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Morrissey G, Tsuchiyagaito A, Takahashi T, McMillin J, Aupperle RL, Misaki M, Khalsa SS. Could neurofeedback improve therapist-patient communication? Considering the potential for neuroscience informed examinations of the psychotherapeutic relationship. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 161:105680. [PMID: 38641091 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Empathic communication between a patient and therapist is an essential component of psychotherapy. However, finding objective neural markers of the quality of the psychotherapeutic relationship have been elusive. Here we conceptualize how a neuroscience-informed approach involving real-time neurofeedback, facilitated via existing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) technologies, could provide objective information for facilitating therapeutic rapport. We propose several neurofeedback-assisted psychotherapy (NF-AP) approaches that could be studied as a way to optimize the experience of the individual patient and therapist across the spectrum of psychotherapeutic treatment. Finally, we consider how the possible strengths of these approaches are balanced by their current limitations and discuss the future prospects of NF-AP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aki Tsuchiyagaito
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA; Oxley College of Health and Natural Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Toru Takahashi
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - John McMillin
- Advocate Medical Group, Downers Grove, IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oklahoma-Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Robin L Aupperle
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA; Oxley College of Health and Natural Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Masaya Misaki
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA; Oxley College of Health and Natural Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Sahib S Khalsa
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA; Oxley College of Health and Natural Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA.
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2
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Saxena A, Shovestul BJ, Dudek EM, Reda S, Venkataraman A, Lamberti JS, Dodell-Feder D. Training volitional control of the theory of mind network with real-time fMRI neurofeedback. Neuroimage 2023; 279:120334. [PMID: 37591479 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Is there a way improve our ability to understand the minds of others? Towards addressing this question, here, we conducted a single-arm, proof-of-concept study to evaluate whether real-time fMRI neurofeedback (rtfMRI-NF) from the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) leads to volitional control of the neural network subserving theory of mind (ToM; the process by which we attribute and reason about the mental states of others). As additional aims, we evaluated the strategies used to self-regulate the network and whether volitional control of the ToM network was moderated by participant characteristics and associated with improved performance on behavioral measures. Sixteen participants underwent fMRI while completing a task designed to individually-localize the TPJ, and then three separate rtfMRI-NF scans during which they completed multiple runs of a training task while receiving intermittent, activation-based feedback from the TPJ, and one run of a transfer task in which no neurofeedback was provided. Region-of-interest analyses demonstrated volitional control in most regions during the training tasks and during the transfer task, although the effects were smaller in magnitude and not observed in one of the neurofeedback targets for the transfer task. Text analysis demonstrated that volitional control was most strongly associated with thinking about prior social experiences when up-regulating the neural signal. Analysis of behavioral performance and brain-behavior associations largely did not reveal behavior changes except for a positive association between volitional control in RTPJ and changes in performance on one ToM task. Exploratory analysis suggested neurofeedback-related learning occurred, although some degree of volitional control appeared to be conferred with the initial self-regulation strategy provided to participants (i.e., without the neurofeedback signal). Critical study limitations include the lack of a control group and pre-rtfMRI transfer scan, which prevents a more direct assessment of neurofeedback-induced volitional control, and a small sample size, which may have led to an overestimate and/or unreliable estimate of study effects. Nonetheless, together, this study demonstrates the feasibility of training volitional control of a social cognitive brain network, which may have important clinical applications. Given the study's limitations, findings from this study should be replicated with more robust experimental designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Saxena
- Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, 500 Wilson Blvd Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | - Bridget J Shovestul
- Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, 500 Wilson Blvd Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | - Emily M Dudek
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Boulevard Houston, TX 77204 USA
| | - Stephanie Reda
- Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, 500 Wilson Blvd Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | - Arun Venkataraman
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - J Steven Lamberti
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - David Dodell-Feder
- Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, 500 Wilson Blvd Rochester, NY 14627 USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642 USA.
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3
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Jaeckle T, Williams SCR, Barker GJ, Basilio R, Carr E, Goldsmith K, Colasanti A, Giampietro V, Cleare A, Young AH, Moll J, Zahn R. Self-blame in major depression: a randomised pilot trial comparing fMRI neurofeedback with self-guided psychological strategies. Psychol Med 2023; 53:2831-2841. [PMID: 34852855 PMCID: PMC10235657 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721004797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overgeneralised self-blame and worthlessness are key symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) and have previously been associated with self-blame-selective changes in connectivity between right superior anterior temporal lobe (rSATL) and subgenual frontal cortices. Another study showed that remitted MDD patients were able to modulate this neural signature using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) neurofeedback training, thereby increasing their self-esteem. The feasibility and potential of using this approach in symptomatic MDD were unknown. METHOD This single-blind pre-registered randomised controlled pilot trial probed a novel self-guided psychological intervention with and without additional rSATL-posterior subgenual cortex (BA25) fMRI neurofeedback, targeting self-blaming emotions in people with insufficiently recovered MDD and early treatment-resistance (n = 43, n = 35 completers). Participants completed three weekly self-guided sessions to rebalance self-blaming biases. RESULTS As predicted, neurofeedback led to a training-induced reduction in rSATL-BA25 connectivity for self-blame v. other-blame. Both interventions were safe and resulted in a 46% reduction on the Beck Depression Inventory-II, our primary outcome, with no group differences. Secondary analyses, however, revealed that patients without DSM-5-defined anxious distress showed a superior response to neurofeedback compared with the psychological intervention, and the opposite pattern in anxious MDD. As predicted, symptom remission was associated with increases in self-esteem and this correlated with the frequency with which participants employed the psychological strategies in daily life. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that self-blame-rebalance neurofeedback may be superior over a solely psychological intervention in non-anxious MDD, although further confirmatory studies are needed. Simple self-guided strategies tackling self-blame were beneficial, but need to be compared against treatment-as-usual in further trials. https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN10526888.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Jaeckle
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders, London, UK
| | - Steven C. R. Williams
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gareth J. Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rodrigo Basilio
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Unit and Neuroinformatics Workgroup, D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ewan Carr
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kimberley Goldsmith
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alessandro Colasanti
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders, London, UK
| | - Vincent Giampietro
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anthony Cleare
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders, London, UK
| | - Allan H. Young
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham, Kent, BR3 3BX, UK
| | - Jorge Moll
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Unit and Neuroinformatics Workgroup, D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roland Zahn
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders, London, UK
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Unit and Neuroinformatics Workgroup, D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham, Kent, BR3 3BX, UK
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4
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De Filippi E, Marins T, Escrichs A, Gilson M, Moll J, Tovar-Moll F, Deco G. One session of fMRI-Neurofeedback training on motor imagery modulates whole-brain effective connectivity and dynamical complexity. Cereb Cortex Commun 2022; 3:tgac027. [PMID: 36072710 PMCID: PMC9441014 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgac027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, several studies have shown that Neurofeedback (NFB) by functional magnetic resonance imaging can alter the functional coupling of targeted and non-targeted areas. However, the causal mechanisms underlying these changes remain uncertain. Here, we applied a whole-brain dynamical model to estimate Effective Connectivity (EC) profiles of resting-state data acquired before and immediately after a single-session NFB training for 17 participants who underwent motor imagery NFB training and 16 healthy controls who received sham feedback. Within-group and between-group classification analyses revealed that only for the NFB group it was possible to accurately discriminate between the 2 resting-state sessions. NFB training-related signatures were reflected in a support network of direct connections between areas involved in reward processing and implicit learning, together with regions belonging to the somatomotor, control, attention, and default mode networks, identified through a recursive-feature elimination procedure. By applying a data-driven approach to explore NFB-induced changes in spatiotemporal dynamics, we demonstrated that these regions also showed decreased switching between different brain states (i.e. metastability) only following real NFB training. Overall, our findings contribute to the understanding of NFB impact on the whole brain’s structure and function by shedding light on the direct connections between brain areas affected by NFB training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora De Filippi
- Computational Neuroscience Group, Center for Brain and Cognition, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Carrer de Ramon Trias Fargas , 25-27, 08005 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Theo Marins
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro 30, Botafogo-Rio de Janeiro , 22281-100, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Morphological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Citade universitaria da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Anira Escrichs
- Computational Neuroscience Group, Center for Brain and Cognition, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Carrer de Ramon Trias Fargas , 25-27, 08005 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Matthieu Gilson
- Computational Neuroscience Group, Center for Brain and Cognition, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Carrer de Ramon Trias Fargas , 25-27, 08005 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jorge Moll
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro 30, Botafogo-Rio de Janeiro , 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Tovar-Moll
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro 30, Botafogo-Rio de Janeiro , 22281-100, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Morphological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Citade universitaria da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Deco
- Institució Catalana de la Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluis Companys , 23, 08010, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for human Cognitive and Brain Sciences , Stephanstrasse 1a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University level 5 , 18 Innovation Walk, Clayton Campus. Wellington Road, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia
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5
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Callara AL, Greco A, Frasnelli J, Rho G, Vanello N, Scilingo EP. Cortical network and connectivity underlying hedonic olfactory perception. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34547740 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac28d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective.The emotional response to olfactory stimuli implies the activation of a complex cascade of events triggered by structures lying in the limbic system. However, little is known about how this activation is projected up to cerebral cortex and how different cortical areas dynamically interact each other.Approach.In this study, we acquired EEG from human participants performing a passive odor-perception task with odorants conveying positive, neutral and negative valence. A novel methodological pipeline integrating global field power (GFP), independent component analysis (ICA), dipole source localization was applied to estimate effective connectivity in the challenging scenario of single-trial low-synchronized stimulation.Main results.We identified the brain network and the neural paths, elicited at different frequency bands, i.e.θ(4-7Hz),α(8-12Hz)andβ(13-30Hz), involved in odor valence processing. This brain network includes the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), the cingulate gyrus (CgG), the superior temporal gyrus (STG), the posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus (PCC/PCu) and the parahippocampal gyrus (PHG). It was analyzed using a time-varying multivariate autoregressive model to resolve time-frequency causal interactions. Specifically, the OFC acts as the main node for odor perception and evaluation of pleasant and unpleasant stimuli, whereas no specific path was observed for a neutral stimulus.Significance.The results introduce new evidences on the role of the OFC during hedonic perception and underpin its specificity during the odor valence assessment. Our findings suggest that, after the odor onset different, bidirectional interactions occur between the OFC and other brain regions associated with emotion recognition/categorization and memory according to the stimulus valence. This outcome unveils how the hedonic olfactory network dynamically changes based on odor valence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Luis Callara
- Research Center 'E. Piaggio', School of Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Greco
- Research Center 'E. Piaggio', School of Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Johannes Frasnelli
- Département d'anatomie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, G9A 5H7
- Local 3439 L.-P, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Gianluca Rho
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicola Vanello
- Research Center 'E. Piaggio', School of Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Enzo Pasquale Scilingo
- Research Center 'E. Piaggio', School of Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy
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6
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Paul P, Bennett CN. Review of Neuropsychological and Electrophysiological Correlates of Callous-unemotional Traits in Children: Implications for EEG Neurofeedback Intervention. Clin EEG Neurosci 2021; 52:321-329. [PMID: 33709806 DOI: 10.1177/1550059421997129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Conduct disorder is a significant psychiatric disorder of childhood and adolescence. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth version (DSM-5), added the limited prosocial specifier to identify those individuals who exhibit a more severe pattern of behavior characterized by a callous and unemotional (CU) interpersonal style across multiple settings and relationships. This review has attempted to summarize the relevant research focusing on the significance of CU interpersonal style in the development of psychopathy. The primary focus was on the electrophysiological and neuropsychological correlates of CU traits and their implication on the treatment protocol using neurofeedback training for children with such traits. The source of the literature search was PubMed, which majorly uses the MEDLINE database. The keywords used included CU traits, conduct disorder, child psychopathy, empathy, electrophysiology, criminal behavior, neuropsychology, neurofeedback training, and so on. Studies from the last 15 years were considered for the review. This review revealed that children with conduct disorder and high-CU traits with a combination of reactive and proactive aggression are more likely to develop psychopathy. Evidence suggests that these children have distinct forms of electrophysiological and neuropsychological correlates. However, research in this area is still not conclusive as they yield variation in findings. Studies on the efficacy of neurofeedback training on reducing symptoms such as impulsivity, hostility, and psychopathy indicate that neurofeedback training can be a promising treatment alternative for children with severe conduct disorder.
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7
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Parkinson C. Computational methods in social neuroscience: recent advances, new tools and future directions. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 16:739-744. [PMID: 34101815 PMCID: PMC8343570 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsab073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen a surge of exciting developments in the computational tools available to social neuroscientists. This paper highlights and synthesizes recent advances that have been enabled by the application of such tools, as well as methodological innovations likely to be of interest and utility to social neuroscientists, but that have been concentrated in other sub-fields. Papers in this special issue are emphasized—many of which contain instructive materials (e.g. tutorials and code) for researchers new to the highlighted methods. These include approaches for modeling social decisions, characterizing multivariate neural response patterns at varying spatial scales, using decoded neurofeedback to draw causal links between specific neural response patterns and psychological and behavioral phenomena, examining time-varying patterns of connectivity between brain regions, and characterizing the social networks in which social thought and behavior unfold in everyday life. By combining computational methods for characterizing participants’ rich social environments—at the levels of stimuli, paradigms and the webs of social relationships that surround people—with those for capturing the psychological processes that undergird social behavior and the wealth of information contained in neuroimaging datasets, social neuroscientists can gain new insights into how people create, understand and navigate their complex social worlds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Parkinson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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8
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Ashar YK, Andrews-Hanna JR, Halifax J, Dimidjian S, Wager TD. Effects of Compassion Training on Brain Responses to Suffering other. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 16:1036-1047. [PMID: 33948660 PMCID: PMC8483284 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsab052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Compassion meditation (CM) is a promising intervention for enhancing compassion, although its active ingredients and neurobiological mechanisms are not well-understood. To investigate these, we conducted a three-armed placebo-controlled randomized trial (N = 57) with longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We compared a 4-week CM program delivered by smartphone application with (i) a placebo condition, presented to participants as the compassion-enhancing hormone oxytocin, and (ii) a condition designed to control for increased familiarity with suffering others, an element of CM which may promote compassion. At pre- and post-intervention, participants listened to compassion-eliciting narratives describing suffering others during fMRI. CM increased brain responses to suffering others in the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) relative to the familiarity condition, p < 0.05 family-wise error rate corrected. Among CM participants, individual differences in increased mOFC responses positively correlated with increased compassion-related feelings and attributions, r = 0.50, p = 0.04. Relative to placebo, the CM group exhibited a similar increase in mOFC activity at an uncorrected threshold of P < 0.001 and 10 contiguous voxels. We conclude that the mOFC, a region closely related to affiliative affect and motivation, is an important brain mechanism of CM. Effects of CM on mOFC function are not explained by familiarity effects and are partly explained by placebo effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoni K Ashar
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience., University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Joan Halifax
- Upaya Institute and Zen Center. Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Sona Dimidjian
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.,University of Colorado Boulder, Renee Crown Wellness Institute. Boulder, CO USA
| | - Tor D Wager
- Department of Psychology and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
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9
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Trambaiolli LR, Tossato J, Cravo AM, Biazoli CE, Sato JR. Subject-independent decoding of affective states using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244840. [PMID: 33411817 PMCID: PMC7790273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Affective decoding is the inference of human emotional states using brain signal measurements. This approach is crucial to develop new therapeutic approaches for psychiatric rehabilitation, such as affective neurofeedback protocols. To reduce the training duration and optimize the clinical outputs, an ideal clinical neurofeedback could be trained using data from an independent group of volunteers before being used by new patients. Here, we investigated if this subject-independent design of affective decoding can be achieved using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) signals from frontal and occipital areas. For this purpose, a linear discriminant analysis classifier was first trained in a dataset (49 participants, 24.65±3.23 years) and then tested in a completely independent one (20 participants, 24.00±3.92 years). Significant balanced accuracies between classes were found for positive vs. negative (64.50 ± 12.03%, p<0.01) and negative vs. neutral (68.25 ± 12.97%, p<0.01) affective states discrimination during a reactive block consisting in viewing affective-loaded images. For an active block, in which volunteers were instructed to recollect personal affective experiences, significant accuracy was found for positive vs. neutral affect classification (71.25 ± 18.02%, p<0.01). In this last case, only three fNIRS channels were enough to discriminate between neutral and positive affective states. Although more research is needed, for example focusing on better combinations of features and classifiers, our results highlight fNIRS as a possible technique for subject-independent affective decoding, reaching significant classification accuracies of emotional states using only a few but biologically relevant features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas R. Trambaiolli
- Division of Basic Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Juliana Tossato
- Center for Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André M. Cravo
- Center for Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudinei E. Biazoli
- Center for Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João R. Sato
- Center for Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Gu L, Yang R, Zhang Q, Zhang P, Bai X. Reinforcement-Sensitive Personality Traits Associated With Passion in Heterosexual Intimate Relationships: An fNIRS Investigation. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:126. [PMID: 32792923 PMCID: PMC7385243 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the triangular theory of love, passion is an indispensable component of romantic love. Some brain imaging studies have shown that passionate arousal in intimate relationships is associated with the reward circuits in the brain. We hypothesized that the individual reward sensitivity trait is also related to passion in intimate relationships, and two separate studies were conducted in the present research. In the first study, 558 college students who were currently in love were selected as participants. The correlation between intimacy and reinforcement sensitivity in individuals identifying as heterosexual was explored using the Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire, the Passionate Love Scale, and the Triangular Love Scale. In the second study, participants were 42 college students who were also currently in love. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was adopted to explore the neurophysiological interaction between reward sensitivity and emotional arousal induced in participants when presented a photograph of their partner, a friend, or a stranger. The results showed that reward sensitivity was positively correlated with passion, and punishment sensitivity was negatively correlated with intimacy and commitment. Significant interactions between reward sensitivity and photograph type were found, and the triangular part of the inferior frontal gyrus showed a particular relevance to the reward-sensitive personality trait toward partners. Overall, the findings support reinforcement sensitivity theory and suggest that reinforcement-sensitive personality traits (personality traits of reward and punishment sensitivity) are associated with all three components of love, with only reward sensitivity being related to passion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gu
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Management, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China.,Center of Collaborative Innovation for Assessment and Promotion of Mental Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruoxi Yang
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qihan Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuejun Bai
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China.,Center of Collaborative Innovation for Assessment and Promotion of Mental Health, Tianjin, China
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11
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Klöbl M, Michenthaler P, Godbersen GM, Robinson S, Hahn A, Lanzenberger R. Reinforcement and Punishment Shape the Learning Dynamics in fMRI Neurofeedback. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:304. [PMID: 32792929 PMCID: PMC7393482 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neurofeedback (NF) using real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has proven to be a valuable neuroscientific tool for probing cognition and promising therapeutic approach for several psychiatric disorders. Even though learning constitutes an elementary aspect of NF, the question whether certain training schemes might positively influence its dynamics has largely been neglected. Methods To address this issue, participants were trained to exert control on their subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) blood-oxygenation-level-dependent signal, receiving either exclusively positive reinforcement (PR, “positive feedback”) or also positive punishment (PP, “negative feedback”). The temporal dynamics of the learning process were investigated by individually modeling the feedback periods and trends, offering the possibility to assess activation changes within and across blocks, runs and sessions. Results The results show faster initial learning of the PR + PP group by significantly lower deactivations of the sgACC in the first session and stronger regulation trends during the first runs. Independent of the group, significant control over the sgACC could further be shown with but not without feedback. Conclusion The beneficial effect of PP is supported by previous findings of multiple research domains suggesting that error avoidance represents an important motivational factor of learning, which complements the reward spectrum. This hypothesis warrants further investigation with respect to NF, as it could offer a way to generally facilitate the process of gaining volitional control over brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Klöbl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Michenthaler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Simon Robinson
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert Lanzenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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12
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Caria A. Mesocorticolimbic Interactions Mediate fMRI-Guided Regulation of Self-Generated Affective States. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10040223. [PMID: 32276411 PMCID: PMC7226604 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10040223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that the generation and regulation of affective responses is associated with activity of large brain networks that also include phylogenetically older regions in the brainstem. Mesencephalic regions not only control autonomic responses but also participate in the modulation of autonomic, emotional, and motivational responses. The specific contribution of the midbrain to emotion regulation in humans remains elusive. Neuroimaging studies grounding on appraisal models of emotion emphasize a major role of prefrontal cortex in modulating emotion-related cortical and subcortical regions but usually neglect the contribution of the midbrain and other brainstem regions. Here, the role of mesolimbic and mesocortical networks in core affect generation and regulation was explored during emotion regulation guided by real-time fMRI feedback of the anterior insula activity. The fMRI and functional connectivity analysis revealed that the upper midbrain significantly contributes to emotion regulation in humans. Moreover, differential functional interactions between the dopaminergic mesocorticolimbic system and frontoparietal networks mediate up and down emotion regulatory processes. Finally, these findings further indicate the potential of real-time fMRI feedback approach in guiding core affect regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Caria
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Trento, Corso Bettini 33, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
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13
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Fourie MM, Hortensius R, Decety J. Parsing the components of forgiveness: Psychological and neural mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 112:437-451. [PMID: 32088347 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Forgiveness-a shift in motivation away from retaliation and avoidance towards increased goodwill for the perceived wrongdoer-plays a vital role in restoring social relationships, and positively impacts personal wellbeing and society at large. Parsing the psychological and neurobiological mechanisms of forgiveness contributes theoretical clarity, yet has remained an outstanding challenge because of conceptual and methodological difficulties in the field. Here, we critically examine the neuroscientific evidence in support of a theoretical framework which accounts for the proximate mechanisms underlying forgiveness. Specifically, we integrate empirical evidence from social psychology and neuroscience to propose that forgiveness relies on three distinct and interacting psychological macro-components: cognitive control, perspective taking, and social valuation. The implication of the lateral prefrontal cortex, temporoparietal junction, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, respectively, is discussed in the brain networks subserving these distinct component processes. Finally, we outline some caveats that limit the translational value of existing social neuroscience research and provide directions for future research to advance the field of forgiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike M Fourie
- Studies in Historical Trauma and Transformation, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - Ruud Hortensius
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jean Decety
- Department of Psychology and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
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14
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Zahn R, de Oliveira-Souza R, Moll J. Moral Motivation and the Basal Forebrain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 108:207-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Hampson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Department of Psychiatry, and the Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Sergio Ruiz
- Department of Psychiatry, Medicine School, and Laboratory for Brain-Machine Interfaces and Neuromodulation, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Junichi Ushiba
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Japan.
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16
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Empathy to emotional voices and the use of real-time fMRI to enhance activation of the anterior insula. Neuroimage 2019; 198:53-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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17
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Zahn R, Weingartner JH, Basilio R, Bado P, Mattos P, Sato JR, de Oliveira-Souza R, Fontenelle LF, Young AH, Moll J. Blame-rebalance fMRI neurofeedback in major depressive disorder: A randomised proof-of-concept trial. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 24:101992. [PMID: 31505367 PMCID: PMC6737344 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Previously, using fMRI, we demonstrated lower connectivity between right anterior superior temporal (ATL) and anterior subgenual cingulate (SCC) regions while patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) experience guilt. This neural signature was detected despite symptomatic remission which suggested a putative role in vulnerability. This randomised controlled double-blind parallel group clinical trial investigated whether patients with MDD are able to voluntarily modulate this neural signature. To this end, we developed a fMRI neurofeedback software (FRIEND), which measures ATL-SCC coupling and displays its levels in real time. Twenty-eight patients with remitted MDD were randomised to two groups, each receiving one session of fMRI neurofeedback whilst retrieving guilt and indignation/anger-related autobiographical memories. They were instructed to feel the emotion whilst trying to increase the level of a thermometer-like display on a screen. Active intervention group: The thermometer levels increased with increasing levels of ATL-SCC correlations in the guilt condition. Control intervention group: The thermometer levels decreased when correlation levels deviated from the previous baseline level in the guilt condition, thus reinforcing stable correlations. Both groups also received feedback during the indignation condition reinforcing stable correlations. We confirmed our predictions that patients in the active intervention group were indeed able to increase levels of ATL-SCC correlations for guilt vs. indignation and their self-esteem after training compared to before training and that this differed significantly from the control intervention group. These data provide proof-of-concept for a novel treatment target for MDD patients and are in keeping with the hypothesis that ATL-SCC connectivity plays a key role in self-worth. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT01920490 Employs real-time fMRI of anterior temporal –subgenual cingulate connectivity Previously decreased for guilt in major depressive disorder (MDD) beyond remission This RCT shows MDD patients can increase connectivity in one neurofeedback session. Active neurofeedback group increase self-esteem vs control neurofeedback group Training-induced self-esteem increases correlate with connectivity increases
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Zahn
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Julie H Weingartner
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Unit, Neuroinformatics Workgroup, D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Basilio
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Unit, Neuroinformatics Workgroup, D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Bado
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Unit, Neuroinformatics Workgroup, D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Mattos
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Unit, Neuroinformatics Workgroup, D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João R Sato
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Unit, Neuroinformatics Workgroup, D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Center for Mathematics, Computation, and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de Oliveira-Souza
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Unit, Neuroinformatics Workgroup, D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Gaffrée e Guinle University Hospital, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leo F Fontenelle
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Unit, Neuroinformatics Workgroup, D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Allan H Young
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Moll
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Unit, Neuroinformatics Workgroup, D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Scients Institute, Palo Alto, USA.
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18
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Eckstein M, Zietlow AL, Gerchen MF, Schmitgen MM, Ashcroft-Jones S, Kirsch P, Ditzen B. The NeMo real-time fMRI neurofeedback study: protocol of a randomised controlled clinical intervention trial in the neural foundations of mother-infant bonding. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e027747. [PMID: 31315861 PMCID: PMC6661567 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most mothers feel an immediate, strong emotional bond with their newborn. On a neurobiological level, this is accompanied with the activation of the brain reward systems, including the striatum. However, approximately 10% of all mothers report difficulties to bond emotionally with their infant and display impaired reward responses to the interaction with their infant which might have long-term negative effects for the child's development. As previous studies suggest that activation of the striatal reward system can be regulated through functional MRI (fMRI)-based neurofeedback (NFB), we have designed and investigate fMRI-NFB training to treat maternal bonding difficulties. METHODS AND ANALYSIS In the planned trial, mothers will be presented pictures of their infant and real-time fMRI (rtfMRI), peripheral measures, neural, endocrine, psychophysiological and behavioural measures will be assessed. Mothers with bonding difficulties (n=68) will be randomised to one of two double-blind intervention groups at 4-6 months postpartum. They will participate in three repeated NFB training sessions with rtfMRI-NFB training to increase activation of (a) the ventral striatum or (b) the anterior cingulate. Interview data and real-time mother-infant interaction behaviour pre-intervention, post-intervention and at follow-up will serve as clinical outcome measures. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Study procedures are in line with the recommendations of the World Medical Association (revised Declaration of Helsinki) and were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty, s-450/2017, Heidelberg University. All participants will provide written informed consent after receiving a detailed oral and written explanation of all procedures and can withdraw their consent at any time without negative consequence. Results will be internationally published and disseminated, to further the discussion on non-pharmacological treatment options in complex mental disorders. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER DRKS00014570; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Eckstein
- Institute of Medical Psychology in the Center for Psychosocial Medicine, UniversitatsKlinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Zietlow
- Institute of Medical Psychology in the Center for Psychosocial Medicine, UniversitatsKlinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Fungisai Gerchen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute for Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Sarah Ashcroft-Jones
- Institute of Medical Psychology in the Center for Psychosocial Medicine, UniversitatsKlinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Kirsch
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute for Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Beate Ditzen
- Institute of Medical Psychology in the Center for Psychosocial Medicine, UniversitatsKlinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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Linhartová P, Látalová A, Kóša B, Kašpárek T, Schmahl C, Paret C. fMRI neurofeedback in emotion regulation: A literature review. Neuroimage 2019; 193:75-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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20
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Sorger B, Scharnowski F, Linden DEJ, Hampson M, Young KD. Control freaks: Towards optimal selection of control conditions for fMRI neurofeedback studies. Neuroimage 2019; 186:256-265. [PMID: 30423429 PMCID: PMC6338498 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
fMRI Neurofeedback research employs many different control conditions. Currently, there is no consensus as to which control condition is best, and the answer depends on what aspects of the neurofeedback-training design one is trying to control for. These aspects can range from determining whether participants can learn to control brain activity via neurofeedback to determining whether there are clinically significant effects of the neurofeedback intervention. Lack of consensus over criteria for control conditions has hampered the design and interpretation of studies employing neurofeedback protocols. This paper presents an overview of the most commonly employed control conditions currently used in neurofeedback studies and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. Control conditions covered include no control, treatment-as-usual, bidirectional-regulation control, feedback of an alternative brain signal, sham feedback, and mental-rehearsal control. We conclude that the selection of the control condition(s) should be determined by the specific research goal of the study and best procedures that effectively control for relevant confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Sorger
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Scharnowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zürich, University of Zürich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland; Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David E J Linden
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Michelle Hampson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Psychiatry and the Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kymberly D Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Film clips are widely used in emotion research due to their relatively high ecological validity. Although researchers have established various film clip sets for different cultures, the few that exist related to Chinese culture do not adequately address positive emotions. The main purposes of the present study were to establish a standardised database of Chinese emotional film clips that could elicit more categories of reported positive emotions compared to the existing databases and to expand the available film clips that can be used as neutral materials. Two experiments were conducted to construct the database. In experiment 1, 111 film clips were selected from more than one thousand Chinese movies for preliminary screening. After 315 participants viewed and evaluated these film clips, 39 excerpts were selected for further validation. In experiment 2, 147 participants watched and rated these 39 film clips, as well as another 8 excerpts chosen from the existing databases, to compare their validity. Eventually, 22 film excerpts that successfully evoked three positive emotions (joy, amusement, and tenderness), four negative emotions (moral disgust, anger, fear, and sadness), and neutrality formed the standardised database of Chinese emotional film clips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ge
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,b Department of Psychology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Guozhen Zhao
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,b Department of Psychology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,b Department of Psychology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Rebecca J Houston
- c Department of Psychology , Health and Addictions Research Center, Rochester Institute of Technology , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - Jinjing Song
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,b Department of Psychology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China
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22
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Lorenzetti V, Melo B, Basílio R, Suo C, Yücel M, Tierra-Criollo CJ, Moll J. Emotion Regulation Using Virtual Environments and Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback. Front Neurol 2018; 9:390. [PMID: 30087646 PMCID: PMC6066986 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofeedback (NFB) enables the voluntary regulation of brain activity, with promising applications to enhance and recover emotion and cognitive processes, and their underlying neurobiology. It remains unclear whether NFB can be used to aid and sustain complex emotions, with ecological validity implications. We provide a technical proof of concept of a novel real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI) NFB procedure. Using rtfMRI-NFB, we enabled participants to voluntarily enhance their own neural activity while they experienced complex emotions. The rtfMRI-NFB software (FRIEND Engine) was adapted to provide a virtual environment as brain computer interface (BCI) and musical excerpts to induce two emotions (tenderness and anguish), aided by participants' preferred personalized strategies to maximize the intensity of these emotions. Eight participants from two experimental sites performed rtfMRI-NFB on two consecutive days in a counterbalanced design. On one day, rtfMRI-NFB was delivered to participants using a region of interest (ROI) method, while on the other day using a support vector machine (SVM) classifier. Our multimodal VR/NFB approach was technically feasible and robust as a method for real-time measurement of the neural correlates of complex emotional states and their voluntary modulation. Guided by the color changes of the virtual environment BCI during rtfMRI-NFB, participants successfully increased in real time, the activity of the septo-hypothalamic area and the amygdala during the ROI based rtfMRI-NFB, and successfully evoked distributed patterns of brain activity classified as tenderness and anguish during SVM-based rtfMRI-NFB. Offline fMRI analyses confirmed that during tenderness rtfMRI-NFB conditions, participants recruited the septo-hypothalamic area and other regions ascribed to social affiliative emotions (medial frontal / temporal pole and precuneus). During anguish rtfMRI-NFB conditions, participants recruited the amygdala and other dorsolateral prefrontal and additional regions associated with negative affect. These findings were robust and were demonstrable at the individual subject level, and were reflected in self-reported emotion intensity during rtfMRI-NFB, being observed with both ROI and SVM methods and across the two sites. Our multimodal VR/rtfMRI-NFB protocol provides an engaging tool for brain-based interventions to enhance emotional states in healthy subjects and may find applications in clinical conditions associated with anxiety, stress and impaired empathy among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Lorenzetti
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychological Sciences, Institute of Psychology Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Brain and Mental Health Laboratory, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bruno Melo
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education, IDOR, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Biomedical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Basílio
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education, IDOR, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Chao Suo
- Brain and Mental Health Laboratory, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Murat Yücel
- Brain and Mental Health Laboratory, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Carlos J Tierra-Criollo
- Biomedical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jorge Moll
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education, IDOR, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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23
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Joyal CC, Neveu SM, Boukhalfi T, Jackson PL, Renaud P. Suppression of Sensorimotor Alpha Power Associated With Pain Expressed by an Avatar: A Preliminary EEG Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:273. [PMID: 30038564 PMCID: PMC6046452 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) showed that empathic capabilities are associated with the activation (and deactivation) of relatively specific neural circuits. A growing number of electroencephalography studies also suggest that it might be useful to assess empathy. The main goal of this study was to use quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) to test whether observation of pain expressed by an avatar (virtual reality) induces a suppression of alpha waves over sensorimotor cortical areas, as it is observed with human stimuli. Not only was it the case, but also the magnitude of alpha suppression was correlated with perspective-taking capacity of participants. Both empathy levels and magnitude of sensorimotor alpha suppression (SAS) were significantly higher in women than men. Interestingly, a significant interaction emerged between levels of individual empathy and specificity of experimental instructions, where SAS in participants with good perspective-taking was higher during passive observation of the distressed avatar, while the opposite was true during an active (trying to understand) condition. These results suggest that: (1) synthetic characters are able to elicit SAS; (2) SAS is indeed associated with perspective-taking capacities; (3) Persons with poorer perspective-taking capacities can show significant SAS when proper instructions are provided. Therefore, qEEG represents a low-cost objective approach to measure perspective-taking abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian C Joyal
- Laboratory of Virtual Reality Applications in Psychiatry (ARVIPL), Research Center, Philippe-Pinel Institute of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Cognition, Neuroscience, Affect and Behavior Research Group (CogNAC), Psychology Department, University of Quebec at Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Sarah-Michelle Neveu
- Laboratory of Virtual Reality Applications in Psychiatry (ARVIPL), Research Center, Philippe-Pinel Institute of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tarik Boukhalfi
- Laboratory of Virtual Reality Applications in Psychiatry (ARVIPL), Research Center, Philippe-Pinel Institute of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Philip L Jackson
- Psychology Department, University Mental Health Institute of Quebec (CRIUSMQ) and Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Patrice Renaud
- Laboratory of Virtual Reality Applications in Psychiatry (ARVIPL), Research Center, Philippe-Pinel Institute of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Psychology Department, University of Quebec in Outaouais, Gatineau, QC, Canada
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24
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Trambaiolli LR, Biazoli CE, Cravo AM, Falk TH, Sato JR. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy-based affective neurofeedback: feedback effect, illiteracy phenomena, and whole-connectivity profiles. NEUROPHOTONICS 2018; 5:035009. [PMID: 30689679 PMCID: PMC6156400 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.5.3.035009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Background: Affective neurofeedback constitutes a suitable approach to control abnormal neural activities associated with psychiatric disorders and might consequently relief symptom severity. However, different aspects of neurofeedback remain unclear, such as its neural basis, the performance variation, the feedback effect, among others. Aim: First, we aimed to propose a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)-based affective neurofeedback based on the self-regulation of frontal and occipital networks. Second, we evaluated three different feedback approaches on performance: real, fixed, and random feedback. Third, we investigated different demographic, psychological, and physiological predictors of performance. Approach: Thirty-three healthy participants performed a task whereby an amorphous figure changed its shape according to the elicited affect (positive or neutral). During the task, the participants randomly received three different feedback approaches: real feedback, with no change of the classifier output; fixed feedback, keeping the feedback figure unmodified; and random feedback, where the classifier output was multiplied by an arbitrary value, causing a feedback different than expected by the subject. Then, we applied a multivariate comparison of the whole-connectivity profiles according to the affective states and feedback approaches, as well as during a pretask resting-state block, to predict performance. Results: Participants were able to control this feedback system with 70.00 % ± 24.43 % ( p < 0.01 ) of performance during the real feedback trials. No significant differences were found when comparing the average performances of the feedback approaches. However, the whole functional connectivity profiles presented significant Mahalanobis distances ( p ≪ 0.001 ) when comparing both affective states and all feedback approaches. Finally, task performance was positively correlated to the pretask resting-state whole functional connectivity ( r = 0.512 , p = 0.009 ). Conclusions: Our results suggest that fNIRS might be a feasible tool to develop a neurofeedback system based on the self-regulation of affective networks. This finding enables future investigations using an fNIRS-based affective neurofeedback in psychiatric populations. Furthermore, functional connectivity profiles proved to be a good predictor of performance and suggested an increased effort to maintain task control in the presence of feedback distractors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas R. Trambaiolli
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Mathematics, Computation and Cognition Center, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
- University of Quebec, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie, Matériaux, Télécommunications, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Address all correspondence to: Lucas R. Trambaiolli, E-mail:
| | - Claudinei E. Biazoli
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Mathematics, Computation and Cognition Center, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André M. Cravo
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Mathematics, Computation and Cognition Center, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago H. Falk
- University of Quebec, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie, Matériaux, Télécommunications, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - João R. Sato
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Mathematics, Computation and Cognition Center, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
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Asymmetric hemisphere activation in tenderness: evidence from EEG signals. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8029. [PMID: 29795119 PMCID: PMC5966511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26133-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotions are processed asymmetrically by the human brain. Frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) as measured by electroencephalographic (EEG) power in the alpha band (8–13 Hz), is a sensitive indicator of asymmetric brain activity in the frontal cortex. The current study aimed to analyze the frontal EEG asymmetries in terms of valence and motivational direction. We presented 37 participants with three film excerpts that were selected from the standard emotional film database to elicit three target emotions: tenderness, anger, and neutrality. Participants’ self-reports on their induced emotional responses and EEG signals were recorded and analyzed. The results showed that individuals displayed lower alpha power in the left hemisphere than the right hemisphere when they were watching a tender film, indicating that tenderness was positive and related to approach motivation. In contrast, when watching an angry movie, participants showed higher alpha power in the left hemisphere than the right hemisphere, suggesting that anger was negative and associated with withdrawal motivation. These findings help to link positive and approach-motivated tenderness with greater left hemispheric activation and state-anger with greater right hemispheric activation through the analysis of FAA.
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Thibault RT, MacPherson A, Lifshitz M, Roth RR, Raz A. Neurofeedback with fMRI: A critical systematic review. Neuroimage 2018; 172:786-807. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Giubilini A, Savulescu J. The Artificial Moral Advisor. The "Ideal Observer" Meets Artificial Intelligence. PHILOSOPHY & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 31:169-188. [PMID: 29974033 PMCID: PMC6004274 DOI: 10.1007/s13347-017-0285-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
We describe a form of moral artificial intelligence that could be used to improve human moral decision-making. We call it the "artificial moral advisor" (AMA). The AMA would implement a quasi-relativistic version of the "ideal observer" famously described by Roderick Firth. We describe similarities and differences between the AMA and Firth's ideal observer. Like Firth's ideal observer, the AMA is disinterested, dispassionate, and consistent in its judgments. Unlike Firth's observer, the AMA is non-absolutist, because it would take into account the human agent's own principles and values. We argue that the AMA would respect and indeed enhance individuals' moral autonomy, help individuals achieve wide and a narrow reflective equilibrium, make up for the limitations of human moral psychology in a way that takes conservatives' objections to human bioenhancement seriously, and implement the positive functions of intuitions and emotions in human morality without their downsides, such as biases and prejudices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julian Savulescu
- Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Gonçalves ÓF, Batistuzzo MC, Sato JR. Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2017; 13:1825-1834. [PMID: 28744133 PMCID: PMC5513821 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s121139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The current literature provides substantial evidence of brain alterations associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms (eg, checking, cleaning/decontamination, counting compulsions; harm or sexual, symmetry/exactness obsessions), and emotional problems (eg, defensive/appetitive emotional imbalance, disgust, guilt, shame, and fear learning/extinction) and cognitive impairments associated with this disorder (eg, inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility). Building on this evidence, new clinical trials can now target specific brain regions/networks. Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI) was introduced as a new therapeutic tool for the self-regulation of brain-mind. In this review, we describe initial trials testing the use of rtfMRI to target brain regions associated with specific OCD symptoms (eg, contamination), and other mind-brain processes (eg, cognitive - working memory, inhibitory control, emotional - defensive, appetitive systems, fear reduction through counter-conditioning) found impaired in OCD patients. While this is a novel topic of research, initial evidence shows the promise of using rtfMRI in training the self-regulation of brain regions and mental processes associated with OCD. Additionally, studies with healthy populations have shown that individuals can regulate brain regions associated with cognitive and emotional processes found impaired in OCD. After the initial "proof-of-concept" stage, there is a need to follow up with controlled clinical trials that could test rtfMRI innovative treatments targeting brain regions and networks associated with different OCD symptoms and cognitive-emotional impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar F Gonçalves
- Neuropsychophysiology Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Spaulding Neuromodulation Center, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Center for Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University
| | - Marcelo C Batistuzzo
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School (FMUSP)
| | - João R Sato
- Mathematics, Computing, and Cognition Center, Universidade Federal do ABC – UFABC, São Paulo, Brazil
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Foster A, Trieu M, Azutillo E, Halan S, Lok B. Teaching Empathy in Healthcare: from Mirror Neurons to Education Technology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41347-017-0019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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30
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Ashar YK, Andrews-Hanna JR, Dimidjian S, Wager TD. Empathic Care and Distress: Predictive Brain Markers and Dissociable Brain Systems. Neuron 2017; 94:1263-1273.e4. [PMID: 28602689 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Encountering another's suffering can elicit both empathic distress and empathic care-the warm desire to affiliate. It remains unclear whether these two feelings can be accurately and differentially predicted from neural activity and to what extent their neural substrates can be distinguished. We developed fMRI markers predicting moment-by-moment intensity levels of care and distress intensity while participants (n = 66) listened to true biographies describing human suffering. Both markers' predictions correlated strongly with self-report in out-of-sample participants (r = 0.59 and r = 0.63, p < 0.00001), and both markers predicted later trial-by-trial charitable donation amounts (p < 0.05). Empathic care was preferentially associated with nucleus accumbens and medial orbitofrontal cortex activity, whereas distress was preferentially associated with premotor and somatosensory cortical activity. In tests of marker specificity with an independent behavioral sample (n = 200), the empathic care marker was associated with a mixed-valence feeling state, whereas the empathic distress marker was specific to negative emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoni K Ashar
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | | | - Sona Dimidjian
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Tor D Wager
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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31
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Self-regulating positive emotion networks by feedback of multiple emotional brain states using real-time fMRI. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234:3575-3586. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4744-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Nakazawa E, Yamamoto K, Tachibana K, Toda S, Takimoto Y, Akabayashi A. Ethics of Decoded Neurofeedback in Clinical Research, Treatment, and Moral Enhancement. AJOB Neurosci 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/21507740.2016.1172134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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Abstract
Eating disorders are complex and serious psychiatric illnesses whose etiology includes psychological, biological, and social factors. Treatment of eating disorders is challenging as there are few evidence-based treatments and limited understanding of the mechanisms that result in sustained recovery. In the last 20 years, we have begun to identify neural pathways that are altered in eating disorders. Consideration of how these pathways may contribute to an eating disorder can provide an understanding of expected responses to treatments. Eating disorder behaviors include restrictive eating, compulsive overeating, and purging behaviors after eating. Eating disorders are associated with changes in many neural systems. In this targeted review, we focus on three cognitive processes associated with neurocircuitry differences in subjects with eating disorders such as reward, decision-making, and social behavior. We briefly examine how each of these systems function in healthy people, using Neurosynth meta-analysis to identify key regions commonly implicated in these circuits. We review the evidence for disruptions of these regions and systems in eating disorders. Finally, we describe psychiatric and psychological treatments that are likely to function by impacting these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie J McAdams
- University of Texas at Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Whitney Smith
- University of Texas at Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Basilio R, Garrido GJ, Sato JR, Hoefle S, Melo BRP, Pamplona FA, Zahn R, Moll J. FRIEND Engine Framework: a real time neurofeedback client-server system for neuroimaging studies. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:3. [PMID: 25688193 PMCID: PMC4311636 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this methods article, we present a new implementation of a recently reported FSL-integrated neurofeedback tool, the standalone version of “Functional Real-time Interactive Endogenous Neuromodulation and Decoding” (FRIEND). We will refer to this new implementation as the FRIEND Engine Framework. The framework comprises a client-server cross-platform solution for real time fMRI and fMRI/EEG neurofeedback studies, enabling flexible customization or integration of graphical interfaces, devices, and data processing. This implementation allows a fast setup of novel plug-ins and frontends, which can be shared with the user community at large. The FRIEND Engine Framework is freely distributed for non-commercial, research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Basilio
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Unit and Neuroinformatics Workgroup, D'Or Institute for Research and Education Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Griselda J Garrido
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Unit and Neuroinformatics Workgroup, D'Or Institute for Research and Education Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João R Sato
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Unit and Neuroinformatics Workgroup, D'Or Institute for Research and Education Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC Santo André, Brazil
| | - Sebastian Hoefle
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Unit and Neuroinformatics Workgroup, D'Or Institute for Research and Education Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno R P Melo
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Unit and Neuroinformatics Workgroup, D'Or Institute for Research and Education Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabricio A Pamplona
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Unit and Neuroinformatics Workgroup, D'Or Institute for Research and Education Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roland Zahn
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
| | - Jorge Moll
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Unit and Neuroinformatics Workgroup, D'Or Institute for Research and Education Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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