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Doherty CS, Fortington LV, Barley OR. Blood, Sweat, and Tears: Implications for Hydration Testing in Combat Sports-Investigating Body Mass Loss and Biomarker Changes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14701. [PMID: 39049501 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Combat sports athletes often undergo rapid body mass loss (BML), which presents health risks. Hydration testing has been proposed as a possible solution to reduce or eliminate rapid BML. However, combat sports athletes may exhibit distinct physiological characteristics due to repeated exposure to BML. Thus, traditional and emerging hydration biomarkers should be investigated to determine their potential suitability for field use in this cohort. This study examined whether BML can explain changes in serum and urine osmolality (SosmΔ, UosmΔ), tear osmolarity (TosmΔ), hematocrit (HctΔ), and urine-specific gravity (USGΔ) after mild-moderate passive dehydration. Biomarker reliability was also assessed across two trials. Fifteen male and female combat sports athletes (age: 26.3 ± 5.3 years, body mass: 67.7 ± 9.9 kg) underwent a sauna protocol twice (5-28 days apart) aiming for 4% BML. The average BML in Trials 1 and 2 was 3.0 ± 0.7%. Regression analysis revealed that BML explained HctΔ (R2 = 0.22, p = 0.009) but not SosmΔ (R2 = 0.11, p = 0.079) or other biomarkers. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were significant for all biomarkers except TosmΔ (ICC = 0.06, p = 0.37) and post-Tosm (ICC = 0.04, p = 0.42); post-Hct performed best (ICC = 0.82, p < 0.001). Contingency tables with post-Sosm (295 mOsm/kg) and post-USG (1.020) cutoffs revealed an 80% true negative rate (TNR) and a 62% true positive rate (TPR). Increasing the Sosm cutoff to 301 mOsm/kg decreased the TNR to 52% but increased the TPR to 83%. Although blood parameters were most sensitive to BML, they could only explain 11%-22% of biomarker variation. The typical USG cutoff misclassified 42% of athletes postdehydration, and reliability was generally poor-moderate. Alternative strategies should be pursued to manage rapid BML in combat sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin S Doherty
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Perth, Australia
| | - Lauren V Fortington
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Perth, Australia
| | - Oliver R Barley
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Perth, Australia
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Doherty CS, Fortington LV, Barley OR. Sex Differences in Hydration Biomarkers and Test-Retest Reliability Following Passive Dehydration. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2024; 34:88-100. [PMID: 38215737 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated (a) differences between males and females for changes in serum, tear, and urine osmolality, hematocrit, and urine specific gravity following acute passive dehydration and (b) assessed the reliability of these biomarkers separately for each sex. Fifteen males (age: 26.3 ± 3.5 years, body mass: 76 ± 7 kg) and 15 females (age: 28.8 ± 6.4 years, body mass: 63 ± 7 kg) completed a sauna protocol twice (5-28 days apart), aiming for 4% body mass loss (BML). Urine, blood, and tear markers were collected pre- and postdehydration, and change scores were calculated. Male BML was significantly greater than that of females in Trial 1 (3.53% ± 0.55% vs. 2.53% ± 0.43%, p < .001) and Trial 2 (3.36% ± 0.66% vs. 2.53% ± 0.44%, p = .01). Despite significant differences in BML, change in hematocrit was the only change marker that displayed a significant difference in Trial 1 (males: 3% ± 1%, females: 2% ± 1%, p = .004) and Trial 2 (males: 3% ± 1%, females: 1% ± 1%, p = .008). Regression analysis showed a significant effect for sex (male) predicting change in hematocrit (β = 0.8, p = .032) and change in serum osmolality (β = -3.3, p = .005) when controlling for BML but not for urinary or tear measures. The intraclass correlation coefficients for females (ICC 2, 1) were highest for change in urine specific gravity (ICC = .62, p = .006) and lowest for change in tear osmolarity (ICC = -.14, p = .689), whereas for males, it was posthematocrit (ICC = .65, p = .003) and post tear osmolarity (ICC = .18, p = .256). Generally, biomarkers showed lower test-retest reliability in males compared with females but, overall, were classified as poor-moderate in both sexes. These findings suggest that the response and reliability of hydration biomarkers are sex specific and highlight the importance of accounting for BML differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin S Doherty
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Lauren V Fortington
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Oliver R Barley
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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Mora-Gonzalez D, Moreno-Cabañas A, Alvarez-Jimenez L, Morales-Palomo F, Ortega JF, Mora-Rodriguez R. Glucose volume of distribution affects insulin sensitivity measured by intravenous glucose tolerance test. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14574. [PMID: 38389141 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
AIM To determine whether glucose volume of distribution (VdGLUCOSE ) affects the diagnosis of impaired insulin sensitivity (IS) when using an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). METHODS Individuals with distinct levels of IS underwent IVGTT after an overnight fast. The prediabetic group (Prediab; n = 33) differed from the healthy group (Healthy; n = 14) in their larger glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c of 5.9 ± 0.3 vs. 5.4 ± 0.1%; 41 ± 4 vs. 36 ± 1 mmol/mol; p < 0.001), percent body fat (37 ± 6 vs. 24 ± 3%; p < 0.001) and cardiovascular fitness level (VO2MAX 22 ± 5 vs. 44 ± 5 mL of O2 ·kg-1 ·min-1 ; p < 0.001). Ten minutes after intravenous infusion of the glucose bolus (i.e., 35 g in a 30% solution), VdGLUCOSE was assessed from the increases in plasma glucose concentration. IS was calculated during the next 50 min using the slope of glucose disappearance and the insulin time-response curve. RESULTS VdGLUCOSE was higher in Healthy than in Prediab (230 ± 49 vs. 185 ± 21 mL·kg-1 ; p < 0.001). VdGLUCOSE was a strong predictor of IS (β standardized coefficient 0.362; p = 0.004). VO2MAX was associated with VdGLUCOSE and IS (Pearson r = 0.582 and 0.704, respectively; p < 0.001). However, body fat was inversely associated with VdGLUCOSE and IS (r = -0.548 and -0.555, respectively; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Since fat mass is inversely related to VdGLUCOSE and in turn, VdGLUCOSE affects the calculations of IS, the IV glucose bolus dose should be calculated based on fat-free mass rather than body weight for a more accurate diagnosis of impaired IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Mora-Gonzalez
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Alfonso Moreno-Cabañas
- Exercise Physiology Lab at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- Center for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | - Felix Morales-Palomo
- Exercise Physiology Lab at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Juan Fernando Ortega
- Exercise Physiology Lab at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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Eroglu MN, Rodríguez-Longobardo C, Ramírez-Adrados A, Colina-Coca C, Burgos-Postigo S, López-Torres O, Fernández-Elías VE. The Effects of 24-h Fasting on Exercise Performance and Metabolic Parameters in a Pilot Study of Female CrossFit Athletes. Nutrients 2023; 15:4841. [PMID: 38004236 PMCID: PMC10674902 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies have tested intermittent fasting (IF) in athletes, but its effects on female CrossFit athletes remain relatively unexplored in the existing literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of 24-h IF on the physical performance of female CrossFit practitioners. Eleven female CrossFit athletes (age: 30.91 ± 3.42, weight: 65.26 ± 7.55 kg, height: 1.66 ± 0.05 m) participated in the study. The study used a crossover design with fasting and eating conditions. Participants completed an exercise test, standing long jump, and handgrip strength assessment. Hydration status, heart rate, blood lactate, blood glucose, rates of perceived exertion, and hunger were measured. Results showed significant differences in blood lactate concentration (F = 5.435, p = 0.042, η2p = 0.352). Resting blood lactate concentration was significantly lower in the fasting trial than in the eating trial (p < 0.001), but post-exercise blood lactate concentrations were higher in the fasting trial than in the eating trial (p < 0.001). No differences were found in performance times (p > 0.05). In conclusion, this pilot study of females suggests that 24-h fasting does not impair exercise performance or negatively affect physiological parameters in CrossFit athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Nur Eroglu
- Coaching Education Department, Sports Science Faculty, Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Serdivan 54050, Turkey;
| | - Celia Rodríguez-Longobardo
- Social Sciences of Physical Activity, Sport and Leisure Department, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ana Ramírez-Adrados
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (A.R.-A.); (S.B.-P.); (V.E.F.-E.)
| | - Clara Colina-Coca
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
| | - Silvia Burgos-Postigo
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (A.R.-A.); (S.B.-P.); (V.E.F.-E.)
| | - Olga López-Torres
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (A.R.-A.); (S.B.-P.); (V.E.F.-E.)
| | - Valentín E. Fernández-Elías
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (A.R.-A.); (S.B.-P.); (V.E.F.-E.)
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Bialowas D, Laskowski R, Franchini E, Kujach S. Examining the effects of pre-competition rapid weight loss on hydration status and competition performance in elite judo athletes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14756. [PMID: 37679531 PMCID: PMC10484915 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41872-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of rapid weight loss (RWL) among martial arts athletes including judo is very high. Many applied RWL strategies could be dangerous to health and even lead to death. Therefore, the International Judo Federation (IJF) introduced changes in the weigh-in rules, changing the official weigh-in for the day before the competition. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the new IJF rules on hydration status and weight loss strategies among professional judo athletes. Seventeen elite judo athletes participated in the study. Body mass and hydration status, were analyzed before the competition. Moreover, competition result and practice of RWL survey were collected. All subjects reached their weight category limits for the competition. RWL resulted in body mass changes (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.79) and dehydration among participants (urine osmolality > 700 [mOsmol*kg]-1 and urine specific gravity > 1.020 [g*cm3]-1). However, urine osmolality (p > 0.05, ηp2 = 0.18), as well as urine specific gravity (p > 0.05, ηp2 = 0.16), at subsequent time points of measurement revealed no statistical differences. The prevalence of RWL was 100%, and only 17.6% of the athletes declared that they would compete in a different weight category if the competition would be conducted on the same day of the weigh-in. All judo athletes applied RWL procedures using traditional methods to achieve the required body mass (i.e., increased exercise, reduced fluid, and food intake). Dehydration state was not associated with competitive performance (p > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Bialowas
- Department of Physiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gorskiego 1, 80-336, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Radoslaw Laskowski
- Department of Physiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gorskiego 1, 80-336, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Emerson Franchini
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, Sport Department, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sylwester Kujach
- Department of Physiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gorskiego 1, 80-336, Gdansk, Poland.
- Department of Neurophysiology, Neuropsychology and Neuroinformatics, Medical University of Gdansk, Tuwima 15, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland.
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Martínez-Aranda LM, Sanz-Matesanz M, Orozco-Durán G, González-Fernández FT, Rodríguez-García L, Guadalupe-Grau A. Effects of Different Rapid Weight Loss Strategies and Percentages on Performance-Related Parameters in Combat Sports: An Updated Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5158. [PMID: 36982067 PMCID: PMC10048848 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20065158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Most combat sports (CS) are structured in weight categories, and it is very common to carry out body weight adjustment strategies in order to compete in lower weight categories. For this reason, different rapid weight loss (RWL) strategies are usually performed to pass the pre-competition weigh-in test, and then a replenishment of fluids and carbohydrate-rich foods is conducted in an attempt to recover the weight and avoid a performance loss. In this context, no clear references have been found on whether these types of strategies have negative effects, impairing the athlete's combat and/or physical performance. For this reason, the aim of this study was to review the scientific literature on the effect of rapid weight reduction strategies on the performance of CS athletes. A literature search was performed through four different databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science and ScienceDirect). Four inclusion criteria were established as follows: (1) the subjects had to be competitors in the CS and carry out RWL strategies; (2) at least two measurement points, that is, normal conditions and dehydration condition; (3) measurements in a real competition or simulating the same conditions; (4) original research articles written in English or Spanish and available in full text. Finally, a total of 16 articles were finally included in this research. All subjects (n = 184) were athletes from combat disciplines, with a minimum of 3-4 years of practice, as well as with certain experience in RWL. Six of the studies reported that an RWL strategy of around 5% of body weight loss did not affect performance parameters. However, the other ten studies with RWL between 3 and 6% or even higher reported negative effects or impairments on different parameters related to performance and/or athlete's psychophysiology, such as perceived fatigue, mood states, strength and power production, as well as changes in hormonal, blood and urine parameters, body composition, or the kinematics of the technical gesture. Although there is still no clear answer to the issue approached in this research, in general terms, it seems that in order to guarantee an acceptable athletic performance of the competitor, the weight loss should not exceed 3% to ≤5% of body weight together with ≥24 h for adequate (or at least partial) recovery and rehydration processes. In addition, it is highly recommended to lose weight progressively over several weeks, especially focusing on competitions lasting several days, as well as multiple rounds or qualifying stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Manuel Martínez-Aranda
- Physical Performance & Athletic Research Center, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
- MALab (Movement Analysis Laboratory for Sport and Health), Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Lorena Rodríguez-García
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Pontifical University of Comillas, CESAG, 07013 Palma, Spain
| | - Amelia Guadalupe-Grau
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, 45002 Toledo, Spain
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII, 28220 Madrid, Spain
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Prevalence of Dehydration and the Relationship with Fluid Intake and Self‐Assessment of Hydration Status in Czech First League Soccer Players. J Hum Kinet 2022; 82:101-110. [PMID: 36157002 PMCID: PMC9465733 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the hydration status of Czech First League soccer players, and to compare the reported fluid intake, perceived fluid intake and thirst sensation of euhydrated (EU) and dehydrated (DE) players. The study involved 124 Czech male professional soccer players (age 25.2±5.0 years) participating in annual winter, pre-season laboratory testing. Hydration status was assessed based on urine specific gravity (USG), euhydration was set at USG≤1.020. Fluid intake and thirst perception were evaluated by a questionnaire. The sample mean for USG was 1.021±0.008, 56% of players were dehydrated. Reported daily fluid intake was significantly (p<0.001, d=0.95, large effect) higher in EU compared to DE players. Daily fluid intake negatively correlated with USG (rS=-0.46, p<0.001, medium effect). The fluid intake perception score was significantly (p=0.005, d=0.54, medium effect) better in EU compared to DE players. Reported intake perception scores negatively correlated with USG (rS=-0.32, p<0.001, medium effect). However, there was no correlation (rS=-0.09, p=0.34, trivial effect) between thirst perception scores and USG. Thirst perception scores were not significantly different between EU and DE players (p=0.35, d=0.18, trivial effect). Our results indicated that self-assessment of both daily fluid intake and perceived fluid intake matched with objective hydration status, while self-assessment of thirst perception was not an appropriate indicator of hydration status in elite soccer players.
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Fernandez-del-Valle M, Olmedillas H, Gil de Antuñano NP, Ribas AM, Martínez-Camblor P, García-Gonzalez Á, Úbeda N, Iglesias-Gutiérrez E. Concordance between Laboratory and Field Methods for the Assessment of Body Fat in Olympic Combat Athletes: Analysis of the Influence of Adiposity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084493. [PMID: 35457361 PMCID: PMC9032486 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Combat sports athletes competing in the same discipline exhibit notable and substantial differences in body weight, body composition (BC) and adiposity. No studies have considered the influence of adiposity levels in the agreement between different BC assessment methods. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of adiposity in the agreement between different methods used to estimate relative body fat (%BF) in Olympic combat sport athletes. A total of 38 male athletes were evaluated using air displacement plethysmography and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as laboratory methods, and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), near-infrared interactance (NIR) and anthropometry as field methods. All methods were compared to DXA. Agreement analyses were performed by means of individual intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for each method compared to DXA, Bland−Altman plots and paired Student t-tests. The ICCs for the different methods compared to DXA were analyzed, considering tertiles of %BF, tertiles of body weight and type of sport. For the whole group, individual ICCs oscillated between 0.806 for BIA and 0.942 for anthropometry. BIA showed a statistically significant underestimation of %BF when compared to DXA. The agreement between every method and DXA was not affected by %BF, but it was highest in athletes at the highest %BF tertile (>13%). The ICC between NIR and DXA was poor in 72−82 kg athletes. Our results indicate that field methods are useful for routine %BF analysis, and that anthropometry is particularly appropriate, as it showed the highest accuracy irrespective of the athletes’ adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernandez-del-Valle
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (H.O.); (E.I.-G.)
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-985-10-35-61
| | - Hugo Olmedillas
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (H.O.); (E.I.-G.)
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Ana María Ribas
- Sports Medicine Center, Higher Council for Sports, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (N.P.G.d.A.); (A.M.R.)
| | - Pablo Martínez-Camblor
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA;
| | - Ángela García-Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences, CEU San Pablo University, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain; (Á.G.-G.); (N.Ú.)
| | - Natalia Úbeda
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences, CEU San Pablo University, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain; (Á.G.-G.); (N.Ú.)
| | - Eduardo Iglesias-Gutiérrez
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (H.O.); (E.I.-G.)
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
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Effect of Rapid Weight Loss on Hydration Status and Performance in Elite Judo Athletes. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040500. [PMID: 35453700 PMCID: PMC9031997 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of 5% rapid weight loss on hydration status and judo performance in highly trained judo athletes. Methods: Eighteen male judo athletes participated in the study and were divided into two groups: control and rapid weight loss (RWL). RWL athletes were given 48 h to cut 5% of their body mass while the control group followed their routines. Athletes performed three measurements, including hydration, body mass and three consecutive special judo fitness tests (SJFTs). At the 1st and 6th minutes following each SJFT and 1st, 6th and 15th minutes following the last SJFT, blood lactate and heart rate (HR) was monitored. Results: The effect of RWL on variables was tested with split-plot ANOVA. RWL significantly affected urine specific gravity with a higher value following weight loss compared to baseline and recovery (F2-32 = 13.2, p < 0.001). In addition, athletes’ SJFT total throw numbers differed among measurements (F2-32 = 7.70, p < 0.001). Athletes presented worse SJFT index after weight loss (F2-32 = 8.05, p = 0.01; F1-16 = 6.43, p = 0.02, respectively). HR changed significantly among measurements days and times (F28-448 = 143.10, p < 0.001). Conclusion: RWL induced dehydration and impaired heart rate recovery in highly trained judo athletes, and they could not rehydrate between competition simulated weigh-in and 15 h of recovery.
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Schanz M, Kimmel M, Büchele G, Lindemann U, Schricker S, Becker C, Alscher MD, Rapp K. Gender-Specific Differences of Renal Heat Tolerance in Older Adults during Heat Waves. Gerontology 2021; 68:1018-1026. [PMID: 34864733 DOI: 10.1159/000520324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat waves are known to cause increased morbidity and mortality in susceptible populations like old and functionally impaired people. The objective of the study was to assess renal tubular stress, a predictor for development of acute kidney injury, during heat waves in Central Europe. As a marker of renal tubular stress tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 [TIMP-2]·insulin-like growth factor binding protein-7 [IGFBP7], a new FDA-cleared renal tubular stress biomarker, was used. MATERIALS AND METHODS 68 residents from facilities of sheltered housing with urine samples collected at heat waves in 2015 and at control visits were included. Urinary [TIMP-2]·[IGFBP7] was compared between the heat waves and the control visits. Multivariate linear models were adjusted for age, frailty index, and functional comorbidity index. RESULTS The median age was 82.0 years, 82.3% were women. The percentage of elevated levels of urinary [TIMP-2]·[IGFBP7] (>0.3 [ng/mL]2/1,000) in the total study population was higher at the heat waves than at the control visits (25.0% vs. 17.7%). The effect of the heat waves on urinary [TIMP-2]·[IGFBP7] was stronger in men than in women: The percentage of elevated levels was 75.0% in men and 14.3% in women. In the multivariate analysis, the mean urinary [TIMP-2]·[IGFBP7] was 0.48 (95% CI 0.25; 0.70) (ng/mL)2/1,000 higher in men than in women. Except gender, a number of additional variables did not show an association with urinary [TIMP-2]·[IGFBP7] at the heat waves or the control visits. CONCLUSIONS At heat waves, urinary [TIMP-2]·[IGFBP7] was elevated and higher in men than in women. This suggests gender-specific differences in renal heat tolerance in older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Schanz
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Robert-Bosch-Hospital Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Martin Kimmel
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension and Autoimmune Disorders, Alb-Fils Kliniken, Göppingen, Germany
| | - Gisela Büchele
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ulrich Lindemann
- Clinic for Geriatric Rehabilitation, Robert-Bosch-Hospital Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Severin Schricker
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Robert-Bosch-Hospital Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Clemens Becker
- Clinic for Geriatric Rehabilitation, Robert-Bosch-Hospital Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mark Dominik Alscher
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Robert-Bosch-Hospital Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kilian Rapp
- Clinic for Geriatric Rehabilitation, Robert-Bosch-Hospital Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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Ceylan B, Balci SS. Dehydration and Rapid Weight Gain Between Weigh-in and Competition in Judo Athletes: The Differences between Women and Men. Res Sports Med 2021:1-11. [PMID: 34689671 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1989435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the sex differences in short-term weight change and hydration status in judo athletes. Thirty-five men and 15 women judo athletes voluntarily participated in this descriptive and repeated measures design study. Body mass, urine-specific gravity (USG), and body composition of the athletes were measured at the official weigh-in and the competition day's morning. Body mass of the athletes increased during recovery time between official weigh-in and before the competition (time factor; F1-48 = 71.81, p < 0.001), this increase was higher in men athletes compared to women athletes (time-sex interaction; F1-48 = 6.56, p = 0.01). With RWG, USG values of the women and men athletes decreased (time factor; F1-48 = 8.53, p = 0.005). However, most of the athletes were still in significant or serious dehydration state. Unchanged values of total body water rates (TBW) supported dehydration in athletes before the competition (time factor, F1-48 = 2.9, p = 0.091; time-sex interaction; F1-48= 2.4, p = 0.122). The findings of the study indicated that RWG was higher in men athletes compared to women athletes, but hydration status was not affected by sex factor.Notwithstanding 15 hours of recovery between official weigh-in and the start of the competition, judo athletes were still in dehydrated state despite remaining within the limit set for RWG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayram Ceylan
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Sukru Serdar Balci
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
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Brown GA, Shaw BS, Shaw I. How much water is in a mouthful, and how many mouthfuls should I drink? A laboratory exercise to help students understand developing a hydration plan. ADVANCES IN PHYSIOLOGY EDUCATION 2021; 45:589-593. [PMID: 34379481 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00062.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Preventing impairments in athletic performance is an important concept for students that are preparing for careers that involve working with athletes. Gaining hands on, laboratory-based experience in measuring exercise induced dehydration can help students understand how to help athletes prevent dehydration induced impairment in performance. This article describes a laboratory exercise for junior and senior students in a sports nutrition class, in which the students measure changes in body mass (as a measure of dehydration) due to 40 min of moderate-intensity exercise and 40 min of vigorous-intensity exercise. The students also measure how much water is in a mouthful from a sports bottle and from a drinking fountain. The students then calculate how many mouthfuls are necessary to replace exercise induced fluid losses. This laboratory exercise has been well received by students and has improved performance on the test regarding hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Brown
- Physical Activity and Wellness Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Science, University of Nebraska, Kearney, Nebraska
| | - Brandon S Shaw
- Department of Human Movement Science, University of Zululand, Kwadlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Ina Shaw
- Department of Human Movement Science, University of Zululand, Kwadlangezwa, South Africa
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Gender Differences in Neuromuscular, Haematological and Urinary Responses during Padel Matches. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115864. [PMID: 34072562 PMCID: PMC8198594 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research on the acute physiological response to a padel match is limited. The present study aimed to: (a) evaluate neuromuscular, urinary, and hematological responses after simulated padel competition (SC) and (b) analyze possible gender differences. In this study, 28 high-level padel players participated (men = 13, age = 26.83 ± 6.57 years; women = 15, age = 30.07 ± 4.36 years). The following parameters were analyzed before and after SC: neuromuscular (hand grip strength, squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and Abalakov jump (ABK)), hematological (red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit), and urinary (pH, specific gravity, microalbuminuria, and red blood cells). Significant gender differences were found in neuromuscular and hematological responses, with men obtaining higher values (p < 0.05). For the SC influence, changes were noted in ABK and microalbuminuria (p < 0.05). The percentages of change in hand grip strength, SJ (height and watts), CMJ (height), and ABK (height) were higher for men than women (p < 0.05). SC negatively influenced the neuromuscular parameters to a greater extent in women. Our results could be related to gender differences in game actions, the temporal structure, and anthropometric and physiological characteristics. Game dynamics and a different organic response between male and female padel playing were confirmed.
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Chycki J, Kostrzewa M, Maszczyk A, Zajac A. Chronic Ingestion of Bicarbonate-Rich Water Improves Anaerobic Performance in Hypohydrated Elite Judo Athletes: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094948. [PMID: 34066531 PMCID: PMC8125249 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In combat sports, anaerobic power and anaerobic capacity determine sport performance and the dominant metabolic pathways. The decline in performance during exercise that is attributed to the cumulative effects of fatigue, including excessive accumulation of metabolites, depletion of energy substrates, and water and electrolyte disturbances, seems to be of greatest significance. In our experiment, we evaluated the effectiveness of three weeks of bicarbonate-rich water ingestion on anaerobic performance in a state of hydration and dehydration in elite judo athletes. Eight male, elite judo athletes participated in two single-blind, repeated-measures trials. They were assigned to two hydration protocols, ingesting low mineralized table water and bicarbonate-rich water. Anaerobic performance was evaluated by two 30 s Wingate tests for lower and upper limbs, respectively, under conditions of hydration as well as exercise-induced dehydration. Resting, post-ingestion, and post-exercise concentrations of bicarbonate (HCO3), urine osmolality (UOSM), urine specific gravity (UGRAV), and lactate (La) were measured. The current investigation assessed two related factors that impair anaerobic performance-hypohydration and buffering capacity. High-bicarbonate water ingestion improved buffering capacity, and we demonstrated the potential role of this mechanism and its phenomenon in masking the adverse effects of dehydration in the context of repeated high-intensity anaerobic exercise (HIAE).
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Castor-Praga C, Lopez-Walle JM, Sanchez-Lopez J. Multilevel Evaluation of Rapid Weight Loss in Wrestling and Taekwondo. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2021; 6:637671. [PMID: 33898554 PMCID: PMC8062768 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2021.637671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The practice of strategies for rapid weight loss (RWL) involve diverse factors, such as individual expectations, social interactions, structural elements, etc., conforming to a "culture" of RWL, which must be evaluated and understood in a broad sense. Based on the need of a comprehensive evaluation of the use of RWL in practitioners of combat sports, an ad hoc questionnaire designed for this study, which includes the types and detailed descriptions of RWL strategies, that athletes currently use, the prevalence and frequency of use, the physiological and psychological consequences, the perception of the effect of RWL on their own performance and finally, the individuals who influence the adoption of this practice. One hundred and sixty combat athletes from wrestling and taekwondo disciplines, from Mexico, filled out this questionnaire. Data collected for their statistical analyses. Results revealed a RWL strategies prevalence of 96% across the participants. Our results revealed that 57% of those athletes using RWL lose more than 5% of their body mass. Across the athletes, the most commonly used RWL strategies and with higher intensity were increased exercise and training with plastic or thick clothes. The greater the relative weight loss, the greater the presence of physiological symptoms in athletes, such as rapid breathing and blood pressure. Athletes also mentioned mood states such as tiredness, sadness, confusion, fatigue and vigor, these last two positive and negative mood states are associated with the relative weight loss, respectively. Finally, the people who most influenced the adoption of RWL strategies were the coaches, parents and nutritionists. In conclusion, the questionnaire prepared for this study allowed us to obtain valuable information about the several factors, and their interactions, involved in the practice of RWL in combat athletes. This type of practice could increase health risks and decrease their performance. Therefore, here we state the importance of a comprehensive evaluation of RWL strategies that allows the development of psycho-educational and social-based interventions and programs for the promotion of proper weight maintenance, and prevention against RWL strategies, involving the individuals who influence the adoption of these practices and supporting it with the help of communication technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Castor-Praga
- Facultad de Organización Deportiva, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Jeanette M. Lopez-Walle
- Facultad de Organización Deportiva, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Javier Sanchez-Lopez
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Cognitivas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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Wardenaar F, Ortega-Santos CP, Vento K, Olzinski S, Olig J, Kavouras S, Johnston C. Reliability of Three Urine Specific Gravity Meters Measuring Brix and Urine Solutions at Different Temperatures. J Athl Train 2021; 56:389-395. [PMID: 33788928 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0142.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The measurement of urine specific gravity should be performed at room temperature (20 °C) but sample temperature is not always taken in consideration. OBJECTIVE Evaluate the effect of sample temperature on the measurement accuracy of a digital (DIG) and optical (MAN) refractometer and a hydrometer (HYD). DESIGN Quantitative comparison between measurement outcomes for a reference solution (sucrose, degrees Brix) and fresh collected urine samples. SAMPLES Experiment 1 used a 24 Brix (°Bx) samples and experiment 2 used 33 fresh urine samples. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Urine specific gravity (USG). RESULTS Experiment 1 showed DIG and MAN did not differ from reference, but HYD reported lower or inconsistent values compared to Bx, while highly correlating with Bx solutions (r: > 0.89). The overall diagnostic ability of elevated USG (≥ 1.020; ≥ 1.025; ≥ 1.030) was high for all tools (AUC > 0.92). Misclassification of samples increased from 0 to 2 at 1.020 to 1 to 3 samples at cutoff 1.025 and 1.030 USG. Bland-Altman analysis showed DIG 5 °C underreports slightly without reporting bias (r: -0.344, P = 0.13); all other plots for DIG, MAN, and HYD showed considerably larger underreporting at higher concentrations (r ranging from -0.21 to -0.97 with P > .02) at all temperatures. The outcomes of experiment 2 using DIG 20°C as standard, showed only negligible differences between DIG and MAN at all temperatures, but larger differences using HYD. CONCLUSIONS All tools showed reporting bias when compared to °Bx solutions which can impact classification of low and high urine concentration at higher USG cutoff values, especially at a sample temperature of 37 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kaila Vento
- College of Health Solutions Arizona State University, Phoenix
| | | | - Jason Olig
- College of Health Solutions Arizona State University, Phoenix
| | | | - Carol Johnston
- College of Health Solutions Arizona State University, Phoenix
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Hasegawa K, Yamaguchi Y, Tanaka M. Differential roles of VPS and RAAS in water homeostasis and a risk for kidney dysfunction in rats undergoing rapid fasting/dehydration with regular exercise. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14670. [PMID: 33400404 PMCID: PMC7785051 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We examined the effects of rapid restriction of food and fluid intake on the pathways of water homeostasis, the vasopressinergic system (VPS), and the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), in rats with or without regular exercise. Methods Sprague Dawley rats were divided into the following groups: no intervention, rapid restriction, regular exercise, and rapid restriction combined with regular exercise. Rats in the exercise group performed climbing exercise for 4 weeks. All rats consumed food ad libitum, and those in the rapid restriction group fasted for the last 3 days with no water on the last 1 day. Results Despite no significant differences in body weight among the groups, the kidney weight was decreased when rapid restriction and regular exercise were combined. Rapid restriction reduced the urine volume and increased the urine osmolality, whereas regular exercise did not. Rapid restriction but not regular exercise increased the levels of circulating aldosterone and the renal expression levels of the ion channel SGK‐1 compared to those without rapid restriction, indicating the stimulation of RAAS. Conversely, VPS showed no significant response to these interventions. Moreover, rapid restriction combined with regular exercise induced the renal expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines and increased the active forms of apoptotic effector caspase‐3 compared with the no intervention group. Conclusions Functional significance may differ between VPS and RAAS in water homeostasis in response to rapid restriction. Moreover, the combination of rapid restriction and regular exercise has potentially deleterious effects on the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- KazuyA Hasegawa
- Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Morioka University, Takizawa city, Japan
| | - Yuya Yamaguchi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Japan
| | - Masashi Tanaka
- Department of Physical Therapy, Health Science University, Minamitsuru-gun, Japan
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18
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Belfort FG, Amorim PRDS, Silva CE, Gonçalves CFF, Niquini PR, Silva RP, Marins JCB. FLUID BALANCE DURING TAEKWONDO TRAINING. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220212701113775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction Dehydration has been described as one of the main factors of reduced performance in combat sports activities, leading to death in extreme cases. Objective To investigate the pre-training hydration status and changes in fluid homeostasis during two taekwondo training sessions. Methods Eighteen male college athletes (age 22.6 ± 3.37 years) were assessed. The study design aimed to reproduce the conditions of a 90-minute taekwondo training session, divided into three stages: a) warm-up exercises (20 min); b) poomsae (30 min) and c) technical training (40 min). The athletes had ad libitum water intake during training. To assess the hydration status we considered body mass (BM), the amount of liquid consumed and urine output, which enabled us to establish absolute and relative fluid loss in kg and percentage as well as the sweating rate. We also considered urine specific gravity (USG), urine color (U-COL), and subjective sensation of thirst (Sthirst) before and after the training session. Pre- and post-training results were compared separately in each session and between sessions. Results There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in pre-training BM between the two days of training. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the final BM on both days of the experiment. Most subjects had relative dehydration below 2%. A significant difference (P<0.05) was recorded pre and post training for U-COL and Sthirst, with the highest rates obtained at the end of each session. Participants always started training at a low dehydration status (USG >1,020g.ml-1). Conclusions The athletes tended to start the training sessions in dehydration status, which increases over the course of the training. Ad libitum water intake was not sufficient to balance fluid loss. Changes in fluid levels between sessions were similar. Level of Evidence II; Therapeutic Studies Investigating the Results Level of Treatment.
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19
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Barley OR, Chapman DW, Abbiss CR. Reviewing the current methods of assessing hydration in athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:52. [PMID: 33126891 PMCID: PMC7602338 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite a substantial body of research, no clear best practice guidelines exist for the assessment of hydration in athletes. Body water is stored in and shifted between different sites throughout the body complicating hydration assessment. This review seeks to highlight the unique strengths and limitations of various hydration assessment methods described in the literature as well as providing best practice guidelines. Main body There is a plethora of methods that range in validity and reliability, including complicated and invasive methods (i.e. neutron activation analysis and stable isotope dilution), to moderately invasive blood, urine and salivary variables, progressing to non-invasive metrics such as tear osmolality, body mass, bioimpedance analysis, and sensation of thirst. Any single assessment of hydration status is problematic. Instead, the recommended approach is to use a combination, which have complementary strengths, which increase accuracy and validity. If methods such as salivary variables, urine colour, vital signs and sensation of thirst are utilised in isolation, great care must be taken due to their lack of sensitivity, reliability and/or accuracy. Detailed assessments such as neutron activation and stable isotope dilution analysis are highly accurate but expensive, with significant time delays due to data analysis providing little potential for immediate action. While alternative variables such as hormonal and electrolyte concentration, bioimpedance and tear osmolality require further research to determine their validity and reliability before inclusion into any test battery. Conclusion To improve best practice additional comprehensive research is required to further the scientific understanding of evaluating hydration status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R Barley
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.
| | - Dale W Chapman
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.,Performance Support, New South Wales Institute of Sport, Sydney Olympic Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Chris R Abbiss
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
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20
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Kostelnik SB, Davy KP, Hedrick VE, Thomas DT, Davy BM. The Validity of Urine Color as a Hydration Biomarker within the General Adult Population and Athletes: A Systematic Review. J Am Coll Nutr 2020; 40:172-179. [PMID: 32330109 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1750073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Frequent monitoring of hydration status may help to avoid the adverse effects of dehydration. Other than urine color assessment, hydration assessment methods are largely impractical for the general population and athletes to implement on a routine basis. Despite its widespread use, the validity of urine color as an indicator of hydration status has not been systematically evaluated. The objective of this systematic review is to determine the validity of urine color evaluation as a hydration status assessment method in the general adult population, older adults, and athletes. Using the PRISMA guidelines, electronic databases were searched to identify original research articles of all study design types for inclusion. Of the 424 articles screened, 10 met inclusion criteria. Most studies compared urine color to either urinary specific gravity or urine osmolality, and reported significant associations (r) ranging from 0.40 to 0.93. Lower correlations were noted in studies of adults aged >60 years. Studies generally reported a high sensitivity of urine color as a diagnostic tool for detecting dehydration and supported the ability of this method to distinguish across categories of hydration status. Research is needed to determine if clinicians, patients, and clients can accurately utilize this method in clinical and real-world settings. Future research is also needed to extend these findings to other populations, such as children.Key teaching pointsInadequate hydration can lead to impairments in physical performance and cognitive function.Methods used to assess hydration status include plasma/serum osmolality, urinary specific gravity (USG), urine osmolality (Uosm), change in body weight, urine volume, and urine color.Urine color assessment is a practical method that is routinely used in clinical, athletic, and other settings. The validity of this method has not been systemically evaluated.Available research was limited to 10 articles.Validity of this method was generally supported; however, research has not investigated the validity of this method by clinicians, patients and clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha B Kostelnik
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Kevin P Davy
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Valisa E Hedrick
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - D Travis Thomas
- Department of Athletic Training & Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Brenda M Davy
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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Lillo-Beviá JR, Courel-Ibáñez J, Cerezuela-Espejo V, Morán-Navarro R, Martínez-Cava A, Pallarés JG. Is the Functional Threshold Power a Valid Metric to Estimate the Maximal Lactate Steady State in Cyclists? J Strength Cond Res 2019; 36:167-173. [PMID: 31714462 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lillo-Beviá, JR, Courel-Ibáñez, J, Cerezuela-Espejo, V, Morán-Navarro, R, Martínez-Cava, A, and Pallarés, JG. Is the functional threshold power a valid metric to estimate the maximal lactate steady state in cyclists? J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2019-The aims of this study were to determine (a) the repeatability of a 20-minute time-trial (TT20), (b) the location of the TT20 in relation to the main physiological events of the aerobic-anaerobic transition, and (c) the predictive power of a list of correction factors and linear/multiple regression analysis applied to the TT20 result to estimate the individual maximal lactate steady state (MLSS). Under laboratory conditions, 11 trained male cyclists and triathletes (V[Combining Dot Above]O2max 59.7 ± 3.0 ml·kg·min) completed a maximal graded exercise test to record the power output associated with the first and second ventilatory thresholds and V[Combining Dot Above]O2max measured by indirect calorimetry, several 30 minutes constant tests to determine the MLSS, and 2 TT20 tests with a short warm-up. Very high repeatability of TT20 tests was confirmed (standard error of measurement of ±3 W and smallest detectable change of ±9 W). Validity results revealed that MLSS differed substantially from TT20 (bias = 26 ± 7 W). The maximal lactate steady state was then estimated from the traditional 95% factor (bias = 12 ± 7 W) and a novel individual correction factor (ICF% = MLSS/TT20), resulting in 91% (bias = 1 ± 6 W). Complementary linear (MLSS = 0.7488 × TT20 + 43.24; bias = 0 ± 5 W) and multiple regression analysis (bias = 0 ± 4 W) substantially improved the individual MLSS workload estimation. These findings suggest reconsidering the TT20 procedures and calculations to increase the effectiveness of the MLSS prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ramón Lillo-Beviá
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Hydration Status and Fluid Needs of Division I Female Collegiate Athletes Exercising Indoors and Outdoors. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7070155. [PMID: 31247986 PMCID: PMC6681079 DOI: 10.3390/sports7070155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose was to determine differences in acute and chronic hydration status in female student-athletes (n = 40) practicing in moderate, dry conditions (17-25 °C, 30-57% humidity) indoors and outdoors. Body weight and urine samples were recorded before and after exercise as well as fluid intake. Sweat rates expressed as median and interquartile range did not differ, but fluid intake was significantly higher during indoor (0.64 [0.50, 0.83] L/h) vs. outdoor conditions (0.51 [0.43, 0.63] L/h), p = 0.001. Fluid intake compensated for indoor sweat rate but not outdoors. When exercising indoors, 49% of the student-athletes reported urine specific gravity (USG) values >1.020, and 24% of the day after morning samples were scored ≥4 on the color chart rating. The percentages increased to 58% and 31%, respectively, when exercising outdoors (p > 0.05). Thus, fluid intake was higher indoors vs. outdoors but sweat rate did not differ among athletes. Yet, chronic hydration status was impaired in more than 50% of the student-athletes with a discrepancy between USG scores and urine color scores identifying underhydration. This suggest that 24-h fluid intake should be taken into account and that hydration protocols may need to be tailored individually based on urine USG values. Practice location (indoors vs. outdoors) may further complicate hydration protocols.
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Zubac D, Paravlic A, Reale R, Jelaska I, Morrison SA, Ivancev V. Fluid balance and hydration status in combat sport Olympic athletes: a systematic review with meta-analysis of controlled and uncontrolled studies. Eur J Nutr 2019; 58:497-514. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-01937-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nutong R, Mungthin M, Hatthachote P, Ukritchon S, Imjaijit W, Tengtrakulcharoen P, Panichkul S, Putwatana P, Prapaipanich W, Rangsin R. Personal risk factors associated with heat-related illness among new conscripts undergoing basic training in Thailand. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203428. [PMID: 30180213 PMCID: PMC6122829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cases of exertional heat stroke have been reported every year during basic training for Royal Thai Army (RTA) conscripts. Prevention is an important strategy to reduce the incidence of heat-related illnesses. We conducted a study to identify potential indicators for the prevention and monitoring of heat-related illnesses among military conscripts undergoing basic training in Thailand. All newly inducted RTA conscripts in 5 basic training units in 5 regions in Thailand were invited to participate in a prospective cohort study from May 1 to July 9, 2013. The incidence rate of heat-related illnesses and the incidence rate ratio (IRR) based on a Poisson regression model were used to identify the independent factors associated with heat-related illnesses, daily tympanic (body) temperatures higher than 37.5°C, >3% decreases in body weight in one day, and the production of dark brown urine. Eight hundred and nine men aged 21.4 (±1.13) years were enrolled in this study. The prevalence of a body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2 was 5.5%. During the study period, 53 subjects (6.6%) representing 3.41/100 person-months (95% confidence interval (CI), 2.55–4.23) developed heat-related illnesses (excluding heat rash), and no subjects experienced heat stroke. The incidence rates of a daily tympanic temperature >37.5°C at least once, body weight loss of >3% per day, and the production of dark brown urine at least once were 8.27/100 person-months (95% CI, 7.69–8.93), 47.91/100 person-months (95% CI, 44.22–51.58), and 682.11/100 person-months (95% CI, 635.49–728.52), respectively. The sole identified independent factor related to the incidence of heat-related illnesses was a BMI ≥30 kg/m2 (adjusted IRR = 2.66, 95% CI, 1.01–7.03). In conclusion, a high BMI was associated with heat-related illnesses among conscripts undergoing basic training in Thailand. Daily monitoring of heat-related illnesses, body temperature, body weight and urine color in each new conscript during basic military training was feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudchanu Nutong
- Ramathibodi School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mathirut Mungthin
- Department of Pharmacology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panadda Hatthachote
- Department of Physiology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supak Ukritchon
- Office of Research and Development, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Worarachanee Imjaijit
- Office of Research and Development, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Suthee Panichkul
- Department of Military and Community Medicine, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panwadee Putwatana
- Ramathibodi School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wonnapha Prapaipanich
- Ramathibodi School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ram Rangsin
- Department of Military and Community Medicine, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Morán-Navarro R, Courel-Ibáñez J, Martínez-Cava A, Conesa-Ros E, Sánchez-Pay A, Mora-Rodriguez R, Pallarés JG. Validity of Skin, Oral and Tympanic Temperatures During Exercise in the Heat: Effects of Wind and Sweat. Ann Biomed Eng 2018; 47:317-331. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-018-02115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Rapid Weight Loss Is Not Associated With Competitive Success in Elite Youth Olympic-Style Boxers in Europe. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:860-866. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To examine the influence of rapid weight loss (RWL) on competitive success in elite youth Olympic-style boxers. In addition, this study examined the practice and prevalence of weight reduction, weight-management protocols, and related symptoms in youth boxers from 12 European countries (N = 83, all males, mean [SD] age 17.1 [0.9] y). Methods: The data were collected using an extensive questionnaire on weight cutting and its associated protocols and symptoms prior to highest-level continental championships. Competition results were obtained at follow-up using a dichotomous variable: medal winning vs nonwinning at the European Championships. Results: Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that “boxing experience” was significantly related to the criterion competitive outcome (odds ratio = 1.33; 95% confidence interval, 1.06–1.66; Nagelkerke R2 = .11), with a higher likelihood of competitive success for more-experienced boxers. Of all the youth boxers, only 25% were included in the RWL group, irrespective of their weight-class stratification. More than 45% of all the youth boxers self-reported the simultaneous combination of different weight-cutting methods that are known to be serious health hazards. Finally, 33% of the boxers experienced muscle weakness as a consequence of RWL. Conclusions: Our study provided evidence of pathogenic weight-management protocols that are widely adopted by youth boxers, and yet the present outcomes showed that RWL did not translate into competitive success in these elite Olympic-style boxers in Europe. Therefore, the authors suggest a mandatory educational program that should simultaneously target all the mentioned issues including both health- and performance-threatening consequences.
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Castizo-Olier J, Irurtia A, Jemni M, Carrasco-Marginet M, Fernández-García R, Rodríguez FA. Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) in sport and exercise: Systematic review and future perspectives. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197957. [PMID: 29879146 PMCID: PMC5991700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) is a general concept that includes all methodologies used in the analysis of the bioelectrical vector, whereas the "classic" BIVA is a patented methodology included among these methods of analysis. Once this was clarified, the systematic review of the literature provides a deeper insight into the scope and range of application of BIVA in sport and exercise. Objective The main goal of this work was to systematically review the sources on the applications of BIVA in sport and exercise and to examine its usefulness and suitability as a technique for the evaluation of body composition, hydration status, and other physiological and clinical relevant characteristics, ultimately to trace future perspectives in this growing area, including a proposal for a research agenda. Methods Systematic literature searches in PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Scopus databases up to July, 2017 were conducted on any empirical investigations using phase-sensitive bioimpedance instruments to perform BIVA within exercise and sport contexts. The search included healthy sedentary individuals, physically active subjects and athletes. Result Nineteen eligible papers were included and classified as sixteen original articles and three scientific conference communications. Three studies analysed short-term variations in the hydration status evoked by exercise/training through whole-body measurements, eleven assessed whole-body body composition changes induced by long-term exercise, four compared athletic groups or populations using the whole-body assessment, and two analysed bioelectrical patterns of athletic injuries or muscle damage through localised bioimpedance measurements. Conclusions BIVA is a relatively new technique that has potential in sport and exercise, especially for the assessment of soft-tissue injury. On the other hand, the current tolerance ellipses of “classic” BIVA are not a valid method to identify dehydration in individual athletes and a new approach is needed. “Specific” BIVA, a method which proposes a correction of bioelectrical values for body geometry, emerges as the key to overcome “classic” BIVA limitations regarding the body composition assessment. Further research establishing standardised testing procedures and investigating the relationship between physiology and the bioelectrical signal in sport and exercise is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Castizo-Olier
- INEFC-Barcelona Sport Sciences Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan School of Kinanthropometry, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfredo Irurtia
- INEFC-Barcelona Sport Sciences Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan School of Kinanthropometry, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Monèm Jemni
- Department of Sport Science, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Marta Carrasco-Marginet
- INEFC-Barcelona Sport Sciences Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan School of Kinanthropometry, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raúl Fernández-García
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran A. Rodríguez
- INEFC-Barcelona Sport Sciences Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
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Zubac D, Reale R, Karnincic H, Sivric A, Jelaska I. Urine specific gravity as an indicator of dehydration in Olympic combat sport athletes; considerations for research and practice. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:920-929. [PMID: 29746803 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1468483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Urine specific gravity (USG) is the most commonly reported biochemical marker used in research and applied settings to detect fluid deficits in athletes, including those participating in combat sports. Despite the popularity of its use, there has been a growing debate regarding the diagnostic accuracy and the applicability of USG in characterizing whole-body fluid status and fluctuations. Moreover, recent investigations report universally high prevalence of hypohydration (∼90%) via USG assessment in combat sport athletes, often in spite of stable body-mass. Given the widespread use in both research and practice, and its use in a regulatory sense as a 'hydration test' in combat sports as a means to detect dehydration at the time of weigh-in; understanding the limitations and applicability of USG assessment is of paramount importance. Inconsistencies in findings of USG readings, possibly as a consequence of diverse methodological research approaches and/or overlooked confounding factors, preclude a conclusive position stand within current combat sports research and practice. Thus the primary aim of this paper is to critically review the literature regarding USG assessment of hydration status in combat sports research and practice. When taken on balance, the existing literature suggests: the use of laboratory derived benchmarks in applied settings, inconsistent sampling methodologies, the incomplete picture of how various confounding factors affect end-point readings, and the still poorly understood potential of renal adaptation to dehydration in combat athletes; make the utility of hydration assessment via USG measurement quite problematic, particularly when diet and training is not controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Zubac
- a Science and Research Center Koper , Institute for Kinesiology Research , Koper , Slovenia.,c Faculty of Kinesiology , University of Split , Split , Croatia
| | - Reid Reale
- b Gatorade Sports Science Institute , Bradenton , FL , USA
| | - Hrvoje Karnincic
- c Faculty of Kinesiology , University of Split , Split , Croatia
| | | | - Igor Jelaska
- c Faculty of Kinesiology , University of Split , Split , Croatia
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López-Samanes Á, G. Pallarés J, Pérez-López A, Mora-Rodríguez R, Ortega JF. Hormonal and neuromuscular responses during a singles match in male professional tennis players. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195242. [PMID: 29624621 PMCID: PMC5889166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to measure the response of cortisol concentrations around a professional tennis match and its association with hydration status and neuromuscular performance. Nine professional male tennis players were tested in a rest day, and 2-week after, during the first match of a professional tournament played in a clay-court. Salivary concentrations of cortisol (SalCC) were measured in a resting day (9:00 am and 8:00 pm), at the match day (9:00 am and 8:00 pm) and immediately before and after the match. Hydration status was assessed before the match (urine specific gravity; USG) while fluid turnover was tracked during the match. Finally, counter movement jump (CMJ) and handgrip isometric strength (HS) were measured before and after the match. SalCC, either in the morning (P = 0.161) and afternoon (P = 0.683) was similar in rest and match days. However, SalCC increased after the match (P = 0.033). Participants started the match hypohydrated (USG = 1.026±0.002) and during the match lost 1.0±0.3% of body weight despite 1.035±0.124 L/h of fluid ingested. CMJ and HS did not change post-match (P = 0.210 and P = 0.881, respectively). Correlations between the elevations in SalCC and dehydration (% BW loss) during the match were significant (r = -0.632; P = 0.034). Professional male tennis players did not show an anticipatory increase in SalCC the day of the match and neither signs of neuromuscular fatigue after it. During the match, the mild dehydration (i.e., <1.5%) was associated with the increases in cortisol levels which suggests that dehydration may be an added stress to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro López-Samanes
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- School of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Francisco de Vitoria University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús G. Pallarés
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Pérez-López
- Departament of Medicine and Medical Specialties and Department of Biomedical Sciences. Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Alcala, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Mora-Rodríguez
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Juan F. Ortega
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the reliability and diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive urinary dehydration markers in field-based settings on a day-to-day basis in elite adolescent amateur boxers. METHODS Sixty-nine urine samples were collected daily from 23 athletes (17.3 ± 1.9 y) during their weight-stable phase and analyzed by field and laboratory measures of hydration status. Urine osmolality (UOSM), urine specific gravity (USG), total protein content (TPC), and body-mass stability were evaluated to determine fluid balance and hydration status. Overall macronutrient and water intake were determined using dietary records. According to their anthropometric characteristics, athletes were assigned into 2 groups: lightweight (LWB) and heavyweight (HWB) boxers. RESULTS Data presented on UOSM demonstrated a uniform increment by 11.2% ± 12.8% (LWB) and 19.9% ± 22.7% (HWB) (P < .001) over the course of the study, even during the weight-stable phase (body mass, ICC = .99) and ad libitum fluid intake (42 ± 4 mL · kg-1 · d-1). The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) ranged from .52 to .55 for USG and .38 to .52 for UOSM, further indicating inconsistency of the urinary dehydration markers. Poor correlations were found between USG and TPC metabolites (r = .27, P = .211). CONCLUSIONS Urinary dehydration markers (both USG and UOSM) exhibit high variability and seem to be unreliable diagnostic tools to track actual body-weight loss in real-life settings. The ad libitum fluid intake was apparently inadequate to match acute fluid loss during and after intense preparation. The applicability of a single-time-point hydration-status assessment concept may preclude accurate assessment of actual body-weight deficits in youth boxers.
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Walawender L, Patterson J, Strouse R, Ketz J, Saxena V, Alexy E, Schwaderer A. Mobile Technology Application for Improved Urine Concentration Measurement Pilot Study. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:160. [PMID: 29928640 PMCID: PMC5998741 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Low hydration has a deleterious effect on many conditions. In the absence of a urine concentrating defect, urine concentration is a marker of hydration status. However, markers to evaluate hydration status have not been well studied in children. The objectives of this paper are to compare measures of thirst and urine concentration in children and to develop a novel mobile technology application to measure urine concentration. Study Design: Children age 12-17 years were selected (n = 21) for this pilot study. Thirst perception, specific gravity (automated dipstick analysis and refractometer), and urine color scale results were correlated to urine osmolality. The technology department developed a mobile technology camera application to measure light penetrance into urine which was tested on 25 random anonymized urine samples. Results: The patients' thirst perception and color scale as well as two researchers color scale did not significantly correlate with osmolality. Correlation between osmolality and hydration markers resulted in the following Pearson coefficients: SG automated dipstick, 0.61 (P 0.003); SG refractometer, 0.98 (P < 0.0001); urine color scale (patient), 0.37 (P 0.10), and light penetrance, -0.77 (P < 0.0001). The correlation of light penetrance with osmolality was stronger than all measures except SG by refractometer and osmolality. Conclusion: The mobile technology application may be a more accurate tool for urine concentration measurement than specific gravity by automated dipstick, subjective thirst, and urine color scale, but lags behind specific gravity measured by refractometer. The mobile technology application is a step toward patient oriented hydration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Walawender
- Pediatric Residency, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jeremy Patterson
- User Experience Technology Research and Development, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Robert Strouse
- User Experience Technology Research and Development, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - John Ketz
- Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Vijay Saxena
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Emily Alexy
- Biostatistics Core, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Andrew Schwaderer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Trabelsi K, Stannard SR, Chtourou H, Moalla W, Ghozzi H, Jamoussi K, Hakim A. Monitoring athletes’ hydration status and sleep patterns during Ramadan observance: methodological and practical considerations. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2017.1368214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Trabelsi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Stephen R. Stannard
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- UR15JS01: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Wacim Moalla
- UR15JS01: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hanène Ghozzi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Kamel Jamoussi
- Department of Biochemistry, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Hakim
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Zubac D, Marusic U, Karninčič H. Hydration Status Assessment Techniques and Their Applicability Among Olympic Combat Sports Athletes: Literature Review. Strength Cond J 2016. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zubac D, Antelj T, Olujic D, Ivancev V, Morrison SA. Fluid balance and hydration assessment during the weight-stable preparation phase in elite youth boxers. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:719-726. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1184302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Pallarés JG, Martínez-Abellán A, López-Gullón JM, Morán-Navarro R, De la Cruz-Sánchez E, Mora-Rodríguez R. Muscle contraction velocity, strength and power output changes following different degrees of hypohydration in competitive olympic combat sports. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2016; 13:10. [PMID: 26957952 PMCID: PMC4782333 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-016-0121-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is habitual for combat sports athletes to lose weight rapidly to get into a lower weight class. Fluid restriction, dehydration by sweating (sauna or exercise) and the use of diuretics are among the most recurrent means of weight cutting. Although it is difficult to dissuade athletes from this practice due to the possible negative effect of severe dehydration on their health, athletes may be receptive to avoid weight cutting if there is evidence that it could affect their muscle performance. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate if hypohydration, to reach a weight category, affects neuromuscular performance and combat sports competition results. Methods We tested 163 (124 men and 39 woman) combat sports athletes during the 2013 senior Spanish National Championships. Body mass and urine osmolality (UOSM) were measured at the official weigh-in (PRE) and 13–18 h later, right before competing (POST). Athletes were divided according to their USOM at PRE in euhydrated (EUH; UOSM 250–700 mOsm · kgH2O−1), hypohydrated (HYP; UOSM 701–1080 mOsm · kgH2O−1) and severely hypohydrated (S-HYP; UOSM 1081–1500 mOsm · kgH2O−1). Athletes’ muscle strength, power output and contraction velocity were measured in upper (bench press and grip) and lower body (countermovement jump - CMJ) muscle actions at PRE and POST time-points. Results At weigh-in 84 % of the participants were hypohydrated. Before competition (POST) UOSM in S-HYP and HYP decreased but did not reach euhydration levels. However, this partial rehydration increased bench press contraction velocity (2.8-7.3 %; p < 0.05) and CMJ power (2.8 %; p < 0.05) in S-HYP. Sixty-three percent of the participants competed with a body mass above their previous day’s weight category and 70 of them (69 % of that sample) obtained a medal. Conclusions Hypohydration is highly prevalent among combat sports athletes at weigh-in and not fully reversed in the 13–18 h from weigh-in to competition. Nonetheless, partial rehydration recovers upper and lower body neuromuscular performance in the severely hypohydrated participants. Our data suggest that the advantage of competing in a lower weight category could compensate the declines in neuromuscular performance at the onset of competition, since 69 % of medal winners underwent marked hypohydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Pallarés
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain ; Exercise Physiology Laboratory, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - A Martínez-Abellán
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - J M López-Gullón
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - R Morán-Navarro
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain ; Exercise Physiology Laboratory, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - E De la Cruz-Sánchez
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - R Mora-Rodríguez
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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McKenzie AL, Muñoz CX, Ellis LA, Perrier ET, Guelinckx I, Klein A, Kavouras SA, Armstrong LE. Urine color as an indicator of urine concentration in pregnant and lactating women. Eur J Nutr 2015; 56:355-362. [PMID: 26572890 PMCID: PMC5290087 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aim
Urine concentration measured via osmolality (UOSM) and specific gravity (USG) reflects the adequacy of daily fluid intake, which has important relationships to health in pregnant (PREG) and lactating (LACT) women. Urine color (UCOL) may be a practical, surrogate marker for whole-body hydration status.
Purpose To determine whether UCOL was a valid measure of urine concentration in PREG and LACT, and pair-matched non-pregnant, non-lactating control women (CON). Methods Eighteen PREG/LACT (age 31 ± 1 years, pre-pregnancy BMI 24.3 ± 5.9 kg m−2) and eighteen CON (age 29 ± 4 years, BMI 24.1 ± 3.7 kg m−2) collected 24-h and single-urine samples on specified daily voids at five time points (15 ± 2, 26 ± 1, and 37 ± 1 weeks gestation, 3 ± 1 and 9 ± 1 weeks postpartum during lactation; CON visits were separated by similar time intervals) for measurement of 24-h UOSM, USG, and UCOL and single-sample UOSM and UCOL. Results Twenty-four-hour UCOL was significantly correlated with 24-h UOSM (r = 0.6085–0.8390, P < 0.0001) and 24-h USG (r = 0.6213–0.8985, P < 0.0001) in all groups. A 24-h UCOL ≥ 4 (AUC = 0.6848–0.9513, P < 0.05) and single-sample UCOL ≥ 4 (AUC = 0.9094–0.9216, P < 0.0001) indicated 24-h UOSM ≥ 500 mOsm kg−1 (representing inadequate fluid intake) in PREG, LACT, and CON. Conclusions Urine color was a valid marker of urine concentration in all groups. Thus, PREG, LACT, and CON can utilize UCOL to monitor their daily fluid balance. Women who present with a UCOL ≥ 4 likely have a UOSM ≥ 500 mOsm kg−1 and should increase fluid consumption to improve overall hydration status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L McKenzie
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, 2095 Hillside Road, U1110, Storrs, CT, 06269-1110, USA.
| | - Colleen X Muñoz
- Department of Health Sciences and Nursing, University of Hartford, 200 Bloomfield Ave, West Hartford, CT, 06117, USA
| | - Lindsay A Ellis
- Centre for Heart Lung and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia, 1147 Research Road, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | | | | | - Alexis Klein
- Danone Research, RD 128, 91767, Palaiseau, France
| | - Stavros A Kavouras
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, 155 Stadium Drive, HPER 321, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Lawrence E Armstrong
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, 2095 Hillside Road, U1110, Storrs, CT, 06269-1110, USA
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Fernández-Elías VE, Hamouti N, Ortega JF, Mora-Rodríguez R. Hyperthermia, but not muscle water deficit, increases glycogen use during intense exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 25 Suppl 1:126-34. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - N. Hamouti
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory; University of Castilla - La Mancha; Toledo Spain
| | - J. F. Ortega
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory; University of Castilla - La Mancha; Toledo Spain
| | - R. Mora-Rodríguez
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory; University of Castilla - La Mancha; Toledo Spain
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Fernández-Elías VE, Ortega JF, Nelson RK, Mora-Rodriguez R. Relationship between muscle water and glycogen recovery after prolonged exercise in the heat in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:1919-26. [PMID: 25911631 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It is usually stated that glycogen is stored in human muscle bound to water in a proportion of 1:3 g. We investigated this proportion in biopsy samples during recovery from prolonged exercise. METHODS On two occasions, nine aerobically trained subjects ([Formula: see text] = 54.4 ± 1.05 mL kg(-1) min(-1); mean ± SD) dehydrated 4.6 ± 0.2 % by cycling 150 min at 65 % [Formula: see text] in a hot-dry environment (33 ± 4 °C). One hour after exercise subjects ingested 250 g of carbohydrates in 400 mL of water (REHLOW) or the same syrup plus water to match fluid losses (i.e., 3170 ± 190 mL; REHFULL). Muscle biopsies were obtained before, 1 and 4 h after exercise. RESULTS In both trials muscle water decreased from pre-exercise similarly by 13 ± 6 % and muscle glycogen by 44 ± 10 % (P < 0.05). After recovery, glycogen levels were similar in both trials (79 ± 15 and 87 ± 18 g kg(-1) dry muscle; P = 0.20) while muscle water content was higher in REHFULL than in REHLOW (3814 ± 222 vs. 3459 ± 324 g kg(-1) dm, respectively; P < 0.05; ES = 1.06). Despite the insufficient water provided during REHLOW, per each gram of glycogen, 3 g of water was stored in muscle (recovery ratio 1:3) while during REHFULL this ratio was higher (1:17). CONCLUSIONS Our findings agree with the long held notion that each gram of glycogen is stored in human muscle with at least 3 g of water. Higher ratios are possible (e.g., during REHFULL) likely due to water storage not bound to glycogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentín E Fernández-Elías
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III, s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
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