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Yiu B, Robbins N, Cowen LE. Interdisciplinary approaches for the discovery of novel antifungals. Trends Mol Med 2024; 30:723-735. [PMID: 38777733 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2024.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi are an increasing public health concern. The emergence of antifungal resistance coupled with the scarce antifungal arsenal highlights the need for novel therapeutics. Fortunately, the past few years have witnessed breakthroughs in antifungal development. Here, we discuss pivotal interdisciplinary approaches for the discovery of novel compounds with efficacy against diverse fungal pathogens. We highlight breakthroughs in improving current antifungal scaffolds, as well as the utility of compound combinations to extend the lifespan of antifungals. Finally, we describe efforts to refine candidate chemical scaffolds by leveraging structure-guided approaches, and the use of functional genomics to expand our knowledge of druggable antifungal targets. Overall, we emphasize the importance of interdisciplinary collaborations in the endeavor to develop innovative antifungal strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Yiu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Nicole Robbins
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Leah E Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada.
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2
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Vanzolini T, Magnani M. Old and new strategies in therapy and diagnosis against fungal infections. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:147. [PMID: 38240822 PMCID: PMC10799149 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12884-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Fungal infections represent a serious global health threat. The new emerging pathogens and the spread of different forms of resistance are now hardly challenging the tools available in therapy and diagnostics. With the commonly used diagnoses, fungal identification is often slow and inaccurate, and, on the other hand, some drugs currently used as treatments are significantly affected by the decrease in susceptibility. Herein, the antifungal arsenal is critically summarized. Besides describing the old approaches and their mechanisms, advantages, and limitations, the focus is dedicated to innovative strategies which are designed, identified, and developed to take advantage of the discrepancies between fungal and host cells. Relevant pathways and their role in survival and virulence are discussed as their suitability as sources of antifungal targets. In a similar way, molecules with antifungal activity are reported as potential agents/precursors of the next generation of antimycotics. Particular attention was devoted to biotechnological entities, to their novelty and reliability, to drug repurposing and restoration, and to combinatorial applications yielding significant improvements in efficacy. KEY POINTS: • New antifungal agents and targets are needed to limit fungal morbidity and mortality. • Therapeutics and diagnostics suffer of delays in innovation and lack of targets. • Biologics, drug repurposing and combinations are the future of antifungal treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Vanzolini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, PU, Italy.
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, PU, Italy
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3
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Lima RS, de Carvalho APA, Conte-Junior CA. Health from Brazilian Amazon food wastes: Bioactive compounds, antioxidants, antimicrobials, and potentials against cancer and oral diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:12453-12475. [PMID: 35875893 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2101983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Brazilian Amazon contains over 30,000 plant species and foods rich in bioactive compounds such as terpenes, phenolic acids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, of potential health benefits (antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, anticancer, gastroprotection, prebiotic effects, among others). The existence of residues from non-edible parts of plants (leaves, roots, stems, branches, barks) or fruit wastes (peel, bagasse, seeds) in the agri-food industry and its supply chain is an important challenge in food loss and waste management. In this critical review several Amazon species, focusing on extracts/essential oils from nonedible parts or wastes, were analyzed in terms of phytochemicals, biological activity, and underlying mechanisms. We hope this review emphasizes the importance of Amazon's sustainability initiatives on population health due to the potential shown against cancer, infectious diseases, and prevention of oral diseases. It is urgent to think about the conversion of amazon food wastes and co-products into high-added-value raw materials to develop novel drugs, food packaging systems, or nutraceutical foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayssa S Lima
- Department of Biochemistry, Analytical and Molecular Laboratorial Center (CLAn), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Sanitary Surveillance (PPGVS), National Institute of Health Quality Control, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anna Paula Azevedo de Carvalho
- Department of Biochemistry, Analytical and Molecular Laboratorial Center (CLAn), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Sanitary Surveillance (PPGVS), National Institute of Health Quality Control, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu), Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Conte-Junior
- Department of Biochemistry, Analytical and Molecular Laboratorial Center (CLAn), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Sanitary Surveillance (PPGVS), National Institute of Health Quality Control, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu), Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Food Science (PPGCAL), Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Hygiene (PPGHV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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4
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Ortiz A, Sansinenea E. Phenylpropanoid Derivatives and Their Role in Plants' Health and as antimicrobials. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:380. [PMID: 37864088 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03502-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Phenylpropanoids belong to a wide group of compounds commonly secreted by plants and involved in different roles related with plant growth and development and the defense against plant pathogens. Some key intermediates from shikimate pathway are used to synthesize these compounds. In this way, by the phenylpropanoid pathway several building blocks are achieved to obtain flavonoids, isoflavonoids, coumarins, monolignols, phenylpropenes, phenolic acids, stilbenes and stilbenoids, and lignin, suberin and sporopollenin for plant-microbe interactions, structural support and mechanical strength, organ pigmentation, UV protection and acting against pathogens. Some reviews have revised phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and regulation of the biosynthetic pathways. In this review, the most important chemical structures about phenylpropanoid derivatives are summarized grouping them in different sections according to their structure. We have put special attention on their different roles in plants especially in plant health, growth and development and plant-environment interactions. Their interaction with microorganisms is discussed including their role as antimicrobials. We summarize all new findings about new developed structures and their involvement in plants health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Ortiz
- Facultad De Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma De Puebla, 72590, Puebla, Pue, Mexico
| | - Estibaliz Sansinenea
- Facultad De Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma De Puebla, 72590, Puebla, Pue, Mexico.
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David H, Solomon AP. Molecular association of Candida albicans and vulvovaginal candidiasis: focusing on a solution. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1245808. [PMID: 37900321 PMCID: PMC10611527 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1245808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans-mediated vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a significant challenge in clinical settings, owing to the inefficacy of current antifungals in modulating virulence, development of resistance, and poor penetration into the biofilm matrix. Various predisposition factors are molecular drivers that lead to the dysbiosis of normal microflora of the vagina, upregulation of central metabolic pathways, morphogenesis, hyphal extension, adhesion, invasion, and biofilm formation leading to chronic infection and recurrence. Hence, it is crucial to understand the molecular mechanism behind the virulence pathways driven by those drivers to decode the drug targets. Finding innovative solutions targeting fungal virulence/biofilm may potentiate the antifungals at low concentrations without affecting the recurrence of resistance. With this background, the present review details the critical molecular drivers and associated network of virulence pathways, possible drug targets, target-specific inhibitors, and probable mode of drug delivery to cross the preclinical phase by appropriate in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adline Princy Solomon
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
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Bueno-Silva B, Kiausinus KR, Gonçalves FJDS, Moreira MVC, de Oliveira EG, Brugnera Junior A, Feres M, Figueiredo LC. Antimicrobial activity of Desplac® oral gel in the subgingival multispecies biofilm formation. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1122051. [PMID: 37260680 PMCID: PMC10227524 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1122051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products are well-known due to their antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of Desplac® product (composed of Aloe Vera, Propolis Extract, Green Tea, Cranberry, and Calendula) on the subgingival biofilm. Two different protocols were used to treat the 33-species biofilms: (A) 2×/day (12/12 h) for 1 min with Desplac® or Noplak Toothpaste (Chlorhexidine + Cetylpyridinium Chloride) or Oral B ProGengiva (stannous Fluoride) or a placebo gel; (B) a 12-h use of the Desplac® product or 0.12% chlorhexidine gel or a placebo gel. After 7 days of biofilm formation, the metabolic activity (MA) and biofilm profile were determined by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride and Checker-board DNA-DNA hybridization, respectively. Statistical analysis used the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's post-hoc. In protocol A, all treatments presented reduced MA compared to the placebo (p ≤ 0.05). The Desplac®-treated biofilm showed a similar microbial profile to other antimicrobials, although with higher bacterial total counts. In protocol B, MA of Desplac®-treated biofilms was lower than the placebo's MA but higher than chlorhexidine-treated biofilms (p ≤ 0.05). Pathogen levels in Desplac®-treated biofilms were lower than in placebo-treated biofilms and elevated compared to the chlorhexidine-treated biofilms (p ≤ 0.05). Desplac® inhibited the biofilm development and disrupted the mature subgingival biofilm, highlighting its effect on Tannerella forsythia counts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Aldo Brugnera Junior
- Education College of the European Master in Oral Laser Application (EMDOLA), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Research Collaborator at the IFSC-University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Magda Feres
- Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, Brazil
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7
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Rabaan AA, Alfaraj AH, Alshengeti A, Alawfi A, Alwarthan S, Alhajri M, Al-Najjar AH, Al Fares MA, Najim MA, Almuthree SA, AlShurbaji ST, Alofi FS, AlShehail BM, AlYuosof B, Alynbiawi A, Alzayer SA, Al Kaabi N, Abduljabbar WA, Bukhary ZA, Bueid AS. Antibodies to Combat Fungal Infections: Development Strategies and Progress. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030671. [PMID: 36985244 PMCID: PMC10051215 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The finding that some mAbs are antifungal suggests that antibody immunity may play a key role in the defense of the host against mycotic infections. The discovery of antibodies that guard against fungi is a significant advancement because it gives rise to the possibility of developing vaccinations that trigger protective antibody immunity. These vaccines might work by inducing antibody opsonins that improve the function of non-specific (such as neutrophils, macrophages, and NK cells) and specific (such as lymphocyte) cell-mediated immunity and stop or aid in eradicating fungus infections. The ability of antibodies to defend against fungi has been demonstrated by using monoclonal antibody technology to reconsider the function of antibody immunity. The next step is to develop vaccines that induce protective antibody immunity and to comprehend the mechanisms through which antibodies mediate protective effects against fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
- Correspondence:
| | - Amal H. Alfaraj
- Pediatric Department, Abqaiq General Hospital, First Eastern Health Cluster, Abqaiq 33261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer Alshengeti
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Affairs, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulsalam Alawfi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Alwarthan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashael Alhajri
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal H. Al-Najjar
- Drug & Poison Information Center, Pharmacy Department, Security Forces Hospital Program, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona A. Al Fares
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa A. Najim
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah 41411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Souad A. Almuthree
- Department of Infectious Disease, King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah 43442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan T. AlShurbaji
- Outpatient Pharmacy, Dr. Sulaiman Alhabib Medical Group, Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadh 91877, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fadwa S. Alofi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King Fahad Hospital, Madinah 42351, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashayer M. AlShehail
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Buthina AlYuosof
- Directorate of Public Health, Dammam Network, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam 31444, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahlam Alynbiawi
- Infectious Diseases Section, Medical Specialties Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 12231, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suha A. Alzayer
- Parasitology Laboratory Department, Qatif Comprehensive Inspection Center, Qatif 31911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal Al Kaabi
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi 51900, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wesam A. Abduljabbar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Fakeeh College for Medical Science, Jeddah 21134, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zakiyah A. Bukhary
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahad General Hospital, Jeddah 23325, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed S. Bueid
- Microbiology Laboratory, King Faisal General Hospital, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Khammassi M, Habiba K, Mighri H, Mouna S, Oumayma K, Seçer E, Ismail A, Jamoussi B, Yassine M. Phytochemical Screening of Essential Oils and Methanol Extract Constituents of Wild Foeniculum vulgare Mill.: a Potential Natural Source for Bioactive Molecules. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-022-00571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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9
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Antioxidant-polyphenols of saw palmetto seeds: statistical optimized production and improved functional properties under solid-state fermentation by Trichoderma reesei. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-022-01675-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSaw palmetto seeds (SPS) contain essential phenolic compounds that provide antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic benefits when added to food. Maximized/improved production of these valuable phenolic compounds is the main purpose of this study. Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is a promising processing technique that positively alters the levels of health-promoting compounds in plants and plant residues. Here, a central composite design matrix (16 runs) and response surface methodology were experimentally applied to investigate the best SSF conditions and their interactions for maximum production of phenolic compounds from SPS. A good correlation between actual and expected results was observed with higher multiple coefficients (R2 ~ 0.93–0.97) and strongly significant P values (< 0.0001) proving the accuracy of the statistical model/design. Under optimized SSF conditions, temperature 30 °C, moisture 10%, pH 7.0, and fermentation time 6 days, the total phenolic content and total antioxidant activity of SPS were maximized by 11-fold and 46–49 folds, respectively. According to HPLC analysis, the contents of all identifying polyphenols were 3.3–30.0 times greater in fermented SPS extract (FSPS) than in the unfermented SPS extract (UFSPS). The FSPS extract also contained four new/additional polyphenols (vanillic, p-coumaric, cinnamic, and quercetin). FSPS extract demonstrated much greater antibacterial and antifungal activities than UFSPS extract against various human pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Consequently, the FSPS-phenolic compounds can be exploited as a food supplement and an antimicrobial remedy.
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Zhang M, Chen X, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Zhao J, Wang X. The potential of functionalized dressing releasing flavonoids facilitates scar-free healing. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:978120. [PMID: 36262272 PMCID: PMC9573991 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.978120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Scars are pathological marks left after an injury heals that inflict physical and psychological harm, especially the great threat to development and aesthetics posed by oral and maxillofacial scars. The differential expression of genes such as transforming growth factor-β, local adherent plaque kinase, and yes-related transcriptional regulators at infancy or the oral mucosa is thought to be the reason of scarless regenerative capacity after tissue defects. Currently, tissue engineering products for defect repair frequently overlook the management of postoperative scars, and inhibitors of important genes alone have negative consequences for the organism. Natural flavonoids have hemostatic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties, which promote wound healing and have anti-scar properties by interfering with the transmission of key signaling pathways involved in scar formation. The combination of flavonoid-rich drug dressings provides a platform for clinical translation of compounds that aid in drug disintegration, prolonged release, and targeted delivery. Therefore, we present a review of the mechanisms and effects of flavonoids in promoting scar-free regeneration and the application of flavonoid-laden dressings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Zhang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China,Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaohang Chen
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China,Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China,Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhao
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China,Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China,Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China,Jing Zhao,
| | - Xing Wang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China,Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China,*Correspondence: Xing Wang,
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11
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Jaiswal N, Kumar A. HPLC in the discovery of plant phenolics as antifungal molecules against Candida infection related biofilms. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Elicitor-Induced Metabolomics Analysis of Halodule pinifolia Suspension Culture for an Alternative Antifungal Screening Approach against Candida albicans. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8060609. [PMID: 35736092 PMCID: PMC9224785 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Elicitors are the agents that stimulate the defense responses of plants, and accumulate specialized metabolites in plant tissue culture. This study investigated the elicitor-feeding response of H. pinifolia suspension cell cultures (SCC) for metabolomics analysis and screening of specialized compounds against Candida albicans. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) was used as an elicitor, and treatment of SCC at a concentration of 20 µM MeJA resulted in the maximum rosmarinic acid (RA) accumulation (117 mg/g dry weight), with transcript levels of RA biosynthetic genes HpPAL, HpC4H, and Hp4CL being 4.2, 2.5, and 3.7-fold higher, respectively, than the controls. GC-MS-based metabolomics analysis revealed a total of 47 metabolites, including 30 organic acids, six amino acids, six flavonoids, two sugars, two plant growth regulators, and one vitamin, which were significantly different between control and MeJA-treated cells. Furthermore, five phenolic acids were discovered at higher concentrations, including p-anisic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, and rosmarinic acid, and were purified and structurally elucidated for alternative antifungal screening against C. albicans and the evaluation of ADMET properties. The results from antifungal screening revealed that RA at MIC of 31.25 mg/L exhibited the lowest growth percentage of C. albicans (1.99%), with higher inhibition of isocitrate lyase 1 (ICL 1) enzyme (93.1%), followed by p-anisic acid (86.2%) and caffeic acid (85.1%), respectively. The drug likeliness and ADMET properties of RA exhibited promising results, with a bioactivity score of 0.57, 0.15, and 0.24 for nuclear receptor ligand, protease inhibitor, and enzyme inhibitor, respectively. Therefore, MeJA appears to have a significant effect on enhanced RA accumulation in H. pinifoia cells with phenylpropanoid transcript expression, and acts as an ICL1 inhibitor of C. albicans.
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13
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Synthesis and characterization of azobenzene derivatives and azobenzene-imidazolium conjugates with selective antimicrobial potential. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Cezard A, Monard S, Bréa-Diakite D, Guillon A, Si-Tahar M. [Metabokines reviewed: Essential mediators of anti-infectious immunity]. Med Sci (Paris) 2021; 37:342-348. [PMID: 33908851 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2021031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism and immunity have long been classified in distinct research fields; however, the concept of immunometabolism has recently highlighted their close relationship. Immune cells in an infectious context undergo a metabolic reprogramming that leads to the accumulation of metabolites. Some of these metabolites, called metabokines, play a crucial role in anti-infectious immunity by having immunoregulatory and antimicrobial defence properties. On the one hand, metabokines regulate the response of host immune cells by modulating intracellular signalling and/or inducing post-translational modifications of proteins. On the other hand, metabokines can directly or indirectly target pathogens by inhibiting microbial metabolic pathways, restoring the sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics, and disrupting viral replication cycles. These discoveries on metabokine properties could pave the way for the development of innovative anti-infectious metabolic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Cezard
- Inserm, Centre d'étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, 10 boulevard Tonnelé, 37000 Tours, France - Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Sarah Monard
- Inserm, Centre d'étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, 10 boulevard Tonnelé, 37000 Tours, France - Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Déborah Bréa-Diakite
- Inserm, Centre d'étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, 10 boulevard Tonnelé, 37000 Tours, France - Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Antoine Guillon
- Inserm, Centre d'étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, 10 boulevard Tonnelé, 37000 Tours, France - Université de Tours, Tours, France - CHRU de Tours, Service de médecine intensive réanimation, Tours, France
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- Inserm, Centre d'étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, 10 boulevard Tonnelé, 37000 Tours, France - Université de Tours, Tours, France
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15
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Li P, Seneviratne CJ, Luan Q, Jin L. Proteomic Analysis of Caspofungin-Induced Responses in Planktonic Cells and Biofilms of Candida albicans. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:639123. [PMID: 33679674 PMCID: PMC7931687 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.639123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans biofilms display markedly increased antifungal resistance, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated the signature profiles of C. albicans planktonic cells and biofilms in response to caspofungin (CAS) by mass spectrometry-based shotgun proteomics. We found that C. albicans biofilms were twofold more resistant to CAS with reference to planktonic cells. Notably, 9.6% of C. albicans biofilm cells survived the lethal treatment of CAS (128 μg/ml), confirmed by LIVE/DEAD staining, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy analyses. The responses of C. albicans planktonic cells and biofilms to CAS treatment at respective minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were assessed by high-throughput proteomics and bioinformatics approaches. There were 148 and 224 proteins with >twofold difference identified from the planktonic cells and biofilms, respectively. CAS treatment downregulated several cell wall- and oxidative stress-related proteins. Whereas, CAS-induced action was compensated by markedly increased expression of many other proteins involved in cell wall integrity and stress response (e.g., heat shock proteins). Moreover, considerable expression changes were identified in metabolism-associated proteins like glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and ATP biosynthesis. Importantly, various key proteins for cell wall integrity, stress response and metabolic regulation (e.g., PIL1, LSP1, HSP90, ICL1, and MLS1) were exclusively enriched and implicated in C. albicans biofilms. This study demonstrates that C. albicans biofilms undergo highly complicated yet complex regulation of multiple cellular pathways in response to CAS. Signature proteins essential for modulating cell wall integrity, stress response and metabolic activities may account for the antifungal resistance of C. albicans biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Division of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chaminda J Seneviratne
- National Dental Research Institute Singapore, National Dental Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qingxian Luan
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Lijian Jin
- Division of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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16
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Kamal LZM, Adam MAA, Shahpudin SNM, Shuib AN, Sandai R, Hassan NM, Tabana Y, Basri DF, Than LTL, Sandai D. Identification of Alkaloid Compounds Arborinine and Graveoline from Ruta angustifolia (L.) Pers for their Antifungal Potential against Isocitrate lyase (ICL1) gene of Candida albicans. Mycopathologia 2021; 186:221-236. [PMID: 33550536 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-020-00523-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans has been reported globally as the most widespread pathogenic species contributing candidiasis from superficial to systemic infections in immunocompromised individuals. Their metabolic adaptation depends on glyoxylate cycle to survive in nutrient-limited host. The long term usage of fungistatic drugs and the lack of cidal drugs frequently result in strains that could resist commonly used antifungals and display multidrug resistance (MDR). In search of potential therapeutic intervention and novel fungicidals, we have explored a plant alkaloids, namely arborinine and graveoline for its antifungal potential. Alkaloids belongs to Rutaceae family have been reported with numerous antimicrobial activities. In this study, we aimed to isolate and identify the antifungal active alkaloids of R. angustifolia and assess antifungal effect targeting C. albicans isocitrate lyase (ICL) gene which regulates isocitrate lyase, key enzyme in glyoxylate cycle contributing to the virulence potential of C. albicans. Alkaloids were extracted by bioassay guided isolation technique which further identified by TLC profile and compared with the standard through HPLC and NMR analysis. The antifungal activities of the extracted alkaloids were quantified by means of MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration). The gene expression of the targeted gene upon treatment was analysed using RT-qPCR and western blot. Additionally, this study looked at the drug-likeness and potential toxicity effect of the active alkaloid compounds in silico analysis. Spectroscopic analysis showed that the isolated active alkaloids were characterized as acridone, furoquinoline, 4-quinolone known as arborinine and graveoline. Results showed that each compound significantly inhibited the growth of C. albicans at the dose of 250 to 500 µg/mL which confirm its antifungal activity. Each alkaloid was found to successfully downregulate the expression of both ICL1 gene CaIcl1 protein. Finally, ADMET analysis suggests a good prediction of chemical properties, namely absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) that will contribute in drug discovery and development later on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laina Zarisa Mohd Kamal
- Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mowaffaq Adam Ahmed Adam
- Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Siti Nurfatimah Mohd Shahpudin
- Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Naqeeb Shuib
- Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Rosline Sandai
- Faculty of Language and Communication, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Norazian Mohd Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yasser Tabana
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dayang Fredalina Basri
- School of Diagnostic & Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Leslie Thian Lung Than
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Doblin Sandai
- Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia.
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Interaction of Isocitrate Lyase with Proteins Involved in the Energetic Metabolism in Paracoccidioides lutzii. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040309. [PMID: 33238437 PMCID: PMC7712234 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Systemic mycosis is a cause of death of immunocompromised subjects. The treatment directed to evade fungal pathogens shows severe limitations, such as time of drug exposure and side effects. The paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) treatment depends on the severity of the infection and may last from months to years. Methods: To analyze the main interactions of Paracoccidioides lutzii isocitrate lyase (ICL) regarding the energetic metabolism through affinity chromatography, we performed blue native PAGE and co-immunoprecipitation to identify ICL interactions. We also performed in silico analysis by homology, docking, hot-spot prediction and contact preference analysis to identify the conformation of ICL complexes. Results: ICL interacted with 18 proteins in mycelium, 19 in mycelium-to-yeast transition, and 70 in yeast cells. Thirty complexes were predicted through docking and contact preference analysis. ICL has seven main regions of interaction with protein partners. Conclusions: ICL seems to interfere with energetic metabolism of P. lutzii, regulating aerobic and anaerobic metabolism as it interacts with proteins from glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, TCA and methylcitrate cycles, mainly through seven hot-spot residues.
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18
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Godlewska-Żyłkiewicz B, Świsłocka R, Kalinowska M, Golonko A, Świderski G, Arciszewska Ż, Nalewajko-Sieliwoniuk E, Naumowicz M, Lewandowski W. Biologically Active Compounds of Plants: Structure-Related Antioxidant, Microbiological and Cytotoxic Activity of Selected Carboxylic Acids. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4454. [PMID: 33049979 PMCID: PMC7579235 DOI: 10.3390/ma13194454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural carboxylic acids are plant-derived compounds that are known to possess biological activity. The aim of this review was to compare the effect of structural differences of the selected carboxylic acids (benzoic acid (BA), cinnamic acid (CinA), p-coumaric acid (p-CA), caffeic acid (CFA), rosmarinic acid (RA), and chicoric acid (ChA)) on the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activity. The studied compounds were arranged in a logic sequence of increasing number of hydroxyl groups and conjugated bonds in order to investigate the correlations between the structure and bioactivity. A review of the literature revealed that RA exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and this property decreased in the following order: RA > CFA ~ ChA > p-CA > CinA > BA. In the case of antimicrobial properties, structure-activity relationships were not easy to observe as they depended on the microbial strain and the experimental conditions. The highest antimicrobial activity was found for CFA and CinA, while the lowest for RA. Taking into account anti-cancer properties of studied NCA, it seems that the presence of hydroxyl groups had an influence on intermolecular interactions and the cytotoxic potential of the molecules, whereas the carboxyl group participated in the chelation of endogenous transition metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Godlewska-Żyłkiewicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, K. Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15–245 Białystok, Poland; (Ż.A.); (E.N.-S.)
| | - Renata Świsłocka
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15–351 Białystok, Poland; (R.Ś.); (M.K.); (G.Ś.)
| | - Monika Kalinowska
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15–351 Białystok, Poland; (R.Ś.); (M.K.); (G.Ś.)
| | - Aleksandra Golonko
- Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02–532 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Świderski
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15–351 Białystok, Poland; (R.Ś.); (M.K.); (G.Ś.)
| | - Żaneta Arciszewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, K. Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15–245 Białystok, Poland; (Ż.A.); (E.N.-S.)
| | - Edyta Nalewajko-Sieliwoniuk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, K. Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15–245 Białystok, Poland; (Ż.A.); (E.N.-S.)
| | - Monika Naumowicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, K. Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15–245 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Włodzimierz Lewandowski
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15–351 Białystok, Poland; (R.Ś.); (M.K.); (G.Ś.)
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Survival Strategies of Pathogenic Candida Species in Human Blood Show Independent and Specific Adaptations. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.02435-20. [PMID: 33024045 PMCID: PMC7542370 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02435-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure their survival, pathogens have to adapt immediately to new environments in their hosts, for example, during the transition from the gut to the bloodstream. Here, we investigated the basis of this adaptation in a group of fungal species which are among the most common causes of hospital-acquired infections, the Candida species. On the basis of a human whole-blood infection model, we studied which genes and processes are active over the course of an infection in both the host and four different Candida pathogens. Remarkably, we found that, while the human host response during the early phase of infection is predominantly uniform, the pathogens pursue largely individual strategies and each one regulates genes involved in largely disparate processes in the blood. Our results reveal that C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis all have developed individual strategies for survival in the host. This indicates that their pathogenicity in humans has evolved several times independently and that genes which are central for survival in the host for one species may be irrelevant in another. Only four species, Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis, together account for about 90% of all Candida bloodstream infections and are among the most common causes of invasive fungal infections of humans. However, virulence potential varies among these species, and the phylogenetic tree reveals that their pathogenicity may have emerged several times independently during evolution. We therefore tested these four species in a human whole-blood infection model to determine, via comprehensive dual-species RNA-sequencing analyses, which fungal infection strategies are conserved and which are recent evolutionary developments. The ex vivo infection progressed from initial immune cell interactions to nearly complete killing of all fungal cells. During the course of infection, we characterized important parameters of pathogen-host interactions, such as fungal survival, types of interacting immune cells, and cytokine release. On the transcriptional level, we obtained a predominantly uniform and species-independent human response governed by a strong upregulation of proinflammatory processes, which was downregulated at later time points after most of the fungal cells were killed. In stark contrast, we observed that the different fungal species pursued predominantly individual strategies and showed significantly different global transcriptome patterns. Among other findings, our functional analyses revealed that the fungal species relied on different metabolic pathways and virulence factors to survive the host-imposed stress. These data show that adaptation of Candida species as a response to the host is not a phylogenetic trait, but rather has likely evolved independently as a prerequisite to cause human infections.
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Beattie SR, Krysan DJ. Antifungal drug screening: thinking outside the box to identify novel antifungal scaffolds. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 57:1-6. [PMID: 32339892 PMCID: PMC7652037 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections are responsible for a significant disease burden worldwide. Drugs to treat these infections are limited to only four unique classes, and despite these available treatments, mortality rates remain unacceptably high. In this review, we will discuss antifungal drug screening and how the approach to identifying novel compounds needs move away from traditional growth-based assays in order to meet the demand for new drugs. We highlight specific examples of creative screening strategies that increase the likelihood of identifying compounds with desired activities and provide perspective to inspire development of novel screens for the identification of first-in-class antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Beattie
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Damian J Krysan
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.
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21
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Simonetti G, Brasili E, Pasqua G. Antifungal Activity of Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds from Different Matrices of Vitis vinifera L. against Human Pathogens. Molecules 2020; 25:E3748. [PMID: 32824589 PMCID: PMC7464220 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds, the most widely distributed class of natural products in the plants, show several biological properties including antifungal activity. Phenolics contained in grapes can be classified in two main groups, flavonoids and non-flavonoids compounds. Variability and yield extraction of phenolic and polyphenolic compounds from different matrices of Vitis vinifera depends of cultivar, climate, soil condition and process technology. Unripe grapes, berry skins and seeds, leaves, canes and stems and not-fermented and fermented pomaces represent large reusable and valuable wastes from agricultural and agro-industrial processes. This review summarizes studies that examine the extraction method, chemical characterization, and antifungal activity of phenolic and polyphenolic compounds from edible and non-edible V. vinifera matrices against human fungal pathogens. In the world, around one billion people have fungal diseases related to skin, nail or hair and around 150 million have systemic diseases caused by fungi. Few studies on antifungal activity of plant extracts have been performed. This review provides useful information for the application of V. vinifera phenolics in the field of antifungals for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gabriella Pasqua
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P. Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.S.); (E.B.)
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22
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Joshi T, Joshi T, Sharma P, Pundir H, Chandra S. In silico identification of natural fungicide from Melia azedarach against isocitrate lyase of Fusarium graminearum. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:4816-4834. [PMID: 32568603 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1780941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Isocitrate Lyase (ICL) is a crucial enzyme involved in the Glyoxylate pathway, essential for the virulence of several fungal pathogens including Fusarium graminearum. ICL is a novel target for the discovery of antifungal compounds and F. graminearum ICL inhibitors can be used to control the growth of this fungus. Although, several inhibitors of ICL have been identified, however, most of these inhibitors are not environment-friendly. Hence there is still a need to discover natural inhibitors of ICL that can be more effective. To identify a potential antifungal compound, we performed a structure-based screening of phytochemicals of Melia azedarach against the FgICL structure by molecular docking and 104 ligands were found to have a better docking score as compared to the reference molecule. These compounds were assessed for drug-likeness and ADMET prediction. After molecular docking, drug-likeness and toxicity analysis, six potential compounds (Melianoninol (-6.6 kcal/mol), Nimbinene (-7.7 kcal/mol), Vilasinin (-8.1 kcal/mol), Fraxinellone (-6.7 kcal/mol), Gedunin (-7.8 kcal/mol), and Meldenin (-7.8 kcal/mol)) were subjected for rescoring by X-Score. The structural stability and dynamics of screened compounds at the active site of FgICL were examined using MD simulation and MM-PBSA analysis. The result of MM-PBSA revealed that four phytochemicals viz. Melianoninol, Nimbinene, Vilasinin, and Fraxinellone had binding free energy of -17.25 kcal/mol, -59.35 kcal/mol, -64.79 kcal/mol, and -29.86 kcal/mol, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulation and MM-PBSA demonstrated that these four phytochemicals displayed considerable significant structural and pharmacological properties and could be probable antifungal drug candidates against F. graminearum. These phyotchemicals of M. azedarach may be suitable candidates for further experimental analysis. [Formula: see text]Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuja Joshi
- Department of Botany, Kumaun University, Almora, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Tushar Joshi
- Department of Botany, Kumaun University, Almora, Uttarakhand, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Bhimtal Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Department of Botany, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Hemlata Pundir
- Department of Botany, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Subhash Chandra
- Department of Botany, Kumaun University, Almora, Uttarakhand, India
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Mba IE, Nweze EI. Mechanism of Candida pathogenesis: revisiting the vital drivers. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:1797-1819. [PMID: 32372128 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03912-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Candida is the most implicated fungal pathogen in the clinical setting. Several factors play important roles in the pathogenesis of Candida spp. Multiple transcriptional circuits, morphological and phenotypic switching, biofilm formation, tissue damaging extracellular hydrolytic enzymes, metabolic flexibility, genome plasticity, adaptation to environmental pH fluctuation, robust nutrient acquisition system, adherence and invasions (mediated by adhesins and invasins), heat shock proteins (HSPs), cytolytic proteins, escape from phagocytosis, evasion from host immune system, synergistic coaggregation with resident microbiota, resistance to antifungal agents, and the ability to efficiently respond to multiple stresses are some of the major pathogenic determinants of Candida species. The existence of multiple connections, in addition to the interactions and associations among all of these factors, are distinctive features that play important roles in the establishment of Candida infections. This review describes all the underlying factors and mechanisms involved in Candida pathogenesis by evaluating pathogenic determinants of Candida species. It reinforces the already available pool of data on the pathogenesis of Candida species by providing a clear and simplified understanding of the most important factors implicated in the pathogenesis of Candida species. The Candida pathogenesis network, an illustration linking all the major determinants of Candida pathogenesis, is also presented. Taken together, they will further improve our current understanding of how these factors modulate virulence and consequent infection(s). Development of new antifungal drugs and better therapeutic approaches to candidiasis can be achieved in the near future with continuing progress in the understanding of the mechanisms of Candida pathogenesis.
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Chen X, Zhang Z, Chen Z, Li Y, Su S, Sun S. Potential Antifungal Targets Based on Glucose Metabolism Pathways of Candida albicans. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:296. [PMID: 32256459 PMCID: PMC7093590 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, fungal infections have become a serious health problem. Candida albicans are considered as the fourth most common isolates associated with approximately 40% mortality in bloodstream infections among hospitalized patients. Due to various limitations of classical antifungals used currently, such as limited kinds of drugs, inevitable toxicities, and high price, there is an urgent need to explore new antifungal agents based on novel targets. Generally, nutrient metabolism is involved with fungal virulence, and glucose is one of the important nutrients in C. albicans. C. albicans can obtain and metabolize glucose through a variety of pathways; in theory, many enzymes in these pathways can be potential targets for developing new antifungal agents, and several studies have confirmed that compounds which interfere with alpha-glucosidase, acid trehalase, trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, class II fructose bisphosphate aldolases, and glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase in these pathways do have antifungal activities. In this review, the glucose metabolism pathways in C. albicans, the potential antifungal targets based on these pathways, and some compounds which have antifungal activities by inhibiting several enzymes in these pathways are summarized. We believe that our review will be helpful to the exploration of new antifungal drugs with novel antifungal targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqi Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zewen Zhang
- Department of Imaging Medicine and Nuclear Medicine, Qilu Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zuozhong Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Yiman Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shan Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shujuan Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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Gu L, Lin J, Wang Q, Li C, Peng X, Fan Y, Lu C, Lin H, Niu Y, Zhu G, Zhao G. Dimethyl itaconate protects against fungal keratitis by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:229-241. [PMID: 31943336 PMCID: PMC7065235 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dimethyl itaconate (DI) is a membrane‐permeable itaconate derivative with anti‐inflammatory functions. However, the anti‐inflammatory effect of DI has never been studied in fungal keratitis. In this study, we tested the protective effect of DI against fungal keratitis and assessed the role of NF‐E2‐related factor‐2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) signaling in this process. Eyes of C57BL/6 (B6) mice were treated with 2 mm DI after infection with Aspergillus fumigatus. Human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) were pretreated with 0.25 mm DI and then incubated with A. fumigatus. Clinical scoring, slit‐lamp photography, myeloperoxidase determination, flow cytometry and immunostaining were used to assess the disease response and treatment efficacy. PCR, Western blot and ELISA were used to assess the expression of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), chemokine (C–X–C motif) ligand 1, IL‐6, IL‐8, Nrf2 and HO‐1. In addition, quantification of viable fungi, absorbance assays and fluorimetry were used to measure DI fungistatic activity. We observed that DI‐treated eyes showed decreased clinical scores, fungal loads, polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) infiltration and cytokine expression, compared with phosphate‐buffered saline‐treated infected eyes. DI treatment decreased the cytokine levels in infected corneas and in HCECs stimulated with A. fumigatus. Moreover, DI treatment increased Nrf2 and HO‐1 expression in corneas and nuclear Nrf2 accumulation in HCECs. DI‐induced cytokine downregulation was inhibited by pretreatment with an Nrf2 or HO‐1 inhibitor. Finally, DI treatment reduced the A. fumigatus absorbance and fungal mass. These data indicate that DI protects against fungal keratitis by limiting inflammation via the Nrf2/HO‐1 signaling pathway and that DI inhibits the growth of A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingwen Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xudong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yiqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunli Lu
- Department of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hao Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yawen Niu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Abstract
Candida albicans has remained the main etiological agent of candidiasis, challenges clinicians with high mortality and morbidity. The emergence of resistance to antifungal drugs, toxicity and lower efficacy have all contributed to an urgent need to develop alternative drugs aiming at novel targets in C. albicans. Targeting the production of virulence factors, which are essential processes for infectious agents, represents an attractive substitute for the development of newer anti-infectives. The present review highlights the recent developments made in the understanding of the pathogenicity of C. albicans. Production of hydrolytic enzymes, morphogenesis and biofilm formation, along with their molecular and metabolic regulation in Candida are discussed with regard to the development of novel antipathogenic drugs against candidiasis. Over the last decade, candidiasis has remained a major problematic disease worldwide. In spite of the existence of many antifungal drugs, the treatment of such diseases has still remained unsuccessful due to drug inefficacy. Therefore, there is a need to discover antifungals with different modes of action, such as antipathogenic drugs against Candida albicans. Here, we describe how various types of virulence factors such as proteinase, phospholipase, hemolysin, adhesion, morphogenesis and biofilm formation, could be targeted to develop novel therapeutics. We can inhibit production of these virulence factors by controlling their molecular/metabolic regulation.
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Rodrigues Costa A, Bezerra JWA, Pereira da Cruz R, de Freitas MA, da Silva VB, Neto JC, dos Santos ATL, Bezerra Morais Braga MF, da Silva LA, Ivaneide Rocha M, Kamdem JP, Iriti M, Vitalini S, Duarte AE, Barros LM. In vitro Antibiotic and Modulatory Activity of Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze against Candida strains. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E46. [PMID: 32012710 PMCID: PMC7168177 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of fungal resistance to commercial drugs has been a major problem for the WHO. In this context, research with natural products is promising in the discovery of new active substances. Thus, this work evaluated the antifungal effect of a medicinal plant (i.e., Mesosphaerum suaveolens) against strains of the genus Candida, tested the combined effect with the drug fluconazole, and, finally, determined the phenolic constituents present in the species. Initially, aqueous extracts of leaves (AELMs) and aerial parts (AEAPMs) of the species were prepared. For microbiological assays, the minimum fungicidal concentration was determined by broth microdilution, and the combined effect of fluconazole extracts were verified by sub-inhibitory microdilution concentrations (CFM/8) followed by spectrophotometric readings which were used to determine the IC50. HPLC detected the presence of flavonoids and phenolic acids, detecting eight compounds present in the samples of which caffeic acid and quercetin were major components. The AELMs modulated fluconazole activity since it decreased fluconazole's IC50 from 7.8 µg/mL to an IC50 of 4.7 µg/mL (CA LM 77) and from 28.8 µg/mL to 18.26 µg/mL (CA INCQS 40006) for the C. albicans strains. The AEAPMs were able to potentiate the effect of fluconazole more effectively than the AELMs. Such an effect was significant for the 16 µg/mL concentration for CA LM 77 and 32 µg/mL for CA INCQS 40006. The AEAPMs as well as the AELMs presented clinically relevant activities for C. tropicalis strains. For the C. tropicalis LM 23 strain, the AEPMs obtained an IC50 of 25 µg/mL and the AELMs an IC50 of 359.9 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrielle Rodrigues Costa
- Postgraduate Program in Molecular Bioprospecting, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato 63122-290, CE, Brazil; (A.R.C.); (V.B.d.S.)
| | | | - Rafael Pereira da Cruz
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology of Cariri, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato 63122-290, CE, Brazil; (R.P.d.C.); (M.A.d.F.); (A.T.L.d.S.)
| | - Maria Audilene de Freitas
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology of Cariri, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato 63122-290, CE, Brazil; (R.P.d.C.); (M.A.d.F.); (A.T.L.d.S.)
| | - Viviane Bezerra da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Molecular Bioprospecting, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato 63122-290, CE, Brazil; (A.R.C.); (V.B.d.S.)
| | - João Cruz Neto
- Nursing Course at the Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato-CE-Brazil;
| | - Antonia Thassya Lucas dos Santos
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology of Cariri, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato 63122-290, CE, Brazil; (R.P.d.C.); (M.A.d.F.); (A.T.L.d.S.)
| | - Maria Flaviana Bezerra Morais Braga
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology of Cariri, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato 63122-290, CE, Brazil; (R.P.d.C.); (M.A.d.F.); (A.T.L.d.S.)
| | - Leomara Andrade da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Botany – National Amazon Research Institute (INPA), Manaus 69067-375, AM, Brazil;
| | - Maria Ivaneide Rocha
- Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, University of Regional Cariri (URCA), Crato 63122-290, CE, Brazil (J.P.K.); (A.E.D.)
| | - Jean Paul Kamdem
- Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, University of Regional Cariri (URCA), Crato 63122-290, CE, Brazil (J.P.K.); (A.E.D.)
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Sara Vitalini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Antonia Eliene Duarte
- Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, University of Regional Cariri (URCA), Crato 63122-290, CE, Brazil (J.P.K.); (A.E.D.)
| | - Luiz Marivando Barros
- Vegetable Ecophysiology Laboratory, Regional University of Cariri, Crato 63122-290, CE, Brazil;
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Felice MR, Giuffrè L, El Aamri L, Hafidi M, Criseo G, Romeo O, Scordino F. Looking for New Antifungal Drugs from Flavonoids: Impact of the Genetic Diversity of Candida albicans on the in-vitro Response. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:5108-5123. [PMID: 29278204 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666171226102700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In an era in which antimicrobial resistance is increasing at an alarming pace, it is very important to find new antimicrobial agents effective against pathogenic microrganisms resistant to traditional treatments. Among the notable breakthroughs in the past years of research in natural-drug discovery, there is the identification and testing of flavonoids, a group of plant-derived substances capable of promoting many beneficial effects on humans. These compounds show different biological activities such as inhibition of neuroinflammation and tumor growth as well as antimicrobial activity against many microbial pathogens. METHODS We undertook a review of protocols and standard strains used in studies reporting the inhibitory effects of flavonoids against Candida albicans by focusing our attention on genetic characterization of the strains examined. Moreover, using the C. albicans MLST-database, we performed a phylogenetic analysis showing the genetic variation occurring in this species. RESULTS Today, we have enough information to estimate genetic diversity within microbial species and recent data revealed that most of fungal pathogens show complex population structures in which not a single isolate can be designated as representative of the entire taxon. This is especially true for the highly divergent fungal pathogen C. albicans, in which the assumption that one or few "standard strains" can represent the whole species is overly unrealistic and should be laid to rest. CONCLUSION The goal of this article is to shed light on the extent of genetic variation in C. albicans and how this phenomenon can largely influence the activity of flavonoids against this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosa Felice
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Letterio Giuffrè
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Division of Animal Production, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Lamya El Aamri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Department of Biology, Moulay Ismail University, Faculty of Sciences, Zitoune Meknes, Morocco
| | - Majida Hafidi
- Department of Biology, Moulay Ismail University, Faculty of Sciences, Zitoune Meknes, Morocco
| | - Giuseppe Criseo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Orazio Romeo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Health Care (IRCCS) - Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Messina, Italy
| | - Fabio Scordino
- Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Health Care (IRCCS) - Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Messina, Italy
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Allosteric inhibition and kinetic characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae CysE: An emerging drug target. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 151:1240-1249. [PMID: 31751684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae is a major concern that necessitates the development of unique therapeutics. The essential requirement of serine acetyltransferase (SAT/CysE) for survival of several human pathogens makes it a very promising target for inhibitor designing and drug discovery. In this study, as an initial step to structure-based drug discovery, CysE from K. pneumonia was structurally and biochemically characterized. Subsequently, blind docking of selected natural products into the X-ray crystallography determined 3D structure of the target was carried out. Experimental validation of the inhibitory potential of the top-scorers established quercetin as an uncompetitive inhibitor of Kpn CysE. Molecular dynamics simulations carried out to elucidate the binding mode of quercetin reveal that this small molecule binds at the trimer-trimer interface of hexameric CysE, a site physically distinct from the active site of the enzyme. Detailed analysis of conformational differences incurred in Kpn CysE structure on binding to quercetin provides mechanistic understanding of allosteric modulation. Binding of quercetin to CysE leads to conformation changes in the active site loops and proximal loops that affect its internal dynamics and consequently its affinity for substrate/co-factor binding, justifying the reduced enzyme activity.
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Zeitz MA, Tanveer Z, Openshaw AT, Schmidt M. Genetic Regulators and Physiological Significance of Glycogen Storage in Candida albicans. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 5:jof5040102. [PMID: 31671578 PMCID: PMC6958490 DOI: 10.3390/jof5040102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The dimorphic human fungal pathogen C. albicans has broad metabolic flexibility that allows it to adapt to the nutrient conditions in different host habitats. C. albicans builds large carbohydrate stores (glycogen) at the end of exponential growth and begins consumption of stored carbohydrates when nutrients become limiting. The expression of genes required for the successful transition between host environments, including the factors controlling glycogen content, is controlled by protein kinase A signaling through the transcription factor Efg1. In addition to the inability to transition to hyphal growth, C. albicans efg1 mutants have low glycogen content and reduced long-term survival, suggesting that carbohydrate storage is required for viability during prolonged culture. To test this assumption, we constructed a glycogen-deficient C. albicans mutant and assessed its viability during extended culture. Pathways and additional genetic factors controlling C. albicans glycogen synthesis were identified through the screening of mutant libraries for strains with low glycogen content. Finally, a part of the Efg1-regulon was screened for mutants with a shortened long-term survival phenotype. We found that glycogen deficiency does not affect long-term survival, growth, metabolic flexibility or morphology of C. albicans. We conclude that glycogen is not an important contributor to C. albicans fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A Zeitz
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, 3200 Grand Avenue, Des Moines, IA 50312, USA.
| | - Zainab Tanveer
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, 3200 Grand Avenue, Des Moines, IA 50312, USA.
| | - Anatole T Openshaw
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, 3200 Grand Avenue, Des Moines, IA 50312, USA.
| | - Martin Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, 3200 Grand Avenue, Des Moines, IA 50312, USA.
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31
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Jin YS. Recent advances in natural antifungal flavonoids and their derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126589. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Plant Fibers and Phenolics: A Review on Their Synthesis, Analysis and Combined Use for Biomaterials with New Properties. FIBERS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fib7090080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Devising environmental-friendly processes in biotechnology is a priority in the current economic scenario. We are witnessing a constant and steady push towards finding sustainable solutions to societal challenges by promoting innovation-driven activities minimizing the environmental impact and valorizing natural resources. In bioeconomy, plants are among the most important renewable sources of both fibers (woody and cellulosic) and phytochemicals, which find applications in many industrial sectors, spanning from the textile, to the biocomposite, medical, nutraceutical, and pharma sectors. Given the key role of plants as natural sources of (macro)molecules, we here provide a compendium on the use of plant fibers functionalized/impregnated with phytochemicals (in particular phenolic extracts). The goal is to review the various applications of natural fibers functionalized with plant phenolics and to valorize those plants that are source of both fibers and phytochemicals.
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Neelam, Khatkar A, Sharma KK. Phenylpropanoids and its derivatives: biological activities and its role in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:2655-2675. [PMID: 31456411 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1653822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Phenylpropanoids and their derivatives are plant secondary metabolites widely present in fruits, vegetables, cereal grains, beverages, spices and herbs. They are known to have multifaceted effects which include antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer activities and as well as exhibits renoprotective, neuroprotective, cardioprotective and hepatoprotective effects. Owing to their antioxidant, antimicrobial and photoprotective properties, these compounds have wide application in the food (preservation, packaging films and edible coating), pharmaceutical, cosmetic and other industries such as textile (colorant), biofuel (antioxidant additive) and sensors (sensing biologically relevant molecules). Phenylpropanoids are present in commercially available dietary supplements and skin care products. In this review, we have presented the current knowledge on the biosynthesis, occurrence, biological activities of phenylpropanoids and their derivatives, along with the mechanism of action and their potential applications in various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam
- Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Anurag Khatkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Krishna Kant Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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Bittner Fialová S, Kello M, Čoma M, Slobodníková L, Drobná E, Holková I, Garajová M, Mrva M, Zachar V, Lukáč M. Derivatization of Rosmarinic Acid Enhances its in vitro Antitumor, Antimicrobial and Antiprotozoal Properties. Molecules 2019; 24:E1078. [PMID: 30893808 PMCID: PMC6470549 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
On its own, rosmarinic acid possesses multiple biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cardioprotective and antitumor properties, and these are the consequence of its ROS scavenging and inhibitory effect on inflammation. In this study, two quaternary phosphonium salts of rosmarinic acid were prepared for the purpose of increasing its penetration into biological systems with the aim of improving its antimicrobial, antifungal, antiprotozoal and antitumor activity. The synthetized molecules, the triphenylphosphonium and tricyclohexylphosphonium salts of rosmarinic acid, exhibited significantly stronger inhibitory effects on the growth of HCT116 cells with IC50 values of 7.28 or 8.13 μM in comparison to the initial substance, rosmarinic acid (>300 μM). For the synthesized derivatives, we detected a greater than three-fold increase of activity against Acanthamoeba quina, and a greater than eight-fold increase of activity against A. lugdunensis in comparison to rosmarinic acid. Furthermore, we recorded significantly higher antimicrobial activity of the synthetized derivatives when compared to rosmarinic acid itself. Both synthetized quaternary phosphonium salts of rosmarinic acid appear to be promising antitumor and antimicrobial agents, as well as impressive molecules for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bittner Fialová
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Martin Kello
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Matúš Čoma
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Lívia Slobodníková
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Eva Drobná
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Kalinčiakov 8, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Ivana Holková
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Kalinčiakov 8, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Mária Garajová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Martin Mrva
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Vlastimil Zachar
- Department of Chemical Theory of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Kalinčiakov 8, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Miloš Lukáč
- Department of Chemical Theory of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Kalinčiakov 8, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Tani N, Yoneda K, Suzuki I. The effect of thiamine on the growth and fatty acid content of Aurantiochytrium sp. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Nicola AM, Albuquerque P, Paes HC, Fernandes L, Costa FF, Kioshima ES, Abadio AKR, Bocca AL, Felipe MS. Antifungal drugs: New insights in research & development. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 195:21-38. [PMID: 30347212 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The need for better antifungal therapy is commonly accepted in view of the high mortality rates associated with systemic infections, the low number of available antifungal classes, their associated toxicity and the increasing number of infections caused by strains with natural or acquired resistance. The urgency to expand the range of therapeutic options for the treatment of fungal infections has led researchers in recent decades to seek alternative antifungal targets when compared to the conventional ones currently used. Although new potential targets are reported, translating the discoveries from bench to bedside is a long process and most of these drugs fail to reach the patients. In this review, we discuss the development of antifungal drugs focusing on the approach of drug repurposing and the search for novel drugs for classical targets, the most recently described gene targets for drug development, the possibilities of immunotherapy using antibodies, cytokines, therapeutic vaccines and antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrícia Albuquerque
- Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasília, Brazil; Graduate Programme in Microbial Biology, University of Brasília, Brazil
| | - Hugo Costa Paes
- Division of Clinical Medicine, University of Brasília Medical School, Brazil
| | - Larissa Fernandes
- Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasília, Brazil; Graduate Programme in Microbial Biology, University of Brasília, Brazil
| | - Fabricio F Costa
- Graduate Programme in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasília, Brazil; MATTER, Chicago, IL, USA; Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Ann & Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Research Center, Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Erika Seki Kioshima
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Karina Rodrigues Abadio
- School for Applied Social and Agricultural Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso, Nova Mutum Campus, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Sueli Felipe
- Graduate Programme in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasília, Brazil; Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brazil.
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Petrucelli MF, Peronni K, Sanches PR, Komoto TT, Matsuda JB, Silva Junior WAD, Beleboni RO, Martinez-Rossi NM, Marins M, Fachin AL. Dual RNA-Seq Analysis of Trichophyton rubrum and HaCat Keratinocyte Co-Culture Highlights Important Genes for Fungal-Host Interaction. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9070362. [PMID: 30029541 PMCID: PMC6070946 DOI: 10.3390/genes9070362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum is the major fungal pathogen of skin, hair, and nails that uses keratinized substrates as the primary nutrients during infection. Few strategies are available that permit a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the interaction of T. rubrum with the host because of the limitations of models mimicking this interaction. Dual RNA-seq is a powerful tool to unravel this complex interaction since it enables simultaneous evaluation of the transcriptome of two organisms. Using this technology in an in vitro model of co-culture, this study evaluated the transcriptional profile of genes involved in fungus-host interactions in 24 h. Our data demonstrated the induction of glyoxylate cycle genes, ERG6 and TERG_00916, which encodes a carboxylic acid transporter that may improve the assimilation of nutrients and fungal survival in the host. Furthermore, genes encoding keratinolytic proteases were also induced. In human keratinocytes (HaCat) cells, the SLC11A1, RNASE7, and CSF2 genes were induced and the products of these genes are known to have antimicrobial activity. In addition, the FLG and KRT1 genes involved in the epithelial barrier integrity were inhibited. This analysis showed the modulation of important genes involved in T. rubrum–host interaction, which could represent potential antifungal targets for the treatment of dermatophytoses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kamila Peronni
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics, Regional Hemotherapy Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto 2501, Brazil.
| | - Pablo Rodrigo Sanches
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Josie Budag Matsuda
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, São Paulo 2201, Brazil.
| | - Wilson Araújo da Silva Junior
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics, Regional Hemotherapy Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto 2501, Brazil.
| | | | - Nilce Maria Martinez-Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil.
| | - Mozart Marins
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, São Paulo 2201, Brazil.
| | - Ana Lúcia Fachin
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, São Paulo 2201, Brazil.
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Martinez-Rossi NM, Bitencourt TA, Peres NTA, Lang EAS, Gomes EV, Quaresemin NR, Martins MP, Lopes L, Rossi A. Dermatophyte Resistance to Antifungal Drugs: Mechanisms and Prospectus. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1108. [PMID: 29896175 PMCID: PMC5986900 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes comprise pathogenic fungi that have a high affinity for the keratinized structures present in nails, skin, and hair, causing superficial infections known as dermatophytosis. A reasonable number of antifungal drugs currently exist on the pharmaceutical market to control mycoses; however, their cellular targets are restricted, and fungi may exhibit tolerance or resistance to these agents. For example, the stress caused by antifungal and cytotoxic drugs in sub-inhibitory concentrations promotes compensatory stress responses, with the over-expression of genes involved in cellular detoxification, drug efflux, and signaling pathways being among the various mechanisms that may contribute to drug tolerance. In addition, the ATP-binding cassette transporters in dermatophytes that are responsible for cellular efflux can act synergistically, allowing one to compensate for the absence of the other, revealing the complexity of drug tolerance phenomena. Moreover, mutations in genes coding for target enzymes could lead to substitutions in amino acids involved in the binding of antifungal agents, hindering their performance and leading to treatment failure. The relevance of each one of these mechanisms of resistance to fungal survival is hard to define, mainly because they can act simultaneously in the cell. However, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the resistance/tolerance processes, the identification of new antifungal targets, as well as the prospective of new antifungal compounds among natural or synthetic products, are expected to bring advances and new insights that facilitate the improvement or development of novel strategies for antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilce M Martinez-Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Tamires A Bitencourt
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Nalu T A Peres
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Elza A S Lang
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Eriston V Gomes
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Natalia R Quaresemin
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Maíra P Martins
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Lucia Lopes
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Sulfonamide derivatives as Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibitors: in silico approach. In Silico Pharmacol 2018; 6:4. [PMID: 30607317 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-018-0041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Both DHPS (dihydropteroate synthase) and DHFR (dihydrofolate reductase) play important physiological roles in the survivability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Sulfonamides are the potent drugs to monitor growth and proliferation of MTBs by inhibiting the activity of DHPS and DHFR which could explain the mechanism of action of these molecules. In this work, 102 heterocyclic sulfonamides (HSF) have been screened by discovery studio molecular docking programme to search the best suitable molecule for the treatment of MTBs. Lipinski's rule of five protocols is followed to screen drug likeness of these molecules and ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) filtration has been used to value their toxicity. Only fourteen molecules are found to obey the Lipinski's rule and able to cross the ADMET filter. A small difference between HOMO and LUMO energy signifies the electronic excitation energy which is essential to calculate molecular reactivity and stability of the best docked compound and easy activation of drug in the protein environment. Both 4-amino-N-(6-hydroxypyridin-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide (M1) and 4-amino-N-(9H-carbazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide (M2) show the best theoretical efficiency with DHPS and DHFR, respectively. These compounds are also found to bind to the adenine-thymine region of tuberculosis DNA.
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Lee H, Woo ER, Lee DG. Apigenin induces cell shrinkage in Candida albicans by membrane perturbation. FEMS Yeast Res 2018; 18:4810751. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Monoterpenoid perillyl alcohol impairs metabolic flexibility of Candida albicans by inhibiting glyoxylate cycle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 495:560-566. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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de Oliveira Viana J, Scotti MT, Scotti L. Molecular Docking Studies in Multitarget Antitubercular Drug Discovery. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/7653_2018_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Liu X, Ma Z, Zhang J, Yang L. Antifungal Compounds against Candida Infections from Traditional Chinese Medicine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:4614183. [PMID: 29445739 PMCID: PMC5763084 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4614183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by Candida albicans, often refractory and with high morbidity and mortality, cause a heavy burden on the public health while the current antifungal drugs are limited and are associated with toxicity and resistance. Many plant-derived molecules including compounds isolated from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) are reported to have antifungal activity through different targets such as cell membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, and virulence factors. Here, we review the recent progress in the anti-Candida compounds from TCM, as well as their antifungal mechanisms. Considering the diverse targets and structures, compounds from TCM might be a potential library for antifungal drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Zhiming Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Hernia Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Jingxiao Zhang
- Department of Emergency, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Longfei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
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Cantelli BAM, Bitencourt TA, Komoto TT, Beleboni RO, Marins M, Fachin AL. Caffeic acid and licochalcone A interfere with the glyoxylate cycle of Trichophyton rubrum. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:1389-1394. [PMID: 29174577 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton rubrum is the most common causative agent of dermatomycoses worldwide. Despite the increasing incidence of fungal infections, the number of commercially available antifungal drugs is limited, mainly because of the biochemical similarities between fungal and mammalian cells. Biomolecules of different origins might lead to the discovery of new pharmacological targets that are more specific to the fungal cell. In this respect, caffeic acid (CA) and licochalcone A (LicoA) exhibit activity against some human pathogenic fungi by acting on important fungal molecular targets. The glyoxylate cycle is involved in the adaptation of fungal cells inside the human cell and is well established for some fungi of clinical interest. Activation of this cycle is related to the survival of fungi in nutrient-limited environments. However, little is known about the involvement of the glyoxylate cycle in this process in dermatophytes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of CA and LicoA against T. rubrum, investigating specifically the effect of these compounds on important antifungal targets such as ergosterol synthesis, cell wall and glyoxylate cycle. The minimum inhibitory concentration was 86.59 μM for CA and 11.52 μM for LicoA. Plasma membrane damage and a reduction in ergosterol levels were observed after the exposure of T. rubrum to CA, but not to LicoA. Evaluation of gene expression in T. rubrum co-cultured with human keratinocytes (HaCat) in the absence of the antifungal compounds showed induction of genes related to the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway and genes encoding enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis and in the glyoxylate cycle. The same genes were significantly repressed after exposure of the co-culture to subinhibitory concentrations of CA and LicoA. The enzymatic activity of isocitrate lyase was reduced in the presence of LicoA and a moderate reduction was observed in the presence of CA. These results indicate that CA and LicoA act on targets that play important roles in pathogen-host interactions, in antifungal activity and, especially, in the glyoxylate cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mozart Marins
- Biotechnology Unit, Ribeirão Preto University, SP, Brazil
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McCarthy MW, Kontoyiannis DP, Cornely OA, Perfect JR, Walsh TJ. Novel Agents and Drug Targets to Meet the Challenges of Resistant Fungi. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:S474-S483. [PMID: 28911042 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant fungi poses a major threat to human health. Despite advances in preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic interventions, resistant fungal infections continue to cause significant morbidity and mortality in patients with compromised immunity, underscoring the urgent need for new antifungal agents. In this article, we review the challenges associated with identifying broad-spectrum antifungal drugs and highlight novel targets that could enhance the armamentarium of agents available to treat drug-resistant invasive fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W McCarthy
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | - Oliver A Cornely
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Department I of Internal Medicine, Clinical Trials Centre Cologne (ZKS Köln), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - John R Perfect
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Thomas J Walsh
- Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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Abstract
Invasive fungal infections continue to appear in record numbers as the immunocompromised population of the world increases, owing partially to the increased number of individuals who are infected with HIV and partially to the successful treatment of serious underlying diseases. The effectiveness of current antifungal therapies - polyenes, flucytosine, azoles and echinocandins (as monotherapies or in combinations for prophylaxis, or as empiric, pre-emptive or specific therapies) - in the management of these infections has plateaued. Although these drugs are clinically useful, they have several limitations, such as off-target toxicity, and drug-resistant fungi are now emerging. New antifungals are therefore needed. In this Review, I discuss the robust and dynamic antifungal pipeline, including results from preclinical academic efforts through to pharmaceutical industry products, and describe the targets, strategies, compounds and potential outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Perfect
- Duke University Medical Center, 200 Trent Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Omics for understanding synergistic action of validamycin A and Trichoderma asperellum GDFS1009 against maize sheath blight pathogen. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40140. [PMID: 28057927 PMCID: PMC5216365 DOI: 10.1038/srep40140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheath blight, causes by Rhizoctonia spp., threaten maize yield every year throughout the world. Trichoderma could degrade Rhizoctonia solani on maize mainly via competition and hyperparasitism, whereas validamycin A could efficiently inhibit the growth of R. solani via disturbing the energy system. By contrast, validamycin A is efficient but it takes effect in a short period, while Trichoderma takes effect in a long period though time-consuming. To overcome the disadvantages, Trichoderma asperellum GDFS1009 was used together with validamycin A. In vitro tests proved that the combined pathogen-inhibiting efficiency was significantly improved. Furthermore, results based on transcriptome and metabolome showed that validamycin A had no significant effects on growth, basic metabolism and main bio-control mechanisms of T. asperellum GDFS1009. Such few impacts may be attributed to detoxification and tolerance mechanism of T. asperellum GDFS1009. In addition, T. asperellum GDFS1009 has an ability to relieve the stress caused by validaymicn A. Meanwhile, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) results showed that only minor degradation (20%) of validamycin A was caused by T. asperellum GDFS1009 during cofermentation. All results together provide solid bases for validamycin A synergy with T. asperellum GDFS1009 in their combined biocontrol application.
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Pagnussatt FA, de Lima VR, Dora CL, Costa JAV, Putaux JL, Badiale-Furlong E. Assessment of the encapsulation effect of phenolic compounds from Spirulina sp. LEB-18 on their antifusarium activities. Food Chem 2016; 211:616-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Gergondey R, Garcia C, Serre V, Camadro J, Auchère F. The adaptive metabolic response involves specific protein glutathionylation during the filamentation process in the pathogen Candida albicans. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:1309-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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50
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Lv C, Wang P, Wang W, Su R, Ge Y, Zhu Y, Zhu G. Two isocitrate dehydrogenases from a plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 8004. Bioinformatic analysis, enzymatic characterization, and implication in virulence. J Basic Microbiol 2016; 56:975-85. [PMID: 27282849 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is a key enzyme in the tricarboxylate (TCA) cycle, which may play an important role in the virulence of pathogenic bacteria. Here, two structurally different IDHs from a plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 8004 (XccIDH1 and XccIDH2) were characterized in detail. The recombinant XccIDH1 forms homodimer in solution, while the recombinant XccIDH2 is a typical monomer. Phylogenetic analysis showed that XccIDH1 belongs to the type I IDH subfamily and XccIDH2 groups into the monomeric IDH clade. Kinetic characterization demonstrated that XccIDH1's specificity towards NAD(+) was 110-fold greater than NADP(+) , while XccIDH2's specificity towards NADP(+) was 353-fold greater than NAD(+) . The putative coenzyme discriminating amino acids (Asp268, Ile269 and Ala275 for XccIDH1, and Lys589, His590 and Arg601 for XccIDH2) were studied by site-directed mutagenesis. The coenzyme specificities of the two mutants, mXccIDH1 and mXccIDH2, were completely reversed from NAD(+) to NADP(+) , and NADP(+) to NAD(+) , respectively. Furthermore, Ser80 of XccIDH1, and Lys256 and Tyr421 of XccIDH2, were the determinants for the substrate binding. The detailed biochemical properties, such as optimal pH and temperature, thermostability, and metal ion effects, of XccIDH1 and XccIDH2 were further investigated. The possibility of taking the two IDHs into consideration as the targets for drug development to control the plant diseases caused by Xcc 8004 were described and discussed thoroughly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqi Lv
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, China
| | - Wencai Wang
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, China
| | - Ruirui Su
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, China
| | - Yadong Ge
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, China
| | - Youming Zhu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Stomatological Hospital, Anhui Medical University, China.
| | - Guoping Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, China.
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