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Karabulut S, Afsar CU, Paksoy N, Ferhatoglu F, Dogan I, Tastekin D. Is there any diagnostic value of serum caveolin-1 levels on the determination of pancreatic adenocarcinoma? J Cancer Res Ther 2024:01363817-990000000-00067. [PMID: 38261434 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_469_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caveolin-1 (CAV-1) is a vital component in cancer pathogenesis, as its expression determines the survival of patients with cancer. This study investigates CAV-1 serum levels in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA) patients and their role in tumor progression and prognostic factors. METHOD The trial included 33 patients with pathologically confirmed pancreatic cancer (PC). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to measure the concentrations of CAV-1 in the blood. The study also included 20 healthy subjects. The statistical analysis was two-sided, and a P value of ≤ 0.05 was determined as statistically significant. RESULTS The median age of the subjects was 59 years (32-84 years) at the time of diagnosis. There were 13 (39%) female participants. In 21 (63%) patients, the primary focus was the pancreatic head. In 23 stage IV patients, hepatic metastasis (n = 19, 83%) was observed. Only one patient (3%) was still alive at the end of the study period. Palliative chemotherapy (CTx) was provided, with 39% of the 23 patients responding to it. The overall survival (OS) rate in this cohort was 41.3 ± 8.3 weeks at a 95% confidence interval (CI), after 25-58 weeks. Serum baseline CAV-1 values among patients with PA were significantly higher compared with controls (p = 0.009). Patients with poor performance status, a pancreatic head tumor, lower albumin levels, higher serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels, and higher CA 19.9 levels had significantly higher serum CAV-1 levels (p = 0.01, P = 0.05, P = 0.03, P = 0.02, and P = 0.04, respectively). However, CAV-1 did not show any prognostic value (p = 0.75). CONCLUSION Although serum CAV-1 is a useful diagnostic marker in PC patients, it is not a prognostic or predictive marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senem Karabulut
- Medical Oncology, Istanbul University Institute of Oncology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cigdem U Afsar
- Medical Oncology, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nail Paksoy
- Medical Oncology, Istanbul University Institute of Oncology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ferhat Ferhatoglu
- Medical Oncology, Istanbul University Institute of Oncology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Izzet Dogan
- Medical Oncology, Istanbul University Institute of Oncology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Didem Tastekin
- Medical Oncology, Istanbul University Institute of Oncology, Istanbul, Turkey
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2
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Sari D, Gozuacik D, Akkoc Y. Role of autophagy in cancer-associated fibroblast activation, signaling and metabolic reprograming. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1274682. [PMID: 38234683 PMCID: PMC10791779 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1274682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumors not only consist of cancerous cells, but they also harbor several normal-like cell types and non-cellular components. cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one of these cellular components that are found predominantly in the tumor stroma. Autophagy is an intracellular degradation and quality control mechanism, and recent studies provided evidence that autophagy played a critical role in CAF formation, metabolic reprograming and tumor-stroma crosstalk. Therefore, shedding light on the autophagy and its role in CAF biology might help us better understand the roles of CAFs and the TME in cancer progression and may facilitate the exploitation of more efficient cancer diagnosis and treatment. Here, we provide an overview about the involvement of autophagy in CAF-related pathways, including transdifferentiation and activation of CAFs, and further discuss the implications of targeting tumor stroma as a treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyana Sari
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Devrim Gozuacik
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Biotechnology, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Yunus Akkoc
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Türkiye
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3
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Kamposioras K, Dinas PC, Barriuoso J, Trachana V, Dimas K. Caveolin-1 protein expression as a prognostic biomarker of gastrointestinal tumours: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Invest 2023; 53:e14065. [PMID: 37497737 DOI: 10.1111/eci.14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers remain a major threat worldwide, accounting for over 30% of cancer deaths. The identification of novel prognostic biomarkers remains a challenge despite significant advances in the field. The CAV1 gene, encoding the caveolin-1 protein, remains enigmatic in cancer and carcinogenesis, as it has been proposed to act as both a tumour promoter and a tumour suppressor. METHODS To analyse the differential role of caveolin-1 expression in both tumour cells and stroma in relation to prognosis in GI tumours, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines; PROSPERO registration number: CRD42022299148. RESULTS Our analysis showed that high levels of caveolin-1 in tumour cells were associated with poor prognosis and inferior overall survival (OS) in oesophageal and pancreatic cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but not in gastric and colorectal cancer. Importantly, our study showed that higher stromal caveolin-1 expression was associated with significantly longer OS and disease-free survival in colorectal cancer. Analysis of stromal caveolin-1 expression in the remaining tumours showed a similar trend, although it did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that caveolin-1 expression in the tumour cells of oesophageal, pancreatic cancer and HCC and in the stroma of colorectal cancer may be an important novel predictive biomarker for the clinical management of these diseases in a curative setting. However, the main conclusion of our analysis is that caveolin-1 expression should always be assessed separately in stroma and tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petros C Dinas
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Jorge Barriuoso
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Varvara Trachana
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Dimas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
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4
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Chen Y, Deng Q, Chen H, Yang J, Chen Z, Li J, Fu Z. Cancer-associated fibroblast-related prognostic signature predicts prognosis and immunotherapy response in pancreatic adenocarcinoma based on single-cell and bulk RNA-sequencing. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16408. [PMID: 37775715 PMCID: PMC10541448 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43495-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) influence many aspects of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) carcinogenesis, including tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. A six-gene prognostic signature was constructed for PAAD based on the 189 CAF marker genes identified in single-cell RNA-sequencing data. Multivariate analyses showed that the risk score was independently prognostic for survival in the TCGA (P < 0.001) and ICGC (P = 0.004) cohorts. Tumor infiltration of CD8 T (P = 0.005) cells and naïve B cells (P = 0.001) was greater in the low-risk than in the high-risk group, with infiltration of these cells negatively correlated with risk score. Moreover, the TMB score was lower in the low-risk than in the high-risk group (P = 0.0051). Importantly, patients in low-risk group had better immunotherapy responses than in the high-risk group in an independent immunotherapy cohort (IMvigor210) (P = 0.039). The CAV1 and SOD3 were highly expressed in CAFs of PAAD tissues, which revealed by immunohistochemical staining. In summary, this comprehensive analysis resulted in the development of a novel prognostic signature, which was associated with immune cell infiltration, drug sensitivity, and TMB, and could predict the prognosis and immunotherapy response of patients with PAAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qican Deng
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Institute of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianguo Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenzhou Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juncai Li
- Department of Surgery, The People's Hospital of Yubei District of Chongqing, Chongqing, China.
| | - Zhongxue Fu
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Laser Capture Microdissection: A Gear for Pancreatic Cancer Research. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314566. [PMID: 36498893 PMCID: PMC9741023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The advancement in molecular techniques has been attributed to the quality and significance of cancer research. Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the rare cancers with aggressive behavior and a high mortality rate. The asymptomatic nature of the disease until its advanced stage has resulted in late diagnosis as well as poor prognosis. The heterogeneous character of PC has complicated cancer development and progression studies. The analysis of bulk tissues of the disease was insufficient to understand the disease, hence, the introduction of the single-cell separating technique aided researchers to decipher more about the specific cell population of tumors. This review gives an overview of the Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM) technique, one of the single-cell separation methods used in PC research.
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6
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Gu W, Shen H, Xie L, Zhang X, Yang J. The Role of Feedback Loops in Targeted Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:800140. [PMID: 35651786 PMCID: PMC9148955 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.800140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with limited treatment options and low long-term survival rates. The complex and variable signal regulation networks are one of the important reasons why it is difficult for pancreatic cancer to develop precise targeted therapy drugs. Numerous studies have associated feedback loop regulation with the development and therapeutic response of cancers including pancreatic cancer. Therefore, we review researches on the role of feedback loops in the progression of pancreatic cancer, and summarize the connection between feedback loops and several signaling pathways in pancreatic cancer, as well as recent advances in the intervention of feedback loops in pancreatic cancer treatment, highlighting the potential of capitalizing on feedback loops modulation in targeted therapy for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigang Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - HongZhang Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Biliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaofeng Zhang, ; Jianfeng Yang,
| | - Jianfeng Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaofeng Zhang, ; Jianfeng Yang,
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7
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Low JY, Laiho M. Caveolae-Associated Molecules, Tumor Stroma, and Cancer Drug Resistance: Current Findings and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030589. [PMID: 35158857 PMCID: PMC8833326 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cell membranes contain small invaginations called caveolae. They are a specialized lipid domain and orchestrate cellular signaling events, mechanoprotection, and lipid homeostasis. Formation of the caveolae depends on two classes of proteins, the caveolins and cavins, which form large complexes that allow their self-assembly into caveolae. Loss of either of these two proteins leads to distortion of the caveolae structure and disruption of many physiological processes that affect diseases of the muscle, metabolic states governing lipids, and the glucose balance as well as cancers. In cancers, the expression of caveolins and cavins is heterogenous, and they undergo alterations both in the tumors and the surrounding tumor microenvironment stromal cells. Remarkably, their expression and function has been associated with resistance to many cancer drugs. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the resistance mechanisms and how this knowledge could be applied into the clinic in future. Abstract The discovery of small, “cave-like” invaginations at the plasma membrane, called caveola, has opened up a new and exciting research area in health and diseases revolving around this cellular ultrastructure. Caveolae are rich in cholesterol and orchestrate cellular signaling events. Within caveola, the caveola-associated proteins, caveolins and cavins, are critical components for the formation of these lipid rafts, their dynamics, and cellular pathophysiology. Their alterations underlie human diseases such as lipodystrophy, muscular dystrophy, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. The expression of caveolins and cavins is modulated in tumors and in tumor stroma, and their alterations are connected with cancer progression and treatment resistance. To date, although substantial breakthroughs in cancer drug development have been made, drug resistance remains a problem leading to treatment failures and challenging translation and bench-to-bedside research. Here, we summarize the current progress in understanding cancer drug resistance in the context of caveola-associated molecules and tumor stroma and discuss how we can potentially design therapeutic avenues to target these molecules in order to overcome treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yih Low
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-410-502-9748; Fax: +1-410-502-2821
| | - Marikki Laiho
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA;
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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8
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Akkoc Y, Gozuacik D. Autophagy and Hepatic Tumor Microenvironment Associated Dormancy. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 52:1277-1293. [PMID: 34921672 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-021-00774-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The goal of successful cancer treatment is targeting the eradication of cancer cells. Although surgical removal of the primary tumors and several rounds of chemo- and radiotherapy reduce the disease burden, in some cases, asymptomatic dormant cancer cells may still exist in the body. Dormant cells arise from the disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) from the primary lesion. DTCs escape from immune system and cancer therapy and reside at the secondary organ without showing no sign of proliferation. However, under some conditions. dormant cells can be re-activated and enter a proliferative state even after decades. As a stress response mechanism, autophagy may help the adaptation of DTCs at this futile foreign microenvironment and may control the survival and re-activation of dormant cells. Studies indicate that hepatic microenvironment serves a favorable condition for cancer cell dormancy. Although, no direct study was pointing out the role of autophagy in liver-assisted dormancy, involvement of autophagy in both liver microenvironment, health, and disease conditions has been indicated. Therefore, in this review article, we will summarize cancer dormancy and discuss the role and importance of autophagy and hepatic microenvironment in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunus Akkoc
- Koç University Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, 34010, Turkey.
| | - Devrim Gozuacik
- Koç University Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, 34010, Turkey.,Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
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9
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Utilizing digital pathology to quantify stromal caveolin-1 expression in malignant and benign ovarian tumors: Associations with clinicopathological parameters and clinical outcomes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256615. [PMID: 34813586 PMCID: PMC8610269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of stromal caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is a biomarker of a cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) phenotype and is related to progression, metastasis, and poor outcomes in several cancers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance of Cav-1 expression in invasive epithelial ovarian cancer (OvCa). Epithelial and stromal Cav-1 expression were quantified in serous OvCa and benign ovarian tissue in two, independent cohorts–one quantified expression using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and the other using multiplex immunofluorescence (IF) with digital image analysis designed to target CAF-specific expression. Cav-1 expression was significantly downregulated in OvCa stroma compared to non-neoplastic stroma using both the IHC (p = 0.002) and IF (p = 1.8x10-13) assays. OvCa stroma showed Cav-1 downregulation compared to tumor epithelium with IHC (p = 1.2x10-24). Conversely, Cav-1 expression was higher in OvCa stroma compared to tumor epithelium with IF (p = 0.002). There was moderate correlation between IHC and IF methods for stromal Cav-1 expression (r2 = 0.69, p = 0.006) whereas there was no correlation for epithelial expression (r2 = 0.006, p = 0.98). Irrespective of the staining assay, neither response to therapy or overall survival correlated with the expression level of Cav-1 in the stroma or tumor epithelium. Our findings demonstrate a loss of stromal Cav-1 expression in ovarian serous carcinomas. Studies are needed to replicate these findings and explore therapeutic implications, particularly for immunotherapy response.
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10
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Kamposioras K, Vassilakopoulou M, Anthoney A, Bariuoso J, Mauri D, Mansoor W, Papadopoulos V, Dimas K. Prognostic significance and therapeutic implications of Caveolin-1 in gastrointestinal tract malignancies. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 233:108028. [PMID: 34755606 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (CAV1) is expressed in several solid tumors both in cancerous cells as well as in tumor stroma and is reported to be related to cancer progression, metastasis, therapy resistance and clinical outcomes. Many studies report contrasting functions of this protein depending on the tumor cell model, the tumor type, or the stage of cancer studied. This protein is reported to function both as tumor suppressor and as tumor promoter. In this review, we aim to summarize translational and clinical studies that provide evidence of the role of CAV1 in tumor progression and survival outcome focusing on tumors of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Towards this aim, a detailed search has been performed for studies on the expression and the role of CAV1 in oesophageal, gastric, colorectal, pancreatic cancer and cholangiocarcinoma prognosis. We also review and discuss the implication of CAV1 in the outcome of pharmacological interventions. We conclude that CAV1 has the potential to become an important prognostic, and possibly predictive, biomarker in GI malignancies. It may also become a novel target towards the development of improved cancer therapies. However, it is obvious that there remains a lack of consensus on important issues such as the methodologies and cut-off levels in caveolin assessment. This ultimately result in many studies being contradictory not only in terms of the role of CAV1 as a tumor-promoting or suppressing gene but also in terms of the tumor compartment in which the levels of this protein may be of clinical significance. Addressing these important technical issues, in conjunction with a further elucidation of the role of CAV1 in tumor formation and progression, will delineate the importance of CAV1 in prognostic and therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Vassilakopoulou
- Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Alan Anthoney
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James' Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jorge Bariuoso
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Manchester Cancer Research Centre, UK
| | - Davide Mauri
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Was Mansoor
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Greece
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11
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Jena BC, Rout L, Dey A, Mandal M. Active autophagy in cancer-associated fibroblasts: Recent advances in understanding the novel mechanism of tumor progression and therapeutic response. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:7887-7902. [PMID: 34008184 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is primarily a homeostatic and catabolic process that is increasingly being recognized to have a pivotal role in the initiation and maintenance of cancer cells, as well as in the emergence of therapeutic resistance. Moreover, in the tumor microenvironment (TME) autophagy plays a crucial and sometimes dichotomous role in tumor progression. Recent studies show that during the early stages of tumor initiation, autophagy suppresses tumorigenesis. However, in the advanced stage of tumorigenesis, autophagy promotes cancer progression by protecting cancer cells against stressful conditions and therapeutic assault. Specifically, in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), autophagy promotes tumorigenesis not only by providing nutrients to the cancerous cells but also by inducing epithelial to mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, stemness, and metastatic dissemination of the cancer cells, whereas in the immune cells, autophagy induces the tumor-localized immune response. In the TME, CAFs play a crucial role in cancer cell metabolism, immunoreaction, and growth. Therefore, targeting autophagy in CAFs by several pharmacological inducers like rapamycin or the inhibitor such as chloroquine has gained importance in preclinical and clinical trials. In the present review, we summarized the basic mechanism of autophagy in CAFs along with its role in driving tumorigenic progression through several emerging as well as classical hallmarks of cancer. We also addressed various autophagy inducers as well as inhibitors of autophagy for more efficient cancer management. Eventually, we prioritized some of the outstanding issues that must be addressed with utmost priority in the future to elucidate the role of autophagy in CAFs on tumor progression and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Chandra Jena
- Cancer Biology Lab, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Lipsa Rout
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha'O'Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Ankita Dey
- Cancer Biology Lab, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- Cancer Biology Lab, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
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12
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Morphological Heterogeneity in Pancreatic Cancer Reflects Structural and Functional Divergence. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040895. [PMID: 33672734 PMCID: PMC7924365 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic cancer has a poor prognosis, which is largely due to resistance to treatment. Tumor heterogeneity is a known cause for treatment failure and has been studied at the molecular level. Morphological heterogeneity is common but has not been investigated, despite the fact that pathology examination is an integral part of clinical diagnostics. This study assessed whether morphological heterogeneity reflects structural and functional diversity in key cancer biological processes. Using archival tissues from resected pancreatic cancer, we selected four common and distinct morphological phenotypes and demonstrated that these differed significantly for a panel of 26 structural and functional features of the cancer-cell and stromal compartments. The strong link between these features and morphological phenotypes allowed prediction of the latter based on the results for the panel of features. The findings of this study indicate that morphological heterogeneity reflects biological diversity and that its assessment may potentially provide clinically relevant information. Abstract Inter- and intratumor heterogeneity is an important cause of treatment failure. In human pancreatic cancer (PC), heterogeneity has been investigated almost exclusively at the genomic and transcriptional level. Morphological heterogeneity, though prominent and potentially easily assessable in clinical practice, remains unexplored. This proof-of-concept study aims at demonstrating that morphological heterogeneity reflects structural and functional divergence. From the wide morphological spectrum of conventional PC, four common and distinctive patterns were investigated in 233 foci from 39 surgical specimens. Twenty-six features involved in key biological processes in PC were analyzed (immuno-)histochemically and morphometrically: cancer cell proliferation (Ki67) and migration (collagen fiber alignment, MMP14), cancer stem cells (CD44, CD133, ALDH1), amount, composition and spatial arrangement of extracellular matrix (epithelial proximity, total collagen, collagen I and III, fibronectin, hyaluronan), cancer-associated fibroblasts (density, αSMA), and cancer-stroma interactions (integrins α2, α5, α1; caveolin-1). All features differed significantly between at least two of the patterns. Stromal and cancer-cell-related features co-varied with morphology and allowed prediction of the morphological pattern. In conclusion, morphological heterogeneity in the cancer-cell and stromal compartments of PC correlates with structural and functional diversity. As such, histopathology has the potential to inform on the operationality of key biological processes in individual tumors.
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13
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Karta J, Bossicard Y, Kotzamanis K, Dolznig H, Letellier E. Mapping the Metabolic Networks of Tumor Cells and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts. Cells 2021; 10:304. [PMID: 33540679 PMCID: PMC7912987 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism is considered to be the core of all cellular activity. Thus, extensive studies of metabolic processes are ongoing in various fields of biology, including cancer research. Cancer cells are known to adapt their metabolism to sustain high proliferation rates and survive in unfavorable environments with low oxygen and nutrient concentrations. Hence, targeting cancer cell metabolism is a promising therapeutic strategy in cancer research. However, cancers consist not only of genetically altered tumor cells but are interwoven with endothelial cells, immune cells and fibroblasts, which together with the extracellular matrix (ECM) constitute the tumor microenvironment (TME). Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which are linked to poor prognosis in different cancer types, are one important component of the TME. CAFs play a significant role in reprogramming the metabolic landscape of tumor cells, but how, and in what manner, this interaction takes place remains rather unclear. This review aims to highlight the metabolic landscape of tumor cells and CAFs, including their recently identified subtypes, in different tumor types. In addition, we discuss various in vitro and in vivo metabolic techniques as well as different in silico computational tools that can be used to identify and characterize CAF-tumor cell interactions. Finally, we provide our view on how mapping the complex metabolic networks of stromal-tumor metabolism will help in finding novel metabolic targets for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Karta
- Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 6 avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belval, Luxembourg; (J.K.); (Y.B.); (K.K.)
| | - Ysaline Bossicard
- Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 6 avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belval, Luxembourg; (J.K.); (Y.B.); (K.K.)
| | - Konstantinos Kotzamanis
- Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 6 avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belval, Luxembourg; (J.K.); (Y.B.); (K.K.)
| | - Helmut Dolznig
- Tumor Stroma Interaction Group, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Elisabeth Letellier
- Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 6 avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belval, Luxembourg; (J.K.); (Y.B.); (K.K.)
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14
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Tanase C, Gheorghisan-Galateanu AA, Popescu ID, Mihai S, Codrici E, Albulescu R, Hinescu ME. CD36 and CD97 in Pancreatic Cancer versus Other Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5656. [PMID: 32781778 PMCID: PMC7460590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Starting from the recent identification of CD36 and CD97 as a novel marker combination of fibroblast quiescence in lung during fibrosis, we aimed to survey the literature in search for facts about the separate (or concomitant) expression of clusters of differentiation CD36 and CD97 in either tumor- or pancreatic-cancer-associated cells. Here, we provide an account of the current knowledge on the diversity of the cellular functions of CD36 and CD97 and explore their potential (common) contributions to key cellular events in oncogenesis or metastasis development. Emphasis is placed on quiescence as an underexplored mechanism and/or potential target in therapy. Furthermore, we discuss intricate signaling mechanisms and networks involving CD36 and CD97 that may regulate different subpopulations of tumor-associated cells, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts, adipocyte-associated fibroblasts, tumor-associated macrophages, or neutrophils, during aggressive pancreatic cancer. The coexistence of quiescence and activated states in cancer-associated cell subtypes during pancreatic cancer should be better documented, in different histological forms. Remodeling of the local microenvironment may also change the balance between growth and dormant state. Taking advantage of the reported data in different other tissue types, we explore the possibility to induce quiescence (similar to that observed in normal cells), as a therapeutic option to delay the currently observed clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Tanase
- Victor Babeș National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (I.D.P.); (S.M.); (E.C.); (R.A.); (M.E.H.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University, 001863 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ancuta-Augustina Gheorghisan-Galateanu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroilor Sanitari Str., 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
- ‘C.I. Parhon’ National Institute of Endocrinology, 001863 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ionela Daniela Popescu
- Victor Babeș National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (I.D.P.); (S.M.); (E.C.); (R.A.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Simona Mihai
- Victor Babeș National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (I.D.P.); (S.M.); (E.C.); (R.A.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Elena Codrici
- Victor Babeș National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (I.D.P.); (S.M.); (E.C.); (R.A.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Radu Albulescu
- Victor Babeș National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (I.D.P.); (S.M.); (E.C.); (R.A.); (M.E.H.)
- National Institute for Chemical Pharmaceutical R&D, 001863 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihail Eugen Hinescu
- Victor Babeș National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (I.D.P.); (S.M.); (E.C.); (R.A.); (M.E.H.)
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroilor Sanitari Str., 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
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15
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Shao S, Qin T, Qian W, Yue Y, Xiao Y, Li X, Zhang D, Wang Z, Ma Q, Lei J. Positive feedback in Cav-1-ROS signalling in PSCs mediates metabolic coupling between PSCs and tumour cells. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:9397-9408. [PMID: 32633891 PMCID: PMC7417714 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is the principal structural component of caveolae, and its dysregulation occurs in cancer. However, the role of Cav-1 in pancreatic cancer (PDAC) tumorigenesis and metabolism is largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of pancreatic stellate cell (PSC) Cav-1 on PDAC metabolism and aggression. We found that Cav-1 is expressed at low levels in PDAC stroma and that the loss of stromal Cav-1 is associated with poor survival. In PSCs, knockdown of Cav-1 promoted the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), while ROS production further reduced the expression of Cav-1. Positive feedback occurs in Cav-1-ROS signalling in PSCs, which promotes PDAC growth and induces stroma-tumour metabolic coupling in PDAC. In PSCs, positive feedback in Cav-1-ROS signalling induced a shift in energy metabolism to glycolysis, with up-regulated expression of glycolytic enzymes (hexokinase 2 (HK-2), 6-phosphofructokinase (PFKP) and pyruvate kinase isozyme type M2 (PKM2)) and transporter (Glut1) expression and down-regulated expression of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) enzymes (translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20 (TOMM20) and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 (NQO1)). These events resulted in high levels of glycolysis products such as lactate, which was secreted by up-regulated monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) in PSCs. Simultaneously, PDAC cells took up these glycolysis products (lactate) through up-regulated MCT1 to undergo OXPHOS, with down-regulated expression of glycolytic enzymes (HK-2, PFKP and PKM2) and up-regulated expression of OXPHOS enzymes (TOMM20 and NQO1). Interrupting the metabolic coupling between the stroma and tumour cells may be an effective method for tumour therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Shao
- Department of Oncology, First affiliated hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First affiliated hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weikun Qian
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First affiliated hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yangyang Yue
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First affiliated hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First affiliated hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuqi Li
- Department of General Surgery, First affiliated hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First affiliated hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First affiliated hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qingyong Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First affiliated hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianjun Lei
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First affiliated hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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16
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Cav-1 Ablation in Pancreatic Stellate Cells Promotes Pancreatic Cancer Growth through Nrf2-Induced shh Signaling. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:1868764. [PMID: 32377291 PMCID: PMC7189317 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1868764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A more comprehensive understanding of the complexity of pancreatic cancer pathobiology, especially, and understanding of the role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in disease progression should pave the way for therapies to improve patient response rates. Previous studies reported that caveolin-1 (Cav-1) has both tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressive functions. However, the function of Cav-1 in the pancreatic cancer microenvironment remains largely unexplored. Here, we show that coinjection of Cav-1-silenced pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) with pancreatic cancer cells increased tumor growth. To comprehensively characterize paracrine communication between pancreatic cancer cells and PSCs, PSCs were cultured with pancreatic cancer cell conditioned medium (CM) containing cytokines. We reveal that Cav-1-silenced PSCs facilitated the growth of pancreatic cancer cells via enhanced paracrine shh/MMP2/bFGF/IL-6 signaling. Specifically, Cav-1-silenced PSCs exhibited increased shh expression, which heterotypically activated the shh signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer cells. Moreover, Cav-1-deficient PSCs accumulated ROS to enhance the shh pathway and angiogenesis in pancreatic cancer cells. In addition, overexpression of Nrf2 reversed the effects of Cav-1 knockdown on PSCs, increasing ROS production and enhancing paracrine shh/MMP2/bFGF/IL-6 signaling. Together, our findings show that stromal Cav-1 may mediate different mechanisms in the complex interaction between cancer cells and their microenvironment though Nrf2-induced shh signaling activation during pancreatic cancer progression.
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17
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Zhang Z, Gao Z, Rajthala S, Sapkota D, Dongre H, Parajuli H, Suliman S, Das R, Li L, Bindoff LA, Costea DE, Liang X. Metabolic reprogramming of normal oral fibroblasts correlated with increased glycolytic metabolism of oral squamous cell carcinoma and precedes their activation into carcinoma associated fibroblasts. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1115-1133. [PMID: 31270582 PMCID: PMC11104868 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03209-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancers show a metabolic shift towards aerobic glycolysis. By "corrupting" their microenvironment, carcinoma cells are able to obtain energy substrates to "fuel" their mitochondrial metabolism and cell growth in an autophagy-associated, paracrine manner. However, the metabolic changes and role of normal fibroblasts in this process remain unclear. We devised a novel, indirect co-culture system to elucidate the mechanisms of metabolic coupling between stromal cells and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. Here, we showed that normal oral fibroblasts (NOFs) and OSCC become metabolically coupled through several processes before acquiring an activated phenotype and without inducing senescence. We observed, for the first time, that NOFs export mitochondria towards OSCCs through both direct contact and via indirect mechanisms. NOFs are activated and are able to acquire a cancer-associated fibroblasts metabolic phenotype when co-cultivation with OSSC cells, by undergoing aerobic glycolysis, secreting more reactive oxygen species (ROS), high L-lactate and overexpressing lactate exporter MCT-4, leading to mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening, hypoxia, and mitophagy. On the other hand, Cav-1-low NOFs generate L-lactate to "fuel" mitochondrial metabolism and anabolic growth of OSCC. Most interestingly, the decrease in AMPK activity and PGC-1α expression might involve in regulation of ROS that functions to maintain final energy and metabolic homeostasis. This indicated, for the first time, the existence of ATP and ROS homeostasis during carcinogenesis. Our study suggests that an efficient therapeutical approach has to target the multiple mechanisms used by them to corrupt the normal surrounding stroma and metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Head and Neck Cancer Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Zhenjie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Saroj Rajthala
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Dipak Sapkota
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Postboks 1052, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harsh Dongre
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Himalaya Parajuli
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Salwa Suliman
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Center for Clinical Dental Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ridhima Das
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Longjiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Head and Neck Cancer Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Laurence A Bindoff
- The Mitochondrial Medicine and Neurogenetics (MMN) Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, PO Box 7804, 5020, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Daniela Elena Costea
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
- The Mitochondrial Medicine and Neurogenetics (MMN) Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, PO Box 7804, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Xiao Liang
- The Mitochondrial Medicine and Neurogenetics (MMN) Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, PO Box 7804, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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18
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Jaiprasart P, Dogra S, Neelakantan D, Devapatla B, Woo S. Identification of signature genes associated with therapeutic resistance to anti-VEGF therapy. Oncotarget 2020; 11:99-114. [PMID: 32002127 PMCID: PMC6967771 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
VEGF-mediated tumor angiogenesis is a validated clinical target in many cancers, but modest efficacy and rapid development of resistance are major challenges of VEGF-targeted therapies. To establish a molecular signature of this resistance in ovarian cancer, we developed preclinical tumor models of adaptive resistance to chronic anti-VEGF treatment. We performed RNA-seq analysis and reverse-phase protein array to compare changes in gene and protein expressions in stroma and cancer cells from resistant and responsive tumors. We identified a unique set of stromal-specific genes that were strongly correlated with resistance phenotypes against two different anti-VEGF treatments, and selected the apelin/APJ signaling pathway for further in vitro validation. Using various functional assays, we showed that activation of apelin/APJ signaling reduces the efficacy of a VEGF inhibitor in endothelial cells. In patients with ovarian cancer treated with bevacizumab, increased expression of apelin was associated with significantly decreased disease-free survival. These findings link signature gene expressions with anti-VEGF response, and may thus provide novel targetable mechanisms of clinical resistance to anti-VEGF therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pharavee Jaiprasart
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Samrita Dogra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Deepika Neelakantan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Bharat Devapatla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Sukyung Woo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Gynecologic Cancers Research Program, Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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19
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Pereira BA, Vennin C, Papanicolaou M, Chambers CR, Herrmann D, Morton JP, Cox TR, Timpson P. CAF Subpopulations: A New Reservoir of Stromal Targets in Pancreatic Cancer. Trends Cancer 2019; 5:724-741. [PMID: 31735290 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one of the most significant components in the tumour microenvironment (TME), where they can perform several protumourigenic functions. Several studies have recently reported that CAFs are more heterogenous and plastic than was previously thought. As such, there has been a shift in the field to study CAF subpopulations and the emergent functions of these subsets in tumourigenesis. In this review, we explore how different aspects of CAF heterogeneity are defined and how these manifest in multiple cancers, with a focus on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We also discuss therapeutic approaches to selectively target protumourigenic CAF functions, while avoiding normal fibroblasts, providing insight into the future of stromal targeting for the treatment of PDAC and other solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke A Pereira
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Claire Vennin
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI), 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Papanicolaou
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia; School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Cecilia R Chambers
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- Cancer Department, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Thomas R Cox
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia.
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia.
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20
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De Vincenzo A, Belli S, Franco P, Telesca M, Iaccarino I, Botti G, Carriero MV, Ranson M, Stoppelli MP. Paracrine recruitment and activation of fibroblasts by c-Myc expressing breast epithelial cells through the IGFs/IGF-1R axis. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:2827-2839. [PMID: 31381136 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are among the most abundant stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), progressively differentiating into activated, motile, myofibroblast-like, protumorigenic cells referred to as Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs). To investigate the mechanisms by which epithelial cells direct this transition, the early stages of tumorigenesis were exemplified by indirect cocultures of WI-38 or human primary breast cancer fibroblasts with human mammary epithelial cells expressing an inducible c-Myc oncogene (MCF10A-MycER). After c-Myc activation, the conditioned medium (CM) of MCF10A-MycER cells significantly enhanced fibroblast activation and mobilization. As this was accompanied by decreased insulin-like growth factor binding protein-6 (IGFBP-6) and increased insulin-like growth factor-1 and IGF-II (IGF-I, IGF-II) in the CM, IGFs were investigated as key chemotactic factors. Silencing IGFBP-6 or IGF-I or IGF-II expression in epithelial cells or blocking Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) activity on fibroblasts significantly altered fibroblast mobilization. Exposure of WI-38 fibroblasts to CM from induced MCF10A-MycER cells or to IGF-II upregulated FAK phosphorylation on Tyr397 , as well as the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), features associated with CAF phenotype and increased cell migratory/invasive behavior. In three-dimensional (3D)-organotypic assays, WI-38 or human primary fibroblasts, preactivated with either CM from MCF10A-MycER cells or IGFs, resulted in a permissive TME that enabled nontransformed MCF10A matrix invasion. This effect was abolished by inhibiting IGF-1R activity. Thus, breast epithelial cell oncogenic activation and stromal fibroblast transition to CAFs are linked through the IGFs/IGF-1R axis, which directly promotes TME remodeling and increases tumor invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna De Vincenzo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Belli
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Franco
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Marialucia Telesca
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Ingram Iaccarino
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Hematopathology Section, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS National Cancer Institute "Fondazione G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria V Carriero
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS National Cancer Institute "Fondazione G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria Patrizia Stoppelli
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", National Research Council, Naples, Italy
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21
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Caveolin-1 enhances brain metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer, potentially in association with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition marker SNAIL. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:171. [PMID: 31297035 PMCID: PMC6599320 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0892-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) plays an important role in the development of various human cancers. We investigated the relationship between Cav-1 expression and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) progression in the context of brain metastasis (BM). Methods Cav-1 expression was investigated in a series of 102 BM samples and 49 paired primary NSCLC samples, as well as 162 unpaired primary NSCLC samples with (63 cases) or without (99 cases) metastasis to distant organs. Human lung cancer cell lines were used for in vitro functional analysis. Results High Cav-1 expression in tumor cells was observed in 52% (38/73) of squamous cell carcinomas (SQCs) and 33% (45/138) of non-SQCs. In SQC, high Cav-1 expression was increased after BM in both paired and unpaired samples of lung primary tumors and BM (53% vs. 84% in paired samples, P = 0.034; 52% vs. 78% in unpaired samples, P = 0.020). Although the difference in median overall survival in patients NSCLC was not statistically significant, high Cav-1 expression in tumor cells (P = 0.005, hazard ratio 1.715, 95% confidence index 1.175–2.502) was independent prognostic factors of overall survival on multivariate Cox regression analyses, in addition to the presence of BM and non-SQC type. In vitro assays revealed that Cav-1 knockdown inhibited the invasion and migration of lung cancer cells. Genetic modulation of Cav-1 was consistently associated with SNAIL up- and down-regulation. These findings were supported by increased SNAIL and Cav-1 expression in BM samples of SQC. Conclusions Cav-1 plays an important role in the BM of NSCLC, especially in SQC. The mechanism may be linked to SNAIL regulation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12935-019-0892-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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22
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Yamao T, Yamashita YI, Yamamura K, Nakao Y, Tsukamoto M, Nakagawa S, Okabe H, Hayashi H, Imai K, Baba H. Cellular Senescence, Represented by Expression of Caveolin-1, in Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Promotes Tumor Invasion in Pancreatic Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2019; 26:1552-1559. [PMID: 30805811 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-019-07266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of senescence of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the development of cancer is controversial. In this study, we investigated whether cellular senescence of CAFs, represented by CAV1 expression, affects tumor progression in pancreatic cancers (PC). METHODS Because CAV1 plays a major role in cellular senescence, we used CAV1 expression to monitor cellular senescence. A total of 157 consecutive patients with PC who underwent curative resection were enrolled in the study. Patients were divided into two groups according to CAV1 expression in CAFs by immunohistochemistry. We investigated the relationship between the CAV1 expression in CAFs and the patients' clinicopathological characteristics, including survival. We also established ten CAFs cell lines using PC clinical samples and chose one of them to knock down CAV1 expression. Finally, we cultured a PC cell line (MIAPaCa-2) in CAF-conditioned medium (CM). RESULTS Regarding patients' clinicopathological characteristics, the serum levels of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and the rate of advanced tumor stage (pT2, 3, and 4) were significantly higher in the high-CAV1 group. The high-CAV1 group had significantly worse outcomes in both overall and disease-free survival (p < 0.01). Additionally, in co-culture assays using CAFs-CM and MIAPaCa-2 cells, we found that knockdown of CAV1 in CAFs negatively affected the invasion of PC cells. CONCLUSIONS In PC, CAV1 expression in CAFs is associated with patients' poor prognosis and the downregulation of CAV1 in CAFs reduces the invasiveness of PC cells. Therefore, CAV1 of CAFs might be a new target for the treatment of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanobu Yamao
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yo-Ichi Yamashita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kensuke Yamamura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nakao
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masayo Tsukamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shigeki Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Okabe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Katsunori Imai
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan. .,Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Kumamoto University Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan.
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Torén W, Ansari D, Andersson R. Immunohistochemical investigation of prognostic biomarkers in resected colorectal liver metastases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:217. [PMID: 30602942 PMCID: PMC6307223 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0715-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many studies have investigated the prognostic role of biomarkers in colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). However, no biomarker has been established in routine clinical practice. The aim of this study was to scrutinize the current literature for biomarkers evaluated by immunohistochemistry as prognostic markers in patients with resected CRLM. Methods A systematic review was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. Articles were identified in the PubMed database with selected search terms and by cross-references search. The REMARK quality criteria were applied. Markers were included if they reported the prognostic impact of immunohistochemical markers in a multivariable setting in relation to overall survival (OS). A meta-analysis was conducted when more than one original article provided survival data of a marker. Results In total, 26 biomarkers were identified as independent significant markers for OS in resected CRLM. These biomarkers were found to be involved in multiple oncogenic signalling pathways that control cell growth, apoptosis, angiogenesis and evasion of immune detection. Among these biomarker candidates were Ki-67, EGFR, p53, hTERT, CD34, TSP-1, KISS1, Aurora kinase A and CDX2. CD34 and TSP-1 were reported as significantly associated with survival by more than one study and where therefore pooled in a meta-analysis. Conclusion A number of independent prognostic biomarkers for resected CRLM were identified. However, most markers were evaluated in a retrospective setting with small patient cohorts, without external validation. Large, prospective, multicentre studies with standardised methods are needed before biomarkers can translated into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Torén
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Ansari
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Roland Andersson
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
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Kamposioras K, Tsimplouli C, Verbeke C, Anthoney A, Daoukopoulou A, Papandreou CN, Sakellaridis N, Vassilopoulos G, Potamianos SP, Liakouli V, Migneco G, Del Galdo F, Dimas K. Silencing of caveolin-1 in fibroblasts as opposed to epithelial tumor cells results in increased tumor growth rate and chemoresistance in a human pancreatic cancer model. Int J Oncol 2018; 54:537-549. [PMID: 30483772 PMCID: PMC6317659 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) expression has been shown to be associated with tumor growth and resistance to chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer. The primary aim of this study was to explore the significance of Cav-1 expression in pancreatic cancer cells as compared to fibroblasts in relation to cancer cell proliferation and chemoresistance, both in vitro and in vivo, in an immunodeficient mouse model. We also aimed to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of Cav-1 in the epithelial and stromal component of pancreatic cancer tissue specimens. The immunohistochemical staining of poorly differentiated tissue sections revealed a strong and weak Cav-1 expression in the epithelial tumor cells and stromal fibroblasts, respectively. Conversely, the well-differentiated areas were characterized by a weak epithelial Cav-1 expression. Cav-1 downregulation in cancer cells resulted in an increased proliferation in vitro; however, it had no effect on chemoresistance and growth gain in vivo. By contrast, the decreased expression of Cav-1 in fibroblasts resulted in a growth advantage and the chemo-resistance of cancer cells when they were co-injected into immunodeficient mice to develop mixed fibroblast/cancer cell xenografts. On the whole, the findings of this study suggest that the downregulation of Cav-1 in fibroblasts is associated with an increased tumor proliferation rate in vivo and chemoresistance. Further studies are warranted to explore whether the targeting of Cav-1 in the stroma may represent a novel therapeutic approach in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chrysiida Tsimplouli
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | | | - Alan Anthoney
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, LS9 7TF Leeds, UK
| | - Argyro Daoukopoulou
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Christos N Papandreou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Sakellaridis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - George Vassilopoulos
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Spyros P Potamianos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Liakouli
- Scleroderma Programme, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, LMBRU, University of Leeds, LS9 7TF Leeds, UK
| | - Gemma Migneco
- Division of Oncology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James's University Hospital Leeds, LS9 7TF Leeds, UK
| | - Francesco Del Galdo
- Scleroderma Programme, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, LMBRU, University of Leeds, LS9 7TF Leeds, UK
| | - Konstantinos Dimas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
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25
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Autophagy in cancer: a complex relationship. Biochem J 2018; 475:1939-1954. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy is the process by which cells package and degrade cytosolic components, and recycle the breakdown products for future use. Since its initial description by Christian de Duve in the 1960s, significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms that underlie this vital cellular process and its specificity. Furthermore, macroautophagy is linked to pathologic conditions such as cancer and is being studied as a therapeutic target. In this review, we will explore the connections between autophagy and cancer, which are tumor- and context-dependent and include the tumor microenvironment. We will highlight the importance of tumor compartment-specific autophagy in both cancer aggressiveness and treatment.
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26
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Stromal Caveolin-1 and Caveolin-2 Expression in Primary Tumors and Lymph Node Metastases. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2018; 2018:8651790. [PMID: 29850392 PMCID: PMC5914130 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8651790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of caveolin-1 (CAV1) in both tumor cell and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) has been found to correlate with tumor aggressiveness in different epithelial tumor entities, whereas less is known for caveolin-2 (CAV2). The aim of this study was to investigate the clinicopathological significance and prognostic value of stromal CAV1 and CAV2 expression in lung cancer. The expression of these two genes was investigated at protein level on a tissue microarray (TMA) consisting of 161 primary tumor samples. 50.7% of squamous cell lung cancer (SCC) tumors showed strong expression of CAV1 in the tumor-associated stromal cells, whereas only 15.1% of adenocarcinomas (AC) showed a strong CAV1 expression (p < 0.01). A strong CAV2 stromal expression was found in 46.0% of the lung tumor specimens, with no significant difference between the subtypes. Neither CAV1 nor CAV2 stromal expression was associated with any other clinicopathological factor including survival. When the stromal expression in matched primary tumors and lymph node metastases was compared, both CAV1 and CAV2 expressions were frequently found lost in the corresponding stroma of the lymph node metastasis (40.6%, p = 0.003 and 38.4%, p = 0.001, resp.). Loss of stromal CAV2 in the lymph node metastases was also significantly associated with earlier death (p = 0.011). In conclusion, in contrast to the expression patterns in the tumor tissue of lung cancer, stromal expression of CAV1 in primary tumors was not associated with clinical outcome whereas the stromal expression of especially CAV2 in the metastatic lymph nodes could be associated with lung cancer pathogenesis.
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Abstract
Resistance of solid tumors to chemo- and radiotherapy remains a major obstacle in anti-cancer treatment. Herein, the membrane protein caveolin-1 (CAV1) came into focus as it is highly expressed in many tumors and high CAV1 levels were correlated with tumor progression, invasion and metastasis, and thus a worse clinical outcome. Increasing evidence further indicates that the heterogeneous tumor microenvironment, also known as the tumor stroma, contributes to therapy resistance resulting in poor clinical outcome. Again, CAV1 seems to play an important role in modulating tumor host interactions by promoting tumor growth, metastasis, therapy resistance and cell survival. However, the mechanisms driving stroma-mediated tumor growth and radiation resistance remain to be clarified. Understanding these interactions and thus, targeting CAV1 may offer a novel strategy for preventing cancer therapy resistance and improving clinical outcomes. In this review, we will summarize the resistance-promoting effects of CAV1 in tumors, and emphasize its role in the tumor-stroma communication as well as the resulting malignant phenotype of epithelial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ketteler
- Institute for Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Diana Klein
- Institute for Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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28
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Sun Y, Wang R, Qiao M, Xu Y, Guan W, Wang L. Cancer associated fibroblasts tailored tumor microenvironment of therapy resistance in gastrointestinal cancers. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6359-6369. [PMID: 29334123 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers (GI), are a group of highly aggressive malignancies with heavy cancer-related mortalities. Even if continued development of therapy methods, therapy resistance has been a great obstruction for cancer treatment and thereby inevitably leads to depressed final mortality. Peritumoral cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs), a versatile population assisting cancer cells to build a facilitated tumor microenvironment (TME), has been demonstrated exerting a promotion influence on cancer proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, and also therapy resistance. In this review, we provide an update progress in describing how CAFs mediate therapy resistance in GI by various means, meanwhile highlight the crosstalk between CAFs and cancer cells and present some vital signaling pathways activated by CAFs in this resistant process. Furthermore, we discuss the current advances in adopting novel drugs against CAFs and how the knowledge contributing to improved therapy efficacy in clinical practice. In sum, CAFs create a therapy-resistant TME in several aspects of GI progression, although some key problems about distinguishing CAFs subpopulations and controversial issues on pleiotropic CAFs in medication need to be solved for subsequent clinical application. Predictably, targeting therapy-resistant CAFs is a promising adjunctive treatment to benefit GI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqi Sun
- Department of Pathology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruifen Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Qiao
- Department of Pathology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanchun Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbin Guan
- Department of Pathology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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29
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Weak stromal Caveolin-1 expression in colorectal liver metastases predicts poor prognosis after hepatectomy for liver-only colorectal metastases. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2058. [PMID: 28515480 PMCID: PMC5435693 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of stromal Caveolin-1 (CAV1) expression is associated with poor prognosis in various cancers. We evaluated the prognostic value of CAV1 expression of both cancer cells and stromal cells in colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) in patients undergoing hepatectomy. In this retrospective study, 109 patients were enrolled. CAV1 expression was studied by immunohistochemistry. The staining was scored semiquantitatively as weak or strong. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated using both Kaplan–Meier and multivariate Coxregression methods. Weak stromal CAV1 expression was associated with decreased DFS and OS in univariate and in multivariate analysis (HR 2.00; 95% CI, 1.24–3.22; P = 0.004, and HR 2.47; 95% CI, 1.28–4.76; P = 0.007, respectively). Cancer cell CAV1 expression was not associated with DFS and OS. Five-year DFS and OS rates were 13% and 43%, respectively, in patients with weak stromal CAV1 expression and 40% and 71%, respectively, in patients with strong stromal CAV1 expression. In this study, we indicate that weak stromal CAV1 expression in CRLM is an adverse prognostic factor in patients who undergo liver resection for liver-only colorectal metastases. We suggest validation of this finding in an independent cohort and consideration of risk stratification for post-hepatectomy adjuvant follow-up and therapy.
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30
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Fu P, Chen F, Pan Q, Zhao X, Zhao C, Cho WCS, Chen H. The different functions and clinical significances of caveolin-1 in human adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:819-835. [PMID: 28243118 PMCID: PMC5317307 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s123912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), a major structural protein of caveolae, is an integral membrane protein which plays an important role in the progression of carcinoma. However, whether Cav-1 acts as a tumor promoter or a tumor suppressor still remains controversial. For example, the tumor-promoting function of Cav-1 has been found in renal cancer, prostate cancer, tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), lung SCC and bladder SCC. In contrast, Cav-1 also plays an inhibitory role in esophagus adenocarcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma and cutaneous SCC. The role of Cav-1 is still controversial in thyroid cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric adenocarcinoma, colon adenocarcinoma, breast cancer, pancreas cancer, oral SCC, laryngeal SCC, head and neck SCC, esophageal SCC and cervical SCC. Besides, it has been reported that the loss of stromal Cav-1 might predict poor prognosis in breast cancer, gastric cancer, pancreas cancer, prostate cancer, oral SCC and esophageal SCC. However, the accumulation of stromal Cav-1 has been found to be promoted by the progression of tongue SCC. Taken together, Cav-1 seems playing a different role in different cancer subtypes even of the same organ, as well as acting differently in the same cancer subtype of different organs. Thus, we hereby explore the functions of Cav-1 in human adenocarcinoma and SCC from the perspective of clinical significances and pathogenesis. We envision that novel targets may come with the further investigation of Cav-1 in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Fu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan
| | - Fuchun Chen
- Department of Thoracosurgery, Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, Zhejiang
| | - Qi Pan
- Department of Thoracosurgery, Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, Zhejiang
| | - Xianda Zhao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan
| | | | - Honglei Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan; Department of Pathology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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Progression-related loss of stromal Caveolin 1 levels fosters the growth of human PC3 xenografts and mediates radiation resistance. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41138. [PMID: 28112237 PMCID: PMC5255553 DOI: 10.1038/srep41138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite good treatment results in localized prostate tumors, advanced disease stages usually have a pronounced resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The membrane protein caveolin-1 (Cav1) functions here as an important oncogene. Therefore we examined the impact of stromal Cav1 expression for tumor growth and sensitivity to ionizing radiation (IR). Silencing of Cav1 expression in PC3 cells resulted in increased tumor growth and a reduced growth delay after IR when compared to tumors generated by Cav1-expressing PC3 cells. The increased radiation resistance was associated with increasing amounts of reactive tumor stroma and a Cav1 re-expression in the malignant epithelial cells. Mimicking the human situation these results were confirmed using co-implantation of Cav1-silenced PC3 cells with Cav1-silenced or Cav1-expressing fibroblasts. Immunohistochemically analysis of irradiated tumors as well as human prostate tissue specimen confirmed that alterations in stromal-epithelial Cav1 expressions were accompanied by a more reactive Cav1-reduced tumor stroma after radiation and within advanced prostate cancer tissues which potentially mediates the resistance to radiation treatment. Conclusively, the radiation response of human prostate tumors is critically regulated by Cav1 expression in stromal fibroblasts. Loss of stromal Cav1 expression in advanced tumor stages may thus contribute to resistance of these tumors to radiotherapy.
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32
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Wang Z, Wang N, Liu P, Peng F, Tang H, Chen Q, Xu R, Dai Y, Lin Y, Xie X, Peng C, Situ H. Caveolin-1, a stress-related oncotarget, in drug resistance. Oncotarget 2016; 6:37135-50. [PMID: 26431273 PMCID: PMC4741920 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is both a tumor suppressor and an oncoprotein. Cav-1 overexpression was frequently confirmed in advanced cancer stages and positively associated with ABC transporters, cancer stem cell populations, aerobic glycolysis activity and autophagy. Cav-1 was tied to various stresses including radiotherapy, fluid shear and oxidative stresses and ultraviolet exposure, and interacted with stress signals such as AMP-activated protein kinase. Finally, a Cav-1 fluctuation model during cancer development is provided and Cav-1 is suggested to be a stress signal and cytoprotective. Loss of Cav-1 may increase susceptibility to oncogenic events. However, research to explore the underlying molecular network between Cav-1 and stress signals is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Wang
- Department of Mammary Disease, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Collage of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Neng Wang
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Univeristy Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Pengxi Liu
- Department of Mammary Disease, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Collage of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fu Peng
- Pharmacy College, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hailin Tang
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Univeristy Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qianjun Chen
- Department of Mammary Disease, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Collage of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Mammary Disease, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Collage of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Dai
- Department of Mammary Disease, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Collage of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Department of Mammary Disease, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Collage of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Xie
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Univeristy Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Pharmacy College, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Honglin Situ
- Department of Mammary Disease, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Collage of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Arcucci A, Ruocco MR, Granato G, Sacco AM, Montagnani S. Cancer: An Oxidative Crosstalk between Solid Tumor Cells and Cancer Associated Fibroblasts. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:4502846. [PMID: 27595103 PMCID: PMC4993917 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4502846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Redox balance is associated with the regulation of several cell signalling pathways and functions. In fact, under physiological conditions, cells maintain a balance between oxidant and antioxidant systems, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) can act as second messengers to regulate cell proliferation, cell death, and other physiological processes. Cancer tissues usually contain higher levels of ROS than normal tissues, and this ROS overproduction is associated with tumor development. Neoplastic tissues are very heterogeneous systems, composed of tumor cells and microenvironment that has a critical role in tumor progression. Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) represent the main cell type of tumor microenvironment, and they contribute to tumor growth by undergoing an irreversible activation process. It is known that ROS can be transferred from cancer cells to fibroblasts. In particular, ROS affect the behaviour of CAFs by promoting the conversion of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts that support tumor progression and dissemination. Furthermore, the wrecking of redox homeostasis in cancer cells and tumor microenvironment induces a metabolic reprogramming in tumor cells and cancer associated fibroblasts, giving advantage to cancer growth. This review describes the role of ROS in tumor growth, by focusing on CAFs activation and metabolic interactions between cancer cells and stromal fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Arcucci
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Ruocco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Granato
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Sacco
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Montagnani
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Popa IL, Milac AL, Sima LE, Alexandru PR, Pastrama F, Munteanu CVA, Negroiu G. Cross-talk between Dopachrome Tautomerase and Caveolin-1 Is Melanoma Cell Phenotype-specific and Potentially Involved in Tumor Progression. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:12481-12500. [PMID: 27053106 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.714733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
l-Dopachrome tautomerase (l-DCT), also called tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2), is a melanoma antigen overexpressed in most chemo-/radiotherapeutic stress-resistant tumor clones, and caveolin-1 (CAV1) is a main regulator of numerous signaling processes. A structural and functional relationship between DCT and CAV1 is first presented here in two human amelanotic melanoma cell lines, derived from vertical growth phase (MelJuSo) and metastatic (SKMel28) melanomas. DCT co-localizes at the plasma membrane with CAV1 and Cavin-1, another molecular marker for caveolae in both cell phenotypes. Our novel structural model proposed for the DCT-CAV1 complex, in addition to co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry data, indicates a possible direct interaction between DCT and CAV1. The CAV1 control on DCT gene expression, DCT post-translational processing, and subcellular distribution is cell phenotype-dependent. DCT is a modulator of CAV1 stability and supramolecular assembly in both cell phenotypes. During autocrine stimulation, the expressions of DCT and CAV1 are oppositely regulated; DCT increases while CAV1 decreases. Sub-confluent MelJuSo clones DCT(high)/CAV1(low) are proliferating and acquire fibroblast-like morphology, forming massive, confluent clusters as demonstrated by immunofluorescent staining and TissueFAXS quantitative image cytometry analysis. CAV1 down-regulation directly contributes to the expansion of MelJuSo DCT(high) subtype. CAV1 involved in the perpetuation of cell phenotype-overexpressing anti-stress DCT molecule supports the concept that CAV1 functions as a tumor suppressor in early stages of melanoma. DCT is a regulator of the CAV1-associated structures and is possibly a new molecular player in CAV1-mediated processes in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana L Popa
- Department of Protein Folding, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adina L Milac
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Livia E Sima
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Petruta R Alexandru
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florin Pastrama
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian V A Munteanu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriela Negroiu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, 060031 Bucharest, Romania.
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Piegeler T, Schläpfer M, Dull RO, Schwartz DE, Borgeat A, Minshall RD, Beck-Schimmer B. Clinically relevant concentrations of lidocaine and ropivacaine inhibit TNFα-induced invasion of lung adenocarcinoma cells in vitro by blocking the activation of Akt and focal adhesion kinase. Br J Anaesth 2016; 115:784-91. [PMID: 26475807 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aev341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix-metalloproteinases (MMP) and cancer cell invasion are crucial for solid tumour metastasis. Important signalling events triggered by inflammatory cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), include Src-kinase-dependent activation of Akt and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and phosphorylation of caveolin-1. Based on previous studies where we demonstrated amide-type local anaesthetics block TNFα-induced Src activation in malignant cells, we hypothesized that local anaesthetics might also inhibit the activation and/or phosphorylation of Akt, FAK and caveolin-1, thus attenuating MMP release and invasion of malignant cells. METHODS NCI-H838 lung adenocarcinoma cells were incubated with ropivacaine or lidocaine (1 nM-100 µM) in absence/presence of TNFα (20 ng ml(-1)) for 20 min or 4 h, respectively. Activation/phosphorylation of Akt, FAK and caveolin-1 were evaluated by Western blot, and MMP-9 secretion was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Tumour cell migration (electrical wound-healing assay) and invasion were also assessed. RESULTS Ropivacaine (1 nM-100 μM) and lidocaine (1-100 µM) significantly reduced TNFα-induced activation/phosphorylation of Akt, FAK and caveolin-1 in NCI-H838 cells. MMP-9 secretion triggered by TNFα was significantly attenuated by both lidocaine and ropivacaine (half-maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50]=3.29×10(-6) M for lidocaine; IC50=1.52×10(-10) M for ropivacaine). The TNFα-induced increase in invasion was completely blocked by both lidocaine (10 µM) and ropivacaine (1 µM). CONCLUSIONS At clinically relevant concentrations both ropivacaine and lidocaine blocked tumour cell invasion and MMP-9 secretion by attenuating Src-dependent inflammatory signalling events. Although determined entirely in vitro, these findings provide significant insight into the potential mechanism by which local anaesthetics might diminish metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Piegeler
- Institute of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - M Schläpfer
- Institute of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland Institute of Physiology, Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R O Dull
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - D E Schwartz
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - A Borgeat
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Balgrist Orthopaedic University Hospital Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R D Minshall
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - B Beck-Schimmer
- Institute of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA Institute of Physiology, Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Gómez VE, Giovannetti E, Peters GJ. Unraveling the complexity of autophagy: Potential therapeutic applications in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35:11-9. [PMID: 26408419 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly dynamic, evolutionary conserved cellular homeostatic process that occurs at baseline levels in most cells. It exerts predominantly cytoprotective effects by removing damaged organelles and protein aggregates. In cancer, however, autophagy acts as both a tumor suppressor by preventing ROS-induced tumorigenesis and as a tumor inducer by providing nutrients to tumor cells under hypoxic, low-energy conditions and protecting them against therapeutically induced stress. Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma is an extremely lethal and aggressive neoplasm with a 5 year-survival rate between 1% and 5%. One of the most important factors affecting its poor prognosis is its high resistance to most of the existing chemotherapeutic regimens. The role of autophagy in PDAC has been investigated by different research groups and the results are quite divergent; some research lines point at autophagy as a tumor promoting mechanism, whereas other studies assign oncosuppressive functions to it. Nevertheless, several distinct preclinical studies and clinical trials have evaluated the efficacy of both autophagy inducers and autophagy inhibitors as therapeutic compounds against PDAC, many of them providing promising results. Although a better understanding of the complexity of autophagy is needed, the modulation of this process opens new opportunities for prognostic and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina E Gómez
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start-Up Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Godefridus J Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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