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Calthorpe RJ, Poulter C, Smyth AR, Sharkey D, Bhatt J, Jenkins G, Tatler AL. Complex roles of TGF-β signaling pathways in lung development and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 324:L285-L296. [PMID: 36625900 PMCID: PMC9988523 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00106.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
As survival of extremely preterm infants continues to improve, there is also an associated increase in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), one of the most significant complications of preterm birth. BPD development is multifactorial resulting from exposure to multiple antenatal and postnatal stressors. BPD has both short-term health implications and long-term sequelae including increased respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurological morbidity. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is an important signaling pathway in lung development, organ injury, and fibrosis and is implicated in the development of BPD. This review provides a detailed account on the role of TGF-β in antenatal and postnatal lung development, the effect of known risk factors for BPD on the TGF-β signaling pathway, and how medications currently in use or under development, for the prevention or treatment of BPD, affect TGF-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Calthorpe
- Lifespan & Population Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Poulter
- Department of Pediatrics, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alan R Smyth
- Lifespan & Population Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Don Sharkey
- Centre for Perinatal Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jayesh Bhatt
- Department of Pediatrics, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gisli Jenkins
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda L Tatler
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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2
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Harris C, Greenough A. The prevention and management strategies for neonatal chronic lung disease. Expert Rev Respir Med 2023; 17:143-154. [PMID: 36813477 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2023.2183842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Survival from even very premature birth is improving, but long-term respiratory morbidity following neonatal chronic lung disease (bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)) has not reduced. Affected infants may require supplementary oxygen at home, because they have more hospital admissions particularly due to viral infections and frequent, troublesome respiratory symptoms requiring treatment. Furthermore, adolescents and adults who had BPD have poorer lung function and exercise capacity. AREAS COVERED Antenatal and postnatal preventative strategies and management of infants with BPD. A literature review was undertaken using PubMed and Web of Science. EXPERT OPINION There are effective preventative strategies which include caffeine, postnatal corticosteroids, vitamin A, and volume guarantee ventilation. Side-effects, however, have appropriately caused clinicians to reduce use of systemically administered corticosteroids to infants only at risk of severe BPD. Promising preventative strategies which need further research are surfactant with budesonide, less invasive surfactant administration (LISA), neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) and stem cells. The management of infants with established BPD is under-researched and should include identifying the optimum form of respiratory support on the neonatal unit and at home and which infants will most benefit in the long term from pulmonary vasodilators, diuretics, and bronchodilators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Harris
- Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Anne Greenough
- Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, UK
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3
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Shojaei S, Ebrahimi A, Miri MM, Kouchek M, Salarian S, Sistanizad M, Arabzadeh B, Hajizadeh N, Ansar P. Effect of Oral Caffeine on Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation in Intubated ICU Patients. TANAFFOS 2023; 22:230-235. [PMID: 38628882 PMCID: PMC11016928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Background The role of caffeine as a brain stimulant in improving the respiratory characteristics of patients under mechanical ventilation is unclear. This study aimed at determining the effect of oral caffeine in helping to release (Liberation) from the ventilator in intubated patients under mechanical ventilation admitted to the intensive care unit. Materials and Methods General ICU patients with more than 48 hours of dependency on a ventilator were randomly divided into two groups. The intervention group received 200mg caffeine tablets twice a day through a gastric tube, while the control group received a placebo of the same amount. Every day, patients were assessed for the likelihood of being disconnected from the device. If their clinical condition was deemed suitable, the device mode was switched to spontaneous, and their Rapid Shallow Breathing Index (RSBI) was calculated. Based on this information, a decision was made regarding whether to proceed with weaning. Results Caffeine use in ICU patients significantly reduced the airway resistance index of patients (P <0.05). However, although this drug reduced the length of hospital stay in the ICU and the duration of intubation of patients, these changes were not statistically significant (P> 0.05). Conclusion Caffeine may improve respiratory status and reduce the duration of intubation and hospitalization in the ICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedpouzhia Shojaei
- Department of Anesthesiology And Critical Care, Critical Care Quality Improvement Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Ebrahimi
- Department of Anesthesiology And Critical Care, Critical Care Quality Improvement Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Mohammad Miri
- Department of Anesthesiology And Critical Care, Critical Care Quality Improvement Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Kouchek
- Department of Anesthesiology And Critical Care, Critical Care Quality Improvement Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Salarian
- Department of Anesthesiology And Critical Care, Critical Care Quality Improvement Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sistanizad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnam Arabzadeh
- Department of Anesthesiology And Critical Care, Critical Care Quality Improvement Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Hajizadeh
- Preventative Gynecology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Padideh Ansar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Talpan D, Salla S, Seidelmann N, Walter P, Fuest M. Antifibrotic Effects of Caffeine, Curcumin and Pirfenidone in Primary Human Keratocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021461. [PMID: 36674976 PMCID: PMC9862324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the small molecules (AFM) caffeine, curcumin and pirfenidone to find non-toxic concentrations reducing the transformation of activated human corneal stromal keratocytes (aCSK) to scar-inducing myofibroblasts (MYO-SF). CSK were isolated from 16 human corneas unsuitable for transplantation and expanded for three passages in control medium (0.5% FBS). Then, aCSK were exposed to concentrations of caffeine of 0−500 μM, curcumin of 0−200 μM, pirfenidone of 0−2.2 nM and the profibrotic cytokine TGF-β1 (10 ng/mL) for 48 h. Alterations in viability and gene expression were evaluated by cell viability staining (FDA/PI), real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunocytochemistry. We found that all AFMs reduced cell counts at high concentrations. The highest concentrations with no toxic effect were 100 µM of caffeine, 20 µM of curcumin and 1.1 nM of pirfenidone. The addition of TGF-β1 to the control medium effectively transformed aCSK into myofibroblasts (MYO-SF), indicated by a 10-fold increase in α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) expression, a 39% decrease in lumican (LUM) expression and a 98% decrease in ALDH3A1 expression (p < 0.001). The concentrations of 100 µM of caffeine, 20/50 µM of curcumin and 1.1 nM of pirfenidone each significantly reduced SMA expression under TGF-β1 stimulation (p ≤ 0.024). LUM and ALDH3A1 expression remained low under TGF-β1 stimulation, independently of AFM supplementation. Immunocytochemistry showed that 100 µM of caffeine, 20 µM of curcumin and 1.1 nM of pirfenidone reduce the conversion rate of aCSK to SMA+ MYO-SF. In conclusion, in aCSK, 100 µM of caffeine, 20 µM of curcumin and 1.1 nM of pirfenidone significantly reduced SMA expression and MYO-SF conversion under TGF-β1 stimulation, with no influence on cell counts. However, the AFMs were unable to protect aCSK from characteristic marker loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Talpan
- Department of Ophthalmology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabine Salla
- Department of Ophthalmology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Cornea Bank Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Nina Seidelmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Walter
- Department of Ophthalmology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Cornea Bank Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Fuest
- Department of Ophthalmology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Cornea Bank Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Acute Lung Functional and Airway Remodeling Effects of an Inhaled Highly Selective Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitor in Ventilated Preterm Lambs Exposed to Chorioamnionitis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 16:ph16010029. [PMID: 36678525 PMCID: PMC9863035 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibition has been identified in animal studies as a new treatment option for neonatal lung injury, and as potentially beneficial for early lung development and function. However, our group could show that the inhaled PDE4 inhibitor GSK256066 could have dose-dependent detrimental effects and promote lung inflammation in the premature lung. In this study, the effects of a high and a low dose of GSK256066 on lung function, structure and alveolar development were investigated. In a triple hit lamb model of Ureaplasma-induced chorioamnionitis, prematurity, and mechanical ventilation, 21 animals were treated as unventilated (NOVENT) or 24 h ventilated controls (Control), or with combined 24 h ventilation and low dose (iPDE1) or high dose (iPDE10) treatment with inhaled GSK 256066. We found that high doses of an inhaled PDE4 inhibitor impaired oxygenation during mechanical ventilation. In this group, the budding of secondary septae appeared to be decreased in the preterm lung, suggesting altered alveologenesis. Ventilation-induced structural and functional changes were only modestly ameliorated by a low dose of PDE4 inhibitor. In conclusion, our findings indicate the narrow therapeutic window of PDE4 inhibitors in the developing lung.
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Ruan Q, Lin X, Wang L, Wang N, Zhao Y, Wang H, Tian FY, Hu N, Li Y, Zhao B. An engineered (CAGA)12-EGFP cell-based biosensor for high-content and accurate detection of active TGF-β. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 220:114884. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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7
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Lee HJ. Therapeutic Potential of the Combination of Pentoxifylline and Vitamin-E in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Inhibition of Intestinal Fibrosis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11164713. [PMID: 36012952 PMCID: PMC9410449 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11164713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although intestinal fibrosis is a consequence of recurrent inflammation in Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), alleviating inflammation alone does not prevent the progression of fibrosis, suggesting that the development of direct anti-fibrotic agents is necessary. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-fibrotic properties of combination treatment with pentoxifylline (PTX) and vitamin E (Vit-E) on human primary intestinal myofibroblasts (HIMFs) and the therapeutic potential of the combination therapy in murine models of IBD. Methods: HIMFs were pretreated with PTX, Vit-E, or both, and incubated with TGF-β1. We performed Western blot, qPCR, collagen staining, and immunofluorescence to estimate the anti-fibrotic effects of PTX and Vit-E. The cytotoxicity of these was investigated through MTT assay. To induce murine models of IBD for in vivo study, C57BL/6 mice were treated with repeated cycles of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), developing chronic colitis. We examined whether the combined PTX and Vit-E treatment would effectively ameliorate colonic fibrosis in vivo. Results: We found that the co-treatment with PTX and Vit-E suppressed TGF-β1-induced expression of fibrogenic markers, with decreased expression of pERK, pSmad2, and pJNK, more than either treatment alone in HIMFs. Neither PTX nor Vit-E showed any significant cytotoxicity in given concentrations. Consistently with the in vitro results, the co-administration with PTX and Vit-E effectively attenuated colonic fibrosis with recovery from thickening and shortening of colon in murine models of IBD. Conclusions: These findings demonstrated that the combination of PTX and Vit-E exhibits significant anti-fibrotic effects in both HIMFs and in vivo IBD models, providing a promising therapy for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Joo Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, 59 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13496, Korea; ; Tel.: +82-31-881-7075
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13488, Korea
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8
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Yuan Y, Yang Y, Lei X, Dong W. Caffeine and bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Clinical benefits and the mechanisms involved. Pediatr Pulmonol 2022; 57:1392-1400. [PMID: 35318830 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic respiratory disease that occurs during the neonatal period and is commonly associated with prematurity. This condition results in a severe economic burden on society and the families involved. Caffeine is used not only for the treatment of apnea in prematurity, but also for the prevention of BPD. There are multiple clinical benefits of caffeine treatment, including improved extubation success, a reduced duration of mechanical ventilation, improved lung function, and a reduction of patent ductus arteriosus requiring treatment. These clinical benefits of caffeine for the treatment of BPD are supported by both clinical trials and evidence from animal models. However, the mechanism by which caffeine protects against BPD remains unclear. Here, we review the clinical value of caffeine in the prevention of BPD and its potential mechanisms of action, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifibrotic, and antiapoptotic properties, the regulation of angiogenesis, and diuretic effects. Our aim is to provide a new theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Perinatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Perinatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Lei
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Perinatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Perinatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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9
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Pan-Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors Attenuate TGF-β-Induced Pro-Fibrotic Phenotype in Alveolar Epithelial Type II Cells by Downregulating Smad-2 Phosphorylation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040423. [PMID: 35455420 PMCID: PMC9024446 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway remodeling is a pathological process that accompanies many chronic lung diseases. One of the important players in this process are epithelial cells, which under the influence of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic factors present in the airway niche, actively participate in the remodeling process by increasing extracellular matrix secretion, acquiring migration properties, and overproducing pro-fibrotic transducers. Here, we investigated the effect of three new 8-arylalkylamino- and 8-alkoxy-1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-7H-purin-7-yl-N-(5-(tert-butyl)-2-hydroxyphenyl)butanamides (1, 2, and 3), representing prominent pan-phosphodiesterase (pan-PDE) inhibitors on transforming growth factor type β (TGF-β)-induced alveolar epithelial type II cells (A549 cell line) of a pro-fibrotic phenotype. Our results demonstrate for the first time the strong activity of pan-PDE inhibitors in the prevention of TGF-β-induced mesenchymal markers’ expression and A549 cells’ migration. We also showed an increased p-CREB and decreased p-Smad-2 phosphorylation in TGF-β-induced A549 cells treated with 1, 2, and 3 derivatives, thereby confirming a pan-PDE inhibitor mesenchymal phenotype reducing effect in alveolar epithelial type II cells via suppression of the canonical Smad signaling pathway. Our observations confirmed that PDE inhibitors, and especially those active against various isoforms involved in the airway remodeling, constitute an interesting group of compounds modulating the pro-fibrotic response of epithelial cells.
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10
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Tian C, Li D, Fu J. Molecular Mechanism of Caffeine in Preventing Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Premature Infants. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:902437. [PMID: 35795332 PMCID: PMC9251307 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.902437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic respiratory complication commonly seen in premature infants. Following continuous advances in neonatal intensive care diagnosis and treatment technology, an increasing number of premature babies are being treated successfully. Despite these remarkable improvements, there has been no significant decline in the incidence of BPD; in fact, its incidence has increased as more extremely preterm infants survive. Therefore, in view of the impact of BPD on the physical and mental health of children and the increased familial and social burden on these children, early prevention of BPD is emphasized. In recent decades, the clinical application of caffeine in treating primary apnea in premature infants was shown not only to stimulate the respiratory center but also to confer obvious protection to the nervous and respiratory systems. Numerous clinical cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have shown that caffeine plays a significant role in the prevention and treatment of BPD, but there is a lack of overall understanding of its potential molecular mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the possible molecular mechanisms of caffeine in the prevention or treatment of BPD, aiming to better guide its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congliang Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Danni Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianhua Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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11
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Villanueva-García D, Mota-Rojas D, Miranda-Cortés A, Ibarra-Ríos D, Casas-Alvarado A, Mora-Medina P, Martínez-Burnes J, Olmos-Hernández A, Hernández-Avalos I. Caffeine: cardiorespiratory effects and tissue protection in animal models. Exp Anim 2021; 70:431-439. [PMID: 34039788 PMCID: PMC8614017 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.20-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to analyze the cardiorespiratory and tissue-protective effects of caffeine in animal models. Peer-reviewed literature published between 1975 and 2021 was retrieved from CAB Abstracts, PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Scopus. Extracted data were analyzed to address the mechanism of action of caffeine on cardiorespiratory parameters (heart rate and rhythm), vasopressor effects, and some indices of respiratory function; we close this review by discussing the existing debate on the research carried out on the effects of caffeine on tissue protection. Adenosine acts through specific receptors and is a negative inotropic andchronotropic agent. Blockage of its cardiac receptors can cause tachycardia (with arrhythmogenic potential) due to the intense activity of β1 receptors. In terms of tissue protection, caffeine produces inhibition of hyperoxia-induced pulmonary inflammation by decreasing proinflammatory cytokine expression in animal models. CONCLUSION The protection that caffeine provides to tissues is not limited to the CNS, as studies have demonstrated that it generates attenuation of inflammatory effects in pulmonary tissue, where it inhibits the effects of some pro-inflammatory cytokines and prevents functional and structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Villanueva-García
- Division of Neonatology, National Institute of Health, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior, and Animal Welfare Assessment, Department of Animal Production and Agriculture (DPAA), Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) Xochimilco Campus
| | - Agatha Miranda-Cortés
- Clinical Pharmacology and Veterinary Anaesthesia, Department of Biological Science, FESC, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)
| | - Daniel Ibarra-Ríos
- Division of Neonatology, National Institute of Health, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez
| | - Alejandro Casas-Alvarado
- Neurophysiology, Behavior, and Animal Welfare Assessment, Department of Animal Production and Agriculture (DPAA), Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) Xochimilco Campus
| | - Patricia Mora-Medina
- Livestock Science Department, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Graduate and Research Department, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernández
- Division of Biotechnology, Department Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII)
| | - Ismael Hernández-Avalos
- Clinical Pharmacology and Veterinary Anaesthesia, Department of Biological Science, FESC, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)
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12
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Mokra D, Mokry J. Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors in Acute Lung Injury: What Are the Perspectives? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1929. [PMID: 33669167 PMCID: PMC7919656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite progress in understanding the pathophysiology of acute lung damage, currently approved treatment possibilities are limited to lung-protective ventilation, prone positioning, and supportive interventions. Various pharmacological approaches have also been tested, with neuromuscular blockers and corticosteroids considered as the most promising. However, inhibitors of phosphodiesterases (PDEs) also exert a broad spectrum of favorable effects potentially beneficial in acute lung damage. This article reviews pharmacological action and therapeutical potential of nonselective and selective PDE inhibitors and summarizes the results from available studies focused on the use of PDE inhibitors in animal models and clinical studies, including their adverse effects. The data suggest that xanthines as representatives of nonselective PDE inhibitors may reduce acute lung damage, and decrease mortality and length of hospital stay. Various (selective) PDE3, PDE4, and PDE5 inhibitors have also demonstrated stabilization of the pulmonary epithelial-endothelial barrier and reduction the sepsis- and inflammation-increased microvascular permeability, and suppression of the production of inflammatory mediators, which finally resulted in improved oxygenation and ventilatory parameters. However, the current lack of sufficient clinical evidence limits their recommendation for a broader use. A separate chapter focuses on involvement of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and PDE-related changes in its metabolism in association with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The chapter illuminates perspectives of the use of PDE inhibitors as an add-on treatment based on actual experimental and clinical trials with preliminary data suggesting their potential benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mokra
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Mokry
- Department of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia;
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13
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Jiang L, Cui H, Ding J, Yang A, Zhang Y. Puromycin aminonucleoside-induced podocyte injury is ameliorated by the Smad3 inhibitor SIS3. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:1601-1611. [PMID: 32583562 PMCID: PMC7396432 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Smad3 signaling and transgelin expression are often activated during puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN)‐induced podocyte injury. Here, we investigated whether the Smad3 inhibitor SIS3 can ameliorate damage to injured podocytes. A model of PAN‐induced podocyte injury was constructed using the MPC5 cell line. The effects of SIS3 on the expression of the podocyte cytoskeletal proteins transgelin, p15INK4B, phosphor‐smad3, phosphor‐JAK/stat3, the apoptotic marker cleaved caspase 3, and c‐myc were investigated using western blot. The distribution of F‐actin in PAN‐induced podocyte injury was observed under an immunofluorescence microscope. PAN‐induced podocyte injury altered the distribution of F‐actin and transgelin, and colocalization of these two proteins was observed. Transgelin expression and Smad3 phosphorylation were increased in the MPC5 cell line with prolonged PAN treatment. In addition, c‐myc expression, p15INK4B, and JAK phosphorylation were all increased after treatment with PAN. Treatment with the Smad3 inhibitor SIS3 reversed these phenomena and protected against PAN‐induced podocyte injury. Moreover, stimulating podocytes directly with TGFβ‐1 also led to enhanced expression of transgelin or phosphor‐JAK/stat3, and this could be inhibited by SIS3. In conclusion, transgelin expression was induced through the Smad3 signaling pathway during PAN‐induced podocyte injury, and the resulting abnormal distribution of F‐actin and the enhanced expression of transgelin could be reversed by blockade of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Jiang
- Pediatric Department, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Cui
- Pediatric Department, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Pediatric Department, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Aijun Yang
- Pediatric Department, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingchao Zhang
- Pediatric Department, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Chen S, Wu Q, Zhong D, Li C, Du L. Caffeine prevents hyperoxia-induced lung injury in neonatal mice through NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB pathway. Respir Res 2020; 21:140. [PMID: 32513156 PMCID: PMC7278162 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a common chronic lung disease in premature infants and hyperoxia exposure is a major cause. In hyperoxic lung injury animal model, alveolar simplification and pro-inflammatory cells infiltration are the main pathophysiologic changes. Caffeine is a drug used to treat apnea in premature infants. Early use of caffeine can decrease the rate and the severity of BPD while the mechanisms are still unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of caffeine on inflammation and lung development in neonatal mice with hyperoxic lung injury and to explore the possible mechanism. Methods Following 14 d of 75% oxygen exposure in newborn mouse, the BPD model was established. Caffeine at a dose of 1 g/L was added in drinking water to nursing mouse. We measured the concentration of caffeine in serum and oxidative stress in lung by commercially available kits. Adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR) expression and lung inflammation were measured by Immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Apoptosis and surfactant protein-C (SFTPC) levels were measured by immunofluorescence. The inflammasome and NF-κB pathway proteins were assessed by western blotting. Results We found that the caffeine concentration in plasma at present dose significantly decreased the expression of A2AR protein in mice lung. Caffeine treatment significantly reduced oxidative stress, improved weight gain, promoted alveolar development, attenuated inflammatory infiltration and lung injury in hyperoxia-induced lung injury mice. Moreover, caffeine decreased the cell apoptosis in lung tissues, especially the Type II alveolar epithelial cell. The expression of NLRP3 inflammasome protein and NF-κB pathway were significantly inhibited by caffeine treatment. Conclusion Caffeine treatment can protect hyperoxia-induced mice lung from oxidative injury by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangqin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiuping Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dingjuan Zhong
- Molecular Center for Ophthalmic Optics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China.,Neuropharmacology Laboratory, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Changchong Li
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lizhong Du
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China. .,Department of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, No.3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang, China.
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15
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A Novel, Pan-PDE Inhibitor Exerts Anti-Fibrotic Effects in Human Lung Fibroblasts via Inhibition of TGF-β Signaling and Activation of cAMP/PKA Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114008. [PMID: 32503342 PMCID: PMC7312375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors are currently a widespread and extensively studied group of anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic compounds which may find use in the treatment of numerous lung diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Several PDE inhibitors are currently in clinical development, and some of them, e.g., roflumilast, are already recommended for clinical use. Due to numerous reports indicating that elevated intracellular cAMP levels may contribute to the alleviation of inflammation and airway fibrosis, new and effective PDE inhibitors are constantly being sought. Recently, a group of 7,8-disubstituted purine-2,6-dione derivatives, representing a novel and prominent pan-PDE inhibitors has been synthesized. Some of them were reported to modulate transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) ion channels as well. In this study, we investigated the effect of selected derivatives (832—a pan-PDE inhibitor, 869—a TRPA1 modulator, and 145—a pan-PDE inhibitor and a weak TRPA1 modulator) on cellular responses related to airway remodeling using MRC-5 human lung fibroblasts. Compound 145 exerted the most considerable effect in limiting fibroblast to myofibroblasts transition (FMT) as well as proliferation, migration, and contraction. The effect of this compound appeared to depend mainly on its strong PDE inhibitory properties, and not on its effects on TRPA1 modulation. The strong anti-remodeling effects of 145 required activation of the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)/cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) pathway leading to inhibition of transforming growth factor type β1 (TGF-β1) and Smad-dependent signaling in MRC-5 cells. These data suggest that the TGF-β pathway is a major target for PDE inhibitors leading to inhibitory effects on cell responses involved in airway remodeling. These potent, pan-PDE inhibitors from the group of 7,8-disubstituted purine-2,6-dione derivatives, thus represent promising anti-remodeling drug candidates for further research.
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16
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Cui WQ, Wang ST, Pan D, Chang B, Sang LX. Caffeine and its main targets of colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2020; 12:149-172. [PMID: 32104547 PMCID: PMC7031145 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v12.i2.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is a purine alkaloid and is widely consumed in coffee, soda, tea, chocolate and energy drinks. To date, a growing number of studies have indicated that caffeine is associated with many diseases including colorectal cancer. Caffeine exerts its biological activity through binding to adenosine receptors, inhibiting phosphodiesterases, sensitizing calcium channels, antagonizing gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors and stimulating adrenal hormones. Some studies have indicated that caffeine can interact with signaling pathways such as transforming growth factor β, phosphoinositide-3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways through which caffeine can play an important role in colorectal cancer pathogenesis, metastasis and prognosis. Moreover, caffeine can act as a general antioxidant that protects cells from oxidative stress and also as a regulatory factor of the cell cycle that modulates the DNA repair system. Additionally, as for intestinal homeostasis, through the interaction with receptors and cytokines, caffeine can modulate the immune system mediating its effects on T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, natural killer cells and macrophages. Furthermore, caffeine can not only directly inhibit species in the gut microbiome, such as Escherichia coli and Candida albicans but also can indirectly exert inhibition by increasing the effects of other antimicrobial drugs. This review summarizes the association between colorectal cancer and caffeine that is being currently studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qi Cui
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
- China Medical University 101K class 87, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shi-Tong Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
- China Medical University 101K class 87, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dan Pan
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Bing Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Li-Xuan Sang
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
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17
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Zhang T, Li X, Li Y, Wang H. Inhibition of TGF-β-Smad signaling attenuates hyperoxia-induced brain damage in newborn rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2019; 12:3772-3781. [PMID: 31933765 PMCID: PMC6949745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is ubiquitously expressed in various tissues and functions in pathologic processes, including hyperoxia. In the present study, we investigated the expression and functional role of TGF-β in brain tissue during hyperoxia-induced brain damage. Three days old neonatal rats were treated with hyperoxic conditions (80% O2) for 7 days, followed by TGF-β, Smad, and MAPK detection by western blotting and immunohistochemical staining. The functional role of TGF-β was assessed by treating hyperoxic neonatal rats with neutralizing antibody against TGF-β and caffeine, followed by histological and myelin basic protein (MBP) staining. Our results demonstrated upregulation of TGF-β and activation of the Smad/MAPK signaling pathway in brain tissue of neonatal rats under hyperoxic conditions. Injection of neutralizing antibody against TGF-β efficiently blocked TGF-β expression, accompanied by inactivation of the Smad/MAPK signaling pathway. Further evidence confirmed the attenuation of hyperoxia-induced brain damage by a neutralizing antibody against TGF-β in neonatal rats. Similar attenuation was also observed for caffeine. Collectively, our results indicate that TGF-β is a therapy target for hyperoxia-induced brain damage in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, P. R. China
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18
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Abstract
Rates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) are increasing. After preterm birth, there are important developmental periods in which neonates are more vulnerable to stressful events. These periods are opportunities for pharmacologic interventions. Many drugs remain inadequately tested and no new drugs have been approved in more than 25 years for BPD prevention or therapy. More progress is needed in defining appropriate end points based on the pathophysiology of BPD and postdischarge chronic pulmonary insufficiency of prematurity and to develop effective new drugs. In addition, much work is needed to better define perinatal factors, early postnatal findings, and physiologic phenotypes or endotypes.
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19
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Silwedel C, Fehrholz M, Speer CP, Ruf KC, Manig S, Glaser K. Differential modulation of pulmonary caspases: Is this the key to Ureaplasma-driven chronic inflammation? PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216569. [PMID: 31067276 PMCID: PMC6506144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although accepted agents in chorioamnionitis and preterm birth, the role of Ureaplasma species (spp.) in inflammation-driven morbidities of prematurity, including the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, remains controversial. To add to scarce in vitro data addressing the pro-inflammatory capacity of Ureaplasma spp., pulmonary epithelial-like A549 cells and human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMEC) were incubated with Ureaplasma (U.) urealyticum, U. parvum, and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Ureaplasma isolates down-regulated caspase mRNA levels in A549 cells (caspase 8: p<0.001, 9: p<0.001, vs. broth), while increasing caspase protein expression, enzyme activity, and cell death in HPMEC (active caspase 3: p<0.05, caspase 8: p<0.05, active caspase 9: p<0.05, viability: p<0.05). LPS, contrarily, induced caspase mRNA expression in HPMEC (caspase 3: p<0.01, 4: p<0.001, 5: p<0.001, 8: p<0.001, vs. control), but not in A549 cells, and did not affect enzyme activity or protein levels in either cell line. LPS, but neither Ureaplasma isolate, enhanced mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-6 in both A549 (p<0.05, vs. control) and HPMEC (p<0.001) as well as tumor necrosis factor-α (p<0.01), IL-1β (p<0.001), and IL-8 (p<0.05) in HPMEC. We are therefore the first to demonstrate a differential modulation of pulmonary caspases by Ureaplasma spp. in vitro. Ureaplasma-driven enhanced protein expression and activity of caspases in pulmonary endothelial cells result in cell death and may cause structural damage. Down-regulated caspase mRNA in pulmonary epithelial cells, contrarily, may indicate Ureaplasma-induced inhibition of apoptosis and prevent effective immune responses. Both may ultimately contribute to chronic Ureaplasma colonization and long-term pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Silwedel
- University Children´s Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Markus Fehrholz
- University Children´s Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Christian P. Speer
- University Children´s Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina C. Ruf
- University Children´s Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Steffi Manig
- Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Glaser
- University Children´s Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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20
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Mokra D, Mokry J, Matasova K. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors: Potential role in the respiratory distress of neonates. Pediatr Pulmonol 2018; 53:1318-1325. [PMID: 29905405 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a superfamily of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds of 3',5' cyclic adenosine and guanosine monophosphate (cAMP and cGMP). PDEs control hydrolysis of cyclic nucleotides in many cells and tissues. Inhibition of PDEs by selective or nonselective PDE inhibitors represents an effective targeted strategy for the treatment of various diseases including respiratory disorders. Recent data have demonstrated that PDE inhibitors can also be of benefit in respiratory distress in neonates. This article outlines the pharmacological properties of nonselective and selective PDE inhibitors and provides up-to-date information regarding their use in experimental models of neonatal respiratory distress as well as in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mokra
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia, EU.,Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia, EU
| | - Juraj Mokry
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia, EU.,Department of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia, EU
| | - Katarina Matasova
- Clinic of Neonatology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava and University Hospital in Martin, Martin, Slovakia, EU
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21
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Effect of progesterone on Smad signaling and TGF-β/Smad-regulated genes in lung epithelial cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200661. [PMID: 30001393 PMCID: PMC6042760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of endogenous progesterone and/or exogenous pre- or postnatal progesterone application on lung function of preterm infants is poorly defined. While prenatal progesterone substitution may prevent preterm birth, in vitro and in vivo data suggest a benefit of postnatal progesterone replacement on the incidence and severity of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for progesterone's effects are undefined. Numerous factors are involved in lung development, airway inflammation, and airway remodeling: the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)/mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (Smad) signaling pathway and TGF-β-regulated genes, such as connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), transgelin (TAGLN), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). These processes contribute to the development of BPD. The aim of the present study was to clarify whether progesterone could affect TGF-β1-activated Smad signaling and CTGF/transgelin/PAI-1 expression in lung epithelial cells. The pharmacological effect of progesterone on Smad signaling was investigated using a TGF-β1-inducible luciferase reporter and western blotting analysis of phosphorylated Smad2/3 in A549 lung epithelial cells. The regulation of CTGF, transgelin, and PAI-1 expression by progesterone was studied using a promoter-based luciferase reporter, quantitative real-time PCR, and western blotting in the same cell line. While progesterone alone had no direct effect on Smad signaling in lung epithelial cells, it dose-dependently inhibited TGF-β1-induced Smad3 phosphorylation, as shown by luciferase assays and western blotting analysis. Progesterone also antagonized the TGF-β1/Smad-induced upregulation of CTGF, transgelin, and PAI-1 at the promoter, mRNA, and/or protein levels. The present study highlights possible new molecular mechanisms involving progesterone, including inhibition of TGF-β1-activated Smad signaling and TGF-β1-regulated genes involved in BPD pathogenesis, which are likely to attenuate the development of BPD by inhibiting TGF-β1-mediated airway remodeling. Understanding these mechanisms might help to explain the effects of pre- or postnatal application of progesterone on lung diseases of preterm infants.
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22
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Liu Y, Dong WB. [Preventive effect of caffeine on bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2018; 20:598-602. [PMID: 30022766 PMCID: PMC7389204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
With the increase in the rescue success rate of critically ill preterm infants and extremely preterm infants, the incidence rate of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is increasing year by year. BPD has a high mortality rate and high possibility of sequelae, which greatly affects the quality of life of preterm infants and brings a heavy burden to their families, and so the treatment of BPD is of vital importance. At present, no consensus has been reached on the treatment measures for BPD. However, recent studies have shown that early application of caffeine can prevent BPD. With reference to the latest studies on the effect of caffeine in the prevention of BPD, this article reviews the mechanism of action of caffeine in reducing pulmonary inflammation, improving morphological abnormalities of lung injury, reducing oxidative stress injury, and improving pulmonary function.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia/genetics
- Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia/metabolism
- Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia/physiopathology
- Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia/prevention & control
- Caffeine/administration & dosage
- Humans
- Infant, Premature/growth & development
- Infant, Premature/metabolism
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/genetics
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/metabolism
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/physiopathology
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/prevention & control
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Neonatology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
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23
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Liu Y, Dong WB. [Preventive effect of caffeine on bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2018; 20:598-602. [PMID: 30022766 PMCID: PMC7389204 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
With the increase in the rescue success rate of critically ill preterm infants and extremely preterm infants, the incidence rate of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is increasing year by year. BPD has a high mortality rate and high possibility of sequelae, which greatly affects the quality of life of preterm infants and brings a heavy burden to their families, and so the treatment of BPD is of vital importance. At present, no consensus has been reached on the treatment measures for BPD. However, recent studies have shown that early application of caffeine can prevent BPD. With reference to the latest studies on the effect of caffeine in the prevention of BPD, this article reviews the mechanism of action of caffeine in reducing pulmonary inflammation, improving morphological abnormalities of lung injury, reducing oxidative stress injury, and improving pulmonary function.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia/genetics
- Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia/metabolism
- Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia/physiopathology
- Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia/prevention & control
- Caffeine/administration & dosage
- Humans
- Infant, Premature/growth & development
- Infant, Premature/metabolism
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/genetics
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/metabolism
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/physiopathology
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/prevention & control
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Neonatology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
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24
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Kunzmann S, Krempl C, Seidenspinner S, Glaser K, Speer CP, Fehrholz M. Increase in CTGF mRNA expression by respiratory syncytial virus infection is abrogated by caffeine in lung epithelial cells. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2018; 12:662-666. [PMID: 29660819 PMCID: PMC6086851 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection in early childhood. Underlying pathomechanisms of elevated pulmonary morbidity in later infancy are largely unknown. We found that RSV‐infected H441 cells showed increased mRNA expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a key factor in airway remodeling. Additional dexamethasone treatment led to further elevated mRNA levels, indicating additive effects. Caffeine treatment prevented RSV‐mediated increase in CTGF mRNA. RSV may be involved in airway remodeling processes by increasing CTGF mRNA expression. Caffeine might abrogate these negative effects and thereby help to restore lung homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Kunzmann
- Clinic of Neonatology, Buergerhospital Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,University Children's Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Christine Krempl
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Kirsten Glaser
- University Children's Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Christian P Speer
- University Children's Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Fehrholz
- University Children's Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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25
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Rath P, Nardiello C, Morty RE. A new target for caffeine in the developing lung: endoplasmic reticulum stress? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L659-L663. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00251.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Rath
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and
| | - Claudio Nardiello
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rory E. Morty
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
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26
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Rath P, Nardiello C, Surate Solaligue DE, Agius R, Mižíková I, Hühn S, Mayer K, Vadász I, Herold S, Runkel F, Seeger W, Morty RE. Caffeine administration modulates TGF-β signaling but does not attenuate blunted alveolarization in a hyperoxia-based mouse model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Res 2017; 81:795-805. [PMID: 28141790 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caffeine is widely used to manage apnea of prematurity, and reduces the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Deregulated transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling underlies arrested postnatal lung maturation in BPD. It is unclear whether caffeine impacts TGF-β signaling or postnatal lung development in affected lungs. METHODS The impact of caffeine on TGF-β signaling in primary mouse lung fibroblasts and alveolar epithelial type II cells was assessed in vitro. The effects of caffeine administration (25 mg/kg/d for the first 14 d of postnatal life) on aberrant lung development and TGF-β signaling in vivo was assessed in a hyperoxia (85% O2)-based model of BPD in C57BL/6 mice. RESULTS Caffeine downregulated expression of type I and type III TGF-β receptors, and Smad2; and potentiated TGF-β signaling in vitro. In vivo, caffeine administration normalized body mass under hyperoxic conditions, and normalized Smad2 phosphorylation detected in lung homogenates; however, caffeine administration neither improved nor worsened lung structure in hyperoxia-exposed mice, in which postnatal lung maturation was blunted. CONCLUSION Caffeine modulated TGF-β signaling in vitro and in vivo. Caffeine administration was well-tolerated by newborn mice, but did not influence the course of blunted postnatal lung maturation in a hyperoxia-based experimental mouse model of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Rath
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen-University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany
| | - Claudio Nardiello
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - David E Surate Solaligue
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Ronald Agius
- Department of Forensic and Clinical Toxicology, Labor Krone, Bad Salzuflen, Germany
| | - Ivana Mižíková
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hühn
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen-University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany
| | - Konstantin Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - István Vadász
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Frank Runkel
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen-University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany.,Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
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Fehrholz M, Glaser K, Speer CP, Seidenspinner S, Ottensmeier B, Kunzmann S. Caffeine modulates glucocorticoid-induced expression of CTGF in lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Respir Res 2017; 18:51. [PMID: 28330503 PMCID: PMC5363056 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0535-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although caffeine and glucocorticoids are frequently used to treat chronic lung disease in preterm neonates, potential interactions are largely unknown. While anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids are well defined, their impact on airway remodeling is less characterized. Caffeine has been ascribed to positive effects on airway inflammation as well as remodeling. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, CCN2) plays a key role in airway remodeling and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants. The current study addressed the impact of glucocorticoids on the regulation of CTGF in the presence of caffeine using human lung epithelial and fibroblast cells. Methods The human airway epithelial cell line H441 and the fetal lung fibroblast strain IMR-90 were exposed to different glucocorticoids (dexamethasone, budesonide, betamethasone, prednisolone, hydrocortisone) and caffeine. mRNA and protein expression of CTGF, TGF-β1-3, and TNF-α were determined by means of quantitative real-time PCR and immunoblotting. H441 cells were additionally treated with cAMP, the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin, and the selective phosphodiesterase (PDE)-4 inhibitor cilomilast to mimic caffeine-mediated PDE inhibition. Results Treatment with different glucocorticoids (1 μM) significantly increased CTGF mRNA levels in H441 (p < 0.0001) and IMR-90 cells (p < 0.01). Upon simultaneous exposure to caffeine (10 mM), both glucocorticoid-induced mRNA and protein expression were significantly reduced in IMR-90 cells (p < 0.0001). Of note, 24 h exposure to caffeine alone significantly suppressed basal expression of CTGF mRNA and protein in IMR-90 cells. Caffeine-induced reduction of CTGF mRNA expression seemed to be independent of cAMP levels, adenylyl cyclase activation, or PDE-4 inhibition. While dexamethasone or caffeine treatment did not affect TGF-β1 mRNA in H441 cells, increased expression of TGF-β2 and TGF-β3 mRNA was detected upon exposure to dexamethasone or dexamethasone and caffeine, respectively. Moreover, caffeine increased TNF-α mRNA in H441 cells (6.5 ± 2.2-fold, p < 0.05) which has been described as potent inhibitor of CTGF expression. Conclusions In addition to well-known anti-inflammatory features, glucocorticoids may have adverse effects on long-term remodeling by TGF-β1-independent induction of CTGF in lung cells. Simultaneous treatment with caffeine may attenuate glucocorticoid-induced expression of CTGF, thereby promoting restoration of lung homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Fehrholz
- University Children's Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Kirsten Glaser
- University Children's Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Christian P Speer
- University Children's Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Silvia Seidenspinner
- University Children's Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Ottensmeier
- University Children's Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Kunzmann
- University Children's Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Clinic of Neonatology, Buergerhospital Frankfurt am Main, Nibelungenallee 37-41, 60318, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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28
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Ling R, Greenough A. Advances in emerging treatment options to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2017.1281736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Caffeine is one of the most commonly prescribed medications in preterm neonates and is widely used to treat or prevent apnea of prematurity. Caffeine therapy is safe, effectively decreases apnea, and improves short- and long-term outcomes in preterm infants. In this review, the authors summarize the role of caffeine therapy for preterm infants receiving noninvasive respiratory support. As caffeine is already widely used, recent data are summarized that may guide clinicians in optimizing the use of caffeine therapy, with a review of the timing of initiation, dose, and duration of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R. Dobson
- Department of Pediatrics, Tripler Army Medical Center, 1 Jarrett White Road, Honolulu, HI 96859. Tel 808-433-6534.
| | - Ravi Mangal Patel
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive Northeast, 3rd Floor, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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30
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Tatler AL, Barnes J, Habgood A, Goodwin A, McAnulty RJ, Jenkins G. Caffeine inhibits TGFβ activation in epithelial cells, interrupts fibroblast responses to TGFβ, and reduces established fibrosis in ex vivo precision-cut lung slices. Thorax 2016; 71:565-7. [PMID: 26911575 PMCID: PMC4893128 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-208215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine is a commonly used food additive found naturally in many products. In addition to potently stimulating the central nervous system caffeine is able to affect various systems within the body including the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Importantly, caffeine is used clinically to treat apnoea and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature babies. Recently, caffeine has been shown to exhibit antifibrotic effects in the liver in part through reducing collagen expression and deposition, and reducing expression of the profibrotic cytokine TGFβ. The potential antifibrotic effects of caffeine in the lung have not previously been investigated. Using a combined in vitro and ex vivo approach we have demonstrated that caffeine can act as an antifibrotic agent in the lung by acting on two distinct cell types, namely epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Caffeine inhibited TGFβ activation by lung epithelial cells in a concentration-dependent manner but had no effect on TGFβ activation in fibroblasts. Importantly, however, caffeine abrogated profibrotic responses to TGFβ in lung fibroblasts. It inhibited basal expression of the α-smooth muscle actin gene and reduced TGFβ-induced increases in profibrotic genes. Finally, caffeine reduced established bleomycin-induced fibrosis after 5 days treatment in an ex vivo precision-cut lung slice model. Together, these findings suggest that there is merit in further investigating the potential use of caffeine, or its analogues, as antifibrotic agents in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Tatler
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham City Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Josephine Barnes
- UCL Respiratory Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anthony Habgood
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham City Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Amanda Goodwin
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham City Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Robin J McAnulty
- UCL Respiratory Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gisli Jenkins
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham City Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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31
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Silva DMG, Nardiello C, Pozarska A, Morty RE. Recent advances in the mechanisms of lung alveolarization and the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L1239-72. [PMID: 26361876 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00268.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolarization is the process by which the alveoli, the principal gas exchange units of the lung, are formed. Along with the maturation of the pulmonary vasculature, alveolarization is the objective of late lung development. The terminal airspaces that were formed during early lung development are divided by the process of secondary septation, progressively generating an increasing number of alveoli that are of smaller size, which substantially increases the surface area over which gas exchange can take place. Disturbances to alveolarization occur in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), which can be complicated by perturbations to the pulmonary vasculature that are associated with the development of pulmonary hypertension. Disturbances to lung development may also occur in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn in term newborn infants, as well as in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. These disturbances can lead to the formation of lungs with fewer and larger alveoli and a dysmorphic pulmonary vasculature. Consequently, affected lungs exhibit a reduced capacity for gas exchange, with important implications for morbidity and mortality in the immediate postnatal period and respiratory health consequences that may persist into adulthood. It is the objective of this Perspectives article to update the reader about recent developments in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of alveolarization and the pathogenesis of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo M G Silva
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Claudio Nardiello
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Pozarska
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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32
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Zhang Y, Liao R, Li H, Liu L, Chen X, Chen H. Expression of Cofilin-1 and Transgelin in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:2659-65. [PMID: 26344167 PMCID: PMC4576925 DOI: 10.12659/msm.895242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has attracted much research attention around the world, and the number of ESCC cases has increased gradually in recent years. Identifying the specific biomarkers of ESCC is an effective approach for the early diagnosis of tumors. MATERIAL AND METHODS Immunohistochemical streptavidin-peroxidase method was used to determine the expressions of Cofilin-1 and transgelin in 68 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and 48 individuals with normal esophageal tissues. In addition to the relationships between the expression of Cofilin-1 and transgelin, the clinicopathologic features of ESCC were also discussed. The correlation between Cofilin-1 and transgelin protein expression in ESCC was analyzed. RESULTS (1) The positive expression rates of Cofilin-1 and transgelin were 60.3% (41/68) and 54.4% (37/68) in esophageal carcinoma tissue, respectively. The positive expression rates of Cofilin-1 and transgelin in normal esophageal tissue were 27.1% (13/48) and 29.1% (14/48), respectively. The differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). (2) The positive expression rate of Cofilin-1 did not differ significantly (P>0.05) with sex, age, ethnicity, tumor size, or infiltration depth; but did have a statistically significant (P<0.05) difference with various degrees of tumor differentiation, lymph node metastasis, and clinical stages. (3) The positive expression rate of transgelin did not differ significantly (P>0.05) with sex, age, ethnicity, tumor size, infiltration depth, and clinical stage, but did significantly (P<0.05) differ with degree of tumor differentiation and lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSIONS Cofilin-1 and transgelin may play roles in the carcinogenesis and development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cofilin-1 may be useful as an important biomarker for indicating the degree of malignancy of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and the detection of transgelin is valuable in early diagnosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Institute of International Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Ruyi Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Hui Li
- Scientific Research and Innovation Center, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Ling Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Hongming Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
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