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Shrum SA, Nukala U, Shrimali S, Pineda EN, Krager KJ, Thakkar S, Jones DE, Pathak R, Breen PJ, Aykin-Burns N, Compadre CM. Tocotrienols Provide Radioprotection to Multiple Organ Systems through Complementary Mechanisms of Antioxidant and Signaling Effects. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1987. [PMID: 38001840 PMCID: PMC10668991 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12111987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tocotrienols have powerful radioprotective properties in multiple organ systems and are promising candidates for development as clinically effective radiation countermeasures. To facilitate their development as clinical radiation countermeasures, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms behind their powerful multi-organ radioprotective properties. In this context, their antioxidant effects are recognized for directly preventing oxidative damage to cellular biomolecules from ionizing radiation. However, there is a growing body of evidence indicating that the radioprotective mechanism of action for tocotrienols extends beyond their antioxidant properties. This raises a new pharmacological paradigm that tocotrienols are uniquely efficacious radioprotectors due to a synergistic combination of antioxidant and other signaling effects. In this review, we have covered the wide range of multi-organ radioprotective effects observed for tocotrienols and the mechanisms underlying it. These radioprotective effects for tocotrienols can be characterized as (1) direct cytoprotective effects, characteristic of the classic antioxidant properties, and (2) other effects that modulate a wide array of critical signaling factors involved in radiation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Shrum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (U.N.); (S.S.); (E.N.P.); (K.J.K.); (S.T.); (D.E.J.); (R.P.); (P.J.B.); (N.A.-B.)
- Tocol Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Little Rock, AR 77205, USA
| | - Ujwani Nukala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (U.N.); (S.S.); (E.N.P.); (K.J.K.); (S.T.); (D.E.J.); (R.P.); (P.J.B.); (N.A.-B.)
- Joint Bioinformatics Graduate Program, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA
| | - Shivangi Shrimali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (U.N.); (S.S.); (E.N.P.); (K.J.K.); (S.T.); (D.E.J.); (R.P.); (P.J.B.); (N.A.-B.)
- Joint Bioinformatics Graduate Program, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA
| | - Edith Nathalie Pineda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (U.N.); (S.S.); (E.N.P.); (K.J.K.); (S.T.); (D.E.J.); (R.P.); (P.J.B.); (N.A.-B.)
- Joint Bioinformatics Graduate Program, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA
| | - Kimberly J. Krager
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (U.N.); (S.S.); (E.N.P.); (K.J.K.); (S.T.); (D.E.J.); (R.P.); (P.J.B.); (N.A.-B.)
| | - Shraddha Thakkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (U.N.); (S.S.); (E.N.P.); (K.J.K.); (S.T.); (D.E.J.); (R.P.); (P.J.B.); (N.A.-B.)
| | - Darin E. Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (U.N.); (S.S.); (E.N.P.); (K.J.K.); (S.T.); (D.E.J.); (R.P.); (P.J.B.); (N.A.-B.)
| | - Rupak Pathak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (U.N.); (S.S.); (E.N.P.); (K.J.K.); (S.T.); (D.E.J.); (R.P.); (P.J.B.); (N.A.-B.)
| | - Philip J. Breen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (U.N.); (S.S.); (E.N.P.); (K.J.K.); (S.T.); (D.E.J.); (R.P.); (P.J.B.); (N.A.-B.)
| | - Nukhet Aykin-Burns
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (U.N.); (S.S.); (E.N.P.); (K.J.K.); (S.T.); (D.E.J.); (R.P.); (P.J.B.); (N.A.-B.)
| | - Cesar M. Compadre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (U.N.); (S.S.); (E.N.P.); (K.J.K.); (S.T.); (D.E.J.); (R.P.); (P.J.B.); (N.A.-B.)
- Tocol Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Little Rock, AR 77205, USA
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Hartl L, Duitman J, Maarten FB, Spek CA. The Dual Role of C/EBPδ in Cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023; 185:103983. [PMID: 37024021 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.103983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Protein delta (C/EBPδ) is a transcription factor involved in differentiation and inflammation. While sparsely expressed in adult tissues, aberrant expression of C/EBPδ has been associated with different cancers. Initially, re-expression of C/EBPδ in cell cultures limited tumor cell proliferation, assigning it a tumor suppressor role. However, opposing observations were made in pre-clinical models and patients, suggesting that C/EBPδ not only mediates cell proliferation but dictates a broader spectrum of tumorigenesis-related effects. It is now widely accepted that C/EBPδ contributes to an inflammatory, tumor-promoting microenvironment, aids hypoxia adaption and contributes to the recruitment of blood vessels for improved nutrient supply to tumor cells and facilitated extravasation. This review summarizes the work published on this transcription factor in the field of cancer over the past decade. It points out areas in which a consensus on C/EBPδ's role appears to emerge and seek to explain seemingly contradictory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Hartl
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - JanWillem Duitman
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Infection & Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F Bijlsma Maarten
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C Arnold Spek
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Zhou S, Li Y, He L, Chen M, Li W, Xiao T, Guan J, Qi Z, Wang Q, Li S, Zhou P, Wang Z. Haptoglobin is an early indicator of survival after radiation-induced severe injury and bone marrow transplantation in mice. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:461. [PMID: 36068556 PMCID: PMC9450283 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the main treatment for acute radiation sickness, especially after fatal radiation. The determination of HSCT for radiation patients is mainly based on radiation dose, hemogram and bone marrow injury severity. This study aims to explore a better biomarker of acute radiation injury from the perspective of systemic immune response.
Methods C57BL/6J female mice were exposed to total body irradiation (TBI) and partial body irradiation (PBI). Changes in haptoglobin (Hp) level in plasma were shown at different doses and time points after the exposure and treatment with amifostine or bone marrow transplantation. Student’s t-test/two tailed test were used in two groups. To decide the Hp levels as a predictor of the radiation dose in TBI and PBI, multiple linear regression analysis were performed. The ability of biomarkers to identify two groups of different samples was determined by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Significance was set at P value < 0.05, and P value < 0.01 was set as highly significant. Survival distribution was determined by log-rank test. Results In this study, we found that Hp was elevated dose-dependently in plasma in the early post-irradiation period and decreased on the second day, which can be used as a molecular indicator for early dose assessment. Moreover, we detected the second increase of Hp on the 3rd and 5th days after the lethal irradiation at 10 Gy, which was eliminated by amifostine, a radiation protection drug, while protected mice from death. Most importantly, bone marrow transplantation (BMT) on the 3rd and 5th day after 10 Gy radiation improved the 30-days survival rate, and effectively accelerated the regression of secondary increased Hp level. Conclusions Our study suggests that Hp can be used not only as an early molecule marker of radiation injury, but also as an important indicator of bone marrow transplantation therapy for radiation injury, bringing new scientific discoveries in the diagnosis and treatment of acute radiation injury from the perspective of systemic immunity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-03162-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixiang Zhou
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yaqiong Li
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Lexin He
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Weihong Li
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.,Graduate Collaborative Training Base of Academy of Military Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Xiao
- Department of Radiotherapy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jian Guan
- Department of Radiotherapy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhenhua Qi
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Siyuan Li
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.,Graduate Collaborative Training Base of Academy of Military Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Pingkun Zhou
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Zhidong Wang
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China. .,Graduate Collaborative Training Base of Academy of Military Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
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Li W, Zhou S, Jia M, Li X, Li L, Wang Q, Qi Z, Zhou P, Li Y, Wang Z. Early Biomarkers Associated with P53 Signaling for Acute Radiation Injury. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12010099. [PMID: 35054492 PMCID: PMC8778477 DOI: 10.3390/life12010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Accurate dose assessment within 1 day or even 12 h after exposure through current methods of dose estimation remains a challenge, in response to a large number of casualties caused by nuclear or radiation accidents. P53 signaling pathway plays an important role in DNA damage repair and cell apoptosis induced by ionizing radiation. The changes of radiation-induced P53 related genes in the early stage of ionizing radiation should compensate for the deficiency of lymphocyte decline and γ-H2AX analysis as novel biomarkers of radiation damage. Bioinformatic analysis was performed on previous data to find candidate genes from human peripheral blood irradiated in vitro. The expression levels of candidate genes were detected by RT-PCR. The expressions of screened DDB2, AEN, TRIAP1, and TRAF4 were stable in healthy population, but significantly up-regulated by radiation, with time specificity and dose dependence in 2–24 h after irradiation. They are early indicators for medical treatment in acute radiation injury. Their effective combination could achieve a more accurate dose assessment for large-scale wounded patients within 24 h post exposure. The effective combination of p53-related genes DDB2, AEN, TRIAP1, and TRAF4 is a novel biodosimetry for a large number of people exposed to acute nuclear accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Li
- Graduate Collaborative Training Base of Academy of Military Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China;
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; (S.Z.); (M.J.); (X.L.); (L.L.); (Q.W.); (Z.Q.); (P.Z.)
| | - Shixiang Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; (S.Z.); (M.J.); (X.L.); (L.L.); (Q.W.); (Z.Q.); (P.Z.)
| | - Meng Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; (S.Z.); (M.J.); (X.L.); (L.L.); (Q.W.); (Z.Q.); (P.Z.)
| | - Xiaoxin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; (S.Z.); (M.J.); (X.L.); (L.L.); (Q.W.); (Z.Q.); (P.Z.)
| | - Lin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; (S.Z.); (M.J.); (X.L.); (L.L.); (Q.W.); (Z.Q.); (P.Z.)
| | - Qi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; (S.Z.); (M.J.); (X.L.); (L.L.); (Q.W.); (Z.Q.); (P.Z.)
| | - Zhenhua Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; (S.Z.); (M.J.); (X.L.); (L.L.); (Q.W.); (Z.Q.); (P.Z.)
| | - Pingkun Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; (S.Z.); (M.J.); (X.L.); (L.L.); (Q.W.); (Z.Q.); (P.Z.)
| | - Yaqiong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; (S.Z.); (M.J.); (X.L.); (L.L.); (Q.W.); (Z.Q.); (P.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (Z.W.); Tel.: +86-10-66930294 (Y.L.); +86-10-66930248 (Z.W.)
| | - Zhidong Wang
- Graduate Collaborative Training Base of Academy of Military Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China;
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; (S.Z.); (M.J.); (X.L.); (L.L.); (Q.W.); (Z.Q.); (P.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (Z.W.); Tel.: +86-10-66930294 (Y.L.); +86-10-66930248 (Z.W.)
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Farber E, Kwiecien JM, Bojic D, Ngu M, Akohene-Mensah P, Vanhie JJ, Lloyd J, Larkin J, DE Lisio M. Exercise Improves Cancer-free Survival and Health Span in a Model of Radiation-induced Cancer. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:2254-2263. [PMID: 34081060 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Radiation therapy increases the risk of secondary malignancy and morbidity in cancer survivors. The role of obesity and exercise training in modulating this risk is not well understood. As such, we used a preclinical model of radiation-induced malignancy to investigate whether diet-induced obesity and/or endurance exercise training altered lifelong survival, cancer incidence, and morbidity. METHODS Male CBA mice were randomly divided into control diet/sedentary group (CTRL/SED), high-fat diet (45% fat)/sedentary group (HFD/SED), control diet/exercise group (2-3 d·wk-1; CTRL/EX), or high-fat diet/exercise group (HFD/EX) groups then exposed to whole-body radiation (3 Gy). End point monitoring and pathology determined mortality and cancer incidence, respectively. Health span index, a measure of morbidity, was determined by a composite measure of 10 anthropometric, metabolic, performance, and behavioral measures. RESULTS Overall survival was higher in HFD/SED compared with CTRL/SED (P < 0.05). The risk of cancer-related mortality by 18 months postradiation was 1.99 and 1.63 in HFD/SED compared with CTRL/EX (RR = 1.99, 95% confidence interval = 1.20-3.31, P = 0.0081) and CTRL/SED (RR = 1.63, 95% confidence interval = 1.06-2.49, P = 0.0250), respectively. The number of mice at end point with cancer was higher in HFD/SED compared with CTRL/EX and CTRL/SED (P < 0.05). Health span index was highest in CTRL/EX (score = +2.5), followed by HFD/EX (score = +1), and HFD/SED (score = -1) relative to CTRL/SED. CONCLUSION This work provides the basis for future preclinical studies investigating the dose-response relationship between exercise training and late effects of radiation therapy as well as the mechanisms responsible for these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eadan Farber
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, CANADA
| | - Jacek M Kwiecien
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, CANADA
| | - Dejan Bojic
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, CANADA
| | - Matthew Ngu
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, CANADA
| | - Paul Akohene-Mensah
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, CANADA
| | - James J Vanhie
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, CANADA
| | - Jessica Lloyd
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, CANADA
| | - Jillian Larkin
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, CANADA
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PERK signaling through C/EBPδ contributes to ER stress-induced expression of immunomodulatory and tumor promoting chemokines by cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1038. [PMID: 34725321 PMCID: PMC8560861 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04318-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells experience endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress due to activated oncogenes and conditions of nutrient deprivation and hypoxia. The ensuing unfolded protein response (UPR) is executed by ATF6, IRE1 and PERK pathways. Adaptation to mild ER stress promotes tumor cell survival and aggressiveness. Unmitigated ER stress, however, will result in cell death and is a potential avenue for cancer therapies. Because of this yin-yang nature of ER stress, it is imperative that we fully understand the mechanisms and dynamics of the UPR and its contribution to the complexity of tumor biology. The PERK pathway inhibits global protein synthesis while allowing translation of specific mRNAs, such as the ATF4 transcription factor. Using thapsigargin and tunicamycin to induce acute ER stress, we identified the transcription factor C/EBPδ (CEBPD) as a mediator of PERK signaling to secretion of tumor promoting chemokines. In melanoma and breast cancer cell lines, PERK mediated early induction of C/EBPδ through ATF4-independent pathways that involved at least in part Janus kinases and the STAT3 transcription factor. Transcriptional profiling revealed that C/EBPδ contributed to 20% of thapsigargin response genes including chaperones, components of ER-associated degradation, and apoptosis inhibitors. In addition, C/EBPδ supported the expression of the chemokines CXCL8 (IL-8) and CCL20, which are known for their tumor promoting and immunosuppressive properties. With a paradigm of short-term exposure to thapsigargin, which was sufficient to trigger prolonged activation of the UPR in cancer cells, we found that conditioned media from such cells induced cytokine expression in myeloid cells. In addition, activation of the CXCL8 receptor CXCR1 during thapsigargin exposure supported subsequent sphere formation by cancer cells. Taken together, these investigations elucidated a novel mechanism of ER stress-induced transmissible signals in tumor cells that may be particularly relevant in the context of pharmacological interventions.
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Spek CA, Aberson HL, Butler JM, de Vos AF, Duitman J. CEBPD Potentiates the Macrophage Inflammatory Response but CEBPD Knock-Out Macrophages Fail to Identify CEBPD-Dependent Pro-Inflammatory Transcriptional Programs. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092233. [PMID: 34571881 PMCID: PMC8470509 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein delta (C/EBPδ) is a member of the C/EBP family of transcription factors. According to the current paradigm, C/EBPδ potentiates cytokine production and modulates macrophage function thereby enhancing the inflammatory response. Remarkably, however, C/EBPδ deficiency does not consistently lead to a reduction in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine production by macrophages. Here, we address this apparent discrepancy and show that the effect of C/EBPδ on cytokine production and macrophage function depends on both the macrophage subtype and the LPS concentration used. Using CRISPR-Cas generated macrophages in which the transactivation domain of C/EBPδ was deleted from the endogenous locus (ΔTAD macrophages), we next show that the context-dependent role of C/EBPδ in macrophage biology relies on compensatory transcriptional activity in the absence of C/EBPδ. We extend these findings by revealing a large discrepancy between transcriptional programs in C/EBPδ knock-out and C/EBPδ transactivation dead (ΔTAD) macrophages implying that compensatory mechanisms do not specifically modify C/EBPδ-dependent inflammatory responses but affect overall macrophage biology. Overall, these data imply that knock-out approaches are not suited for identifying the genuine transcriptional program regulated by C/EBPδ, and we suggest that this phenomenon applies for transcription factor families in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Arnold Spek
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (H.L.A.); (J.M.B.); (A.F.d.V.); (J.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Hella L. Aberson
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (H.L.A.); (J.M.B.); (A.F.d.V.); (J.D.)
| | - Joe M. Butler
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (H.L.A.); (J.M.B.); (A.F.d.V.); (J.D.)
| | - Alex F. de Vos
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (H.L.A.); (J.M.B.); (A.F.d.V.); (J.D.)
| | - JanWillem Duitman
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (H.L.A.); (J.M.B.); (A.F.d.V.); (J.D.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Majumdar D, Pietras EM, Pawar SA. Analysis of Radiation-Induced Changes in Cell Cycle and DNA Damage of Murine Hematopoietic Stem Cells by Multi-Color Flow Cytometry. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e216. [PMID: 34399037 PMCID: PMC9990863 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of bone marrow to genotoxic stress such as ionizing radiation (IR) results in a rapid decline of peripheral blood cells and stimulates entry of the normally quiescent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) into the cell cycle to reconstitute the hematopoietic system. While several protocols have employed flow cytometry analysis of bone marrow cells to study changes in specific cell populations with respect to cell cycle proliferation and/or expression of γ-H2AX, a marker of DNA damage, these parameters were examined in separate panels. Here, we describe a flow cytometry-based method specifically designed to examine cell cycle distribution using Ki-67 and FXCycle violet in combination with γ-H2AX in HSCs and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) within the same sample. This method is very useful, particularly in studies involving genotoxic stresses such as IR, which substantially reduce the absolute numbers of HSCs and HPCs available for staining. Additionally, we describe several important considerations for the analysis of markers of HSCs in irradiated versus unirradiated samples. Examples include the use of fluorescence minus one (FMO) controls, the gating strategy for markers whose expression is typically impacted by IR such as Sca1, tips for staining of intracellular antigens like Ki67, and ensuring the detection of signal from at least 500 events in each gate to ensure robustness of the results. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Immunostaining protocol for bone marrow mononuclear cells using a multi-fluorophore panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debajyoti Majumdar
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Eric M. Pietras
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Snehalata A. Pawar
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, SUNY–Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
- Corresponding author:
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Lee HS, Vancamelbeke M, Verstockt S, Wilms T, Verstockt B, Sabino J, Ferrante M, Vermeire S, Cleynen I. Molecular Changes in the Non-Inflamed Terminal Ileum of Patients with Ulcerative Colitis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081793. [PMID: 32731480 PMCID: PMC7464680 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease confined to the colon. Although the etiopathogenesis remains unknown, small bowel dysfunctions like histological and permeability alterations have been described in ulcerative colitis. We evaluated the molecular gene signature in the non-inflamed terminal ileum of 36 ulcerative colitis patients (7 active, with Mayo endoscopic subscore ≥2, and 29 inactive) as compared to 15 non-inflammatory bowel disease controls. Differential gene expression analysis with DESeq2 showed distinct expression patterns depending on disease activity and maximal disease extent. We found 84 dysregulated genes in patients with active extensive colitis and 20 in inactive extensive colitis, compared to controls. There was an overlap of 5 genes: REG1B, REG1A, MUC4, GRAMD2, and CASP10. In patients with left-sided colitis, ileal gene expression levels were similar to controls. Based on gene co-expression analysis, ileal changes in active ulcerative colitis patients were related to immune functions. The ileal changes in the inactive ulcerative colitis subjects converged into the maintenance of the intestinal barrier through increased mitochondrial function and dampened immune functions. In conclusion, we identified molecular changes in the non-inflamed ileum of ulcerative colitis that are dependent on colonic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Su Lee
- Laboratory of Complex Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (H.-S.L.); (S.V.); (T.W.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Maaike Vancamelbeke
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department Chronic Diseases, Metabolism & Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.V.); (B.V.); (J.S.); (M.F.); (S.V.)
| | - Sare Verstockt
- Laboratory of Complex Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (H.-S.L.); (S.V.); (T.W.)
| | - Tom Wilms
- Laboratory of Complex Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (H.-S.L.); (S.V.); (T.W.)
| | - Bram Verstockt
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department Chronic Diseases, Metabolism & Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.V.); (B.V.); (J.S.); (M.F.); (S.V.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - João Sabino
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department Chronic Diseases, Metabolism & Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.V.); (B.V.); (J.S.); (M.F.); (S.V.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Ferrante
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department Chronic Diseases, Metabolism & Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.V.); (B.V.); (J.S.); (M.F.); (S.V.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department Chronic Diseases, Metabolism & Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.V.); (B.V.); (J.S.); (M.F.); (S.V.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Cleynen
- Laboratory of Complex Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (H.-S.L.); (S.V.); (T.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-1637-7480
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10
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Liu C, Tanaka K, Katsube T, Varès G, Maruyama K, Ninomiya Y, Fardous Z, Sun C, Fujimori A, Moreno SG, Nenoi M, Wang B. Altered Response to Total Body Irradiation of C57BL/6-Tg (CAG-EGFP) Mice. Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325820951332. [PMID: 32922229 PMCID: PMC7453463 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820951332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in a variety of biosystems as a unique bioindicator or biomarker has revolutionized biological research and made groundbreaking achievements, while increasing evidence has shown alterations in biological properties and physiological functions of the cells and animals overexpressing transgenic GFP. In this work, response to total body irradiation (TBI) was comparatively studied in GFP transgenic C57BL/6-Tg (CAG-EGFP) mice and C57BL/6 N wild type mice. It was demonstrated that GFP transgenic mice were more sensitive to radiation-induced bone marrow death, and no adaptive response could be induced. In the nucleated bone marrow cells of GFP transgenic mice exposed to a middle dose, there was a significant increase in both the percentage of cells expressing pro-apoptotic gene Bax and apoptotic cell death. While in wild type cells, lower expression of pro-apoptotic gene Bax and higher expression of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2, and significant lower induction of apoptosis were observed compared to GFP transgenic cells. Results suggest that presence of GFP could alter response to TBI at whole body, cellular and molecular levels in mice. These findings indicate that there could be a major influence on the interpretation of the results obtained in GFP transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuihua Liu
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kaoru Tanaka
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takanori Katsube
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Guillaume Varès
- Cell Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Kouichi Maruyama
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Ninomiya
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Zeenath Fardous
- Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, People’s Republic of Bangladesh
| | - Chao Sun
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Akira Fujimori
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Stéphanie G. Moreno
- LRTS—François Jacob Institute of Biology, Fundamental Research Division, Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission, Inserm, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Mitsuru Nenoi
- Department of Safety Administration, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Bing Wang
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
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11
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Miousse IR, Ewing LE, Skinner CM, Pathak R, Garg S, Kutanzi KR, Melnyk S, Hauer-Jensen M, Koturbash I. Methionine dietary supplementation potentiates ionizing radiation-induced gastrointestinal syndrome. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G439-G450. [PMID: 31961718 PMCID: PMC7099489 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00351.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Methionine is an essential amino acid needed for a variety of processes in living organisms. Ionizing radiation depletes tissue methionine concentrations and leads to the loss of DNA methylation and decreased synthesis of glutathione. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of methionine dietary supplementation in CBA/CaJ mice after exposure to doses ranging from 3 to 8.5 Gy of 137Cs of total body irradiation. We report that mice fed a methionine-supplemented diet (MSD; 19.5 vs. 6.5 mg/kg in a methionine-adequate diet, MAD) developed acute radiation toxicity at doses as low as 3 Gy. Partial body irradiation performed with hindlimb shielding resulted in a 50% mortality rate in MSD-fed mice exposed to 8.5 Gy, suggesting prevalence of radiation-induced gastrointestinal syndrome in the development of acute radiation toxicity. Analysis of the intestinal microbiome demonstrated shifts in the gut ecology, observed along with the development of leaky gut syndrome and bacterial translocation into the liver. Normal gut physiology impairment was facilitated by alterations in the one-carbon metabolism pathway and was exhibited as decreases in circulating citrulline levels mirrored by decreased intestinal mucosal surface area and the number of surviving crypts. In conclusion, we demonstrate that a relevant excess of methionine dietary intake exacerbates the detrimental effects of exposure to ionizing radiation in the small intestine.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Methionine supplementation, instead of an anticipated health-promoting effect, sensitizes mice to gastrointestinal radiation syndrome. Mechanistically, excess of methionine negatively affects intestinal ecology, leading to a cascade of physiological, biochemical, and molecular alterations that impair normal gut response to a clinically relevant genotoxic stressor. These findings speak toward increasing the role of registered dietitians during cancer therapy and the necessity of a solid scientific background behind the sales of dietary supplements and claims regarding their benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle R. Miousse
- 1Department of Environmental and Occupation Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas,2Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Laura E. Ewing
- 1Department of Environmental and Occupation Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas,3Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Charles M. Skinner
- 1Department of Environmental and Occupation Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas,4Center for Dietary Supplements Research, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Rupak Pathak
- 5Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Sarita Garg
- 5Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Kristy R. Kutanzi
- 1Department of Environmental and Occupation Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Stepan Melnyk
- 6Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, Arknsas
| | - Martin Hauer-Jensen
- 5Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Igor Koturbash
- 1Department of Environmental and Occupation Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas,4Center for Dietary Supplements Research, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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12
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Moustafa EM, Rashed LA, El-Sebaie MM, Thabet NM, Abdel-Rafei MK. Crosstalk between ER-stress and apoptosis in irradiated HepG2 cells with gemcitabine: implication of PI3K/AKT and IκB/NF-κB signaling pathways. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/16878507.2020.1715569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enas Mahmoud Moustafa
- Radiation Biology Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Laila Ahmed Rashed
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Kasr Alainy, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed M. El-Sebaie
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Kasr Alainy, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noura Magdy Thabet
- Radiation Biology Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Khairy Abdel-Rafei
- Radiation Biology Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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13
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Emerging Role of C/EBPβ and Epigenetic DNA Methylation in Ageing. Trends Genet 2020; 36:71-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Kultova G, Tichy A, Rehulkova H, Myslivcova-Fucikova A. The hunt for radiation biomarkers: current situation. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:370-382. [PMID: 31829779 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1704909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The possibility of a large-scale acute radiation exposure necessitates the development of new methods that could provide a rapid assessment of the doses received by individuals using high-throughput technologies. There is also a great interest in developing new biomarkers of dose exposure, which could be used in large molecular epidemiological studies in order to correlate estimated doses received and health effects. The goal of this review was to summarize current literature focused on biological dosimetry, namely radiation-responsive biomarkers.Methods: The studies involved in this review were thoroughly selected according to the determined criteria and PRISMA guidelines.Results: We described briefly recent advances in radiation genomics and metabolomics, giving particular emphasis to proteomic analysis. The majority of studies were performed on animal models (rats, mice, and non-human primates). They have provided much beneficial information, but the most relevant tests have been done on human (oncological) patients. By inspecting the radiaiton biodosimetry literate of the last 10 years, we identified a panel of candidate markers for each -omic approach involved.Conslusions: We reviewed different methodological approaches and various biological materials, which can be exploited for dose-effect prediction. The protein biomarkers from human plasma are ideal for this specific purpose. From a plethora of candidate markers, FDXR is a very promising transcriptomic candidate, and importantly this biomarker was also confirmed by some studies at protein level in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Kultova
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Tichy
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Rehulkova
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Myslivcova-Fucikova
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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15
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Mitigation of radiation-induced gastro-intestinal injury by the polyphenolic acetate 7, 8-diacetoxy-4-methylthiocoumarin in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14134. [PMID: 31575959 PMCID: PMC6773728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50785-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced intestinal injury (RIII) constitutes a crucial clinical element of acute radiation syndrome with life-threatening implications posing challenges in devising effective medical countermeasures. Herein, we report the potential of 7, 8-diacetoxy-4-methylthiocoumarin (DAMTC) to mitigate RIII following total-body irradiation (TBI) in C57BL/6 mice and underlying mechanisms. Administration of DAMTC 24 hours post TBI facilitated structural reconstitution and restoration of functional absorption linked to alleviation of radiation-induced apoptotic death of intestinal crypt progenitor/stem (ICPS) and villus stromal cells through induction of Bcl-2 family-mediated anti-apoptotic signalling. Reduction in TBI-induced DNA damage accumulation coupled with inhibition of cell cycle arrest through stimulation of anti-p53- and anti-p21-dependent synergistic signalling protected ICPS cells from radiation injury. Enhanced proliferation of crypt stem cells, induction of anti-oxidant defence, subjugation of TBI-induced lipid peroxidation and phenotypic polarization of intestinal macrophages to anti-inflammatory M2 class underlie amelioration of RIII. Stimulation of multiple mitigative signalling processes by DAMTC appeared to be associated with enhanced protein acetylation, an important regulator of cellular responses to radiation damage. Our findings establish the mitigative potential of DAMTC against RIII by hyper-acetylation-mediated epigenetic regulation, which triggers axes of anti-apoptotic and pro-survival pathways, enabling proliferation and maintenance of ICPS cells leading to epithelial regeneration.
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16
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C/EBPδ protects from radiation-induced intestinal injury and sepsis by suppression of inflammatory and nitrosative stress. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13953. [PMID: 31562350 PMCID: PMC6764943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49437-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR)-induced intestinal damage is characterized by a loss of intestinal crypt cells, intestinal barrier disruption and translocation of intestinal microflora resulting in sepsis-mediated lethality. We have shown that mice lacking C/EBPδ display IR-induced intestinal and hematopoietic injury and lethality. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether increased IR-induced inflammatory, oxidative and nitrosative stress promote intestinal injury and sepsis-mediated lethality in Cebpd−/− mice. We found that irradiated Cebpd−/− mice show decreased villous height, crypt depth, crypt to villi ratio and expression of the proliferation marker, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, indicative of intestinal injury. Cebpd−/− mice show increased expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (Il-6, Tnf-α) and chemokines (Cxcl1, Mcp-1, Mif-1α) and Nos2 in the intestinal tissues compared to Cebpd+/+ mice after exposure to TBI. Cebpd−/− mice show decreased GSH/GSSG ratio, increased S-nitrosoglutathione and 3-nitrotyrosine in the intestine indicative of basal oxidative and nitrosative stress, which was exacerbated by IR. Irradiated Cebpd-deficient mice showed upregulation of Claudin-2 that correlated with increased intestinal permeability, presence of plasma endotoxin and bacterial translocation to the liver. Overall these results uncover a novel role for C/EBPδ in protection against IR-induced intestinal injury by suppressing inflammation and nitrosative stress and underlying sepsis-induced lethality.
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17
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Jozawa H, Inoue-Yamauchi A, Arimura S, Yamanashi Y. Loss of C/EBPδ enhances apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells and exacerbates experimental colitis in mice. Genes Cells 2019; 24:619-626. [PMID: 31233664 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are characterized by chronic inflammation involving intestinal tissue damage, which include ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease as major entities. Accumulating evidence suggests that excessive apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) contributes to the development of IBD. It was recently reported that the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein delta (C/EBPδ) is involved in inflammation; however, its role in colitis remains unclear. Here, we found that C/EBPδ knockout mice showed enhanced susceptibility to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, a mouse model of IBD, which was associated with severe colonic inflammation and mucosal damage with increased IEC apoptosis. Additionally, DSS stimulation induced increased expression of pro-apoptotic BH3-only protein Bim in the colon of C/EBPδ knockout mice. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that C/EBPδ plays an essential role in suppressing DSS-induced colitis, likely by attenuating IEC apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Jozawa
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akane Inoue-Yamauchi
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumimasa Arimura
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Yamanashi
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Garg S, Sadhukhan R, Banerjee S, Savenka AV, Basnakian AG, McHargue V, Wang J, Pawar SA, Ghosh SP, Ware J, Hauer-Jensen M, Pathak R. Gamma-Tocotrienol Protects the Intestine from Radiation Potentially by Accelerating Mesenchymal Immune Cell Recovery. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8030057. [PMID: 30845647 PMCID: PMC6466604 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8030057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural antioxidant gamma-tocotrienol (GT3), a vitamin E family member, provides intestinal radiation protection. We seek to understand whether this protection is mediated via mucosal epithelial stem cells or sub-mucosal mesenchymal immune cells. Vehicle- or GT3-treated male CD2F1 mice were exposed to total body irradiation (TBI). Cell death was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Villus height and crypt depth were measured with computer-assisted software in tissue sections. Functional activity was determined with an intestinal permeability assay. Immune cell recovery was measured with immunohistochemistry and Western blot, and the regeneration of intestinal crypts was assessed with ex vivo organoid culture. A single dose of GT3 (200 mg/kg body weight (bwt)) administered 24 h before TBI suppressed cell death, prevented a decrease in villus height, increased crypt depth, attenuated intestinal permeability, and upregulated occludin level in the intestine compared to the vehicle treated group. GT3 accelerated mesenchymal immune cell recovery after irradiation, but it did not promote ex vivo organoid formation and failed to enhance the expression of stem cell markers. Finally, GT3 significantly upregulated protein kinase B or AKT phosphorylation after TBI. Pretreatment with GT3 attenuates TBI-induced structural and functional damage to the intestine, potentially by facilitating intestinal immune cell recovery. Thus, GT3 could be used as an intestinal radioprotector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Garg
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Ratan Sadhukhan
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Sudip Banerjee
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Alena V Savenka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Alexei G Basnakian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Victoria McHargue
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Junru Wang
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Snehalata A Pawar
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Sanchita P Ghosh
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, USUHS, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - Jerry Ware
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Martin Hauer-Jensen
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Rupak Pathak
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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19
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Loss of C/EBPδ Exacerbates Radiation-Induced Cognitive Decline in Aged Mice due to Impaired Oxidative Stress Response. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040885. [PMID: 30781689 PMCID: PMC6412914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterized by increased inflammation and deterioration of the cellular stress responses such as the oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium, DNA damage repair fidelity, and telomeric attrition. All these factors contribute to the increased radiation sensitivity in the elderly as shown by epidemiological studies of the Japanese atomic bomb survivors. There is a global increase in the aging population, who may be at increased risk of exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) as part of cancer therapy or accidental exposure. Therefore, it is critical to delineate the factors that exacerbate age-related radiation sensitivity and neurocognitive decline. The transcription factor CCAAT enhancer binding protein delta (C/EBPδ) is implicated with regulatory roles in neuroinflammation, learning, and memory, however its role in IR-induced neurocognitive decline and aging is not known. The purpose of this study was to delineate the role of C/EBPδ in IR-induced neurocognitive decline in aged mice. We report that aged Cebpd−/− mice exposed to acute IR exposure display impairment in short-term memory and spatial memory that correlated with significant alterations in the morphology of neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG) and CA1 apical and basal regions. There were no significant changes in the expression of inflammatory markers. However, the expression of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and catalase (CAT) were altered post-IR in the hippocampus of aged Cebpd−/− mice. These results suggest that Cebpd may protect from IR-induced neurocognitive dysfunction by suppressing oxidative stress in aged mice.
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20
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Schäfer A, Mekker B, Mallick M, Vastolo V, Karaulanov E, Sebastian D, von der Lippen C, Epe B, Downes DJ, Scholz C, Niehrs C. Impaired DNA demethylation of C/EBP sites causes premature aging. Genes Dev 2018; 32:742-762. [PMID: 29884649 PMCID: PMC6049513 DOI: 10.1101/gad.311969.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Here, Schäfer et al. investigated whether DNA methylation alterations are involved in aging. Using knockout mice for adapter proteins for site-specific demethylation by TET methylcytosine dioxygenases Gadd45a and Ing1, they show that enhancer methylation can affect aging and imply that C/EBP proteins play an unexpected role in this process. Changes in DNA methylation are among the best-documented epigenetic alterations accompanying organismal aging. However, whether and how altered DNA methylation is causally involved in aging have remained elusive. GADD45α (growth arrest and DNA damage protein 45A) and ING1 (inhibitor of growth family member 1) are adapter proteins for site-specific demethylation by TET (ten-eleven translocation) methylcytosine dioxygenases. Here we show that Gadd45a/Ing1 double-knockout mice display segmental progeria and phenocopy impaired energy homeostasis and lipodystrophy characteristic of Cebp (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein) mutants. Correspondingly, GADD45α occupies C/EBPβ/δ-dependent superenhancers and, cooperatively with ING1, promotes local DNA demethylation via long-range chromatin loops to permit C/EBPβ recruitment. The results indicate that enhancer methylation can affect aging and imply that C/EBP proteins play an unexpected role in this process. Our study suggests a causal nexus between DNA demethylation, metabolism, and organismal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schäfer
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carina von der Lippen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernd Epe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Damien J Downes
- Medical Research Council Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Carola Scholz
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christof Niehrs
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128 Mainz, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center-Center for Molecular Biology (DKFZ-ZMBH) Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Li C, Luo Y, Shao L, Meng A, Zhou D. NOS2 deficiency has no influence on the radiosensitivity of the hematopoietic system. Cell Biosci 2018; 8:33. [PMID: 29736233 PMCID: PMC5922011 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-018-0228-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have shown that inhibition of inducible NO synthase (NOS2 or iNOS) with an inhibitor can selectively protect several normal tissues against radiation during radiotherapy. However, the role of NOS2 in ionizing radiation (IR)-induced bone marrow (BM) suppression is unknown and thus was investigated in the present study using NOS2-/- and wild-type mice 14 days after they were exposed to a sublethal dose of total body irradiation (TBI). METHODS The effects of different doses of IR (1, 2 and 4 Gy) on the apoptosis and colony-forming ability of bone marrow cells from wild-type (WT) and NOS2-/- mice were investigated in vitro. In addition, we exposed NOS2-/- mice and WT mice to 6-Gy TBI or sham irradiation. They were euthanized 14 days after TBI for analysis of peripheral blood cell counts and bone marrow cellularity. Colony-forming unit-granulocyte and macrophage, burst-forming unit-erythroid and CFU-granulocyte, erythroid, macrophage in bone marrow cells from the mice were determined to evaluate the function of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs), and the ability of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to self-renew was analysed by the cobblestone area forming cell assay. The cell cycling of HPCs and HSCs were measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS Exposure to 2 and 4 Gy IR induced bone marrow cell apoptosis and inhibited the proliferation of HPCs in vitro. However, there was no difference between the cells from WT mice and NOS2-/- mice in response to IR exposure in vitro. Exposure of WT mice and NOS2-/- mice to 6 Gy TBI decreased the white blood cell, red blood cell, and platelet counts in the peripheral blood and bone marrow mononuclear cells, and reduced the colony-forming ability of HPCs (P < 0.05), damaged the clonogenic function of HSCs. However, these changes were not significantly different in WT and NOS2-/- mice. CONCLUSION These data suggest that IR induces BM suppression in a NOS2-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Li
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100021 China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR USA
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR USA
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Lijian Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR USA
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham, #607, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
| | - Aimin Meng
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100021 China
| | - Daohong Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR USA
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham, #607, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
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Cebpd Is Essential for Gamma-Tocotrienol Mediated Protection against Radiation-Induced Hematopoietic and Intestinal Injury. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7040055. [PMID: 29642403 PMCID: PMC5946121 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma-tocotrienol (GT3) confers protection against ionizing radiation (IR)-induced injury. However, the molecular targets that underlie the protective functions of GT3 are not yet known. We have reported that mice lacking CCAAT enhancer binding protein delta (Cebpd−/−) display increased mortality to IR due to injury to the hematopoietic and intestinal tissues and that Cebpd protects from IR-induced oxidative stress and cell death. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether Cebpd mediates the radio protective functions of GT3. We found that GT3-treated Cebpd−/− mice showed partial recovery of white blood cells compared to GT3-treated Cebpd+/+ mice at 2 weeks post-IR. GT3-treated Cebpd−/− mice showed an increased loss of intestinal crypt colonies, which correlated with increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, increased levels of oxidized glutathione (GSSG), S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) after exposure to IR compared to GT3-treated Cebpd+/+ mice. Cebpd is induced by IR as well as a combination of IR and GT3 in the intestine. Studies have shown that granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), mediates the radioprotective functions of GT3. Interestingly, we found that IR alone as well as the combination of IR and GT3 caused robust augmentation of plasma G-CSF in both Cebpd+/+ and Cebpd−/− mice. These results identify a novel role for Cebpd in GT3-mediated protection against IR-induced injury, in part via modulation of IR-induced inflammation and oxidative/nitrosative stress, which is independent of G-CSF.
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23
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Banerjee S, Aykin-Burns N, Krager KJ, Shah SK, Melnyk SB, Hauer-Jensen M, Pawar SA. Loss of C/EBPδ enhances IR-induced cell death by promoting oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 99:296-307. [PMID: 27554969 PMCID: PMC5673253 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of cells to ionizing radiation (IR) generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). This results in increased oxidative stress and DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) which are the two underlying mechanisms by which IR causes cell/tissue injury. Cells that are deficient or impaired in the cellular antioxidant response are susceptible to IR-induced apoptosis. The transcription factor CCAAT enhancer binding protein delta (Cebpd, C/EBPδ) has been implicated in the regulation of oxidative stress, DNA damage response, genomic stability and inflammation. We previously reported that Cebpd-deficient mice are sensitive to IR and display intestinal and hematopoietic injury, however the underlying mechanism is not known. In this study, we investigated whether an impaired ability to detoxify IR-induced ROS was the underlying cause of the increased radiosensitivity of Cebpd-deficient cells. We found that Cebpd-knockout (KO) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) expressed elevated levels of ROS, both at basal levels and after exposure to gamma radiation which correlated with increased apoptosis, and decreased clonogenic survival. Pre-treatment of wild type (WT) and KO MEFs with polyethylene glycol-conjugated Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD) and catalase (PEG-CAT) combination prior to irradiation showed a partial rescue of clonogenic survival, thus demonstrating a role for increased intracellular oxidants in promoting IR-induced cell death. Analysis of mitochondrial bioenergetics revealed that irradiated KO MEFs showed significant reductions in basal, adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-linked, maximal respiration and reserved respiratory capacity and decrease in intracellular ATP levels compared to WT MEFs indicating they display mitochondrial dysfunction. KO MEFs expressed significantly lower levels of the cellular antioxidant glutathione (GSH) and its precursor- cysteine as well as methionine. In addition to its antioxidant function, GSH plays an important role in detoxification of lipid peroxidation products such as 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). The reduced GSH levels observed in KO MEFs correlated with elevated levels of 4-HNE protein adducts in irradiated KO MEFs compared to respective WT MEFs. We further showed that pre-treatment with the GSH precursor, N-acetyl L-cysteine (NAC) prior to irradiation showed a significant reduction of IR-induced cell death and increases in GSH levels, which contributed to the overall increase in clonogenic survival of KO MEFs. In contrast, pre-treatment with the GSH synthesis inhibitor- buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) further reduced the clonogenic survival of irradiated KO MEFs. This study demonstrates a novel role for C/EBPδ in protection from basal as well as IR-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction thus promoting post-radiation survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Banerjee
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Nukhet Aykin-Burns
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Kimberly J Krager
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Sumit K Shah
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Stepan B Melnyk
- Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Martin Hauer-Jensen
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States; Surgical Services, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Snehalata A Pawar
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States.
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Singh VK, Newman VL, Romaine PL, Hauer-Jensen M, Pollard HB. Use of biomarkers for assessing radiation injury and efficacy of countermeasures. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015; 16:65-81. [PMID: 26568096 PMCID: PMC4732464 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2016.1121102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Several candidate drugs for acute radiation syndrome (ARS) have been identified that have low toxicity and significant radioprotective and radiomitigative efficacy. Inasmuch as exposing healthy human volunteers to injurious levels of radiation is unethical, development and approval of new radiation countermeasures for ARS are therefore presently based on animal studies and Phase I safety study in healthy volunteers. The Animal Efficacy Rule, which underlies the Food and Drug Administration approval pathway, requires a sound understanding of the mechanisms of injury, drug efficacy, and efficacy biomarkers. In this context, it is important to identify biomarkers for radiation injury and drug efficacy that can extrapolate animal efficacy results, and can be used to convert drug doses deduced from animal studies to those that can be efficacious when used in humans. Here, we summarize the progress of studies to identify candidate biomarkers for the extent of radiation injury and for evaluation of countermeasure efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Singh
- a F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine 'America's Medical School' , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA.,b Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Victoria L Newman
- a F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine 'America's Medical School' , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA.,b Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Patricia Lp Romaine
- a F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine 'America's Medical School' , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA.,b Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Martin Hauer-Jensen
- c Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Surgery, and Pathology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare Systems , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Harvey B Pollard
- a F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine 'America's Medical School' , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA
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Jones JW, Tudor G, Li F, Tong Y, Katz B, Farese AM, MacVittie TJ, Booth C, Kane MA. Citrulline as a Biomarker in the Murine Total-Body Irradiation Model: Correlation of Circulating and Tissue Citrulline to Small Intestine Epithelial Histopathology. HEALTH PHYSICS 2015; 109:452-65. [PMID: 26425905 PMCID: PMC4727745 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of plasma citrulline as a biomarker for gastrointestinal acute radiation syndrome via exposure to total-body irradiation in a murine model was investigated. The radiation exposure covered lethal, mid-lethal, and sub-lethal gastrointestinal acute radiation syndrome. Plasma citrulline profiles were generated over the first 6 d following total-body irradiation exposure of 6-15 Gy. In addition, plasma citrulline was comprehensively evaluated in the context of matching small intestine citrulline and histopathology. Higher plasma citrulline was significantly associated with lower irradiation doses over the first 6 d following the irradiation insult. Furthermore, higher plasma citrulline was significantly associated with higher crypt survival. The correlation of the plasma citrulline to crypt survival was more robust for higher irradiation doses and for later time points. The data suggested plasma citrulline was most informative for reflecting gastrointestinal injury resulting from exposure to 9-15 Gy total-body irradiation covering time-points 2-5 d post the irradiation insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jace W. Jones
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Fei Li
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, MD
| | - Yan Tong
- Indiana University, School of Medicine and Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Barry Katz
- Indiana University, School of Medicine and Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Ann M. Farese
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Baltimore, MD
| | - Thomas J. MacVittie
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Maureen A. Kane
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, MD
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26
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Anand S, Ebner J, Warren CB, Raam MS, Piliang M, Billings SD, Maytin EV. C/EBP transcription factors in human squamous cell carcinoma: selective changes in expression of isoforms correlate with the neoplastic state. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112073. [PMID: 25402211 PMCID: PMC4234316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Proteins (C/EBPs) are a family of leucine-zipper transcription factors that regulate physiological processes such as energy metabolism, inflammation, cell cycle, and the development and differentiation of several tissues including skin. Recently, a role for C/EBPs in tumor cell proliferation and differentiation has been proposed, but the incomplete characterization in the literature of multiple translational isoforms of these proteins has made interpretation of these roles difficult. Therefore, we have carefully reexamined C/EBP isoform expression in human non-melanoma skin cancers. C/EBPα, C/EBPβ, and C/EBPδ were analyzed histologically in squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). The individual isoforms of C/EBPα and C/EBPβ were examined by immunofluorescent digital imaging, western blotting and DNA binding activity (electrophoretic mobility shift analysis). Expression of all C/EBP family proteins was decreased in SCC tumors. Suppression was greatest for C/EBPα, less for C/EBPβ, and least for C/EBPδ. Western analyses confirmed that C/EBPα p42 and p30 isoforms were decreased. For C/EBPβ, only the abundant full-length isoform (C/EBPβ−1, LAP*, 55 kD) was reduced, whereas the smaller isoforms, C/EBPβ−2 (LAP, 48 kD) and C/EBPβ−3 (LIP, 20 kD), which are predominantly nuclear, were significantly increased in well- and moderately-differentiated SCC (up to 14-fold for C/EBPβ−3). These elevations correlated with increases in PCNA, a marker of proliferation. Although C/EBPβ displayed increased post-translational modifications in SCC, phosphorylation of C/EBPβ−1 (Thr 235) was not altered. C/EBP-specific DNA binding activity in nuclear and whole-cell extracts of cultured cells and tumors was predominantly attributable to C/EBPβ. In summary, two short C/EBPβ isoforms, C/EBPβ−2 and C/EBPβ−3, represent strong candidate markers for epithelial skin malignancy, due to their preferential expression in carcinoma versus normal skin, and their strong correlation with tumor proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Anand
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John Ebner
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Christine B. Warren
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Manu S. Raam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Melissa Piliang
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Steven D. Billings
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Edward V. Maytin
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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