241, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Chung-Ching Lin
- Seeing Bioscience Co., Ltd., Datong, Taipei 22067, Taiwan R.O.C
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mostafa AM, Hamdy NM, El-Mesallamy HO, Abdel-Rahman SZ. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)-based therapy upregulates LXR-ABCA1/ABCG1 cascade in adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:900-5. [PMID: 26603933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A promising treatment for obesity involves the use of therapeutic agents that increase the level of the glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) which reduces appetite and food intake. Native GLP-1 is rapidly metabolized by the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) enzyme and, as such, GLP-1 mimetics or DPP-4 inhibitors represent promising treatment approaches. Interestingly, obese patient receiving such medications showed improved lipid profiles and cholesterol homeostasis, however the mechanism(s) involved are not known. Members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, including ABCA1 and ABCG1, play essential roles in reverse cholesterol transport and in high density lipoprotein (HDL) formation. These transporters are under the transcriptional regulation of liver X receptor alpha (LXR-α). We hypothesize that GLP-1 mimetics and/or DPP-4 inhibitors modulate ABCA1/ABCG1 expression in adipocytes through an LXR-α mediated process and thus affecting cholesterol homeostasis. 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with the DPP-4 inhibitor vildagliptin (2 nM) or the GLP-1 mimetic exendin-4 (5 nM). Gene and protein expression of ABCA1, ABCG1 and LXR-α were determined and correlated with cholesterol efflux. Expression levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), leptin and the glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4) were also determined. Treatment with both medications significantly increased the expression of ABCA1, ABCG1, LXR-α and GLUT-4, decreased IL-6 and leptin, and improved cholesterol efflux from adipocytes (P < 0.05). Our data suggest that GLP-1-based therapy modulate ABCA1/ABCG1 expression in adipocytes potentially through an LXR-α mediated process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Mostafa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadia M Hamdy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala O El-Mesallamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sherif Z Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hwang HJ, Chung HS, Jung TW, Ryu JY, Hong HC, Seo JA, Kim SG, Kim NH, Choi KM, Choi DS, Baik SH, Yoo HJ. The dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor inhibits the expression of vascular adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokines in HUVECs via Akt- and AMPK-dependent mechanisms. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 405:25-34. [PMID: 25661535 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor, a major anti-hyperglycemic agent, has received substantial attention as a possible therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis. However, the direct molecular mechanisms through which DPP-IV inhibitor mediates anti-inflammatory effects in vascular endothelial cells have not been clarified. The effects of the DPP-IV inhibitor, gemigliptin, were analyzed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and THP-1 cells. Using Western blotting, we demonstrated that gemigliptin efficiently increased the level of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Akt phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner. The levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) were significantly decreased after gemigliptin treatment. Furthermore, gemigliptin reduced LPS-induced expression of adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokines such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), E-selectin, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6 in HUVECs. In macrophage-like THP-1 cells, gemigliptin effectively inhibited LPS- and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-induced foam cell formation. However, these anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic effects of gemigliptin in HUVECs and THP-1 cells were significantly reduced after treatment with an AMPK or an Akt inhibitor. Our results suggest that gemigliptin efficiently inhibited LPS-induced pro-inflammatory effects in vascular endothelial cells by attenuating NF-κB and JNK signaling via Akt/AMPK-dependent mechanisms. Therefore, the DPP-IV inhibitor, gemigliptin, may directly protect the vascular endothelium against inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hwan-Jin Hwang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Soo Chung
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Tae Woo Jung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ja Young Ryu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Cheol Hong
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji A Seo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sin Gon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nan Hee Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Mook Choi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Seop Choi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sei Hyun Baik
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Yoo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nuransoy A, Beytur A, Polat A, Samdanci E, Sagir M, Parlakpinar H. Protective effect of sitagliptin against renal ischemia reperfusion injury in rats. Ren Fail 2015; 37:687-93. [DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2015.1010991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
|
22
|
Vallon V, Docherty NG. Intestinal regulation of urinary sodium excretion and the pathophysiology of diabetic kidney disease: a focus on glucagon-like peptide 1 and dipeptidyl peptidase 4. Exp Physiol 2014; 99:1140-5. [PMID: 25085841 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2014.078766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The tubular hypothesis of glomerular filtration and nephropathy in diabetes is a pathophysiological concept that assigns a critical role to the tubular system, including proximal tubular hyper-reabsorption and growth, which is relevant for early glomerular hyperfiltration and later chronic kidney disease. Here we focus on how harnessing the bioactivity of hormones released from the gut may ameliorate the early effects of diabetes on the kidney in part by attenuating proximal tubular hyper-reabsorption and growth. The endogenous tone of the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)/GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) system and its pharmacological activation are nephroprotective in diabetes independent of changes in blood glucose. This is associated with suppression of increases in kidney weight and glomerular hyperfiltration, which may reflect, at least in part, its inhibitory effects on tubular hyper-reabsorption and growth. Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is also nephroprotective independent of changes in blood glucose and involves GLP-1/GLP-1R-dependent and -independent mechanisms. The GLP-1R agonist exendin-4 induces natriuresis via activation of the GLP-1R. In contrast, DPP4 inhibition increases circulating GLP-1, but drives a GLP-1R-independent natriuretic response, implying a role for other DPP-4 substrates. The extent to which the intrarenal DPP-4/GLP-1 receptor system contributes to all these changes remains to be established, as does the direct impact of the system on renal inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Vallon
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA Department of Veterans Affairs, San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Neil G Docherty
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|