1
|
Zimmerman K, Walsh KA, Ferrari JT, Keuler NS, Atherton MJ, Lenz JA. Evaluation of mechlorethamine, vinblastine, procarbazine, and prednisone for the treatment of resistant multicentric canine lymphoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2023; 21:503-508. [PMID: 37222086 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Multi-agent chemotherapy successfully induces remission in most naïve, high-grade canine lymphoma patients; however, disease recurrence is common. MOPP (mechlorethamine, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone) is an effective rescue protocol used to re-induce remission, but is associated with gastrointestinal toxicity and can be a less desirable option for patients that previously failed vincristine-containing protocols. Therefore, alternative members of the vinca alkaloid family, such as vinblastine, could be potentially advantageous as substitutes for vincristine to reduce gastrointestinal toxicity and chemoresistance. The objective of this study was to report the clinical outcomes and toxicity of 36 dogs with relapsed or refractory multicentric lymphoma treated with a modified MOPP protocol whereby vincristine was replaced with vinblastine (MVPP). The overall response rate to MVPP was 25% with a median progression free survival of 15 days and a median overall survival of 45 days. MVPP at the prescribed doses resulted in modest and transient clinical benefit, but was well tolerated with no treatment delays or hospitalizations secondary to side effects. Given the minimal toxicity, dose intensification could be considered to improve clinical responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelley Zimmerman
- Department of Clinical Science & Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Koranda A Walsh
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan T Ferrari
- Surgical Oncology, The Schwarzman Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas S Keuler
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Matthew J Atherton
- Department of Clinical Science & Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer A Lenz
- Department of Clinical Science & Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Comparative oncology clinical trials play an important and growing role in cancer research and drug development efforts. These trials, typically conducted in companion (pet) dogs, allow assessment of novel anticancer agents and combination therapies in a veterinary clinical setting that supports serial biologic sample collections and exploration of dose, schedule and corresponding pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships. Further, an intact immune system and natural co-evolution of tumour and microenvironment support exploration of novel immunotherapeutic strategies. Substantial improvements in our collective understanding of the molecular landscape of canine cancers have occurred in the past 10 years, facilitating translational research and supporting the inclusion of comparative studies in drug development. The value of the approach is demonstrated in various clinical trial settings, including single-agent or combination response rates, inhibition of metastatic progression and randomized comparison of multiple agents in a head-to-head fashion. Such comparative oncology studies have been purposefully included in the developmental plan for several US FDA-approved and up-and-coming anticancer drugs. Challenges for this field include keeping pace with technology and data dissemination/harmonization, improving annotation of the canine genome and immune system, and generation of canine-specific validated reagents to support integration of correlative biology within clinical trial efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy K LeBlanc
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Christina N Mazcko
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Glaeser JD, Salehi K, Kanim LE, NaPier Z, Kropf MA, Cuéllar JM, Perry TG, Bae HW, Sheyn D. NF-κB inhibitor, NEMO-binding domain peptide attenuates intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine J 2020; 20:1480-1491. [PMID: 32413485 PMCID: PMC7494571 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2020.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Nonphysiological mechanical loading and inflammation are both critically involved in intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, which is characterized by an increase in cytokines and matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) in the nucleus pulposus (NP). This process is known to be mediated by the NF-κB pathway. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Current clinical treatments for IVD degeneration focus on the alleviation of symptoms rather than targeting the underlying mechanism. Injection of an NF-κB inhibitor may attenuate the progression of IVD degeneration. PURPOSE To investigate the ability of the NF-κB inhibitor, NEMO binding domain peptide (NBD), to alter IVD degeneration processes by reducing IL-1β- and mechanically-induced cytokine and MMP levels in human nucleus pulposus cells in vitro, and by attenuating IVD degeneration in an in vivo rat model for disc degeneration. STUDY DESIGN Experimental in vitro and animal model. PATIENT SAMPLE Discarded specimens of lumbar disc from 21 patients, and 12 Sprague Dawley rats. OUTCOME MEASURES Gene and protein expression, cell viability, µMRI and histology. METHODS IL-1β-prestimulated human nucleus pulposus cells embedded into fibrin constructs were loaded in the Flexcell FX-5000 compression system at 5 kPa and 1 Hz for 48 hours in the presence and absence of NBD. Unloaded hNPC/fibrin constructs served as controls. Cell viability in loaded and unloaded constructs was quantified, and gene and protein expression levels determined. For in vivo testing, a rat needle disc puncture model was employed. Experimental groups included injured discs with and without NBD injection and uninjured controls. Levels of disc degeneration were determined via µMRI, qPCR and histology. Funding sources include $48,874 NASS Young Investigator Research Grant and $119,174 NIH 5K01AR071512-02. There were no applicable financial relationships or conflicts of interest. RESULTS Mechanical compression of hNPC/fibrin constructs resulted in upregulation of MMP-3 and IL-8. Supplementation of media with 10 μM NBD during loading increased cell viability, and decreased MMP-3 gene and protein levels. IVD injury in rat resulted in an increase in MMP-3, IL-1β and IL-6 gene expression. Injections of 250 µg of NBD during disc injury resulted in decreased IL-6 gene expression. µMRI analysis demonstrated a reduction of disc hydration in response to disc needle injury, which was attenuated in NBD-treated IVDs. Histological evaluation showed NP and AF lesion in injured discs, which was attenuated by NBD injection. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show NBD peptide's capacity to reduce IL-1β- and loading-induced MMP-3 levels in hNPC/fibrin constructs while increasing the cells' viability, and to attenuate IVD degeneration in rat, involving downregulation of IL-6. Therefore, NBD may be a potential therapeutic agent to treat IVD degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane D. Glaeser
- Orthopedic Stem Cell Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Khosrowdad Salehi
- Orthopedic Stem Cell Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Linda E.A. Kanim
- Orthopedic Stem Cell Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Zachary NaPier
- Orthopedic Stem Cell Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michael A. Kropf
- Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jason M. Cuéllar
- Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Tiffany G. Perry
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Hyun W. Bae
- Orthopedic Stem Cell Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Dmitriy Sheyn
- Orthopedic Stem Cell Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wong AHH, Shin EM, Tergaonkar V, Chng WJ. Targeting NF-κB Signaling for Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082203. [PMID: 32781681 PMCID: PMC7463546 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematologic malignancy in the world. Even though survival rates have significantly risen over the past years, MM remains incurable, and is also far from reaching the point of being managed as a chronic disease. This paper reviews the evolution of MM therapies, focusing on anti-MM drugs that target the molecular mechanisms of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling. We also provide our perspectives on contemporary research findings and insights for future drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ada Hang-Heng Wong
- Laboratory of NF-κB Signaling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore; (E.M.S.); (V.T.)
- AW Medical Company Limited, Macau, China
- Correspondence: (A.H.-H.W.); (W.-J.C.); Tel.: +65-6586-9709 (A.H.-H.W.); +65-6772-4612 (W.-J.C.)
| | - Eun Myoung Shin
- Laboratory of NF-κB Signaling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore; (E.M.S.); (V.T.)
| | - Vinay Tergaonkar
- Laboratory of NF-κB Signaling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore; (E.M.S.); (V.T.)
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
- Department of Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Wee-Joo Chng
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore 119074, Singapore
- Correspondence: (A.H.-H.W.); (W.-J.C.); Tel.: +65-6586-9709 (A.H.-H.W.); +65-6772-4612 (W.-J.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Opazo-Ríos L, Plaza A, Sánchez Matus Y, Bernal S, Lopez-Sanz L, Jimenez-Castilla L, Carpio D, Droguett A, Mezzano S, Egido J, Gomez-Guerrero C. Targeting NF-κB by the Cell-Permeable NEMO-Binding Domain Peptide Improves Albuminuria and Renal Lesions in an Experimental Model of Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124225. [PMID: 32545818 PMCID: PMC7352510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a multifactorial disease characterized by hyperglycemia and close interaction of hemodynamic, metabolic and inflammatory factors. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a principal matchmaker linking hyperglycemia and inflammation. The present work investigates the cell-permeable peptide containing the inhibitor of kappa B kinase γ (IKKγ)/NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO)-binding domain (NBD) as therapeutic option to modulate inflammation in a preclinical model of type 2 diabetes (T2D) with DN. Black and tan, brachyuric obese/obese mice were randomized into 4 interventions groups: Active NBD peptide (10 and 6 µg/g body weight); Inactive mutant peptide (10 µg/g); and vehicle control. In vivo/ex vivo fluorescence imaging revealed efficient delivery of NBD peptide, systemic biodistribution and selective renal metabolization. In vivo administration of active NBD peptide improved albuminuria (>40% reduction on average) and kidney damage, decreased podocyte loss and basement membrane thickness, and modulated the expression of proinflammatory and oxidative stress markers. In vitro, NBD blocked IKK-mediated NF-κB induction and target gene expression in mesangial cells exposed to diabetic-like milieu. These results constitute the first nephroprotective effect of NBD peptide in a T2D mouse model that recapitulates the kidney lesions observed in DN patients. Targeting IKK-dependent NF-κB activation could be a therapeutic strategy to combat kidney inflammation in DN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Opazo-Ríos
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5090000 Valdivia, Chile; (L.O.-R.); (A.P.) (Y.S.M.); (D.C.); (A.D.); (S.M.)
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.B.); (L.L.-S.); (L.J.-C.); (J.E.)
| | - Anita Plaza
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5090000 Valdivia, Chile; (L.O.-R.); (A.P.) (Y.S.M.); (D.C.); (A.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Yenniffer Sánchez Matus
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5090000 Valdivia, Chile; (L.O.-R.); (A.P.) (Y.S.M.); (D.C.); (A.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Susana Bernal
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.B.); (L.L.-S.); (L.J.-C.); (J.E.)
| | - Laura Lopez-Sanz
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.B.); (L.L.-S.); (L.J.-C.); (J.E.)
| | - Luna Jimenez-Castilla
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.B.); (L.L.-S.); (L.J.-C.); (J.E.)
| | - Daniel Carpio
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5090000 Valdivia, Chile; (L.O.-R.); (A.P.) (Y.S.M.); (D.C.); (A.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Alejandra Droguett
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5090000 Valdivia, Chile; (L.O.-R.); (A.P.) (Y.S.M.); (D.C.); (A.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Sergio Mezzano
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5090000 Valdivia, Chile; (L.O.-R.); (A.P.) (Y.S.M.); (D.C.); (A.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Jesús Egido
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.B.); (L.L.-S.); (L.J.-C.); (J.E.)
| | - Carmen Gomez-Guerrero
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.B.); (L.L.-S.); (L.J.-C.); (J.E.)
- Correspondence: or
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sun F, Fang X, Wang X. Signal Pathways and Therapeutic Prospects of Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 19:2047-2059. [PMID: 32009599 DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666190925143216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma which is heterogeneous both clinically and morphologically. Over the past decades, significant advances have been made in the understanding of the molecular genesis, leading to the identification of multiple pathways and molecules that can be targeted for clinical benefit. OBJECTIVE The current review aims to present a brief overview of signal pathways of DLBCL, which mainly focus on B-cell antigen Receptor (BCR), Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB), Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase (PI3K) - protein kinase B (Akt) - mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR), Janus Kinase (JAK) - Signal Transducer and Activator (STAT), Wnt/β-catenin, and P53 pathways. METHODS Activation of signal pathways may contribute to the generation, development, chemotherapy sensitivity of DLBCL, and expression of pathway molecules is associated with the prognosis of DLBCL. Some agents targeting these pathways have been proved effective and relevant clinical trials are in progress. These agents used single or combined with chemotherapy/each other might raise the possibility of improving clinical outcomes in DLBCL. CONCLUSION This review presents several signal pathways of DLBCL and targeted agents had a tendency to improve the curative effect, especially in high-risk or relapsed/refractory DLBCL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Sun
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No.324, Jingwu Road, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Xiaosheng Fang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No.324, Jingwu Road, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No.324, Jingwu Road, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China.,Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Avery AC. The Genetic and Molecular Basis for Canine Models of Human Leukemia and Lymphoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:23. [PMID: 32038991 PMCID: PMC6992561 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging details of the gene expression and mutational features of canine lymphoma and leukemia demonstrate areas of similarities and differences between disease subsets in the humans and dogs. Many features of canine diffuse large B-cell lymphoma resemble the ABC form of human DLBCL, including constitutive activation of the NF-kB pathway, and almost universal presence of double expressing MYC/BCL2 lymphomas. Frequent TRAF3 mutations and absence of BCL6 expression are differences with the human disease that need further exploration. Canine peripheral T-cell lymphoma is more common in dogs than in people and behaves in a similarly aggressive manner. Common features of canine and human PTCL include activation of the PI3 kinase pathways, loss of PTEN, and the tumor suppressor CDKN2. There is insufficient data available yet to determine if canine PTCL exhibits the GATA3-TBX21 dichotomy seen in people. Common to all forms of canine lymphoproliferative disease are breed-specific predilections for subsets of disease. This is particularly striking in PTCL, with the Boxer breed being dramatically overrepresented. Breed-specific diseases provide an opportunity for uncovering genetic and environmental risk factors that can aid early diagnosis and prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mochel JP, Ekker SC, Johannes CM, Jergens AE, Allenspach K, Bourgois-Mochel A, Knouse M, Benzekry S, Wierson W, LeBlanc AK, Kenderian SS. CAR T Cell Immunotherapy in Human and Veterinary Oncology: Changing the Odds Against Hematological Malignancies. AAPS JOURNAL 2019; 21:50. [PMID: 30963322 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0322-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The advent of the genome editing era brings forth the promise of adoptive cell transfer using engineered chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells for targeted cancer therapy. CAR T cell immunotherapy is probably one of the most encouraging developments for the treatment of hematological malignancies. In 2017, two CAR T cell therapies were approved by the US Food and Drug Administration: one for the treatment of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and the other for adult patients with advanced lymphomas. However, despite significant progress in the area, CAR T cell therapy is still in its early days and faces significant challenges, including the complexity and costs associated with the technology. B cell lymphoma is the most common hematopoietic cancer in dogs, with an incidence approaching 0.1% and a total of 20-100 cases per 100,000 individuals. It is a widely accepted naturally occurring model for human non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Current treatment is with combination chemotherapy protocols, which prolong life for less than a year in canines and are associated with severe dose-limiting side effects, such as gastrointestinal and bone marrow toxicity. To date, one canine study generated CAR T cells by transfection of mRNA for CAR domain expression. While this was shown to provide a transient anti-tumor activity, results were modest, indicating that stable, genomic integration of CAR modules is required in order to achieve lasting therapeutic benefit. This commentary summarizes the current state of knowledge on CAR T cell immunotherapy in human medicine and its potential applications in animal health, while discussing the potential of the canine model as a translational system for immuno-oncology research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA. .,Iowa State University College of Vet. Medicine, 2448 Lloyd, 1809 S Riverside Dr., Ames, Iowa, 50011-1250, USA.
| | - Stephen C Ekker
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
| | - Chad M Johannes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Albert E Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Agnes Bourgois-Mochel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Michael Knouse
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Sebastien Benzekry
- Team MONC, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique, Bordeaux, France
| | - Wesley Wierson
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Amy K LeBlanc
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Saad S Kenderian
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Division of Hematology, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Assumpção ALFV, Lu Z, Marlowe KW, Shaffer KS, Pan X. Targeting NEDD8-activating enzyme is a new approach to treat canine diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2018; 16:606-615. [PMID: 30101447 PMCID: PMC6392197 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Canine diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common hematologic malignancy of dogs, is associated with poor overall survival. The lack of conventional chemotherapies with sustainable efficacy warrants investigation of novel therapies. Pevonedistat (MLN4924) is a potent and selective small molecule NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor. In human activated B-cell-like (ABC) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, pevonedistat induces lymphoma cell apoptosis, DNA damage and G1 cell cycle arrest by inhibiting the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. Genomic and transcriptomic studies showed that the NF-κB pathway is deregulated in canine DLBCL. Our results showed that pevonedistat treatment significantly reduces the viability of canine DLBCL cells by inducing G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Pevonedistat treatment inhibits NF-κB pathway activation and downregulates NF-κB target genes in canine DLBCL. Moreover, administration of pevonedistat to mice bearing canine DLBCL xenograft tumours resulted in tumour regression. Our in vivo and in vitro studies provide justification for future clinical application of pevonedistat as a potential new anti-cancer therapy that may benefit both canine and human species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. L. F. V. Assumpção
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Z. Lu
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - K. W. Marlowe
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - K. S. Shaffer
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - X. Pan
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rhodes CA, Dougherty PG, Cooper JK, Qian Z, Lindert S, Wang QE, Pei D. Cell-Permeable Bicyclic Peptidyl Inhibitors against NEMO-IκB Kinase Interaction Directly from a Combinatorial Library. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:12102-12110. [PMID: 30176143 PMCID: PMC6231237 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Macrocyclic peptides are capable of binding to flat protein surfaces such as the interfaces of protein-protein interactions with antibody-like affinity and specificity, but generally lack cell permeability in order to access intracellular targets. In this work, we designed and synthesized a large combinatorial library of cell-permeable bicyclic peptides, in which the first ring consisted of randomized peptide sequences for potential binding to a target of interest, while the second ring featured a family of different cell-penetrating motifs, for both cell penetration and target binding. The library was screened against the IκB kinase α/β (IKKα/β)-binding domain of NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO), resulting in the discovery of several cell-permeable bicyclic peptides, which inhibited the NEMO-IKKβ interaction with low μM IC50 values. Further optimization of one of the hits led to a relatively potent and cell-permeable NEMO inhibitor (IC50 = 1.0 μM), which selectively inhibited canonical NF-κB signaling in mammalian cells and the proliferation of cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells. The inhibitor provides a useful tool for investigating the biological functions of NEMO/NF-κB and a potential lead for further development of a novel class of anti-inflammatory and anticancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Curran A. Rhodes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Patrick G. Dougherty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jahan K. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Ziqing Qian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Steffen Lindert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Qi-En Wang
- Department of Radiology, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Dehua Pei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Prescott JA, Cook SJ. Targeting IKKβ in Cancer: Challenges and Opportunities for the Therapeutic Utilisation of IKKβ Inhibitors. Cells 2018; 7:cells7090115. [PMID: 30142927 PMCID: PMC6162708 DOI: 10.3390/cells7090115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulated NF-κB signalling is implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous human inflammatory disorders and malignancies. Consequently, the NF-κB pathway has attracted attention as an attractive therapeutic target for drug discovery. As the primary, druggable mediator of canonical NF-κB signalling the IKKβ protein kinase has been the historical focus of drug development pipelines. Thousands of compounds with activity against IKKβ have been characterised, with many demonstrating promising efficacy in pre-clinical models of cancer and inflammatory disease. However, severe on-target toxicities and other safety concerns associated with systemic IKKβ inhibition have thus far prevented the clinical approval of any IKKβ inhibitors. This review will discuss the potential reasons for the lack of clinical success of IKKβ inhibitors to date, the challenges associated with their therapeutic use, realistic opportunities for their future utilisation, and the alternative strategies to inhibit NF-κB signalling that may overcome some of the limitations associated with IKKβ inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack A Prescott
- Signalling Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK.
| | - Simon J Cook
- Signalling Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Glaeser JD, Salehi K, Kanim LEA, Sheyn D, NaPier Z, Behrens PH, Garcia L, Cuéllar JM, Bae HW. Anti-Inflammatory Peptide Attenuates Edema and Promotes BMP-2-Induced Bone Formation in Spine Fusion. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 24:1641-1651. [PMID: 29766758 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2017.0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant human bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2)-loaded absorbable collagen sponges (ACS) have been successfully used to enhance bone formation and to induce spinal fusion in humans. However, side effects, such as soft tissue edema and inflammation, have been reported. NEMO binding domain peptide (NBD) inhibits activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), a central regulator of immune response. In this study, we investigated NBD's potential to reduce BMP-2-induced soft tissue inflammation without affecting BMP-2-mediated spinal fusion in rat. For evaluation of soft tissue inflammation, ACS containing BMP-2, BMP-2+NBD, NBD, or ACS only were implanted into intramuscular paraspinal sites of 32 rats. At day 2 postsurgery, edema formation at the implant sites was assessed using magnetic resonance imaging. T2-weighted relaxation time (T2-RT) values were increased in the BMP-2 group compared with BMP-2+NBD, NBD, and ACS groups. No difference in T2-RT values was detected between BMP-2+NBD versus NBD and ACS controls. Postsacrifice, histological analysis of the implant-surrounding zones showed increased mononuclear cell infiltration in the BMP-2 group compared with BMP-2+NBD and controls. The presence of BMP-2 increased relative NF-κB binding and gene expression of inflammatory markers, interleukin (IL)1β, IL6, IL18, and chemokine ligand (CCL)2 and CCL3 compared with controls. In the BMP-2+NBD group, cytokine expression was blocked. No differences were found between BMP-2+NBD and control groups. For evaluation of spinal fusion, posterolateral intertransverse lumbar fusion procedures were performed on 16 rats. ACS were loaded with BMP-2 or BMP-2+NBD. After sacrifice at week 12, microcomputed tomographic assessment of the fusion site detected a higher bone volume and reduced trabecular spacing in the BMP-2+NBD group compared with BMP-2. Histological analysis did not show any differences in newly formed bone microarchitecture. In summary, addition of NBD to BMP-2-loaded ACS reduces BMP-2-induced soft tissue edema formation and mononuclear cell infiltration, diminishes NF-κB binding, and thus blocks transcription of NF-κB-regulated cytokines in rat. Furthermore, NBD stimulates bone formation in BMP-2-mediated spinal fusion, possibly through crosstalk of the NF-κB pathway with other pathways. The results of this study might provide the basis to develop new therapeutic bone grafting approaches with combinatory administration of BMP-2 and NBD for spinal fusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane D Glaeser
- 1 Orthopedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California.,2 Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California.,3 Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute , Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Khosrowdad Salehi
- 1 Orthopedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California.,2 Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California.,3 Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute , Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Linda E A Kanim
- 1 Orthopedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California.,4 Cedars-Sinai Spine Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
| | - Dmitriy Sheyn
- 1 Orthopedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California.,2 Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California.,3 Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute , Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.,5 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California.,6 Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
| | - Zachary NaPier
- 1 Orthopedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California.,2 Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
| | - Phillip H Behrens
- 1 Orthopedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California.,2 Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
| | - Leslie Garcia
- 3 Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute , Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jason M Cuéllar
- 2 Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
| | - Hyun W Bae
- 1 Orthopedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California.,2 Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California.,4 Cedars-Sinai Spine Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhao J, Zhang L, Mu X, Doebelin C, Nguyen W, Wallace C, Reay DP, McGowan SJ, Corbo L, Clemens PR, Wilson GM, Watkins SC, Solt LA, Cameron MD, Huard J, Niedernhofer LJ, Kamenecka TM, Robbins PD. Development of novel NEMO-binding domain mimetics for inhibiting IKK/NF-κB activation. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2004663. [PMID: 29889904 PMCID: PMC6013238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2004663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is a transcription factor important for regulating innate and adaptive immunity, cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and senescence. Dysregulation of NF-κB and its upstream regulator IκB kinase (IKK) contributes to the pathogenesis of multiple inflammatory and degenerative diseases as well as cancer. An 11-amino acid peptide containing the NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO)-binding domain (NBD) derived from the C-terminus of β subunit of IKK, functions as a highly selective inhibitor of the IKK complex by disrupting the association of IKKβ and the IKKγ subunit NEMO. A structure-based pharmacophore model was developed to identify NBD mimetics by in silico screening. Two optimized lead NBD mimetics, SR12343 and SR12460, inhibited tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NF-κB activation by blocking the interaction between IKKβ and NEMO and suppressed LPS-induced acute pulmonary inflammation in mice. Chronic treatment of a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) with SR12343 and SR12460 attenuated inflammatory infiltration, necrosis and muscle degeneration, demonstrating that these small-molecule NBD mimetics are potential therapeutics for inflammatory and degenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the TSRI Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the TSRI Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Xiaodong Mu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christelle Doebelin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the TSRI Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - William Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the TSRI Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Callen Wallace
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniel P. Reay
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sara J. McGowan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the TSRI Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lana Corbo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the TSRI Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paula R. Clemens
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Mustata Wilson
- Department of Health Informatics and Information Management, College of Nursing and Health Professions, University of Southern Indiana, Evansville, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Simon C. Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Laura A. Solt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Cameron
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the TSRI Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Johnny Huard
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Laura J. Niedernhofer
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the TSRI Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Theodore M. Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the TSRI Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Robbins
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the TSRI Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kopincova J, Mikolka P, Kolomaznik M, Kosutova P, Calkovska A, Mokra D. Selective inhibition of NF-kappaB and surfactant therapy in experimental meconium-induced lung injury. Physiol Res 2018; 66:S227-S236. [PMID: 28937237 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) in newborns is characterized mainly by respiratory failure due to surfactant dysfunction and inflammation. Previous meta-analyses did not prove any effect of exogenous surfactant treatment nor glucocorticoid administration on final outcome of children with MAS despite oxygenation improvement. As we supposed there is the need to intervene in both these fields simultaneously, we evaluated therapeutic effect of combination of exogenous surfactant and selective inhibitor of NF-kappaB (IKK-NBD peptide). Young New Zealand rabbits were instilled by meconium suspension and treated by surfactant alone or surfactant in combination with IKK-NBD, and oxygen-ventilated for 5 h. PaO(2)/FiO(2), oxygenation index, oxygen saturation and ventilation efficiency index were evaluated every hour; post mortem, total and differential leukocyte counts were investigated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and inflammatory, oxidative and apoptotic markers were assessed in lung tissue homogenates. Exogenous surfactant combined with IKK-NBD improved oxygenation, reduced neutrophil count in BALF and levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, p38 MAPK and caspase 3 in comparison with surfactant-only therapy. It seems that inhibition of inflammation may be strong supporting factor in surfactant treatment of MAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Kopincova
- Biomedical Center Martin and Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wen X, Zheng P, Ma Y, Ou Y, Huang W, Li S, Liu S, Zhang X, Wang Z, Zhang Q, Cheng W, Lin R, Li H, Cai Y, Hu C, Wu N, Wan L, Pan T, Rao J, Bei X, Wu W, Jin J, Yan J, Liu G. Salutaxel, a Conjugate of Docetaxel and a Muramyl Dipeptide (MDP) Analogue, Acts as Multifunctional Prodrug That Inhibits Tumor Growth and Metastasis. J Med Chem 2018; 61:1519-1540. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Wen
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1 Fenghuanggang Huabao Industrial District, Xixiang,
Baoan District, Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Purong Zheng
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1 Fenghuanggang Huabao Industrial District, Xixiang,
Baoan District, Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Yao Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Renhuan Building, Room 311, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yingye Ou
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1 Fenghuanggang Huabao Industrial District, Xixiang,
Baoan District, Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Weixin Huang
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1 Fenghuanggang Huabao Industrial District, Xixiang,
Baoan District, Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1 Fenghuanggang Huabao Industrial District, Xixiang,
Baoan District, Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Shoujia Liu
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1 Fenghuanggang Huabao Industrial District, Xixiang,
Baoan District, Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1 Fenghuanggang Huabao Industrial District, Xixiang,
Baoan District, Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1 Fenghuanggang Huabao Industrial District, Xixiang,
Baoan District, Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Qianli Zhang
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1 Fenghuanggang Huabao Industrial District, Xixiang,
Baoan District, Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Wenming Cheng
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1 Fenghuanggang Huabao Industrial District, Xixiang,
Baoan District, Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Ruwen Lin
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1 Fenghuanggang Huabao Industrial District, Xixiang,
Baoan District, Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Hongzu Li
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1 Fenghuanggang Huabao Industrial District, Xixiang,
Baoan District, Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Youyou Cai
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1 Fenghuanggang Huabao Industrial District, Xixiang,
Baoan District, Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Chunyun Hu
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1 Fenghuanggang Huabao Industrial District, Xixiang,
Baoan District, Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Ningbin Wu
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1 Fenghuanggang Huabao Industrial District, Xixiang,
Baoan District, Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Long Wan
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1 Fenghuanggang Huabao Industrial District, Xixiang,
Baoan District, Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Tingting Pan
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1 Fenghuanggang Huabao Industrial District, Xixiang,
Baoan District, Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Jinlong Rao
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1 Fenghuanggang Huabao Industrial District, Xixiang,
Baoan District, Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Xuelu Bei
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1 Fenghuanggang Huabao Industrial District, Xixiang,
Baoan District, Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Weibin Wu
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1 Fenghuanggang Huabao Industrial District, Xixiang,
Baoan District, Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Jian Jin
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1 Fenghuanggang Huabao Industrial District, Xixiang,
Baoan District, Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1 Fenghuanggang Huabao Industrial District, Xixiang,
Baoan District, Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Gang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Renhuan Building, Room 311, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Guo L, Lin P, Xiong H, Tu S, Chen G. Molecular heterogeneity in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and its implications in clinical diagnosis and treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1869:85-96. [PMID: 29337112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over half of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) can be cured by standard R-CHOP treatment (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone). However, the remaining patients are refractory and ultimately succumb to progressive or relapsed disease. During the past decade, there has been significant progress in the understanding of molecular mechanisms in DLBCL, largely owing to collaborative efforts in large-scale gene expression profiling and deep sequencing, which have identified genetic alterations critical in lymphomagenesis through activation of key signaling transduction pathways in DLBCL. These discoveries have not only led to the development of targeted therapies, including several currently in clinical trials, but also laid a solid foundation for the future identification of more effective therapies for patients not curable by R-CHOP. This review summarizes the recent advances in our understanding of the molecular characterization and pathogenesis of DLBCL and new treatment directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingchuan Guo
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 899 Pinghai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China.
| | - Pei Lin
- Department of Hematopathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Box 72, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Hui Xiong
- Shanghai Righton Biotechnology Co., Ltd, 1698 Wangyuan Road, Building 12, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201403, China.
| | - Shichun Tu
- Shanghai Righton Biotechnology Co., Ltd, 1698 Wangyuan Road, Building 12, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201403, China; Scintillon Institute for Biomedical and Bioenergy Research, 6888 Nancy Ridge Dr., San Diego, CA 92121, USA; Allele Biotechnology & Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 6404 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology of Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, 420 Fuma Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Meyer P, Maity P, Burkovski A, Schwab J, Müssel C, Singh K, Ferreira FF, Krug L, Maier HJ, Wlaschek M, Wirth T, Kestler HA, Scharffetter-Kochanek K. A model of the onset of the senescence associated secretory phenotype after DNA damage induced senescence. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005741. [PMID: 29206223 PMCID: PMC5730191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells and tissues are exposed to stress from numerous sources. Senescence is a protective mechanism that prevents malignant tissue changes and constitutes a fundamental mechanism of aging. It can be accompanied by a senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that causes chronic inflammation. We present a Boolean network model-based gene regulatory network of the SASP, incorporating published gene interaction data. The simulation results describe current biological knowledge. The model predicts different in-silico knockouts that prevent key SASP-mediators, IL-6 and IL-8, from getting activated upon DNA damage. The NF-κB Essential Modulator (NEMO) was the most promising in-silico knockout candidate and we were able to show its importance in the inhibition of IL-6 and IL-8 following DNA-damage in murine dermal fibroblasts in-vitro. We strengthen the speculated regulator function of the NF-κB signaling pathway in the onset and maintenance of the SASP using in-silico and in-vitro approaches. We were able to mechanistically show, that DNA damage mediated SASP triggering of IL-6 and IL-8 is mainly relayed through NF-κB, giving access to possible therapy targets for SASP-accompanied diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Meyer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Germany
- Aging Research Center (ARC), University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Pallab Maity
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Germany
- Aging Research Center (ARC), University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Andre Burkovski
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, University of Ulm, Germany
- International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Julian Schwab
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, University of Ulm, Germany
- International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Christoph Müssel
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Karmveer Singh
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Germany
- Aging Research Center (ARC), University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Filipa F. Ferreira
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Linda Krug
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Germany
- Aging Research Center (ARC), University of Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Meinhard Wlaschek
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Germany
- Aging Research Center (ARC), University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Wirth
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Hans A. Kestler
- Aging Research Center (ARC), University of Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Karin Scharffetter-Kochanek
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Germany
- Aging Research Center (ARC), University of Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Maubach G, Schmädicke AC, Naumann M. NEMO Links Nuclear Factor-κB to Human Diseases. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:1138-1155. [PMID: 29128367 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor (NF)-κB essential modulator (NEMO) is a key regulator in NF-κB-mediated signaling. By transmitting extracellular or intracellular signals, NEMO can control NF-κB-regulated genes. NEMO dysfunction is associated with inherited diseases such as incontinentia pigmenti (IP), ectodermal dysplasia, anhidrotic, with immunodeficiency (EDA-ID), and some cancers. We focus on molecular studies, human case reports, and mouse models emphasizing the significance of NEMO molecular interactions and modifications in health and diseases. This knowledge opens new opportunities to engineer suitable drugs that may putatively target precise NEMO functions attributable to various diseases, while leaving other functions intact, and eliminating cytotoxicity. Indeed, with the advent of novel gene editing tools such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas)9, treating some inherited diseases may in the long run, become a reality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunter Maubach
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Schmädicke
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Naumann
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhuang Z, Li H, Lee H, Aguilar M, Gocho T, Ju H, Iida T, Ling J, Fu J, Wu M, Sun Y, Lu Y, Chiao PJ. NEMO peptide inhibits the growth of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by blocking NF-κB activation. Cancer Lett 2017; 411:44-56. [PMID: 28951128 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO) binds and regulates IκB kinase (IKK) and is required for NF-κB activation. The NEMO-binding domain peptide (NBDP) of IKK was found to inhibit NF-κB activation and promote apoptosis in cancer cells. Studies have shown that constitutive NF-κB activation, one of the signature molecular alterations in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), is a potential therapeutic target. However, preclinical and therapeutic evidence that supports direct targeting of IKK activation in therapy is lacking. The aim of this study was to determine whether the combination of NBDP and gemcitabine would sensitize pancreatic cancer to the gemcitabine. We confirmed that NBDP inhibited NF-κB activation and found that NBDP indeed promoted chemo-sensitivity to gemcitabine in PDAC. NBDP increased PARP and caspase 3 cleavage in the apoptosis pathway, increased apoptosis of PDAC cells, and suppressed PDAC cell growth in vitro. In addition, NBDP combined with gemcitabine significantly decreased levels of NF-κB activity and inhibited the growth of PDAC in vivo in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model. Mechanistic investigations showed that NBDP effectively competed with NEMO/IKKγ for binding to IKKs and thus inhibited IKK and NF-κB activation, down-regulated expression levels of Erk, and decreased PDAC cell growth. Taken together, our current data demonstrate that NBDP sensitizes human pancreatic cancer to gemcitabine by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. NBDP is a potential adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent for treating pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuonan Zhuang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China; Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Head and Neck, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou 510060, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, PR China
| | - Harold Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Mitzi Aguilar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Takashi Gocho
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Department of Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 1058461, Japan
| | - Huaiqiang Ju
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, PR China
| | - Tomonori Iida
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Department of Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 1058461, Japan
| | - Jianhua Ling
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Jie Fu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Yichen Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Paul J Chiao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kobayashi K, Hiramatsu H, Nakamura S, Kobayashi K, Haraguchi T, Iba H. Tumor suppression via inhibition of SWI/SNF complex-dependent NF-κB activation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11772. [PMID: 28924147 PMCID: PMC5603518 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11806-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-κB is constitutively activated in many epithelial tumors but few NF-κB inhibitors are suitable for cancer therapy because of its broad biological effects. We previously reported that the d4-family proteins (DPF1, DPF2, DPF3a/b) function as adaptor proteins linking NF-κB with the SWI/SNF complex. Here, using epithelial tumor cell lines, A549 and HeLaS3, we demonstrate that exogenous expression of the highly-conserved N-terminal 84-amino acid region (designated "CT1") of either DPF2 or DPF3a/b has stronger inhibitory effects on anchorage-independent growth than the single knockdown of any d4-family protein. This indicates that CT1 can function as an efficient dominant-negative mutant of the entire d4-family proteins. By in situ proximity ligation assay, CT1 was found to retain full adaptor function, indicating that the C-terminal region of d4-family proteins lacking in CT1 would include essential domains for SWI/SNF-dependent NF-κB activation. Microarray analysis revealed that CT1 suppresses only a portion of the NF-κB target genes, including representative SWI/SNF-dependent genes. Among these genes, IL6 was shown to strongly contribute to anchorage-independent growth. Finally, exogenous CT1 expression efficiently suppressed tumor formation in a mouse xenograft model, suggesting that the d4-family proteins are promising cancer therapy targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Kobayashi
- Division of Host-Parasite Interaction, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.,Division of RNA Therapy, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hiramatsu
- Division of Host-Parasite Interaction, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.,Division of RNA Therapy, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Shinya Nakamura
- Division of Host-Parasite Interaction, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kyousuke Kobayashi
- Division of Host-Parasite Interaction, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Takeshi Haraguchi
- Division of Host-Parasite Interaction, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.,Division of RNA Therapy, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Hideo Iba
- Division of Host-Parasite Interaction, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan. .,Division of RNA Therapy, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Durand JK, Baldwin AS. Targeting IKK and NF-κB for Therapy. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 107:77-115. [PMID: 28215229 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In addition to regulating immune responses, the NF-κB family of transcription factors also promotes cellular proliferation and survival. NF-κB and its activating kinase, IKK, have become appealing therapeutic targets because of their critical roles in the progression of many diseases including chronic inflammation and cancer. Here, we discuss the conditions that lead to pathway activation, the effects of constitutive activation, and some of the strategies used to inhibit NF-κB signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J K Durand
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - A S Baldwin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Qian Z, Rhodes CA, McCroskey LC, Wen J, Appiah-Kubi G, Wang DJ, Guttridge DC, Pei D. Enhancing the Cell Permeability and Metabolic Stability of Peptidyl Drugs by Reversible Bicyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 56:1525-1529. [PMID: 28035784 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201610888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic applications of peptides are currently limited by their proteolytic instability and impermeability to the cell membrane. A general, reversible bicyclization strategy is now reported to increase both the proteolytic stability and cell permeability of peptidyl drugs. A peptide drug is fused with a short cell-penetrating motif and converted into a conformationally constrained bicyclic structure through the formation of a pair of disulfide bonds. The resulting bicyclic peptide has greatly enhanced proteolytic stability as well as cell-permeability. Once inside the cell, the disulfide bonds are reduced to produce a linear, biologically active peptide. This strategy was applied to generate a cell-permeable bicyclic peptidyl inhibitor against the NEMO-IKK interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Qian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Curran A Rhodes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Lucas C McCroskey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jin Wen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - George Appiah-Kubi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - David J Wang
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Denis C Guttridge
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Dehua Pei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Qian Z, Rhodes CA, McCroskey LC, Wen J, Appiah-Kubi G, Wang DJ, Guttridge DC, Pei D. Enhancing the Cell Permeability and Metabolic Stability of Peptidyl Drugs by Reversible Bicyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201610888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Qian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The Ohio State University; 484 West 12th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Curran A. Rhodes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The Ohio State University; 484 West 12th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Lucas C. McCroskey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The Ohio State University; 484 West 12th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Jin Wen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The Ohio State University; 484 West 12th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - George Appiah-Kubi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The Ohio State University; 484 West 12th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - David J. Wang
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Denis C. Guttridge
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Dehua Pei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The Ohio State University; 484 West 12th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Curran KM, Schaffer PA, Frank CB, Lana SE, Hamil LE, Burton JH, Labadie J, Ehrhart EJ, Avery PR. BCL2 and MYC are expressed at high levels in canine diffuse large B-cell lymphoma but are not predictive for outcome in dogs treated with CHOP chemotherapy. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:1269-1279. [PMID: 27514648 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common haematopoietic malignancy in dogs. Recently, MYC and BCL2 expression levels determined with immunohistochemistry (IHC) were found to be prognostic in people with DLBCL. We hypothesized that canine DLBCL can be similarly subdivided into prognostic subtypes based on expression of MYC and BCL2. Cases of canine DLBCL treated with CHOP chemotherapy were retrospectively collected and 43 dogs had available histologic tissue and complete clinical follow-up. Median values of percent immunoreactive versus immunonegative cells were used to determine positive or negative expression status. Completion of CHOP was significantly associated with a positive outcome. Compared with human patients, our canine DLBCL patients had high IHC expression of both MYC and BCL2, and relative expression levels of one or both markers were not associated with clinical outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Curran
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - P A Schaffer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - C B Frank
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - S E Lana
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - L E Hamil
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - J H Burton
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - J Labadie
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - E J Ehrhart
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - P R Avery
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rinkenbaugh AL, Baldwin AS. The NF-κB Pathway and Cancer Stem Cells. Cells 2016; 5:cells5020016. [PMID: 27058560 PMCID: PMC4931665 DOI: 10.3390/cells5020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The NF-κB transcription factor pathway is a crucial regulator of inflammation and immune responses. Additionally, aberrant NF-κB signaling has been identified in many types of cancer. Downstream of key oncogenic pathways, such as RAS, BCR-ABL, and Her2, NF-κB regulates transcription of target genes that promote cell survival and proliferation, inhibit apoptosis, and mediate invasion and metastasis. The cancer stem cell model posits that a subset of tumor cells (cancer stem cells) drive tumor initiation, exhibit resistance to treatment, and promote recurrence and metastasis. This review examines the evidence for a role for NF-κB signaling in cancer stem cell biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Rinkenbaugh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Albert S Baldwin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
Friedmann-Morvinski D, Narasimamurthy R, Xia Y, Myskiw C, Soda Y, Verma IM. Targeting NF-κB in glioblastoma: A therapeutic approach. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1501292. [PMID: 26824076 PMCID: PMC4730860 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and lethal form of intracranial tumor. We have established a lentivirus-induced mouse model of malignant gliomas, which faithfully captures the pathophysiology and molecular signature of mesenchymal human GBM. RNA-Seq analysis of these tumors revealed high nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation showing enrichment of known NF-κB target genes. Inhibition of NF-κB by either depletion of IκB kinase 2 (IKK2), expression of a IκBαM super repressor, or using a NEMO (NF-κB essential modifier)-binding domain (NBD) peptide in tumor-derived cell lines attenuated tumor proliferation and prolonged mouse survival. Timp1, one of the NF-κB target genes significantly up-regulated in GBM, was identified to play a role in tumor proliferation and growth. Inhibition of NF-κB activity or silencing of Timp1 resulted in slower tumor growth in both mouse and human GBM models. Our results suggest that inhibition of NF-κB activity or targeting of inducible NF-κB genes is an attractive therapeutic approach for GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinorah Friedmann-Morvinski
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Rajesh Narasimamurthy
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yifeng Xia
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chad Myskiw
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yasushi Soda
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Inder M. Verma
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Spontaneous cancers in client-owned dogs closely recapitulate their human counterparts with respect to clinical presentation, histological features, molecular profiles, and response and resistance to therapy, as well as the evolution of drug-resistant metastases. In several instances the incorporation of dogs with cancer into the preclinical development path of cancer therapeutics has influenced outcome by helping to establish pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics relationships, dose/regimen, expected clinical toxicities, and ultimately the potential for biologic activity. As our understanding regarding the molecular drivers of canine cancers has improved, unique opportunities have emerged to leverage this spontaneous model to better guide cancer drug development so that therapies likely to fail are eliminated earlier and therapies with true potential are optimized prior to human studies. Both pets and people benefit from this approach, as it provides dogs with access to cutting-edge cancer treatments and helps to insure that people are given treatments more likely to succeed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cheryl A London
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210;
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Watkins A, Wuo MG, Arora PS. Protein-Protein Interactions Mediated by Helical Tertiary Structure Motifs. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:11622-30. [PMID: 26302018 PMCID: PMC4577960 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b05527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The modulation of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) by means of creating or stabilizing secondary structure conformations is a rapidly growing area of research. Recent success in the inhibition of difficult PPIs by secondary structure mimetics also points to potential limitations, because often, specific cases require tertiary structure mimetics. To streamline protein structure-based inhibitor design, we have previously described the examination of protein complexes in the Protein Data Bank where α-helices or β-strands form critical contacts. Here, we examined coiled coils and helix bundles that mediate complex formation to create a platform for the discovery of potential tertiary structure mimetics. Though there has been extensive analysis of coiled coil motifs, the interactions between pre-formed coiled coils and globular proteins have not been systematically analyzed. This article identifies critical features of these helical interfaces with respect to coiled coil and other helical PPIs. We expect the analysis to prove useful for the rational design of modulators of this fundamental class of protein assemblies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew
M. Watkins
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Michael G. Wuo
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Paramjit S. Arora
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Richards KL, Suter SE. Man's best friend: what can pet dogs teach us about non-Hodgkin's lymphoma? Immunol Rev 2015; 263:173-91. [PMID: 25510277 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Animal models are essential for understanding lymphoma biology and testing new treatments prior to human studies. Spontaneously arising lymphomas in pet dogs represent an underutilized resource that could be used to complement current mouse lymphoma models, which do not adequately represent all aspects of the human disease. Canine lymphoma resembles human lymphoma in many important ways, including characteristic translocations and molecular abnormalities and similar therapeutic responses to chemotherapy, radiation, and newer targeted therapies (e.g. ibrutinib). Given the large number of pet dogs and high incidence of lymphoma, particularly in susceptible breeds, dogs represent a largely untapped resource for advancing the understanding and treatment of human lymphoma. This review highlights similarities in molecular biology, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes between human and canine lymphoma. It also describes resources that are currently available to study canine lymphoma, advantages to be gained by exploiting the genetic breed structure in dogs, and current and future challenges and opportunities to take full advantage of this resource for lymphoma studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristy L Richards
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Oguiza A, Recio C, Lazaro I, Mallavia B, Blanco J, Egido J, Gomez-Guerrero C. Peptide-based inhibition of IκB kinase/nuclear factor-κB pathway protects against diabetes-associated nephropathy and atherosclerosis in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2015; 58:1656-67. [PMID: 25982245 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3596-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The canonical nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway mediated by the inhibitor of NF-κB kinase (IKK) regulates the transcription of inflammatory genes involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes, from the early phase to progression and final complications. The NF-κB essential modulator binding domain (NBD) contained in IKKα/β is essential for IKK complex assembly. We therefore investigated the functional consequences of targeting the IKK-dependent NF-κB pathway in the progression of diabetes-associated nephropathy and atherosclerosis. METHODS Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice with diabetes induced by streptozotocin were treated with a cell-permeable peptide derived from the IKKα/β NBD region. Kidneys and aorta were analysed for morphology, leucocyte infiltrate, collagen, NF-κB activity and gene expression. In vitro studies were performed in renal and vascular cells. RESULTS NBD peptide administration did not affect the metabolic severity of diabetes but resulted in renal protection, as evidenced by dose-dependent decreases in albuminuria, renal lesions (mesangial expansion, leucocyte infiltration and fibrosis), intranuclear NF-κB activity and proinflammatory and pro-fibrotic gene expression. Furthermore, peptide treatment limited atheroma plaque formation in diabetic mice by decreasing the content of lipids, leucocytes and cytokines and increasing plaque stability markers. This nephroprotective and anti-atherosclerotic effect was accompanied by a decline in systemic T helper 1 cytokines. In vitro, NBD peptide prevented IKK assembly/activation, p65 nuclear translocation, NF-κB-regulated gene expression and cell proliferation induced by either high glucose or inflammatory stimulation. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Peptide-based inhibition of IKK complex formation attenuates NF-κB activation, suppresses inflammation and retards the progression of renal and vascular injury in diabetic mice, thus providing a feasible approach against diabetes inflammatory complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Oguiza
- Renal and Vascular Inflammation Group, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University of Madrid, Avda. Reyes Catolicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
McCorkell KA, May MJ. NEMO-binding domain peptide inhibition of inflammatory signal-induced NF-κB activation in vivo. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1280:505-525. [PMID: 25736769 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2422-6_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
NF-κB comprises a family of transcription factors that regulate the expression of diverse gene families essential for inflammatory and immune responses as well as cell survival and cell death pathways. Aberrant NF-κB transcriptional activity plays pivotal roles in a large number of human pathologies, including a variety of cancers and chronic inflammatory diseases. Therefore, there has been a large increase in studies aimed at identifying and testing drugs or small molecule inhibitors that would specifically block NF-κB activation in inflammatory diseases and cancer. In this chapter, we describe an in vivo system to test the inhibitory effects of the NEMO-binding domain (NBD) peptide on NF-κB activation specifically in the vascular endothelium and lymphocytes in mice. We demonstrate that pretreatment of mice with the NBD peptide reduces the NF-κB induced gene expression of cell adhesion molecules and DNA-binding activity following systemic LPS stimulation. These methods can be further used to test alternate inhibitors for effects on NF-κB signaling in murine endothelium and immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A McCorkell
- Department of Animal Biology, The University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street (OVH 200E), Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Guo B, Audu CO, Cochran JC, Mierke DF, Pellegrini M. Protein engineering of the N-terminus of NEMO: structure stabilization and rescue of IKKβ binding. Biochemistry 2014; 53:6776-85. [PMID: 25286246 PMCID: PMC4222529 DOI: 10.1021/bi500861x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
![]()
NEMO is a scaffolding protein that,
together with the catalytic
subunits IKKα and IKKβ, plays an essential role in the
formation of the IKK complex and in the activation of the canonical
NF-κB pathway. Rational drug design targeting the IKK-binding
site on NEMO would benefit from structural insight, but to date, the
determination of the structure of unliganded NEMO has been hindered
by protein size and conformational heterogeneity. Here we show how
the utilization of a homodimeric coiled-coil adaptor sequence stabilizes
the minimal IKK-binding domain NEMO(44–111) and furthers our
understanding of the structural requirements for IKK binding. The
engineered constructs incorporating the coiled coil at the N-terminus,
C-terminus, or both ends of NEMO(44–111) present high thermal
stability and cooperative melting and, most importantly, restore IKKβ
binding affinity. We examined the consequences of structural content
and stability by circular dichoism and nuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR) and measured the binding affinity of each construct for IKKβ(701–745)
in a fluorescence anisotropy binding assay, allowing us to correlate
structural characteristics and stability to binding affinity. Our
results provide a method for engineering short stable NEMO constructs
to be suitable for structural characterization by NMR or X-ray crystallography.
Meanwhile, the rescuing of the binding affinity implies that a preordered
IKK-binding region of NEMO is compatible with IKK binding, and the
conformational heterogeneity observed in NEMO(44–111) may be
an artifact of the truncation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingqian Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College , Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kornegay JN, Peterson JM, Bogan DJ, Kline W, Bogan JR, Dow JL, Fan Z, Wang J, Ahn M, Zhu H, Styner M, Guttridge DC. NBD delivery improves the disease phenotype of the golden retriever model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Skelet Muscle 2014; 4:18. [PMID: 25789154 PMCID: PMC4364341 DOI: 10.1186/2044-5040-4-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene and afflicts skeletal and cardiac muscles. Previous studies showed that DMD is associated with constitutive activation of NF-κB, and in dystrophin-deficient mdx and utrophin/dystrophin (utrn-/-;mdx) double knock out (dko) mouse models, inhibition of NF-κB with the Nemo Binding Domain (NBD) peptide led to significant improvements in both diaphragm and cardiac muscle function. Methods A trial in golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) canine model of DMD was initiated with four primary outcomes: skeletal muscle function, MRI of pelvic limb muscles, histopathologic features of skeletal muscles, and safety. GRMD and wild type dogs at 2 months of age were treated for 4 months with NBD by intravenous infusions. Results were compared with those collected from untreated GRMD and wild type dogs through a separate, natural history study. Results Results showed that intravenous delivery of NBD in GRMD dogs led to a recovery of pelvic limb muscle force and improvement of histopathologic lesions. In addition, NBD-treated GRMD dogs had normalized postural changes and a trend towards lower tissue injury on magnetic resonance imaging. Despite this phenotypic improvement, NBD administration over time led to infusion reactions and an immune response in both treated GRMD and wild type dogs. Conclusions This GRMD trial was beneficial both in providing evidence that NBD is efficacious in a large animal DMD model and in identifying potential safety concerns that will be informative moving forward with human trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joe N Kornegay
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA ; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA ; The Gene Therapy Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA ; Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, Mail Stop 4458, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer M Peterson
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Daniel J Bogan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA ; The Gene Therapy Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - William Kline
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Janet R Bogan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA ; The Gene Therapy Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jennifer L Dow
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA ; The Gene Therapy Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zheng Fan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mihye Ahn
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hongtu Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Martin Styner
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA ; Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Denis C Guttridge
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA ; The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 460W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|