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Kotwal N, Pathania D, Singh A, Din Sheikh ZU, Kothari R. Enzyme immobilization with nanomaterials for hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass: Challenges and future Perspectives. Carbohydr Res 2024; 543:109208. [PMID: 39013334 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization has emerged as a prodigious strategy in the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) promising enhanced efficacy and stability of the enzymes. Further, enzyme immobilization on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) facilitates the easy recovery and reuse of biocatalysts. This results in the development of a nanobiocatalytic system, that serves as an eco-friendly and inexpensive LCB deconstruction approach. This review provides an overview of nanomaterials used for immobilization with special emphasis on the nanomaterial-enzyme interactions and strategies of immobilization. After the succinct outline of the immobilization procedures and supporting materials, a comprehensive assessment of the catalysis enabled by nanomaterial-immobilized biocatalysts for the conversion and degradation of lignocellulosic biomasses is provided by gathering state-of-the-art examples. The challenges and future directions associated with this technique providing a potential solution in the present article. Insight on the recent advancements in the process of nanomaterial-based immobilization for the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass has also been highlighted in the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kotwal
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani, (Bagla) Samba, J&K, 181143, India
| | - Deepak Pathania
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani, (Bagla) Samba, J&K, 181143, India.
| | - Anita Singh
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani, (Bagla) Samba, J&K, 181143, India; Department of Environmental Studies, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendergarh, 123031, Haryana, India.
| | - Zaheer Ud Din Sheikh
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani, (Bagla) Samba, J&K, 181143, India
| | - Richa Kothari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani, (Bagla) Samba, J&K, 181143, India
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Jangra N, Kawatra A, Datten B, Gupta S, Gulati P. Recent trends in targeted delivery of smart nanocarrier-based microbial enzymes for therapeutic applications. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103915. [PMID: 38340953 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Smart carrier-based immobilization has widened the use of enzymes for the treatment of several disorders. Large surface areas, tunable morphology, and surface modification ability aid the targeted and controlled release of therapeutic enzymes from such formulations. Smart nanocarriers, such as polymeric carriers, liposomes, and silica have also increased the stability, half-life, and permeability of these enzymes. In this review, summarize recent advances in the smart immobilization of microbial enzymes and their development as precision nanomedicine for the treatment of cancer, thrombosis, phenylketonuria (PKU), and wound healing. We also discuss the challenges and measures to be adopted for the successful clinical translation of these formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Jangra
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Anubhuti Kawatra
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Bharti Datten
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Shefali Gupta
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences (SHUATS), Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
| | - Pooja Gulati
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
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Noori R, Perwez M, Mazumder JA, Ali J, Sardar M. Bio-imprinted magnetic cross-linked polyphenol oxidase aggregates for enhanced synthesis of L-dopa, a neurodegenerative therapeutic drug. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 227:974-985. [PMID: 36464190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Bio-imprinted magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregates (i-m-CLEAs) of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) obtained from potato peels were prepared using amino-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. Bio-imprinting is being used to improve the catalytic efficiency and conformational stability of enzymes. For bio-imprinting, PPO was incubated with different imprint/template molecules (catechol, 4-methyl catechol and l-3,4-dihydroxy phenylalanine) before cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. CLEAs imprinted with 4-methyl catechol showed maximum activity as compared with non-bio-imprinted magnetic CLEAs (m-CLEAs). They were further characterized by scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. In bio-imprinted m-CLEAs, half-life (t1/2) of PPO significantly improved (364.74 min) as compared to free PPO (43.58 min) and non-bio-imprinted m-CLEAs (266.54 min). Bio-imprinted m-CLEAs showed excellent thermal and storage stability as well as reusability. The CLEAs preparation were used for the synthesis of l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa, a therapeutic drug to treat neurodegenerative disorder) and a remarkable increase in L-dopa yield (23.5-fold) was obtained as compared to free enzyme. A cost effective and reusable method has been described for the production of L-dopa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubia Noori
- Enzyme Technology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 25, India
| | - Mohammad Perwez
- Enzyme Technology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 25, India
| | - Jahirul Ahmed Mazumder
- Enzyme Technology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 25, India
| | - Juned Ali
- Enzyme Technology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 25, India
| | - Meryam Sardar
- Enzyme Technology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 25, India.
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Tork SD, Nagy EZA, Tomoiagă RB, Bencze LC. Engineered, Scalable Production of Optically Pure l-Phenylalanines Using Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase from Arabidopsis thaliana. J Org Chem 2023; 88:852-862. [PMID: 36583610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An efficient preparative-scale synthetic procedure of l-phenylalanine derivatives has been developed using mutant variants of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPAL). After rigorous reaction engineering, the AtPAL-catalyzed hydroamination reaction of cinnamic acids provided several unnatural amino acids of high synthetic value, such as (S)-m- and (S)-p-methoxyphenylalanine; (S)-o- and (S)-m-methylphenylalanine; and (S)-o- and (S)-p-bromophenylalanine at preparative scale, significantly surpassing the catalytic efficiency in terms of conversions and yields of the previously reported PcPAL-based biotransformations. The AtPAL variants tolerated high substrate and product concentrations, representing an important extension of the PAL-toolbox, while the engineered biocatalytic procedures of improved E-factor and space-time yields fulfill the requirements of sustainable and green chemistry, providing facile access to valuable amino acid building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souad Diana Tork
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babes̨-Bolyai University, Arany János Street 11, RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Emma Zsófia Aletta Nagy
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babes̨-Bolyai University, Arany János Street 11, RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Raluca Bianca Tomoiagă
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babes̨-Bolyai University, Arany János Street 11, RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - László Csaba Bencze
- Enzymology and Applied Biocatalysis Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babes̨-Bolyai University, Arany János Street 11, RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Hormozi Jangi SR, Akhond M. Introducing a covalent thiol-based protected immobilized acetylcholinesterase with enhanced enzymatic performances for biosynthesis of esters. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Redesigning Robust Biocatalysts by Engineering Enzyme Microenvironment and Enzyme Immobilization. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-022-04137-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Hojnik Podrepšek G, Knez Ž, Leitgeb M. The Synthesis of (Magnetic) Crosslinked Enzyme Aggregates With Laccase, Cellulase, β-Galactosidase and Transglutaminase. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:813919. [PMID: 35309987 PMCID: PMC8927696 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.813919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immobilized enzymes have important aspects due to the fact that they possess higher stability, have the possibility to be easily removed from the reaction mixture, and are much easier to use when compared to free enzymes. In this research, the enzymes laccase, cellulase, β-galactosidase (β-gal), and transglutaminase (TGM) were immobilized by two different methods: crosslinked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) and magnetic crosslinked enzyme aggregates (mCLEAs). The processes for CLEAs and mCLEAs preparation with different enzymes have been optimized, where the aim was to achieve the highest possible relative activity of the immobilized enzyme. The optimal conditions of the synthesis of CLEAs in mCLEAs are described, thus emphasizing the difference between the two types of immobilization based on different enzymes. This comparative study, which represents the synthesis of crosslinked enzyme aggregates using different enzymes, has not been performed so far. Moreover, the obtained activity of CLEAs and mCLEAs is presented, which is important for further use in different biocatalytic processes. Specifically, of a higher importance is the selection of enzymes involved in immobilization, as they belong to the three different most applicable enzymes (oxidoreductases, hydrolases, and transferases). The study confirmed that the resulting activity of the immobilized enzyme and the optimization of enzyme immobilization depended on the type of the enzyme. Moreover, the prepared CLEAs and mCLEAs were exposed to the supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) at different pressures to determine the effect of scCO2 on enzyme activity in immobilized form. Additionally, to demonstrate the reuse and stability of the immobilized enzyme, the stability and reusability tests of CLEAs and mCLEAs were performed. The catalytic performance of immobilized enzyme was tested, where the catalytic efficiency and long-term operational stability of mCLEAs were obviously superior to those of CLEAs. However, the higher activity observed for CLEAs compared to mCLEAs suggests a significant effect of magnetic nanoparticles in the stabilization of an enzyme crosslinked aggregate structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Hojnik Podrepšek
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Željko Knez
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Maja Leitgeb
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Maja Leitgeb,
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Chauhan V, Kaushal D, Dhiman VK, Kanwar SS, Singh D, Dhiman VK, Pandey H. An Insight in Developing Carrier-Free Immobilized Enzymes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:794411. [PMID: 35309979 PMCID: PMC8924610 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.794411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes play vital roles in all organisms. The enzymatic process is progressively at its peak, mainly for producing biochemical products with a higher value. The immobilization of enzymes can sometimes tremendously improve the outcome of biocatalytic processes, making the product(s) relatively pure and economical. Carrier-free immobilized enzymes can increase the yield of the product and the stability of the enzyme in biocatalysis. Immobilized enzymes are easier to purify. Due to these varied advantages, researchers are tempted to explore carrier-free methods used for the immobilization of enzymes. In this review article, we have discussed various aspects of enzyme immobilization, approaches followed to design a process used for immobilization of an enzyme and the advantages and disadvantages of various common processes used for enzyme immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India
| | - Diksha Kaushal
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India
| | | | - Shamsher Singh Kanwar
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India
- *Correspondence: Shamsher Singh Kanwar,
| | - Devendra Singh
- B.N. College of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Dhiman
- Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan, India
| | - Himanshu Pandey
- Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan, India
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Li XY, Xu MQ, Liu H, Zhou Q, Gao J, Zhang YW. Preparation of combined cross-linked enzyme aggregates containing galactitol dehydrogenase and NADH oxidase for L-tagatose synthesis via in situ cofactor regeneration. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2021; 45:353-364. [PMID: 34797400 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02665-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The combined cross-linked enzyme aggregates (combi-CLEAs) containing galactitol dehydrogenase (Gdh) and NADH oxidase (Nox) were prepared for L-tagatose synthesis. To prevent the excess consumption of cofactor, Nox in the combi-CLEAs was used to in situ regenerate NAD+. In the immobilization process, ammonia sulfate and glutaraldehyde were used as the precipitant and cross-linking reagent, respectively. The preparation conditions were optimized as follows: 60% ammonium sulfate, 1:1 (molar ratio) of Gdh to Nox, 20:1 (molar ratio) of protein to glutaraldehyde, and 6 h of cross-linking time at 35 °C. Under these conditions, the activity of the combi-CLEAs was 210 U g-1. The combi-CLEAs exhibited higher thermostability and preserved 51.5% of the original activity after eight cycles of reuses at 45 °C. The combi-CLEAs were utilized for the preparation of L-tagatose without by-products. Therefore, the combi-CLEAs have the industrial potential for the bioconversion of galactitol to L-tagatose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Qiu Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Gao
- College of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Qinzhou, 535100, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye-Wang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China.
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Sharma A, Thatai KS, Kuthiala T, Singh G, Arya SK. Employment of polysaccharides in enzyme immobilization. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.105005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Perwez M, Mazumder JA, Noori R, Sardar M. Magnetic combi CLEA for inhibition of bacterial biofilm: A green approach. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:780-787. [PMID: 34280443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present study different enzymes (α- amylase, trypsin, cellulase, horse-radish peroxidase and pectinex ultra clear) were studied for bacterial biofilm inhibition and Pectinex ultra clear showed best inhibition. So, m-combi-CLEA of Pectinex ultra clear was developed by cross linked enzyme aggregate (CLEA) formation on APTES (3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane) modified iron oxide nanoparticles. Different parameters were optimized and it was observed that 0.4 mg/ml of protein (containing 25 U/mg cellulase activity), 0.5 mg/ml BSA and 10 mM glutaraldehyde when incubated for 3 h gives 100% enzyme activity using ethanol as the precipitant. The CLEA formed were thermally more stable as compared to free enzyme. m-combi-CLEA of Pectinex ultra clear shows 75-78% biofilm inhibition of E. coli and S. aureus. Furthermore, m-combi-CLEA can be reused till 4 cycles with same efficiency. The carbohydrate contents of E. coli biofilm decreased from 64.629 μg to 6.23 μg and for S. aureus biofilm, it decreased from 58.46 μg to 5.52 μg when treated with m-combi CLEA in comparison to untreated biofilms. FTIR, darkfield illumination Fluorescence Microscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy was further used for characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Perwez
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-25, India
| | | | - Rubia Noori
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-25, India
| | - Meryam Sardar
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-25, India.
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Ullah H, Pervez S, Ahmed S, Haleem KS, Qayyum S, Niaz Z, Nawaz MA, Nawaz F, Subhan F, Tauseef I. Preparation, characterization and stability studies of cross-linked α-amylase aggregates (CLAAs) for continuous liquefaction of starch. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 173:267-276. [PMID: 33454331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In current study, α-amylase of fungal origin was immobilized using cross-linking strategy. The influence of precipitant (ammonium sulphate) and cross-linker (glutaraldehyde) concentration revealed that 60% (w/v) precipitant and 1.5% (v/v) cross-linker saturation was required to attain optimum activity. Cross-linked amylase aggregates (CLAAs) were characterized and 10-degree shift in optimum temperature (soluble enzyme: 50 °C; cross-linked: 60 °C) and 1-unit shift in pH (soluble enzyme: pH -6; cross-linked: pH -7) was observed after immobilization. The Vmax for soluble α-amylase and its cross-linked form was 1225 U ml-1 and 3629 U ml-1, respectively. The CLAAs was more thermostable than its soluble form and retained its 30% activity even after 60 min of incubation at 70 °C. Moreover, cross-linked amylase retained its activity after two months while its soluble counterpart lost its complete activity after 10 and 20 days at 30 °C and 4 °C storage, respectively. Reusability test showed that cross-linked amylase could retain 13% of its residual activity after 10 repeated cycles. Therefore, 10 times more glucose was produced after cross-linking than soluble amylase when it was utilized multiple times. This study indicates that amylase aggregates are highly effective for continuous liquefaction of starch, hence have strong potential to be used for different industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidayat Ullah
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Pervez
- Department of Biochemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan.
| | - Shehzad Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan
| | | | - Sadia Qayyum
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Niaz
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Nawaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Dir (Upper), KPK, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Nawaz
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan
| | - Fazli Subhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, NUMS, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Isfahan Tauseef
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan.
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Immobilization of Eversa ® Transform via CLEA Technology Converts It in a Suitable Biocatalyst for Biolubricant Production Using Waste Cooking Oil. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26010193. [PMID: 33401727 PMCID: PMC7794791 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of the previously optimized magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregate of Eversa (Eversa-mCLEA) in the enzymatic synthesis of biolubricants by transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) with different alcohols has been evaluated. Eversa-mCLEA showed good activities using these alcohols, reaching a transesterification activity with isoamyl alcohol around 10-fold higher than with methanol. Yields of isoamyl fatty acid ester synthesis were similar using WCO or refined oil, confirming that this biocatalyst could be utilized to transform this residue into a valuable product. The effects of WCO/isoamyl alcohol molar ratio and enzyme load on the synthesis of biolubricant were also investigated. A maximum yield of around 90 wt.% was reached after 72 h of reaction using an enzyme load of 12 esterification units/g oil and a WCO/alcohol molar ratio of 1:6 in a solvent-free system. At the same conditions, the liquid Eversa yielded a maximum ester yield of only 34%. This study demonstrated the great changes in the enzyme properties that can be derived from a proper immobilization system. Moreover, it also shows the potential of WCO as a feedstock for the production of isoamyl fatty acid esters, which are potential candidates as biolubricants.
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Biomedical applications of microbial phenylalanine ammonia lyase: Current status and future prospects. Biochimie 2020; 177:142-152. [PMID: 32828824 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) has recently emerged as an important therapeutic enzyme with several biomedical applications. The enzyme catabolizes l-phenylalanine to trans-cinnamate and ammonia. PAL is widely distributed in higher plants, some algae, ferns, and microorganisms, but absent in animals. Although microbial PAL has been extensively exploited in the past for producing industrially important metabolites, its high substrate specificity and catalytic efficacy lately spurred interest in its biomedical applications. PEG-PAL drug named Palynziq™, isolated from Anabaena variabilis has been recently approved for the treatment of adult phenylketonuria (PKU) patients. Further, it has exhibited high potency in regressing tumors and treating tyrosine related metabolic abnormalities like tyrosinemia. Several therapeutically valuable metabolites have been biosynthesized via its catalytic action including dietary supplements, antimicrobial peptides, aspartame, amino-acids, and their derivatives. This review focuses on all the prospective biomedical applications of PAL. It also provides an overview of the structure, production parameters, and various strategies to improve the therapeutic potential of this enzyme. Engineered PAL with improved pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties will further establish this enzyme as a highly efficient biological drug.
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Zang YY, Yang S, Xu YQ, Chen ZG, Wu T. Carrier-Free Immobilization of Rutin Degrading Enzyme Extracted From Fusarium spp. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:470. [PMID: 32671022 PMCID: PMC7332768 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a strain with rutin degrading enzyme (RDE) activity was screened from moldy tartary buckwheat and subsequently identified as Fusarium spp. The structure and enzyme characteristics of CLEA-RDE formed by immobilization via cross-linking were then investigated. Further, the optimal catalysis conditions of CLEA-RDE in natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) serving as hydrolysis solvents were also investigated. The results of SEM and spectrum indicated that CLEA-RDE became more stable than free-RDE due to the cross-linking. Interestingly, CLEA-RDE showed a wider range of pH adaptation and higher tolerance to low temperatures (20 – 30°C) and hydrophobic environments. The results of orthogonal experiments revealed that the optimal condition for rutin hydrolysis was under pH 5.0 and 40oC with the degradation rate of 10.65 mg min−1 L−1. The preparation of CLEA-RDE without a carrier-based immobilization method reduces the loss of enzyme activity, improves the stability of the enzyme and can be applied to the investigation of immobilization of various enzymes, thus providing a referred idea for the improvement of catalysts in industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Zang
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center, College of Food Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sha Yang
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center, College of Food Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Xu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Chen
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center, College of Food Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
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Wahab RA, Elias N, Abdullah F, Ghoshal SK. On the taught new tricks of enzymes immobilization: An all-inclusive overview. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Torabizadeh H, Montazeri E. Nano co-immobilization of α-amylase and maltogenic amylase by nanomagnetic combi-cross-linked enzyme aggregates method for maltose production from corn starch. Carbohydr Res 2020; 488:107904. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.107904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Doraiswamy N, Sarathi M, Pennathur G. Improvement in biochemical characteristics of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) with magnetic nanoparticles as support matrix. Methods Enzymol 2020; 630:133-158. [PMID: 31931983 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in novel carriers for enzyme immobilization have led to improvement in the stability and cost-effectiveness of the biocatalysts for their enhanced suitability in the industrial applications. Cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs), a recent technique developed in the carrier-free type of enzyme immobilization is a simple and straightforward method. Moreover, the magnetic property and the higher surface-to-volume ratio of the maghemite nanoparticles have also been utilized in the present immobilization technique as magnetic nanoparticle-supported CLEAs (Mgnp-CLEAs). The stability studies of the free and immobilized enzyme revealed the Mgnp-CLEAs to have enhanced enzyme stability with an increase in the reusability cycle. The physical characterization of the nanoparticles and immobilized enzymes by the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) showed the successful immobilization of the enzyme for its improved stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gautam Pennathur
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Pervez S, Nawaz MA, Shahid F, Aman A, Tauseef I, Qader SAU. Characterization of cross-linked amyloglucosidase aggregates from Aspergillus fumigatus KIBGE-IB33 for continuous production of glucose. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 135:1252-1260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Biocatalysis has emerged in the last decade as a pre-eminent technology for enabling the envisaged transition to a more sustainable bio-based economy. For industrial viability it is essential that enzymes can be readily recovered and recycled by immobilization as solid, recyclable catalysts. One method to achieve this is via carrier-free immobilization as cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs). This methodology proved to be very effective with a broad selection of enzymes, in particular carbohydrate-converting enzymes. Methods for optimizing CLEA preparations by, for example, adding proteic feeders to promote cross-linking, and strategies for making the pores accessible for macromolecular substrates are critically reviewed and compared. Co-immobilization of two or more enzymes in combi-CLEAs enables the cost-effective use of multiple enzymes in biocatalytic cascade processes and the use of “smart” magnetic CLEAs to separate the immobilized enzyme from other solids has raised the CLEA technology to a new level of industrial and environmental relevance. Magnetic-CLEAs of polysaccharide-converting enzymes, for example, are eminently suitable for use in the conversion of first and second generation biomass.
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Doraiswamy N, Sarathi M, Pennathur G. Cross-linked esterase aggregates (CLEAs) using nanoparticles as immobilization matrix. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 49:270-278. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2018.1536993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Bilal M, Zhao Y, Noreen S, Shah SZH, Bharagava RN, Iqbal HMN. Modifying bio-catalytic properties of enzymes for efficient biocatalysis: a review from immobilization strategies viewpoint. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2018.1564744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China
| | - Yuping Zhao
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China
| | - Sadia Noreen
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Ram Naresh Bharagava
- Department of Microbiology (DM), Laboratory for Bioremediation and Metagenomics Research (LBMR), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, India
| | - Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
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Preparation of Crosslinked Enzyme Aggregates of a Thermostable Cyclodextrin Glucosyltransferase from Thermoanaerobacter sp. Critical Effect of the Crosslinking Agent. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9020120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosslinked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) of a thermostable cyclodextrin glucosyltransferase (CGTase) from Thermoanaerobacter sp. have been prepared for the production of cyclodextrins (CDs). Different parameters in the precipitation (nature and concentration of precipitant) and crosslinking steps (time of reaction with cross-linker, nature and concentration of the crosslinker) were evaluated on the production of CLEAs of CGTase. Among the seven studied precipitants, acetone with a 75% (v/v) concentration produced the aggregates of CGTase with higher activity, which retained 97% of the initial activity. Concerning the cross-linker (glutaraldehyde, starch–aldehyde, and pectin–aldehyde), starch–aldehyde produced the most active CLEAs. The use of bovine serum albumin as co-feeder decreased the expressed activity. Addition of polyethylenimine at the end of cross-linking step prevented the leakage of the enzyme and the subsequent Schiff’s bases reduction with sodium borohydride permitted to maintain 24% of the initial activity even with the large dextrin as substrate. The optimal conditions for the immobilization process required were defined as 75% (v/v) acetone as precipitation reagent for 1 h at 20 °C, 20 mM starch–aldehyde as crosslinking reagent for 2 h at 20 °C, treatment with 1 mg/mL of polyethylenimine for 5 min, reduction with 1 mg/mL of sodium borohydride. The CLEAs of CGTase were active catalyst (similarly to the free enzyme) in the production of cyclodextrins at 50 °C and pH 6.0 for 6 h reaction, maintaining intact their structures. Besides this, after five cycles of 3 h the total cyclodextrin yield was 80% of the initial value (first batch, with around 45% CD yield).
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Asgher M, Bashir F, Iqbal HMN. Protease-based cross-linked enzyme aggregates with improved catalytic stability, silver removal, and dehairing potentials. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:1247-1256. [PMID: 29944942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteases have gained special research place due to their broader activity spectrum and applied perspectives for different industrial sectors. The present research focused on three aims, i.e., (1) to identify the best protease producer strain among three different Aspergillus strains, (2) the development of protease-based cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) and (3) silver removal and dehairing potentialities of developed CLEAs. A. flavus gave optimum activity (98.50 U/mL) with the culture conditions (pH -7.5, 35 °C, inoculum 2.5 mL and fermentation time 48 h) by applying RSM under CCD. The protease-CLEAs were developed with recovery activity (37.45%) by optimizing conditions through RSM under CCD (80% ammonium sulfate, 65 mM glutaraldehyde, and 0.15 mM BSA). The adequacy of the model was checked by ANOVA, and the interactions among different variables were plotted using 3-D graphs. The characterization profile revealed high pH and thermal stability at pH -9 and 60 °C, respectively. The kinetic study revealed lower KM and higher Vmax values (31.02 μM and 91.16 U/mL, respectively) after CLEAs formation, as compared to the free protease (61.42 μM and 84.45 U/mL, respectively). By applying on X-ray film and animal hides, protease-CLEAs showed the best activity with minimum time as compared to free protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asgher
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Fareeha Bashir
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N. L., CP 64849, Mexico
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Torabizadeh H, Mikani M. Nano-magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregates of naringinase an efficient nanobiocatalyst for naringin hydrolysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 117:134-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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27
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Synthesis of butyl oleate catalyzed by cross-linked enzyme aggregates with magnetic nanoparticles in rotating magneto-micro-reactor. J Biotechnol 2018; 281:123-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Abstract
Starch is promising candidate material for enhancing the catalytic activity of α-amylase during the crosslinking process. To help meet industrial needs, here we tested the influence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and starch on the performance of crosslinked α-amylase aggregates (CLEA), α-amylase-prepared as CLEA with starch (CLEA-S), and BSA (CLEA-BSA). Our results showed that the activities of CLEA, CLEA-S, and CLEA-BSA were 1.1-, 1.0-, and 0.74-fold higher than the free α-amylase, respectively. The stability of the immobilized enzyme slightly changed. After immobilization, the enzyme increased its pH and temperature ranges with the optimal pH values of 5.5, 7.5, 5.5, respectively for CLEA, CLEA-S, and CLEA-BSA, and an upper temperature limit of 50 °C for all three immobilized forms. Among the three immobilized forms, the CLEA-S was the most thermostable, losing only 3% of its initial activity during 390 min incubation at 50 °C. Our microscopic observations of CLEA-S showed that porous structures were formed and such structures could help substance diffusion. In addition, there was excellent affinity between CLEA-S and the substrate. The results suggest that CLEA-S have great potential for industrial application, including for use in starch-based alcohol fermentation.
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29
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Combined CLEAs of invertase and soy protein for economically feasible conversion of sucrose in a fed-batch reactor. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Zhang W, Yang H, Liu W, Wang N, Yu X. Improved Performance of Magnetic Cross-Linked Lipase Aggregates by Interfacial Activation: A Robust and Magnetically Recyclable Biocatalyst for Transesterification of Jatropha Oil. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122157. [PMID: 29215562 PMCID: PMC6150005 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipases are the most widely employed enzymes in commercial industries. The catalytic mechanism of most lipases involves a step called "interfacial activation". As interfacial activation can lead to a significant increase in catalytic activity, it is of profound importance in developing lipase immobilization methods. To obtain a potential biocatalyst for industrial biodiesel production, an effective strategy for enhancement of catalytic activity and stability of immobilized lipase was developed. This was performed through the combination of interfacial activation with hybrid magnetic cross-linked lipase aggregates. This biocatalyst was investigated for the immobilization of lipase from Rhizomucor miehei (RML). Under the optimal conditions, the activity recovery of the surfactant-activated magnetic RML cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) was as high as 2058%, with a 20-fold improvement over the free RML. Moreover, the immobilized RML showed excellent catalytic performance for the biodiesel reaction at a yield of 93%, and more importantly, could be easily separated from the reaction mixture by simple magnetic decantation, and retained more than 84% of its initial activities after five instances of reuse. This study provides a new and versatile approach for designing and fabricating immobilized lipase with high activation and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| | - Huixia Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| | - Wanyi Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xiaoqi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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31
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Wang S, Zheng D, Yin L, Wang F. Preparation, activity and structure of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) with nanoparticle. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 107:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A. Sheldon
- Molecular
Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, PO Wits 2050, South Africa
- Department
of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Section BOC, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - John M. Woodley
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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Dreßen A, Hilberath T, Mackfeld U, Rudat J, Pohl M. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase from Arabidopsis thaliana ( At PAL2): A potent MIO-enzyme for the synthesis of non-canonical aromatic alpha-amino acids. J Biotechnol 2017; 258:158-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Roy I, Mukherjee J, Gupta MN. Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates for Applications in Aqueous and Nonaqueous Media. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1504:109-123. [PMID: 27770417 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6499-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Extensive cross-linking of a precipitate of a protein by a cross-linking reagent (glutaraldehyde has been most commonly used) creates an insoluble enzyme preparation called cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs). CLEAs show high stability and performance in conventional aqueous as well as nonaqueous media. These are also stable at fairly high temperatures. CLEAs with more than one kind of enzyme activity can be prepared, and such CLEAs are called combi-CLEAs or multipurpose CLEAs. Extent of cross-linking often influences their morphology, stability, activity, and enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipsita Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Joyeeta Mukherjee
- Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110 016, India
| | - Munishwar N Gupta
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110 016, India.
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Shaarani SM, Jahim JM, Rahman RA, Idris A, Murad AMA, Illias RM. Silanized maghemite for cross-linked enzyme aggregates of recombinant xylanase from Trichoderma reesei. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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36
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Cui J, Cui L, Jia S, Su Z, Zhang S. Hybrid Cross-Linked Lipase Aggregates with Magnetic Nanoparticles: A Robust and Recyclable Biocatalysis for the Epoxidation of Oleic Acid. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:7179-7187. [PMID: 27595982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Highly stable and easily recyclable hybrid magnetic cross-linked lipase aggregates (HM-CSL-CLEAs) were prepared by coaggregation of lipase aggregates with nonfunctionalized magnetic nanoparticles and subsequent chemical cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. Analysis by SEM and CLSM indicated that the CLEAs were embedded in nanoparticle aggregates instead of covalently immobilized. The resulting HM-CSL-CLEAs exhibited higher thermostability, storage stability, and reusability than standard CLEAs. For example, HM-CSL-CLEAs maintained >60% of their initial activity after 40 min of incubation at 60 °C, whereas standard CLEAs lost most of their activities. The HM-CSL-CLEAs can be easily recovered from the reaction mixture by an external magnetic field. Moreover, the H2O2 tolerance of the lipase in HM-CSL-CLEAs was also enhanced, which could relieve the inhibitory effect on lipase activity. A high conversion yield (55%) for the epoxidation of oleic acid using H2O2 as oxidizing agent was achieved by HM-CSL-CLEAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Cui
- Research Center for Fermentation Engineering of Hebei, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology , Shijiazhang, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , No. 29, 13th, Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Cui
- Research Center for Fermentation Engineering of Hebei, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology , Shijiazhang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiru Jia
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , No. 29, 13th, Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguo Su
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Songping Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Adding an appropriate amino acid during crosslinking results in more stable crosslinked enzyme aggregates. Anal Biochem 2016; 507:27-32. [PMID: 27237371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Carrier free immobilization, especially crosslinked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs), has become an important design for biocatalysis in several areas. Adding amino acids during formation of CLEAs was found to give biocatalysts more stable at 55 °C and in the presence of 60% acetonitrile. The half-lives of CLEAs prepared with and without Arg addition were 21 and 15 h (subtilisin) and 4 and 1.6 h (α-chymotrypsin) at 55 °C, respectively. The corresponding half-lives during acetonitrile presence were 4.1 and 3.0 h (subtilisin) and 39 and 22 min (α-chymotrypsin), respectively. CLEAs made with Arg had higher percentages of alpha helix. CLEAs made by adding Lys, Ala, or Asp also were more stable. In the case of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL), CLEA with Ala was even more stable than CLEA with Arg. The addition of a suitable amino acid, thus, enhances CLEA stabilities. The results are discussed in the light of earlier results on chemical modification of proteins and the observation that the Arg/Lys ratio is invariably high in the case of enzymes from thermophiles.
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Optimizing the preparation conditions and characterization of a stable and recyclable cross-linked enzyme aggregate (CLEA)-protease. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-015-0081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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39
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Solid state fermentation with recovery of Amyloglucosidase from extract by direct immobilization in cross linked enzyme aggregate for starch hydrolysis. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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40
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Kong JQ. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, a key component used for phenylpropanoids production by metabolic engineering. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra08196c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, a versatile enzyme with industrial and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qiang Kong
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products
- Beijing
- China
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