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Smets NG, Strijkers GJ, Vinje V, Bakker ENTP. Cerebrospinal fluid turnover as a driver of brain clearance. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 37:e5029. [PMID: 37658736 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.5029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has historically been considered to function as a sink for brain-derived waste disposal. Recent work suggested that CSF interacts even more intensely with brain tissue than previously recognized, through perivascular spaces that penetrate the brain. Cardiac pulsations, vasomotion, and respiration have been suggested to drive CSF flow in these perivascular spaces, thereby enhancing waste clearance. However, the intrinsic role of CSF production in relation to its distribution volume (turnover) is not an explicit component of recent concepts on brain clearance. Here, we review the work on CSF turnover and volume, focusing on preclinical evidence. Herein, we highlight the use of MRI in establishing CSF-related parameters. We describe the impact of sleep, effect of anesthesia, aging, and hypertension on CSF turnover, and how this relates to brain clearance. Evaluation of the available evidence suggests that CSF turnover is a major determinant in brain clearance. In addition, we propose that several putative drivers of brain clearance, but also conditions associated with impaired clearance, such as aging, may actually relate to altered CSF turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina G Smets
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gustav J Strijkers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Erik N T P Bakker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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2
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Huang J, Chen Z, van Zijl PCM, Law LH, Pemmasani Prabakaran RS, Park SW, Xu J, Chan KWY. Effect of inhaled oxygen level on dynamic glucose-enhanced MRI in mouse brain. Magn Reson Med 2024; 92:57-68. [PMID: 38308151 PMCID: PMC11055662 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.30035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of inhaled oxygen level on dynamic glucose enhanced (DGE) MRI in mouse brain tissue and CSF at 3 T. METHODS DGE data of brain tissue and CSF from mice under normoxia or hyperoxia were acquired in independent and interleaved experiments using on-resonance variable delay multi-pulse (onVDMP) MRI. A bolus of 0.15 mL filtered 50% D-glucose was injected through the tail vein over 1 min during DGE acquisition. MRS was acquired before and after DGE experiments to confirm the presence of D-glucose. RESULTS A significantly higher DGE effect under normoxia than under hyperoxia was observed in brain tissue (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0002 for independent and interleaved experiments, respectively), but not in CSF (p > 0.3). This difference is attributed to the increased baseline MR tissue signal under hyperoxia induced by a shortened T1 and an increased BOLD effect. When switching from hyperoxia to normoxia without glucose injection, a signal change of ˜3.0% was found in brain tissue and a signal change of ˜1.5% was found in CSF. CONCLUSIONS DGE signal was significantly lower under hyperoxia than that under normoxia in brain tissue, but not in CSF. The reason is that DGE effect size of brain tissue is affected by the baseline signal, which could be influenced by T1 change and BOLD effect. Therefore, DGE experiments in which the oxygenation level is changed from baseline need to be interpreted carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianpan Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zilin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peter CM van Zijl
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lok Hin Law
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rohith Saai Pemmasani Prabakaran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong, China
| | - Se Weon Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiadi Xu
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kannie WY Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Tung Biomedical Science Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Jurjević I, Orešković D, Radoš M, Brgić K, Klarica M. Changes of cerebrospinal fluid pressure gradient in different body positions under experimental impairment of cerebrospinal fluid pathway: new insight into hydrocephalus development. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1397808. [PMID: 38947218 PMCID: PMC11212498 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1397808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that hydrocephalus is a consequence of the disbalance between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secretion and absorption which should in turn lead to CSF pressure gradient development and ventricular enlargement. To test CSF pressure gradient role in hydrocephalus development, we experimentally caused CSF system impairment at two sites in cats. In the first group of animals, we caused Sylvian aqueduct obstruction and recorded CSF pressure changes pre and post obstruction at three measuring sites (lateral ventricle -LV, cortical-CSS and lumbar subarachnoid space -LSS) during 15 min periods and in different body positions over 360 degrees. In the second group of experiments, we caused cervical stenosis by epidural plastic semiring implantation and monitored CSF pressure changes pre and post stenosis implantation at two measuring sites (lateral ventricle and lumbar subarachnoid space) during 15 min periods in different body positions over 360 degrees. Both groups of experimental animals had similar CSF pressures before stenosis or obstruction at all measuring points in the horizontal position. During head-up verticalization, CSF pressures inside the cranium gradually became more subatmospheric with no significant difference between LV and CSS, as they are measured at the same hydrostatic level, while CSF pressure inside LSS became more positive, causing the development of a large hydrostatic gradient between the cranial and the spinal space. With cervical stenosis, CSF pressure inside the cranium is positive during head-up verticalization, while in cats with aqueductal obstruction CSF pressure inside the CSS remains negative, as it was during control period. Concomitantly, CSF pressure inside LV becomes less negative, thus creating a small hydrostatic gradient between LV and CSS. Since CSF pressure and gradient changes occur only by shifting body position from the horizontal plane, our results indicate that cervical stenosis in a head-up vertical position reduces blood perfusion of the whole brain, while aqueductal obstruction impairs only the perfusion of the local periventricular brain tissue. It seems that, for evolutionary important bipedal activity, free craniospinal communication and good spinal space compliance represent crucial biophysical parameters for adequate cerebral blood perfusion and prevention of pathophysiological changes leading to the development of hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Jurjević
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Darko Orešković
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Milan Radoš
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Klara Brgić
- Department of Neurosurgery, Univesity Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijan Klarica
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Ultra-long-TE arterial spin labeling reveals rapid and brain-wide blood-to-CSF water transport in humans. Neuroimage 2021; 245:118755. [PMID: 34826596 PMCID: PMC7612938 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of brain clearance mechanisms is an active area of research. While we know that the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) plays a central role in one of the main existing clearance pathways, the exact processes for the secretion of CSF and the removal of waste products from tissue are under debate. CSF is thought to be created by the exchange of water and ions from the blood, which is believed to mainly occur in the choroid plexus. This exchange has not been thoroughly studied in vivo. We propose a modified arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI sequence and image analysis to track blood water as it is transported to the CSF, and to characterize its exchange from blood to CSF. We acquired six pseudo-continuous ASL sequences with varying labeling duration (LD) and post-labeling delay (PLD) and a segmented 3D-GRASE readout with a long echo train (8 echo times (TE)) which allowed separation of the very long-T2 CSF signal. ASL signal was observed at long TEs (793 ms and higher), indicating presence of labeled water transported from blood to CSF. This signal appeared both in the CSF proximal to the choroid plexus and in the subarachnoid space surrounding the cortex. ASL signal was separated into its blood, gray matter and CSF components by fitting a triexponential function with T2s taken from literature. A two-compartment dynamic model was introduced to describe the exchange of water through time and TE. From this, a water exchange time from the blood to the CSF (Tbl->CSF) was mapped, with an order of magnitude of approximately 60 s.
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Zong X, Lian C, Jimenez J, Yamashita K, Shen D, Lin W. Morphology of perivascular spaces and enclosed blood vessels in young to middle-aged healthy adults at 7T: Dependences on age, brain region, and breathing gas. Neuroimage 2020; 218:116978. [PMID: 32447015 PMCID: PMC7485170 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Perivascular spaces (PVSs) are fluid-filled spaces surrounding penetrating blood vessels in the brain and are an integral pathway of the glymphatic system. A PVS and the enclosed blood vessel are commonly visualized as a single vessel-like complex (denoted as PVSV) in high-resolution MRI images. Quantitative characterization of the PVSV morphology in MRI images in healthy subjects may serve as a reference for detecting disease related PVS and/or blood vessel alterations in patients with brain diseases. To this end, we evaluated the age dependences, spatial heterogeneities, and dynamic properties of PVSV morphological features in 45 healthy subjects (21–55 years old), using an ultra-high-resolution three-dimensional transverse relaxation time weighted MRI sequence (0.41 × 0.41 × 0.4 mm3) at 7T. Quantitative PVSV parameters, including apparent diameter, count, volume fraction (VF), and relative contrast to noise ratio (rCNR) were calculated in the white matter and subcortical structures. Dynamic changes were induced by carbogen breathing which are known to induce vasodilation and increase the blood oxygenation level in the brain. PVSV count and VF significantly increased with age in basal ganglia (BG), so did rCNR in BG, midbrain, and white matter (WM). Apparent PVSV diameter also showed a positive association with age in the three brain regions, although it did not reach statistical significance. The PVSV VF and count showed large inter-subject variations, with coefficients of variation ranging from 0.17 to 0.74 after regressing out age and gender effects. Both apparent diameter and VF exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity, which cannot be explained solely by radio-frequency field inhomogeneities. Carbogen breathing significantly increased VF in BG and WM, and rCNR in thalamus, BG, and WM compared to air breathing. Our results are consistent with gradual dilation of PVSs with age in healthy adults. The PVSV morphology exhibited spatial heterogeneity and large inter-subject variations and changed during carbogen breathing compared to air breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Zong
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Chunfeng Lian
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jordan Jimenez
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Koji Yamashita
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dinggang Shen
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Weili Lin
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Vatnehol SAS, Hol PK, Bjørnerud A, Amiry-Moghaddam M, Haglerød C, Storås TH. Determination of oxygen r 1 at 3 Tesla using samples with a concentration range of dissolved oxygen. MAGMA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 33:447-453. [PMID: 31606810 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-019-00783-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the sensitivity of modified Look-Locker inversion recovery (MOLLI) to measure changes in dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in water samples and to calculate sequence-specific relaxivity (r1m) and limit of detection (LOD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten water samples with a range of DO concentrations were scanned at 3 T using two variations of MOLLI schemes. Using linear regression the r1 of DO was estimated from the measured DO concentrations and T1 relaxation rates (R1). The results were combined with previously reported values on in vivo stability measures of the MOLLI sequences and used to estimate a LOD. RESULTS DO concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 21.6 mg L-1. A linear correlation between DO and R1 was obtained with both MOLLI sequences, with an average correlation coefficient (R2) 0.9 and an average estimated r1 ([Formula: see text]) of 4.45 × 10-3 s-1 mg-1 L. Estimated LOD was ≈ 10 mg L-1. CONCLUSION MOLLI T1-mapping sequences may be used for detecting dissolved oxygen in vivo at 3 T with an [Formula: see text] in the range 4.18-4.8 × 10-3 s-1 mg-1 L and a corresponding LOD for dissolved oxygen of approximately 10 mg L-1. MOLLI-based T1 mapping may be a useful non-invasive tool for quantification of in vivo changes of DO concentration during oxygen challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svein Are Sirirud Vatnehol
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. .,The Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. .,Oxy Solutions AS, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Per Kristian Hol
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,The Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Atle Bjørnerud
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Computational Radiology and Artificial Intelligence, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Klarica M, Radoš M, Orešković D. The Movement of Cerebrospinal Fluid and Its Relationship with Substances Behavior in Cerebrospinal and Interstitial Fluid. Neuroscience 2019; 414:28-48. [PMID: 31279048 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) movement and its influence on substance distribution and elimination from the CSF system have been thoroughly analyzed and discussed in the light of the new hypothesis of CSF physiology. As a result, CSF movement is not presented as a circulation, but a permanent rhythmic systolic-diastolic pulsation in all directions. Such movement also represents the main force of substance distribution inside the CSF system. This distribution occurs in all directions, i.e., in the direction of the imagined circulation, as well as in the opposite direction, and depends on the application site and the resident time of tested substance, where longer resident time means longer distribution distance. Transport mechanisms situated on the microvessels inside the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma play the key role in substance elimination from the CSF and interstitial fluid (ISF) compartments, which freely communicate. If a certain transport mechanism is not available at one site, the substance will be distributed by CSF movement along the CSF system and into the CNS region where that transport mechanism is available. Pharmacological manipulation suggests that the residence time and the substance travel distance along the CSF system depend on the capacity of transport mechanisms situated on CNS blood capillaries. Physiological absorption of the CSF into the venous sinuses and/or lymphatics, due to their small surface area, should be of minor importance in comparison with the huge absorptive surface area of the microvessel network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijan Klarica
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Milan Radoš
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Darko Orešković
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Koundal S, Liu X, Sanggaard S, Mortensen K, Wardlaw J, Nedergaard M, Benveniste H, Lee H. Brain Morphometry and Longitudinal Relaxation Time of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHRs) in Early and Intermediate Stages of Hypertension Investigated by 3D VFA-SPGR MRI. Neuroscience 2019; 404:14-26. [PMID: 30690138 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease(s) (SVD) results from pathological changes of the small blood vessels in the brain and is common in older people. The diagnostic features by which SVD manifests in brain includes white matter hyperintensities, lacunes, dilated perivascular spaces, microbleeds, and atrophy. In the present study, we use in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to characterize brain morphometry and longitudinal relaxation time (T1) of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) to study the contribution of chronic hypertension to SVD relevant pathology. Male SHR and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats underwent 3D variable flip angle spoiled gradient echo brain MRI at 9.4 T at early (seven weeks old) and established (19 weeks old) stages of hypertension. The derived proton density weighted and T1 images were utilized for morphometry and to characterize T1 properties in gray matter (GM), white matter (WM) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Custom tissue probability maps were constructed for accurate computerized whole brain tissue segmentations and voxel-wise analyses. Characteristic morphological differences between the two strains included enlarged ventricles, smaller corpus callosum (CC) volumes and general 'thinning' of CC in SHR compared to WKY rats at both age groups. While we did not observe parenchymal T1 differences, the T1 of CSF was elevated in SHR compared to controls. Collectively these findings indicate that SHRs develop WM atrophy which is a clinically robust MRI biomarker associated with WM degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Koundal
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Simon Sanggaard
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Kristian Mortensen
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joanna Wardlaw
- Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Row Fogo Centre for Research into Ageing and the Brain, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Glia Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Helene Benveniste
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Hedok Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America.
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Fan Q, Tang CY, Gu D, Zhu J, Li G, Wu Y, Tao X. Investigation of hypoxia conditions using oxygen-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging measurements in glioma models. Oncotarget 2018; 8:31864-31875. [PMID: 28418866 PMCID: PMC5458254 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether using oxygen-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (OE-MRI) to assess hypoxia is feasible and whether historical measurements, pO2 changes, and percentage of signal intensity changes (PSIC) are correlated in an animal model of glioma. A total of 25 Sprague-Dawley rats were used to establish C6 brain or subcutaneous glioma model. Nine rats with brain gliomas underwent OE-MRI followed by histopathologic analysis to assess microvessel density and hypoxia. Another 11 rats were underwent OE-MRI and were followed for a survival analysis. Time-T1-weighted MR signal intensity (SI) curves and PSIC maps were derived from the OE-MRI data. High-regions of interests (ROI-h; PSIC > 10%) and low-ROIs (ROI-l; PSIC < 10%) were defined on the PSIC maps. To validate the PSIC map for identifying tumor hypoxia, we subjected an additional 5 rats with subcutaneous glioma to OE-MRI and pO2 measurements. All tumors showed regional heterogeneity on the PSIC maps. For the brain tumors, the time-SI curves for the ROIs-h showed a greater increase in SI than those for the ROIs-l did. The percentage of tumor area with a low PSIC was significantly correlated with the percentage of hypoxia staining and necrosis (r =0.71; P<0.05). ROIs with a higher PSIC typically had more vessels (r=0.88; P<0.05). A significant difference in survival was shown (log-rank P = 0.035). The time-pO2 curves of the subcutaneous tumors were similar to the time-SI curves. PSIC was significantly correlated with pO2 changes (r =0.82; P<0.05). These findings suggest that OE-MRI measurements can be used to assess hypoxia in C6 glioma models. In these models, the PSIC value was correlated with survival, indicating that PSIC could serve as a prognostic marker for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Fan
- Radiology Department, Shanghai People's Ninth Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheuk Ying Tang
- Radiology Department, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Di Gu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyu Zhu
- Radiology Department, Shanghai People's Ninth Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guojun Li
- Departments of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yingwei Wu
- Radiology Department, Shanghai People's Ninth Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofeng Tao
- Radiology Department, Shanghai People's Ninth Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Orešković D, Radoš M, Klarica M. Cerebrospinal fluid secretion by the choroid plexus? Physiol Rev 2017; 96:1661-2. [PMID: 27630176 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Darko Orešković
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, Zagreb, Croatia; and Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Milan Radoš
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, Zagreb, Croatia; and Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijan Klarica
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, Zagreb, Croatia; and Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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12
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Role of choroid plexus in cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics. Neuroscience 2017; 354:69-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Bhogal AA, Siero JC, Zwanenburg J, Luijten PR, Philippens ME, Hoogduin H. Quantitative T1 mapping under precisely controlled graded hyperoxia at 7T. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:1461-1469. [PMID: 27354092 PMCID: PMC5453465 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16656864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing the concentration of oxygen dissolved in water is known to increase the recovery rate (R1 = 1/T1) of longitudinal magnetization (T1 relaxation). Direct T1 changes in response to precise hyperoxic gas challenges have not yet been quantified and the actual effect of increasing arterial oxygen concentration on the T1 of brain parenchyma remains unclear. The aim of this work was to use quantitative T1 mapping to measure tissue T1 changes in response to precisely targeted hyperoxic respiratory challenges ranging from baseline end-tidal oxygen (PetO2) to approximately 500 mmHg. We did not observe measureable T1 changes in either gray matter or white matter parenchymal tissue. The T1 of peripheral cerebrospinal fluid located within the sulci, however, was reduced as a function of PetO2. No significant T1 changes were observed in the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid under hyperoxia. Our results indicate that care should be taken to distinguish actual T1 changes from those which may be related to partial volume effects with cerebrospinal fluid, or regions with increased fluid content such as edema when examining hyperoxia-induced changes in T1 using methods based on T1-weighted imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex A Bhogal
- 1 Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Cw Siero
- 1 Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaco Zwanenburg
- 1 Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter R Luijten
- 1 Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marielle Ep Philippens
- 2 Department of Radiotherapy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Hoogduin
- 1 Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Klarica M, Jukić T, Miše B, Kudelić N, Radoš M, Orešković D. Experimental Spinal Stenosis in Cats: New Insight in Mechanisms of Hydrocephalus Development. Brain Pathol 2016; 26:701-712. [PMID: 26549012 PMCID: PMC8029224 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In our new experimental model of cervical stenosis without inflammation we have tested hypothesis that cranio-spinal communication impairment could lead to hydrocephalus development. Spinal and cranial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space separation was obtained with positioning of plastic semiring in epidural space at C2 level in cats. Brain ventricles planimetry, and CSF pressure recording in lateral ventricle (LV) and lumbar subarachnoid space (LSS) were performed in acute and subchronic experiments. In all experiments opening CSF pressures were normal. However, in acute experiments, an infusion of artificial CSF into the LV led to increase of CSF pressure and significant gradient pressure development between LV and LSS due to limited pressure transmission. After 3 or 6 weeks spinal cord atrophy was observed at the site of cervical stenosis, and pressure transmission from LV to LSS was improved as a consequence of spinal tissue atrophy. Planimetry of both the coronal brain slices and the ventricles' surface showed that control ventricular surface was 0.6 ± 0.1% (n = 5), and 1.6 ± 0.2% (n = 4) in animals with subchronic cervical stenosis (P < 0.002). These results support the mentioned hypothesis claiming that CSF volume cranio-spinal displacement impairment could start pathophysiological processes leading to development of hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijan Klarica
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain ResearchSchool of Medicine University of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Tomislav Jukić
- Department of OphthalmologyClinical Hospital Center Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb
| | - Branko Miše
- University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases
| | - Nenad Kudelić
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain ResearchSchool of Medicine University of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Milan Radoš
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine University of Zagreb
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Orešković D. The controversy on choroid plexus function in cerebrospinal fluid production in humans: how long different views could be neglected? Croat Med J 2015; 56:306-10. [PMID: 26088856 PMCID: PMC4500964 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2015.56.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Darko Orešković
- Darko Orešković, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, Zagreb, Croatia,
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Naganawa S. The Technical and Clinical Features of 3D-FLAIR in Neuroimaging. Magn Reson Med Sci 2015; 14:93-106. [PMID: 25833275 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.2014-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In clinical MR neuroimaging, 3D fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (3D-FLAIR) with a variable-flip-angle turbo spin echo sequence is becoming popular. There are more than 100 reports regarding 3D-FLAIR in the PubMed database. In this article, the technical and clinical features of 3D-FLAIR for neuroimaging are reviewed and summarized. 3D-FLAIR allows thinner slices with multi-planar reformation capability, a higher flow sensitivity, high sensitivity to subtle T1 changes in fluid, images without cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inflow artifacts, and a 3D dataset compatible with computer-aided analysis. In addition, 3D-FLAIR can be obtained within a clinically reasonable scan time. It is important for radiologists to be familiar with the features of 3D-FLAIR and to provide useful information for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Naganawa
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
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