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Yang L, Sun Z. Role of APE1 in hepatocellular carcinoma and its prospects as a target in clinical settings (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 2024; 21:82. [PMID: 39301126 PMCID: PMC11411593 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2024.2780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the incidence of liver cancer has increased annually. However, current medical treatments for liver cancer are limited, and most patients have a high risk of recurrence after surgery. Therefore, the discovery and development of novel treatment targets for liver cancer is urgently needed. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) is a protein that has a DNA repair function and serves an important role in various physiological processes, including reduction-oxidation, cell proliferation and differentiation. The expression levels of APE1 are abnormally elevated in liver cancer cells, as ectopic expression of the APE1 gene has been reported, in addition to other abnormal signs, such as cell proliferation and migration. Therefore, it could be suggested that APE1 is an important indicator of hepatocellular carcinogenesis. APE1 may be used as a therapeutic target for tumors and proposed targeted therapy against abnormal APE1 expression could potentially inhibit the progression of tumors. The present review aimed to introduce the important role of APE1 in the physiological processes of tumor cells and the feasibility of using APE1 as a potential therapeutic target, providing a novel direction for the clinical treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, P.R. China
| | - Zhipeng Sun
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, P.R. China
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Vemulapalli S, Hashemi M, Chen Y, Pramanik S, Bhakat KK, Lyubchenko YL. Nanoscale Interaction of Endonuclease APE1 with DNA. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5145. [PMID: 38791183 PMCID: PMC11121393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) is involved in DNA repair and transcriptional regulation mechanisms. This multifunctional activity of APE1 should be supported by specific structural properties of APE1 that have not yet been elucidated. Herein, we applied atomic force microscopy (AFM) to characterize the interactions of APE1 with DNA containing two well-separated G-rich segments. Complexes of APE1 with DNA containing G-rich segments were visualized, and analysis of the complexes revealed the affinity of APE1 to G-rich DNA sequences, and their yield was as high as 53%. Furthermore, APE1 is capable of binding two DNA segments leading to the formation of loops in the DNA-APE1 complexes. The analysis of looped APE1-DNA complexes revealed that APE1 can bridge G-rich segments of DNA. The yield of loops bridging two G-rich DNA segments was 41%. Analysis of protein size in various complexes was performed, and these data showed that loops are formed by APE1 monomer, suggesting that APE1 has two DNA binding sites. The data led us to a model for the interaction of APE1 with DNA and the search for the specific sites. The implication of these new APE1 properties in organizing DNA, by bringing two distant sites together, for facilitating the scanning for damage and coordinating repair and transcription is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Vemulapalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA; (S.V.); (M.H.)
| | - Mohtadin Hashemi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA; (S.V.); (M.H.)
- Department of Physics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5318, USA
| | - Yingling Chen
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5805, USA; (Y.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Suravi Pramanik
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5805, USA; (Y.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Kishor K. Bhakat
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5805, USA; (Y.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Yuri L. Lyubchenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA; (S.V.); (M.H.)
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Siqueira PB, de Sousa Rodrigues MM, de Amorim ÍSS, da Silva TG, da Silva Oliveira M, Rodrigues JA, de Souza da Fonseca A, Mencalha AL. The APE1/REF-1 and the hallmarks of cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:47. [PMID: 38165468 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08946-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
APE1/REF-1 (apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 / redox factor-1) is a protein with two domains, with endonuclease function and redox activity. Its main activity described is acting in DNA repair by base excision repair (BER) pathway, which restores DNA damage caused by oxidation, alkylation, and single-strand breaks. In contrast, the APE1 redox domain is responsible for regulating transcription factors, such as AP-1 (activating protein-1), NF-κB (Nuclear Factor kappa B), HIF-1α (Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha), and STAT3 (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription 3). These factors are involved in physiological cellular processes, such as cell growth, inflammation, and angiogenesis, as well as in cancer. In human malignant tumors, APE1 overexpression is associated with lung, colon, ovaries, prostate, and breast cancer progression, more aggressive tumor phenotypes, and worse prognosis. In this review, we explore APE1 and its domain's role in cancer development processes, highlighting the role of APE1 in the hallmarks of cancer. We reviewed original articles and reviews from Pubmed related to APE1 and cancer and found that both domains of APE1/REF-1, but mainly its redox activity, are essential to cancer cells. This protein is often overexpressed in cancer, and its expression and activity are correlated to processes such as proliferation, invasion, inflammation, angiogenesis, and resistance to cell death. Therefore, APE1 participates in essential processes of cancer development. Then, the activity of APE1/REF-1 in these hallmarks suggests that targeting this protein could be a good therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscyanne Barreto Siqueira
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Laboratório de Biologia do Câncer, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
| | - Mariana Moreno de Sousa Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Laboratório de Biologia do Câncer, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
| | - Ísis Salviano Soares de Amorim
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Laboratório de Biologia do Câncer, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Laboratório de Alimentos Funcionais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Thayssa Gomes da Silva
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Laboratório de Biofotônica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Matheus da Silva Oliveira
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Laboratório de Biologia do Câncer, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Juliana Alves Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Laboratório de Biologia do Câncer, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Adenilson de Souza da Fonseca
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Laboratório de Biofotônica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Andre Luiz Mencalha
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Laboratório de Biologia do Câncer, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Hong JY, Oh HH, Park SY, Park YL, Cho SB, Joo YE. Expression of Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease 1 in Colorectal Cancer and its Relation to Tumor Progression and Prognosis. In Vivo 2023; 37:2070-2077. [PMID: 37652525 PMCID: PMC10500501 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Over-expression of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) has been demonstrated to be associated with cancer progression, chemo- and radioresistance in various cancers. This study examined the expression of APE1 and its relation to tumor progression and prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated 193 patients with CRC who received curative surgery for whom formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded blocks were available, and long-term tumor-specific survival rate analysis was possible. The expression of APE1 was investigated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry in CRC and lymph node tissues. The apoptosis, proliferation, and angiogenesis of CRC cells were determined using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay, and immunohistochemical staining for Ki-67 and CD34 antibodies. RESULTS APE1 was over-expressed in CRC and metastatic lymph node tissues compared with normal colorectal mucosa and non-metastatic lymph node tissues. Over-expression of APE1 was significantly associated with advanced stage, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, deeper tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and poor survival. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that APE1, perineural invasion, and lymph node metastasis were the independent prognostic factors associated with overall survival. The mean Ki-67 labeling index value of APE1-positive tumors was significantly higher than that of APE1-negative tumors. However, there was no significant association between APE1 expression and the apoptotic index or microvessel density. CONCLUSION Over-expression of APE1 is significantly associated with tumor progression and poor survival in patients with CRC. Therefore, APE1 may be a novel biomarker and present a potential prognostic factor for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yun Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Hoon Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Lan Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Bum Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Joo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Malfatti MC, Bellina A, Antoniali G, Tell G. Revisiting Two Decades of Research Focused on Targeting APE1 for Cancer Therapy: The Pros and Cons. Cells 2023; 12:1895. [PMID: 37508559 PMCID: PMC10378182 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
APE1 is an essential endodeoxyribonuclease of the base excision repair pathway that maintains genome stability. It was identified as a pivotal factor favoring tumor progression and chemoresistance through the control of gene expression by a redox-based mechanism. APE1 is overexpressed and serum-secreted in different cancers, representing a prognostic and predictive factor and a promising non-invasive biomarker. Strategies directly targeting APE1 functions led to the identification of inhibitors showing potential therapeutic value, some of which are currently in clinical trials. Interestingly, evidence indicates novel roles of APE1 in RNA metabolism that are still not fully understood, including its activity in processing damaged RNA in chemoresistant phenotypes, regulating onco-miRNA maturation, and oxidized RNA decay. Recent data point out a control role for APE1 in the expression and sorting of onco-miRNAs within secreted extracellular vesicles. This review is focused on giving a portrait of the pros and cons of the last two decades of research aiming at the identification of inhibitors of the redox or DNA-repair functions of APE1 for the definition of novel targeted therapies for cancer. We will discuss the new perspectives in cancer therapy emerging from the unexpected finding of the APE1 role in miRNA processing for personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Clarissa Malfatti
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA Repair, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Alessia Bellina
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA Repair, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Giulia Antoniali
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA Repair, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tell
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA Repair, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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Jaiswal AS, Kim HS, Schärer OD, Sharma N, Williamson E, Srinivasan G, Phillips L, Kong K, Arya S, Misra A, Dutta A, Gupta Y, Walter C, Burma S, Narayan S, Sung P, Nickoloff J, Hromas R. EEPD1 promotes repair of oxidatively-stressed replication forks. NAR Cancer 2023; 5:zcac044. [PMID: 36683914 PMCID: PMC9846428 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcac044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Unrepaired oxidatively-stressed replication forks can lead to chromosomal instability and neoplastic transformation or cell death. To meet these challenges cells have evolved a robust mechanism to repair oxidative genomic DNA damage through the base excision repair (BER) pathway, but less is known about repair of oxidative damage at replication forks. We found that depletion or genetic deletion of EEPD1 decreases clonogenic cell survival after oxidative DNA damage. We demonstrate that EEPD1 is recruited to replication forks stressed by oxidative damage induced by H2O2 and that EEPD1 promotes replication fork repair and restart and decreases chromosomal abnormalities after such damage. EEPD1 binds to abasic DNA structures and promotes resolution of genomic abasic sites after oxidative stress. We further observed that restoration of expression of EEPD1 via expression vector transfection restores cell survival and suppresses chromosomal abnormalities induced by oxidative stress in EEPD1-depleted cells. Consistent with this, we found that EEPD1 preserves replication fork integrity by preventing oxidatively-stressed unrepaired fork fusion, thereby decreasing chromosome instability and mitotic abnormalities. Our results indicate a novel role for EEPD1 in replication fork preservation and maintenance of chromosomal stability during oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna S Jaiswal
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and the Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Hyun-Suk Kim
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Orlando D Schärer
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Williamson
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and the Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Gayathri Srinivasan
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and the Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Linda Phillips
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and the Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Kimi Kong
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and the Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Shailee Arya
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Anurag Misra
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Arijit Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Yogesh Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Christi A Walter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Sandeep Burma
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Satya Narayan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Patrick Sung
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Jac A Nickoloff
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Robert Hromas
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and the Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Lee D, Oh S, Cho H, Yoo J, Lee G. OUP accepted manuscript. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:2211-2222. [PMID: 35137198 PMCID: PMC8887469 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Donghun Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Single-Molecule Biology Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Cell Mechanobiology Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Sanghoon Oh
- Single-Molecule Biology Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - HyeokJin Cho
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Single-Molecule Biology Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Cell Mechanobiology Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Jungmin Yoo
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Single-Molecule Biology Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Cell Mechanobiology Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Gwangrog Lee
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +82 62 715 3558;
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Balian A, Hernandez FJ. Nucleases as molecular targets for cancer diagnosis. Biomark Res 2021; 9:86. [PMID: 34809722 PMCID: PMC8607607 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-021-00342-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Early cancer diagnosis is a crucial element to improved treatment options and survival. Great research efforts have been made in the search for better performing cancer diagnostic biomarkers. However, the quest continues as novel biomarkers with high accuracy for an early diagnosis remain an unmet clinical need. Nucleases, which are enzymes capable of cleaving nucleic acids, have been long considered as potential cancer biomarkers. The implications of nucleases are key for biological functions, their presence in different cellular counterparts and catalytic activity led the enthusiasm towards investigating the role of nucleases as promising cancer biomarkers. However, the most essential feature of these proteins, which is their enzymatic activity, has not been fully exploited. This review discusses nucleases interrogated as cancer biomarkers, providing a glimpse of their physiological roles. Moreover, it highlights the potential of harnessing the enzymatic activity of cancer-associated nucleases as a novel diagnostic biomarker using nucleic acid probes as substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alien Balian
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58185, Linköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Frank J Hernandez
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58185, Linköping, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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9
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LINC00470 accelerates the proliferation and metastasis of melanoma through promoting APEX1 expression. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:410. [PMID: 33875645 PMCID: PMC8055894 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03612-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently studies found that APEX1 was abnormally expressed in melanoma, indicating that it might be involved in the development of melanoma. However, the underlying mechanism and the interaction between APEX1 and LINC00470 in melanoma are not clear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the role of LINC00470 in the development of melanoma in this work. We discovered that LINC00470 was overexpressed in melanoma tissues and cells compared with the adjacent normal tissues and cells by qPCR. The overexpression of LINC00470 promoted the proliferation and migration of melanoma cells. The functional investigation demonstrated that LINC00470 activated the transcription factor, ZNF131, to regulate the APEX1 expression, which finally promoted cell proliferation and migration. In contrast, knockdown of LINC00470 could significantly inhibit the melanoma cell proliferation and migration, and suppress the growth of tumor in vivo. Overexpression of APEX1 could reverse the impact of the silence of LINC00470 in melanoma cells. In summary, our studies revealed that LINC00470 promoted melanoma proliferation and migration by enhancing the expression of APEX1, which indicated that LINC00470 might be a therapeutic target for the treatment of melanoma.
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10
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Lu X, Zhao H, Yuan H, Chu Y, Zhu X. High nuclear expression of APE1 correlates with unfavorable prognosis and promotes tumor growth in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Mol Histol 2021; 52:219-231. [PMID: 33392892 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09939-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
APE1 is a multifunctional protein that plays important roles in cancer development. However, the association between APE1 expression and the clinicopathological parameters of HCC patients has not been fully characterized. In this study, bioinformatics analysis of APE1 was performed in several databases, including the TCGA, GeneCard, Human Protein Atlas and Ualcan databases. The relationship between APE1 mRNA expression and several attributes of liver cancer patients in TCGA was investigated. Then, the protein expression of APE1 was detected by IHC analysis in 95 HCC samples and the association between APE1 expression and the clinicopathological parameters of HCC patients was explored. GSEA-KEGG analysis was performed to predict the potential signaling pathways that associated with APE1 expression. Then the siRNA-mediated knockdown model of APE1 was constructed in HCC cell line to further detect the detailed function of APE1 in HCC development in vitro and in vivo. The results of the bioinformatics analysis showed that APE1 expression was primarily located in the cell nucleus. APE1 mRNA expression was substantially correlated with pathological grade and T status in TCGA database. Elevated APE1 expression was observed in HCC samples and was associated with unfavorable survival time in liver cancer patients. IHC data demonstrated that the nuclear expression of APE1 in HCC tissues was significantly higher than that in noncancerous tissues. The expression level of the APE1 protein in HCC was strongly associated with tumor diameter and overall survival. Survival analysis indicated that APE1 nuclear expression is an independent prognostic marker for the overall survival of HCC patients. GSEA-KEGG results confirmed that APE1 associated with the base excision repair signaling pathway. The data of phenotypic experiments indicated that APE1 remarkably promoted tumor growth both in HCC cells and xenografts. The findings firstly imply that nuclear expression of APE1 is a valuable prognostic marker for HCC. APE1 significantly facilitate HCC development and targeting APE1 may be a promising strategy for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Lu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Hongxin Yuan
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yushan Chu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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11
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Caston RA, Gampala S, Armstrong L, Messmann RA, Fishel ML, Kelley MR. The multifunctional APE1 DNA repair-redox signaling protein as a drug target in human disease. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:218-228. [PMID: 33148489 PMCID: PMC7855940 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease-reduction/oxidation factor 1 (APE1/Ref-1, also called APE1) is a multifunctional enzyme with crucial roles in DNA repair and reduction/oxidation (redox) signaling. APE1 was originally described as an endonuclease in the Base Excision Repair (BER) pathway. Further study revealed it to be a redox signaling hub regulating critical transcription factors (TFs). Although a significant amount of focus has been on the role of APE1 in cancer, recent findings support APE1 as a target in other indications, including ocular diseases [diabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetic macular edema (DME), and age-related macular degeneration (AMD)], inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and others, where APE1 regulation of crucial TFs impacts important pathways in these diseases. The central responsibilities of APE1 in DNA repair and redox signaling make it an attractive therapeutic target for cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Caston
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Silpa Gampala
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Lee Armstrong
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | | - Melissa L Fishel
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mark R Kelley
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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12
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Cho J, Oh S, Lee D, Han JW, Yoo J, Park D, Lee G. Spectroscopic sensing and quantification of AP-endonucleases using fluorescence-enhancement by cis– trans isomerization of cyanine dyes. RSC Adv 2021; 11:11380-11386. [PMID: 35423644 PMCID: PMC8695990 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08051a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonucleases are vital DNA repair enzymes, and proposed to be a prognostic biomarker for various types of cancer in humans. Numerous DNA sensors have been developed to evaluate the extent of nuclease activity but their DNA termini are not protected against other nucleases, hampering accurate quantification. Here we developed a new fluorescence enhancement (FE)-based method as an enzyme-specific DNA biosensor with nuclease-protection by three functional units (an AP-site, Cy3 and termini that are protected from exonucleolytic cleavage). A robust FE signal arises from the fluorescent cis–trans isomerization of a cyanine dye (e.g., Cy3) upon the enzyme-triggered structural change from double-stranded (ds)DNA to single-stranded (ss)DNA that carries Cy3. The FE-based assay reveals a linear dependency on sub-nanomolar concentrations as low as 10−11 M for the target enzyme and can be also utilized as a sensitive readout of other nuclease activities. Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonucleases are vital DNA repair enzymes, and proposed to be a prognostic biomarker for various types of cancer in humans.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- JunHo Cho
- School of Life Sciences
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju
- Korea
| | - Sanghoon Oh
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju
- Korea
| | - DongHun Lee
- School of Life Sciences
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju
- Korea
| | - Jae Won Han
- School of Life Sciences
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju
- Korea
| | - Jungmin Yoo
- School of Life Sciences
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju
- Korea
| | - Daeho Park
- School of Life Sciences
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju
- Korea
- Cell Mechanobiology Research Center
| | - Gwangrog Lee
- School of Life Sciences
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju
- Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering
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13
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Hydrogen peroxide and Helicobacter pylori extract treatment combined with APE1 knockdown induce DNA damage, G2/M arrest and cell death in gastric cancer cell line. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 96:102976. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Felix FA, da Silva LP, Lopes MLDDS, Sobral APV, Freitas RDA, de Souza LB, Barboza CAG. DNA base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair proteins in malignant salivary gland tumors. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 121:104987. [PMID: 33202356 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the immunohistochemical expression of the base excision repair (BER) proteins apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) and X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 1 (XRCC1) and nucleotide excision repair (NER) protein xeroderma pigmentosum group F (XPF) in malignant salivary gland tumors (MSGTs). DESIGN Sixty-two cases of MSGTs were selected, including 14 acinic cell carcinomas (AcCC), 15 polymorphous adenocarcinomas (PAC), 16 adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACC), and 17 mucoepidermoid carcinomas (MEC). The specimens were submitted to quantitative immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS All MSGTs exhibited nuclear or nucleo-cytoplasmic immunostaining of APE1, XRCC1 and XPF, with a high percentage of positive cells (median = 78.31, 70.48 and 75.46, respectively). XRCC1 expression was higher in PAC compared to MEC (p = 0.032). Nuclear APE1 immunostaining was significantly higher than nucleo-cytoplasmic expression in the selected MSGTs (p < 0.0001). APE1 expression was significantly associated with T1-T2 tumors in ACC (p = 0.006). Increased expression of XPF was associated with age older than 60 years in MEC (p = 0.015) and with ACC involving the minor salivary gland (p = 0.012), while a lower expression was found in AcCC and ACC patients treated by surgery combined with adjuvant therapy (p = 0.036 and p = 0.020, respectively). Low expression of XRCC1 in the nucleus (p = 0.028) and concomitant expression of this protein in the nucleus/cytoplasm were associated with a lower overall 5-year survival rate (p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS This study showed that BER and NER proteins evaluated are highly expressed in the MSGTs studied, indicating mechanisms of genotoxic control in these tumors. In addition, the dysregulation of XRCC1 expression was a prognostic predictor in MSGTs analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Aragão Felix
- Postgraduate Program in Dental Science, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Roseana de Almeida Freitas
- Postgraduate Program in Dental Science, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Lélia Batista de Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Dental Science, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Galvão Barboza
- Postgraduate Program in Dental Science, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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15
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Li Z, Wang Y, Wu L, Dong Y, Zhang J, Chen F, Xie W, Huang J, Lu N. Apurinic endonuclease 1 promotes the cisplatin resistance of lung cancer cells by inducing Parkin‑mediated mitophagy. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:2245-2254. [PMID: 31578585 PMCID: PMC6826301 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Platinum-containing doublet chemotherapy is the cornerstone of lung cancer treatment; however, cisplatin resistance is a major obstacle in the treatment of lung cancer. However, the mechanism underlying this resistance has not been fully elucidated. Previous studies have shown that serum apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) levels in patients with NSCLC are inversely associated with progression-free survival after platinum-containing doublet chemotherapy, and can serve as a biomarker for predicting disease prognosis and treatment efficacy. The present study was designed to investigate the role played by APE1 in the resistance of lung cancer to cisplatin. The levels of mitochondrial apurinic endonuclease 1 (m-APE1) and total APE1 (t-APE1) protein in a cisplatin-resistant A549 cell line (A549/DDP) and cisplatin-sensitive A549 cells were analyzed by western blotting. Mitochondrial membrane potential was detected by using the JC-1 staining method. The cisplatin-resistance of APE1-overexpressing A549 cells and APE1-silenced A549/DDP cells was assessed by cell apoptosis and colony formation assays. The results revealed that cisplatin-resistant A549 cells contained high levels of APE1, and exhibited elevated levels of autophagy. The levels of m-APE1 and t-APE1 protein were increased in the A549/DDP cells when compared with these levels in the A549 cells. Overexpression of APE1 and Mia40 enhanced the cisplatin resistance and autophagy of the A549 cells. APE1 knockdown restored the cisplatin sensitivity and reduced the levels of LC3II and Parkin in the A549/DDP cells, but promoted the release of cytochrome c. Furthermore, Parkin silencing or treatment with 3-methyladenine (3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor) promoted the apoptosis of APE1-overexpressing A549 cells, indicating that Parkin-mediated mitophagy plays an important role in the APE1-induced cisplatin resistance of A549 cells. In conclusion, APE1 promotes the cisplatin resistance of lung cancer cells by inducing Parkin-mediated mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Cancer Center, Xinjiang Military Area General Hospital, Urumchi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830000, P.R. China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Cancer Center, Xinjiang Military Area General Hospital, Urumchi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830000, P.R. China
| | - Linbo Wu
- Cancer Center, Xinjiang Military Area General Hospital, Urumchi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830000, P.R. China
| | - Yalu Dong
- Cancer Center, Xinjiang Military Area General Hospital, Urumchi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Cancer Center, Xinjiang Military Area General Hospital, Urumchi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830000, P.R. China
| | - Fan Chen
- Cancer Center, Xinjiang Military Area General Hospital, Urumchi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xie
- Cancer Center, Xinjiang Military Area General Hospital, Urumchi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830000, P.R. China
| | - Jianguo Huang
- Cancer Center, Xinjiang Military Area General Hospital, Urumchi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830000, P.R. China
| | - Ning Lu
- Cancer Center, Xinjiang Military Area General Hospital, Urumchi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830000, P.R. China
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16
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Wang L, Chen R, Zhang Y. miR-296-3p targets APEX1 to suppress cell migration and invasion of non-small-cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:2612-2618. [PMID: 31402954 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide. MicroRNAs (miRs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that are commonly dysregulated in human cancer. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of miR-296-3p on the cell migration and invasion of NSCLC. Pairs of tumor tissues and para-cancerous tissues (n=50) were collected from patients with NSCLC, and the expression of miR-296-3p was analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Additionally, tumor cell viability, migration and invasion were examined in vitro using Cell Counting Kit-8, wound healing and Matrigel assays, respectively. Furthermore, potential targets of miR-296-3p were screened for using TargetScan and validated using a dual-luciferase reporter assay. The expression levels of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), AKT serine/threonine kinase (AKT), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP2) and SRY-box 4 (SOX4) were detected by RT-qPCR and western blot analysis. The data indicated that miR-296-3p was downregulated in tumor tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. Overexpression of miR-296-3p inhibited NSCLC cell viability, migration and invasion in vitro. Furthermore, apurinic/apyrimidinic endodeoxyribonuclease 1 (APEX1) was identified as a direct target of miR-296-3p. APEX1 expression was upregulated in tumor tissues compared with para-cancerous tissues, and the mRNA and protein expression levels of APEX1 were decreased following transfection of NSCLC cells with miR-296-3p mimics compared with control cells. Additional investigations revealed that miR-296-3p was involved in regulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, and miR-296-3p mimics decreased the mRNA and protein expression levels of MMP2 and SOX4. In summary, the findings demonstrated that miR-296-3p may function as a tumor suppressor, and inhibits the migration and invasion of NSCLC cells by targeting APEX1. miR-296-3p is therefore a potential therapeutic molecular modulator of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Wang
- Department of Respiration, Xi'an High-tech Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710075, P.R. China
| | - Ruilin Chen
- Department of Respiration, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- Department of Respiration, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
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17
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Manoel-Caetano FS, Rossi AFT, Calvet de Morais G, Severino FE, Silva AE. Upregulation of the APE1 and H2AX genes and miRNAs involved in DNA damage response and repair in gastric cancer. Genes Dis 2019; 6:176-184. [PMID: 31194025 PMCID: PMC6545450 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide, and most of the cases are associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. This bacterium promotes the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause DNA damage in gastric epithelial cells. In this study, we evaluated the expression of important genes involved in the recognition of DNA damage (ATM, ATR, and H2AX) and ROS-induced damage repair (APE1) and the expression of some miRNAs (miR-15a, miR-21, miR-24, miR-421 and miR-605) that target genes involved in the DNA damage response (DDR) in 31 fresh tissues of gastric cancer. Cytoscape v3.1.1 was used to construct the postulated miRNA:mRNA interaction network. Analysis performed by real-time quantitative PCR exhibited significantly increased levels of the APE1 (RQ = 2.55, p < 0.0001) and H2AX (RQ = 2.88, p = 0.0002) genes beyond the miR-421 and miR-605 in the gastric cancer samples. In addition, significantly elevated levels of miR-21, miR-24 and miR-421 were observed in diffuse-type gastric cancer. Correlation analysis reinforced some of the gene:gene (ATM/ATR/H2AX) and miRNA:mRNA relationships obtained also with the interaction network. Thus, our findings show that tumor cells from gastric cancer presents deregulation of genes and miRNAs that participate in the recognition and repair of DNA damage, which could confer an advantage to cell survival and proliferation in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda S Manoel-Caetano
- Department of Biology, UNESP, São Paulo State University, Campus of São José do Rio Preto, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, 15.054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia T Rossi
- Department of Biology, UNESP, São Paulo State University, Campus of São José do Rio Preto, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, 15.054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Calvet de Morais
- Department of Biology, UNESP, São Paulo State University, Campus of São José do Rio Preto, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, 15.054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio Eduardo Severino
- Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, UNESP, São Paulo State University, Campus of Botucatu, Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, 18.618-687, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Elizabete Silva
- Department of Biology, UNESP, São Paulo State University, Campus of São José do Rio Preto, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, 15.054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Lu R, Wang Y, Xu X, Xie S, Wang Y, Zhong A, Zheng H, Yu Y, Gao X, Guo L. Establishment of a detection assay for DNA endonuclease activity and its application in the screening and prognosis of malignant lymphoma. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2018; 19:6. [PMID: 30064372 PMCID: PMC6069817 DOI: 10.1186/s12858-018-0096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endonucleases play critical roles in maintaining genomic stability and regulating cell growth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate detection of endonuclease activity as an indicator in the early diagnosis and prognosis of lymphoma. RESULTS The method of endonuclease activity determination was successfully established and applied to compare cancer patient and control cohorts. Endonuclease activities of cancer tissues were significantly higher than those of adjacent control tissues (P < 0.001). We next investigated endonuclease activity in peripheral blood of enrolled patients and the controls, which were also significantly higher in patients than in controls (P = 0.015). Additionally, endonuclease activities were elevated in the metastasis subgroup compared with the non-metastasis subgroup(P = 0.038), whereas no significant difference was found between age(≤ 56y, > 56y) and gender (P = 0.736 > 0.05 and P = 0.635 > 0.05, respectively). Although there was no significant difference between control group with the non-metastatic cancer patients (P = 0.800 > 0.05), endonuclease activities were lower in the control group compared with the non-metastatic cancer patients with lymphoma (P = 0.033). The progression-free survival probability of patients with elevated R ratios(R ratio ≥ 1.4) was significantly lower than that of patients with lower R ratios (R ratio < 1.4). CONCLUSIONS An assay was established to detect the endonuclease activity,which might be useful for the prognosis of cancers, especially lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renquan Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 DongAn Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yingchao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, 201321 China
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 DongAn Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032 China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, 201321 China
| | - Suhong Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 DongAn Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yanchun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 DongAn Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Ailing Zhong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 DongAn Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 DongAn Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yiwen Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 DongAn Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 DongAn Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 DongAn Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032 China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, 201321 China
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19
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Thakur S, Dhiman M, Mantha AK. APE1 modulates cellular responses to organophosphate pesticide-induced oxidative damage in non-small cell lung carcinoma A549 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 441:201-216. [PMID: 28887667 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3186-7/figures/9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Monocrotophos (MCP) and chlorpyrifos (CP) are widely used organophosphate pesticides (OPPs), speculated to be linked with human pathologies including cancer. Owing to the fact that lung cells are most vulnerable to the environmental toxins, the development and progression of lung cancer can be caused by the exposure of OPPs. The present study investigates the oxidative DNA damage response evoked by MCP and CP in human non-small cell lung carcinoma A549 cells. A549 cells were exposed to MCP and CP; cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were measured to select the non-toxic dose. In order to establish whether MCP and CP can initiate the DNA repair and cell survival signalling pathways in A549 cells, qRT-PCR and Western blotting techniques were used to investigate the mRNA and protein expression levels of DNA base excision repair (BER)-pathway enzymes and transcription factors (TFs) involved in cell survival mechanisms. A significant increase in cell viability and ROS generation was observed when exposed to low and moderate doses of MCP and CP at different time points (24, 48 and 72 h) studied. A549 cells displayed a dose-dependent accumulation of apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites after 24 h exposure to MCP advocating for the activation of AP endonuclease-mediated DNA BER-pathway. Cellular responses to MCP- and CP-induced oxidative stress resulted in an imbalance in the mRNA and protein expression of BER-pathway enzymes, viz. PARP1, OGG1, APE1, XRCC1, DNA pol β and DNA ligase III α at different time points. The treatment of OPPs resulted in the upregulation of TFs, viz. Nrf2, c-jun, phospho-c-jun and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Immunofluorescent confocal imaging of A549 cells indicated that MCP and CP induces the translocation of APE1 within the cytoplasm at an early 6 h time point, whereas it promotes nuclear localization after 24 h of treatment, which suggests that APE1 subcellular distribution is dynamically regulated in response to OPP-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, nuclear colocalization of APE1 and the TF c-jun was observed in response to the treatment of CP and MCP for different time points in A549 cells. Therefore, in this study we demonstrate that MCP- and CP-induced oxidative stress alters APE1-dependent BER-pathway and also mediates cell survival signalling mechanisms via APE1 regulation, thereby promoting lung cancer cell survival and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Thakur
- Centre for Animal Sciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151 001, India
| | - Monisha Dhiman
- Centre for Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Anil K Mantha
- Centre for Animal Sciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151 001, India.
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20
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Malfatti MC, Balachander S, Antoniali G, Koh KD, Saint-Pierre C, Gasparutto D, Chon H, Crouch RJ, Storici F, Tell G. Abasic and oxidized ribonucleotides embedded in DNA are processed by human APE1 and not by RNase H2. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:11193-11212. [PMID: 28977421 PMCID: PMC5737539 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleoside 5′-monophosphates (rNMPs) are the most common non-standard nucleotides found in DNA of eukaryotic cells, with over 100 million rNMPs transiently incorporated in the mammalian genome per cell cycle. Human ribonuclease (RNase) H2 is the principal enzyme able to cleave rNMPs in DNA. Whether RNase H2 may process abasic or oxidized rNMPs incorporated in DNA is unknown. The base excision repair (BER) pathway is mainly responsible for repairing oxidized and abasic sites into DNA. Here we show that human RNase H2 is unable to process an abasic rNMP (rAP site) or a ribose 8oxoG (r8oxoG) site embedded in DNA. On the contrary, we found that recombinant purified human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1 (APE1) and APE1 from human cell extracts efficiently process an rAP site in DNA and have weak endoribonuclease and 3′-exonuclease activities on r8oxoG substrate. Using biochemical assays, our results provide evidence of a human enzyme able to recognize and process abasic and oxidized ribonucleotides embedded in DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Clarissa Malfatti
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA repair, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Sathya Balachander
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Giulia Antoniali
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA repair, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Kyung Duk Koh
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,University of California, San Francisco, UCSF, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christine Saint-Pierre
- Chimie Reconnaissance & Etude Assemblages Biologiques, Université Grenoble Alpes, SPrAM UMR5819 CEA CNRS UGA, INAC/CEA, Grenoble, France
| | - Didier Gasparutto
- Chimie Reconnaissance & Etude Assemblages Biologiques, Université Grenoble Alpes, SPrAM UMR5819 CEA CNRS UGA, INAC/CEA, Grenoble, France
| | - Hyongi Chon
- Developmental Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert J Crouch
- Developmental Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Francesca Storici
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gianluca Tell
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA repair, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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21
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APE1 modulates cellular responses to organophosphate pesticide-induced oxidative damage in non-small cell lung carcinoma A549 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 441:201-216. [PMID: 28887667 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3186-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Monocrotophos (MCP) and chlorpyrifos (CP) are widely used organophosphate pesticides (OPPs), speculated to be linked with human pathologies including cancer. Owing to the fact that lung cells are most vulnerable to the environmental toxins, the development and progression of lung cancer can be caused by the exposure of OPPs. The present study investigates the oxidative DNA damage response evoked by MCP and CP in human non-small cell lung carcinoma A549 cells. A549 cells were exposed to MCP and CP; cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were measured to select the non-toxic dose. In order to establish whether MCP and CP can initiate the DNA repair and cell survival signalling pathways in A549 cells, qRT-PCR and Western blotting techniques were used to investigate the mRNA and protein expression levels of DNA base excision repair (BER)-pathway enzymes and transcription factors (TFs) involved in cell survival mechanisms. A significant increase in cell viability and ROS generation was observed when exposed to low and moderate doses of MCP and CP at different time points (24, 48 and 72 h) studied. A549 cells displayed a dose-dependent accumulation of apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites after 24 h exposure to MCP advocating for the activation of AP endonuclease-mediated DNA BER-pathway. Cellular responses to MCP- and CP-induced oxidative stress resulted in an imbalance in the mRNA and protein expression of BER-pathway enzymes, viz. PARP1, OGG1, APE1, XRCC1, DNA pol β and DNA ligase III α at different time points. The treatment of OPPs resulted in the upregulation of TFs, viz. Nrf2, c-jun, phospho-c-jun and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Immunofluorescent confocal imaging of A549 cells indicated that MCP and CP induces the translocation of APE1 within the cytoplasm at an early 6 h time point, whereas it promotes nuclear localization after 24 h of treatment, which suggests that APE1 subcellular distribution is dynamically regulated in response to OPP-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, nuclear colocalization of APE1 and the TF c-jun was observed in response to the treatment of CP and MCP for different time points in A549 cells. Therefore, in this study we demonstrate that MCP- and CP-induced oxidative stress alters APE1-dependent BER-pathway and also mediates cell survival signalling mechanisms via APE1 regulation, thereby promoting lung cancer cell survival and proliferation.
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Yuan CL, He F, Ye JZ, Wu HN, Zhang JY, Liu ZH, Li YQ, Luo XL, Lin Y, Liang R. APE1 overexpression is associated with poor survival in patients with solid tumors: a meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:59720-59728. [PMID: 28938675 PMCID: PMC5601771 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
APE1 is known as a key mediator of DNA damage repair pathways, and its clinical significance in different types of cancer is well studied. Herein, we performed a meta-analysis to determine the association of APE1 expression and survival in different types of solid cancer. We searched all eligible publications in PubMed, Web of Science and Embase platforms from inception to January 2017 and found 15 relevant manuscripts. Overall survival (OS), 12- and 36-month survival rates, and hazard ratios (HRs) were extracted and analyzed. Heterogeneity and publication bias were also assessed. A subgroup analysis of the different subcellular locations of APE1 was also conducted. Patients with higher APE1 levels demonstrated lower 12- and 36-month survival rates than those with low APE1 levels (HR 2.00, 95% CI 1.33–3.00, P = 0.0009; HR 1.84, 95% CI 1.19–2.84, P = 0.006). Importantly, the pooled analysis showed that high levels of APE1 predict shorter OS (HR 1.44, 95% CI 1.13–1.83, P = 0.003). Subgroup analysis revealed that both nuclear and cytoplasmic expression levels of APE1 are important indicators of poor prognosis in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ling Yuan
- First Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Fan He
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Jia-Zhou Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Ni Wu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Yan Zhang
- First Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Hui Liu
- First Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Qiang Li
- First Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ling Luo
- First Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Yan Lin
- First Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Rong Liang
- First Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
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Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) is overexpressed in malignant transformation of salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 274:3203-3209. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-017-4605-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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Santana T, Sá MC, de Moura Santos E, Galvão HC, Coletta RD, Freitas RDA. DNA base excision repair proteins APE-1 and XRCC-1 are overexpressed in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2017; 46:496-503. [PMID: 27925687 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA repair systems play a critical role in protecting the human genome from damage caused by carcinogens. Modifications in DNA repair genes may be responsible for tumor development and resistance of malignant cells to chemotherapeutic agents. The major pathway for oxidative DNA damage repair is the base excision repair pathway. This study aimed to assess the immunoexpression of DNA repair proteins APE-1 and XRCC-1 and its association with clinical, histologic, and survival parameters in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma, to investigate a possible role for those proteins in tumor behavior. METHODS The expression of APE-1 and XRCC-1 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 82 cases of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Histopathological grading was performed for each case. Pearson's chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used to determine the association between protein expressions and clinicopathological features of tumors, whereas Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression were used to analyze disease-specific and disease-free survival. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. RESULTS APE-1 was highly expressed in the nucleus and cytoplasm in 64.6% of cases, and XRCC-1 showed overexpression only in the nucleus in 61% of cases. High expression of XRCC-1 was significantly associated with tumors at early clinical stages (I and II, P < 0.01) and nodal status (P = 0.03). Both proteins were not associated with other clinical parameters, histopathological grading, or survival. CONCLUSIONS DNA base excision repair proteins APE-1 and XRCC-1 are upregulated in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma, and XRCC-1 expression is associated with better clinical staging and nodal status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalita Santana
- Oral Pathology Post Graduate Program, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Melka Coêlho Sá
- Oral Pathology Post Graduate Program, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Edilmar de Moura Santos
- Oral Pathology Post Graduate Program, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Hébel Cavalcanti Galvão
- Oral Pathology Post Graduate Program, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Ricardo D Coletta
- Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roseana de Almeida Freitas
- Oral Pathology Post Graduate Program, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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25
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Wen X, Lu R, Xie S, Zheng H, Wang H, Wang Y, Sun J, Gao X, Guo L. APE1 overexpression promotes the progression of ovarian cancer and serves as a potential therapeutic target. Cancer Biomark 2016; 17:313-322. [DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Wen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Renquan Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Suhong Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongling Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanchun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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26
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Ren T, Shan J, Li M, Qing Y, Qian C, Wang G, Li Q, Lu G, Li C, Peng Y, Luo H, Zhang S, Yang Y, Cheng Y, Wang D, Zhou SF. Small-molecule BH3 mimetic and pan-Bcl-2 inhibitor AT-101 enhances the antitumor efficacy of cisplatin through inhibition of APE1 repair and redox activity in non-small-cell lung cancer. Drug Des Devel Ther 2015; 9:2887-910. [PMID: 26089640 PMCID: PMC4467754 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s82724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AT-101 is a BH3 mimetic and pan-Bcl-2 inhibitor that has shown potent anticancer activity in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in murine models, but failed to show clinical efficacy when used in combination with docetaxel in NSCLC patients. Our recent study has demonstrated that AT-101 enhanced the antitumor effect of cisplatin (CDDP) in a murine model of NSCLC via inhibition of the interleukin-6/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway. This study explored the underlying mechanisms for the enhanced anticancer activity of CDDP by AT-101. Our results show that, when compared with monotherapy, AT-101 significantly enhanced the inhibitory effects of CDDP on proliferation and migration of A549 cells and on tube formation and migration in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. AT-101 promoted the proapoptotic activity of CDDP in A549 cells. AT-101 also enhanced the inhibitory effect of CDDP on DNA repair and redox activities of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) in A549 cells. In tumor tissues from nude mice treated with AT-101 plus CDDP or monotherapy, the combination therapy resulted in greater inhibition of angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation than the monotherapy. These results suggest that AT-101 can enhance the antitumor activity of CDDP in NSCLC via inhibition of APE1 DNA repair and redox activities and by angiogenesis and induction of apoptosis, but other mechanisms cannot be excluded. We are now conducting a Phase II trial to examine the clinical efficacy and safety profile of combined use of AT-101 plus CDDP in advanced NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ren
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital, North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jinlu Shan
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengxia Li
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Qing
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengyuan Qian
- Department of Oncology, The 97 Hospital of PLA, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangjie Wang
- Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Military District General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Guoshou Lu
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chongyi Li
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Peng
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Luo
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiheng Zhang
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxing Yang
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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