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McCoy R, Oldroyd S, Yang W, Wang K, Hoven D, Bulmer D, Zilbauer M, Owens RM. In Vitro Models for Investigating Intestinal Host-Pathogen Interactions. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306727. [PMID: 38155358 PMCID: PMC10885678 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are increasingly recognized as a major threat worldwide due to the rise of antimicrobial resistance and the emergence of novel pathogens. In vitro models that can adequately mimic in vivo gastrointestinal physiology are in high demand to elucidate mechanisms behind pathogen infectivity, and to aid the design of effective preventive and therapeutic interventions. There exists a trade-off between simple and high throughput models and those that are more complex and physiologically relevant. The complexity of the model used shall be guided by the biological question to be addressed. This review provides an overview of the structure and function of the intestine and the models that are developed to emulate this. Conventional models are discussed in addition to emerging models which employ engineering principles to equip them with necessary advanced monitoring capabilities for intestinal host-pathogen interrogation. Limitations of current models and future perspectives on the field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece McCoy
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Sophie Oldroyd
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Woojin Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
- Wellcome‐MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0AWUK
| | - Kaixin Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Darius Hoven
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - David Bulmer
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1PDUK
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Wellcome‐MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0AWUK
| | - Róisín M. Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
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2
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Kim ME, Lee JS. Molecular Foundations of Inflammatory Diseases: Insights into Inflammation and Inflammasomes. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:469-484. [PMID: 38248332 PMCID: PMC10813887 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases are a global health problem affecting millions of people with a wide range of conditions. These diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA), gout, and diabetes, impose a significant burden on patients and healthcare systems. A complicated interaction between genetic variables, environmental stimuli, and dysregulated immune responses shows the complex biological foundation of various diseases. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms underlying inflammatory diseases, including the function of inflammasomes and inflammation. We investigate the impact of environmental and genetic factors on the progression of inflammatory diseases, explore the connection between inflammation and inflammasome activation, and examine the incidence of various inflammatory diseases in relation to inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Sik Lee
- Department of Biological Science, Immunology Research Lab & BK21-Four Educational Research Group for Age-Associated Disorder Control Technology, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea;
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Castillo-Azofeifa D, Wald T, Reyes EA, Gallagher A, Schanin J, Vlachos S, Lamarche-Vane N, Bomidi C, Blutt S, Estes MK, Nystul T, Klein OD. A DLG1-ARHGAP31-CDC42 axis is essential for the intestinal stem cell response to fluctuating niche Wnt signaling. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:188-206.e6. [PMID: 36640764 PMCID: PMC9922544 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A central factor in the maintenance of tissue integrity is the response of stem cells to variations in the levels of niche signals. In the gut, intestinal stem cells (ISCs) depend on Wnt ligands for self-renewal and proliferation. Transient increases in Wnt signaling promote regeneration after injury or in inflammatory bowel diseases, whereas constitutive activation of this pathway leads to colorectal cancer. Here, we report that Discs large 1 (Dlg1), although dispensable for polarity and cellular turnover during intestinal homeostasis, is required for ISC survival in the context of increased Wnt signaling. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and genetic mouse models demonstrated that DLG1 regulates the cellular response to increased canonical Wnt ligands. This occurs via the transcriptional regulation of Arhgap31, a GTPase-activating protein that deactivates CDC42, an effector of the non-canonical Wnt pathway. These findings reveal a DLG1-ARHGAP31-CDC42 axis that is essential for the ISC response to increased niche Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Castillo-Azofeifa
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Regenerative Medicine, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tomas Wald
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Efren A Reyes
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and TETRAD Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Gallagher
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julia Schanin
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Vlachos
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nathalie Lamarche-Vane
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Carolyn Bomidi
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sarah Blutt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Todd Nystul
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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4
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Cytoskeletal Organization and Cell Polarity in the Pathogenesis of Crohn’s Disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2020; 60:164-174. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-020-08795-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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5
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Zhang M, Wang X, Jiang X, Yang X, Wen C, Zhi M, Gao X, Hu P, Liu H. Polymorphisms of the TNF Gene and Three Susceptibility Loci Are Associated with Crohn's Disease and Perianal Fistula Crohn's Disease: A Study among the Han Population from South China. MEDICAL SCIENCE MONITOR : INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2019; 25:9637-9650. [PMID: 31844038 PMCID: PMC6929548 DOI: 10.12659/msm.917244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Although 90 susceptibility loci of Crohn’s disease (CD) have been confirmed in the Asian population, susceptibility genes for perianal fistula of CD (pCD) in this population remain unknown. This study explored susceptibility genes for CD and pCD in the Han population from South China. Material/Methods In total, 490 patients diagnosed with CD between July 2012 and June 2016 at the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University were included and divided into the CD group (n=240) and the pCD group (n=250). The healthy control group was composed of 260 volunteers. Peripheral blood samples were taken, and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) locus sequencing was used to screen for susceptibility loci. SNPs were sequenced using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Results Nine SNPs in TNFSF1 on chromosome 9 were associated with CD. Among them, the rs6478106 locus is a risk locus for CD. The distribution frequency of the T allele of the rs6478106 SNP was significantly different between cases and controls (32.49% versus 18.27%, P<0.001). Rs72553867, located in the IRGM gene on chromosome 5, rs4409764, located in the NKX2–3 gene on chromosome 10, and rs3731772, located in the AOX1 gene on chromosome 2, were susceptibility factors for pCD. Nine SNPs located in TNFSF15 on chromosome 9 were related to CD in Han individuals from Southern China. Conclusions The rs6478106 T allele is associated with the risk of CD in the investigated population. SNPs rs72553867 (IRGM gene), rs4409764 (NKX2–3 gene), and rs3731772 (AOX1 gene) increase the risk of pCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland).,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland).,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaodong Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland).,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Xiangling Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland).,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Chuangyu Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland).,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Min Zhi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland).,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland).,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Pinjin Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland).,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Huanliang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland).,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
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Genetic Studies of Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Focusing on Asian Patients. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050404. [PMID: 31052430 PMCID: PMC6563043 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is not well-understood; however, increased and persistent intestinal inflammation, due to inappropriate immune responses that are caused by interactions between genetic factors, gut microbiota, and environmental factors, are thought to lead to IBD. Various studies have identified more than 240 genetic variants related to IBD. These genetic variants are involved in innate and adaptive immunity, autophagy, defective bacterial handing, interleukin-23 and 10 signaling, and so on. According to several epidemiological and clinical studies, the phenotypes and clinical course of IBD differ between Asians and Europeans. Although the risk loci for IBD typically overlap between Asians and Westerners, genetic heterogeneity has been detected in many loci/genes, such as NOD2/CARD15, TNFSF15 and human leukocyte antigen, contributing to the risk of IBD. Thus, although common pathways exist between Westerners and Asians in the development of IBD, their significance may differ for individual pathways. Although genetic studies are not universally applicable in the clinical field, they may be useful for diagnosing and categorizing IBD, predicting therapeutic responses and toxicity to drugs, and assessing prognosis by risk modeling, thereby enabling precision medicine for individual patients.
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7
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Li L, Mao B, Wu S, Lian Q, Ge RS, Silvestrini B, Cheng CY. Regulation of spermatid polarity by the actin- and microtubule (MT)-based cytoskeletons. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 81:88-96. [PMID: 29410206 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
It is conceivable that spermatid apico-basal polarity and spermatid planar cell polarity (PCP) are utmost important to support spermatogenesis. The orderly arrangement of developing germ cells in particular spermatids during spermiogenesis are essential to obtain structural and nutrient supports from the fixed number of Sertoli cells across the limited space of seminiferous epithelium in the tubules following Sertoli cell differentiation by ∼17 day postpartum (dpp) in rodents and ∼12 years of age at puberty in humans. Yet few studies are found in the literature to investigate the role of these proteins to support spermatogenesis. Herein, we briefly summarize recent findings in the field, in particular emerging evidence that supports the concept that apico-basal polarity and PCP are conferred by the corresponding polarity proteins through their effects on the actin- and microtubule (MT)-based cytoskeletons. While much research is needed to bridge our gaps of understanding cell polarity, cytoskeletal function, and signaling proteins, a critical evaluation of some latest findings as summarized herein provides some important and also thought-provoking concepts to design better functional experiments to address this important, yet largely expored, research topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxi Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; The Mary M. Wohlford Laboarory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Baiping Mao
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboarory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Siwen Wu
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboarory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Qingquan Lian
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - C Yan Cheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; The Mary M. Wohlford Laboarory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, United States.
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8
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Xu S, Zou H, Zhang H, Zhu S, Zhou R, Li J. Investigation of inflammatory bowel disease risk factors in 4 families in central China. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:1367-1375. [PMID: 29399122 PMCID: PMC5774536 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is increasing markedly in China. The present study performed pedigree analysis of 4 families with a history of IBD and investigated the association of genetic and environmental factors with susceptibility to IBD. A total of 10 IBD patients (8 CD patients and 2 UC patients) and 90 family members were included in the present study. The clinical characteristics of familial subjects were compared with those of patients with sporadic IBD. Previously reported mutations, namely interleukin-10 receptor (IL10R)-A Thr84Ile, IL10RA Gly141Arg, IL10RB Trp159X, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) Cys203Tyr, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) Arg702Trp, NOD2 Gly908Arg and NOD2 Leu1007fsinsC, were screened in the patients with IBD, and selected demographic factors were compared between the patients and their unaffected family members. It was observed that single-gene and multi-gene inheritance patterns contributed to IBD in Chinese families. Based on data from the registry system, the ratio of patients with a family history of IBD was 1.25%, which was lower than that in the Western population. First-degree relatives were found to be more susceptible to IBD, and siblings were affected more frequently. Furthermore, the median age of diagnosis was younger in familial patients than in sporadic patients (29.0 vs. 36.0 for CD; 35.5 vs. 41.0 for UC). However, none of the 7 susceptibility loci were present in any of the familial patients. Immigration was a significant risk factor of IBD (odds ratio: 4.667; 95% confidence interval: 1.165-18.690; P=0.021). In conclusion, genetic heterogeneity exits between Chinese families with IBD and the Western population. The present findings suggest that genetic background and environmental factors serve a role in the pathogenesis of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Xu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis of Hubei, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zou
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis of Hubei, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis of Hubei, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Siying Zhu
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory for Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory for Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Jin Li
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory for Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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Klunder LJ, Faber KN, Dijkstra G, van IJzendoorn SCD. Mechanisms of Cell Polarity-Controlled Epithelial Homeostasis and Immunity in the Intestine. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a027888. [PMID: 28213466 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a027888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cell polarity is instrumental to maintain epithelial homeostasis and balance communications between the gut lumen and bodily tissue, thereby controlling the defense against gastrointestinal pathogens and maintenance of immune tolerance to commensal bacteria. In this review, we highlight recent advances with regard to the molecular mechanisms of cell polarity-controlled epithelial homeostasis and immunity in the human intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon J Klunder
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Klaas Nico Faber
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard Dijkstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sven C D van IJzendoorn
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
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Lui RNS, Ng SC. The Same Intestinal Inflammatory Disease despite Different Genetic Risk Factors in the East and West? Inflamm Intest Dis 2016; 1:78-84. [PMID: 29922661 DOI: 10.1159/000446625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease with unknown etiology. It is likely caused by a complex interplay between genetic, immunologic and environmental factors. Although IBD is still relatively uncommon in Asia, a multitude of studies have shown that it is an emerging disease around the world. Recent insights have highlighted both the similarities and differences amongst Asian and Western IBD patients. Summary The annual incidence of IBD in the East is still low compared with the West, but there are differences between different regions of Asia. Time trend studies have shown that the incidence of IBD is on the rise. Some notable differences in the clinical manifestations of IBD between the East and West have also been noted. 'Westernization' of lifestyle may encompass various social and environmental changes that account for the emergence of IBD in our population, although genetics also plays a role in disease pathogenesis. Diagnosis and treatment challenges include limited access to medical care in certain areas, limited availability and high cost of medications, lack of insurance reimbursement, paucity of multidisciplinary teams for the management of complicated IBD cases, and a high prevalence of endemic infections. Currently, the risk of colorectal cancer is lower in the East than in the West, but cancer rates will likely approach that of the West in the future as the prevalence of IBD continues to rise. Key Messages Measures to improve access to diagnostic tools, increase the availability of medication, and provide adequate multidisciplinary care for IBD patients will become increasingly important in Asia. Differences between the East and West will provide a unique opportunity for global collaboration in basic and clinical research to further our understanding of the disease entity and also provide more locoregional data to healthcare providers and policymakers to make informed decisions and policy changes when tackling the rising burden of IBD in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid N S Lui
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Siew C Ng
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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Riquelme Medina I, Lubovac-Pilav Z. Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis for Identifying Modules and Functionally Enriched Pathways in Type 1 Diabetes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156006. [PMID: 27257970 PMCID: PMC4892488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a complex disease, caused by the autoimmune destruction of the insulin producing pancreatic beta cells, resulting in the body’s inability to produce insulin. While great efforts have been put into understanding the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the etiology of the disease, the exact molecular mechanisms are still largely unknown. T1D is a heterogeneous disease, and previous research in this field is mainly focused on the analysis of single genes, or using traditional gene expression profiling, which generally does not reveal the functional context of a gene associated with a complex disorder. However, network-based analysis does take into account the interactions between the diabetes specific genes or proteins and contributes to new knowledge about disease modules, which in turn can be used for identification of potential new biomarkers for T1D. In this study, we analyzed public microarray data of T1D patients and healthy controls by applying a systems biology approach that combines network-based Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) with functional enrichment analysis. Novel co-expression gene network modules associated with T1D were elucidated, which in turn provided a basis for the identification of potential pathways and biomarker genes that may be involved in development of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zelmina Lubovac-Pilav
- Bioinformatics research group, School of Biosciences, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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12
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Guo C, Wu K. Risk Genes of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Asia: What Are the Most Important Pathways Affected? Dig Dis 2016; 34:5-11. [PMID: 26982027 DOI: 10.1159/000442917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Genetic factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and IBD is now recognized as a complex disease that results from interplay between genetic and environment factors. To date, over 160 IBD-susceptible loci have been identified using genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The risk genes identified in these studies are involved in various pathways in innate and adaptive immune response such as innate bacterial sensing, autophagy and interleukin-23 receptor/T-helper cell 17 pathway. It was initially believed that the genetic backgrounds of Asian IBD patients differ from that of other populations. Recent GWAS and meta-analysis found that there is pervasive sharing of risk loci between the East and West. Overlapping risk genes between populations of different ancestries indicate that pathways underlying the etiology of IBD may be common between Asia and other areas. However, the importance of individual pathways may be different in Asia from the Western countries. Identifying the most important pathways affected in Asian IBD patients may provide a better understanding of pathogenesis of IBD in Asia and improve the clinical management of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changcun Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Abstract
IBS is the most prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorder and phenotypically characterized by chronic abdominal discomfort, pain and altered defecation patterns. The pathophysiology of IBS is multifactorial, albeit with a substantial genetic component. To date, studies using various methodologies, ranging from family and twin studies to candidate gene approaches and genome-wide association studies, have identified several genetic variants in the context of IBS. Yet, despite enlarged sample sizes, increased statistical power and meta-analyses in the past 7 years, positive associations are still scarce and/or have not been reproduced. In addition, epigenetic and pharmacogenetic approaches remain in their infancy. A major hurdle is the lack of large homogenized case-control cohorts recruited according to standardized and harmonized criteria. The COST Action BM1106 GENIEUR (GENes in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Research Network EURope) has been established to address these obstacles. In this Review, the (epi)genetic working group of GENIEUR reports on the current state-of-the-art in the field, highlights fundamental flaws and pitfalls in current IBS (epi)genetic research and provides a vision on how to address and improve (epi)genetic approaches in this complex disorder in the future.
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Bianco AM, Girardelli M, Tommasini A. Genetics of inflammatory bowel disease from multifactorial to monogenic forms. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:12296-12310. [PMID: 26604638 PMCID: PMC4649114 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i43.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic multifactorial disorders. According to a recent study, the number of IBD association loci is increased to 201, of which 37 and 27 loci contribute specifically to the development of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis respectively. Some IBD associated genes are involved in innate immunity, in the autophagy and in the inflammatory response such as NOD2, ATG16L1 and IL23R, while other are implicated in immune mediated disease (STAT3) and in susceptibility to mycobacterium infection (IL12B). In case of early onset of IBD (VEO-IBD) within the 6th year of age, the disease may be caused by mutations in genes responsible for severe monogenic disorders such as the primary immunodeficiency diseases. In this review we discuss how these monogenic disorders through different immune mechanisms can similarly be responsible of VEO-IBD phenotype. Moreover we would highlight how the identification of pathogenic genes by Next Generation Sequencing technologies can allow to obtain a rapid diagnosis and to apply specific therapies.
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Ng SC. Emerging leadership lecture: Inflammatory bowel disease in Asia: emergence of a "Western" disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 30:440-5. [PMID: 25469874 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
More than a decade ago, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is rare in Asia. Today, the importance of IBD in Asia is exemplified by its rapidly increasing incidence, complicated disease behavior, and substantial morbidity. In the first large-scale population-based epidemiologic study in Asia, the incidence of IBD varied from 0.60 to 3.44 per 100,000. There has been a twofold to threefold increase in the incidence of IBD in several countries in Asia. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is more prevalent than Crohn's disease (CD), although CD incidence is rapidly increasing. A positive family history is much less common than in the West, as are extra-intestinal disease manifestations. Complicated and penetrating CD are common in Asia. These epidemiologic changes may relate to increased contact with the West, westernization of diet, improved hygiene, increasing antibiotics use, or changes in the gut microbiota. Asian patients with CD have altered gut microbiota compared with their healthy counterparts and Caucasian CD subjects. Mucosa-associated microbiota in IBD may differ geographically. In a population-based case-control study, breast-feeding, having pets, and better sanitary conditions were protective of IBD, suggesting that childhood environment plays an important role in modulating disease development. Genetic factors also differ between Asians and Caucasians. Nucleotide oligomerization domain-2 (NOD2) and autophagy variants were not associated with CD, but tumor necrosis factor superfamily gene-15 polymorphisms were strongly associated with CD in East Asians. Research in Asia, an area of rapidly changing IBD epidemiology, may lead to the discovery of critical etiologic factors that lead to the development of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew C Ng
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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