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Ietto G, Iori V, Gritti M, Inversini D, Costantino A, Izunza Barba S, Jiang ZG, Carcano G, Dalla Gasperina D, Pettinato G. Multicellular Liver Organoids: Generation and Importance of Diverse Specialized Cellular Components. Cells 2023; 12:1429. [PMID: 37408262 PMCID: PMC10217024 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 40,000 patients in the United States are estimated to suffer from end-stage liver disease and acute hepatic failure, for which liver transplantation is the only available therapy. Human primary hepatocytes (HPH) have not been employed as a therapeutic tool due to the difficulty in growing and expanding them in vitro, their sensitivity to cold temperatures, and tendency to dedifferentiate following two-dimensional culture. The differentiation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into liver organoids (LO) has emerged as a potential alternative to orthotropic liver transplantation (OLT). However, several factors limit the efficiency of liver differentiation from hiPSCs, including a low proportion of differentiated cells capable of reaching a mature phenotype, the poor reproducibility of existing differentiation protocols, and insufficient long-term viability in vitro and in vivo. This review will analyze various methodologies being developed to improve hepatic differentiation from hiPSCs into liver organoids, paying particular attention to the use of endothelial cells as supportive cells for their further maturation. Here, we demonstrate why differentiated liver organoids can be used as a research tool for drug testing and disease modeling, or employed as a bridge for liver transplantation following liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ietto
- General, Emergency and Transplant Surgery Department, ASST-Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Innovation Technology (DiMIT), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Valentina Iori
- General, Emergency and Transplant Surgery Department, ASST-Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Innovation Technology (DiMIT), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Mattia Gritti
- Department of General Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Inversini
- General, Emergency and Transplant Surgery Department, ASST-Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Innovation Technology (DiMIT), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Angelita Costantino
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy;
| | - Sofia Izunza Barba
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Z. Gordon Jiang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Giulio Carcano
- General, Emergency and Transplant Surgery Department, ASST-Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Innovation Technology (DiMIT), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Daniela Dalla Gasperina
- Department of Medicine and Innovation Technology (DiMIT), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST-Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pettinato
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Development of a Scalable Three-Dimensional Culture of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells-Derived Liver Organoids. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2455:131-147. [PMID: 35212992 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2128-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) represent a powerful tool for the generation of specialized cells to be used in regenerative medicine as well as hepatocellular repopulation tool to treat liver metabolic diseases such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Here we describe a strategy to obtain fully functional liver organoids from hiPSCs in a scalable manner. Our approach uses a two-step process, with a first step involving the scalable formation of homogeneous and uniform-sized human embryoid bodies (hEBs), followed by the application of a four-step liver differentiation protocol for the derivation of liver organoids that possess all the features of primary human hepatocytes. This chapter will also illustrate the characterization of the liver organoids by directed biomolecular techniques.
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3
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Pettinato G. Generation of Hepatocyte Organoids from Human iPS Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2544:51-70. [PMID: 36125709 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2557-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) constitute a great source to generate specialized cells that can be employed in cell replacement therapy for a number of degenerative diseases. In this chapter, I describe a strategy to mass-produce fully functional hepatocyte organoids using hiPSCs interlaced with human adipose microvascular endothelial cells (HAMEC). Our unique technology employs a two-step strategy, consisting of the scalable generation of nearly spherical uniform-sized human embryoid bodies (hEBs), and the subsequent employment of a four-step hepatocyte differentiation approach for the generation of hepatocyte organoids that display all the characteristics of human primary hepatocytes. In this chapter, we also describe methodologies to characterize the hepatocyte organoids by using different biomolecular assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pettinato
- Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging and Photonics, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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4
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Pettinato G, Lehoux S, Ramanathan R, Salem MM, He LX, Muse O, Flaumenhaft R, Thompson MT, Rouse EA, Cummings RD, Wen X, Fisher RA. Generation of fully functional hepatocyte-like organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells mixed with Endothelial Cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8920. [PMID: 31222080 PMCID: PMC6586904 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45514-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in stem cell research, cell transplantation therapy for liver failure is impeded by a shortage of human primary hepatocytes (HPH), along with current differentiation protocol limitations. Several studies have examined the concept of co-culture of human induced pluripotent cells (hiPSCs) with various types of supporting non-parenchymal cells to attain a higher differentiation yield and to improve hepatocyte-like cell functions both in vitro and in vivo. Co-culturing hiPSCs with human endothelial cells (hECs) is a relatively new technique that requires more detailed studies. Using our 3D human embryoid bodies (hEBs) formation technology, we interlaced Human Adipose Microvascular Endothelial Cells (HAMEC) with hiPSCs, leading to a higher differentiation yield and notable improvements across a wide range of hepatic functions. We conducted a comprehensive gene and protein secretion analysis of our HLCs coagulation factors profile, showing promising results in comparison with HPH. Furthermore, a stage-specific glycomic analysis revealed that the differentiated hepatocyte-like clusters (HLCs) resemble the glycan features of a mature tissue rather than cells in culture. We tested our HLCs in animal models, where the presence of HAMEC in the clusters showed a consistently better performance compared to the hiPSCs only group in regard to persistent albumin secretion post-transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pettinato
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sylvain Lehoux
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Glycomics Core, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rajesh Ramanathan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mohamed M Salem
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Neurosurgical Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Li-Xia He
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oluwatoyosi Muse
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Flaumenhaft
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melissa T Thompson
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily A Rouse
- Glycomics Core, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xuejun Wen
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Robert A Fisher
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Aberrant hiPSCs-Derived from Human Keratinocytes Differentiates into 3D Retinal Organoids that Acquire Mature Photoreceptors. Cells 2019; 8:cells8010036. [PMID: 30634512 PMCID: PMC6356277 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived three-dimensional retinal organoids are a new platform for studying the organoidogenesis. However, recurrent genomic aberration, acquired during generation of hiPSCs, limit its biomedical application and/or aberrant hiPSCs has not been evaluated for generation of differentiated derivatives, such as organoids and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). In this study, we efficiently differentiated mosaic hiPSCs into retinal organoids containing mature photoreceptors. The feeder-free hiPSCs were generated from the human epidermal keratinocytes that were rapid in process with improved efficiency over several passages and maintained pluripotency. But, hiPSCs were cytogenetically mosaic with normal and abnormal karyotypes, while copy number variation analysis revealed the loss of chromosome 8q. Despite this abnormality, the stepwise differentiation of hiPSCs to form retinal organoids was autonomous and led to neuronal lamination. Furthermore, the use of a Notch inhibitor, DAPT, at an early timepoint from days 29⁻42 of culture improved the specification of the retinal neuron and the use of retinoic acid at days 70⁻120 led to the maturation of photoreceptors. hiPSC-derived retinal organoids acquired all subtypes of photoreceptors, such as RHODOPSIN, B-OPSIN and R/G-OPSIN. Additionally, the advanced maturation of photoreceptors was observed, revealing the development of specific sensory cilia and the formation of the outer-segment disc. This report is the first to show that hiPSCs with abnormal chromosomal content are permissive to the generation of three-dimensional retinal organoids.
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Deckers T, Lambrechts T, Viazzi S, Nilsson Hall G, Papantoniou I, Bloemen V, Aerts JM. High-throughput image-based monitoring of cell aggregation and microspheroid formation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199092. [PMID: 29953450 PMCID: PMC6023212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on monolayer cultures and whole-animal models for the prediction of the response of native human tissue are associated with limitations. Therefore, more and more laboratories are tending towards multicellular spheroids grown in vitro as a model of native tissues. In addition, they are increasingly used in a wide range of biofabrication methodologies. These 3D microspheroids are generated through a self-assembly process that is still poorly characterised, called cellular aggregation. Here, a system is proposed for the automated, non-invasive and high throughput monitoring of the morphological changes during cell aggregation. Microwell patterned inserts were used for spheroid formation while an automated microscope with 4x bright-field objective captured the morphological changes during this process. Subsequently, the acquired time-lapse images were automatically segmented and several morphological features such as minor axis length, major axis length, roundness, area, perimeter and circularity were extracted for each spheroid. The method was quantitatively validated with respect to manual segmentation on four sets of ± 60 spheroids. The average sensitivities and precisions of the proposed segmentation method ranged from 96.67-97.84% and 96.77-97.73%, respectively. In addition, the different morphological features were validated, obtaining average relative errors between 0.78-4.50%. On average, a spheroid was processed 73 times faster than a human operator. As opposed to existing algorithms, our methodology was not only able to automatically monitor compact spheroids but also the aggregation process of individual spheroids, and this in an accurate and high-throughput manner. In total, the aggregation behaviour of more than 700 individual spheroids was monitored over a duration of 16 hours with a time interval of 5 minutes, and this could be increased up to 48,000 for the described culture format. In conclusion, the proposed system has the potential to be used for unravelling the mechanisms involved in spheroid formation and monitoring their formation during large-scale manufacturing protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Deckers
- M3-BIORES, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Biomedical-Health Engineering, KU Leuven Campus Group T, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Toon Lambrechts
- M3-BIORES, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefano Viazzi
- M3-BIORES, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gabriella Nilsson Hall
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ioannis Papantoniou
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Bloemen
- Biomedical-Health Engineering, KU Leuven Campus Group T, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marie Aerts
- M3-BIORES, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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7
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Ohmine S, Salisbury JL, Ingle J, Pettinato G, Haddox CL, Haddad T, Galanis E, Ikeda Y, D'assoro AB. Aurora-A overexpression is linked to development of aggressive teratomas derived from human iPS cells. Oncol Rep 2018; 39:1725-1730. [PMID: 29393405 PMCID: PMC5868406 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) is a promising advancement in the field of regenerative and personalized medicine. Expression of SOX2, KLF4, OCT4 and MYC transcription factors induces the nuclear reprogramming of somatic cells into hiPSCs that share striking similarities with human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). However, several studies have demonstrated that hESCs and hiPSCs could lead to teratoma formation in vivo, thus limiting their current clinical applications. Aberrant cell cycle regulation of hESCs is linked to centrosome amplification, which may account, for their enhanced chromosomal instability (CIN), and thus increase their tumorigenicity. Significantly, the tumor suppressor p53 plays a key role as a 'guardian of reprogramming', safeguarding genomic integrity during hiPSC reprogramming. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms leading to development of CIN during reprogramming and increased tumorigenic potential of hiPSCs remains to be fully elucidated. In the present study, we analyzed CIN in hiPSCs derived from keratinocytes and established that chromosomal and mitotic aberrations were linked to centrosome amplification, Aurora-A overexpression, abrogation of p53-mediated G1/S cell cycle checkpoint and loss of Rb tumor-suppressor function. When hiPSCs were transplanted into the kidney capsules of immunocompromised mice, they developed high-grade teratomas characterized by the presence of cells that exhibited non-uniform shapes and sizes, high nuclear pleomorphism and centrosome amplification. Significantly, ex vivo cells derived from teratomas exhibited high self-renewal capacity that was linked to Aurora-A kinase activity and gave rise to lung metastasis when injected into the tail vein of immunocompromised mice. Collectively, these findings demonstrated a high risk for malignancy of hiPSCs that exhibit Aurora-A overexpression, loss of Rb function, centrosome amplification and CIN. Based on these findings, we proposed that Aurora-A-targeted therapy could represent a promising prophylactic therapeutic strategy to decrease the likelihood of CIN and development of aggressive teratomas derived from hiPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiga Ohmine
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Salisbury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - James Ingle
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Giuseppe Pettinato
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Candace L Haddox
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Tufia Haddad
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Evanthia Galanis
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Antonino B D'assoro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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8
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Kumar A, Placone JK, Engler AJ. Understanding the extracellular forces that determine cell fate and maintenance. Development 2017; 144:4261-4270. [PMID: 29183939 DOI: 10.1242/dev.158469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells interpret signals from their microenvironment while simultaneously modifying the niche through secreting factors and exerting mechanical forces. Many soluble stem cell cues have been determined over the past century, but in the past decade, our molecular understanding of mechanobiology has advanced to explain how passive and active forces induce similar signaling cascades that drive self-renewal, migration, differentiation or a combination of these outcomes. Improvements in stem cell culture methods, materials and biophysical tools that assess function have improved our understanding of these cascades. Here, we summarize these advances and offer perspective on ongoing challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Kumar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jesse K Placone
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Adam J Engler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA .,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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9
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Dziedzicka D, Markouli C, Barbé L, Spits C, Sermon K, Geens M. A High Proliferation Rate is Critical for Reproducible and Standardized Embryoid Body Formation from Laminin-521-Based Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Cultures. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 12:721-730. [PMID: 27544201 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-016-9679-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
When aiming for homogenous embryoid body (EB) differentiation, the use of equal-sized EBs is required to avoid a size-induced differentiation bias. In this study we developed an efficient and standardized EB formation protocol for human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) cultured in a laminin-521-based xeno-free system. As the cell proliferation rate of the cells growing on laminin-521 strongly affected the efficiency of aggregate formation, we found that recently passaged cells, as well as the addition of ROCK inhibitor, were essential for reproducible EB formation from hPSC single-cell suspensions. EBs could be obtained in a variety of differentiation media, in 96-well round-bottom plates and in hanging drops. Gene expression studies on differentially sized EBs from three individual human embryonic stem cell lines demonstrated that the medium used for differentiation influenced the differentiation outcome to a much greater extent than the number of cells used for the initial EB formation. Our findings give a new insight into factors that influence the EB formation and differentiation process. This optimized method allows us to easily manipulate EB formation and provide an excellent starting point for downstream EB-based differentiation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Dziedzicka
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Christina Markouli
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lise Barbé
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claudia Spits
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karen Sermon
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mieke Geens
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
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10
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Human embryoid bodies to hepatocyte-like clusters: Preparing for translation. LIVER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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11
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Pettinato G, Ramanathan R, Fisher RA, Mangino MJ, Zhang N, Wen X. Scalable Differentiation of Human iPSCs in a Multicellular Spheroid-based 3D Culture into Hepatocyte-like Cells through Direct Wnt/β-catenin Pathway Inhibition. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32888. [PMID: 27616299 PMCID: PMC5018737 DOI: 10.1038/srep32888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of acute liver failure by cell transplantation is hindered by a shortage of human hepatocytes. Current protocols for hepatic differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) result in low yields, cellular heterogeneity, and limited scalability. In the present study, we have developed a novel multicellular spheroid-based hepatic differentiation protocol starting from embryoid bodies of hiPSCs (hiPSC-EBs) for robust mass production of human hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) using two novel inhibitors of the Wnt pathway. The resultant hiPSC-EB-HLCs expressed liver-specific genes, secreted hepatic proteins such as Albumin, Alpha Fetoprotein, and Fibrinogen, metabolized ammonia, and displayed cytochrome P450 activities and functional activities typical of mature primary hepatocytes, such as LDL storage and uptake, ICG uptake and release, and glycogen storage. Cell transplantation of hiPSC-EB-HLC in a rat model of acute liver failure significantly prolonged the mean survival time and resolved the liver injury when compared to the no-transplantation control animals. The transplanted hiPSC-EB-HLCs secreted human albumin into the host plasma throughout the examination period (2 weeks). Transplantation successfully bridged the animals through the critical period for survival after acute liver failure, providing promising clues of integration and full in vivo functionality of these cells after treatment with WIF-1 and DKK-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pettinato
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Rajesh Ramanathan
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Robert A Fisher
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin J. Mangino
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Xuejun Wen
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, People’s Republic of China
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12
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High-Dose Fluoride Impairs the Properties of Human Embryonic Stem Cells via JNK Signaling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148819. [PMID: 26859149 PMCID: PMC4747557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluoride is a ubiquitous natural substance that is often used in dental products to prevent dental caries. The biphasic actions of fluoride imply that excessive systemic exposure to fluoride can cause harmful effects on embryonic development in both animal models and humans. However, insufficient information is available on the effects of fluoride on human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), which is a novel in vitro humanized model for analyzing the embryotoxicities of chemical compounds. Therefore, we investigated the effects of sodium fluoride (NaF) on the proliferation, differentiation and viability of H9 hESCs. For the first time, we showed that 1 mM NaF did not significantly affect the proliferation of hESCs but did disturb the gene expression patterns of hESCs during embryoid body (EB) differentiation. Higher doses of NaF (2 mM and above) markedly decreased the viability and proliferation of hESCs. The mode and underlying mechanism of high-dose NaF-induced cell death were further investigated by assessing the sub-cellular morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), caspase activities, cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). High-dose NaF caused the death of hESCs via apoptosis in a caspase-mediated but ROS-independent pathway, coupled with an increase in the phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) levels. Pretreatment with a p-JNK-specific inhibitor (SP600125) could effectively protect hESCs from NaF-induced cell death in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. These findings suggest that NaF might interfere with early human embryogenesis by disturbing the specification of the three germ layers as well as osteogenic lineage commitment and that high-dose NaF could cause apoptosis through a JNK-dependent pathway in hESCs.
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13
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Matthys OB, Hookway TA, McDevitt TC. Design Principles for Engineering of Tissues from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2016; 2:43-51. [PMID: 27330934 DOI: 10.1007/s40778-016-0030-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) technologies have enabled the engineering of human tissue constructs for developmental studies, disease modeling, and drug screening platforms. In vitro tissue formation can be generally described at three levels of cellular organization. Multicellular hPSC constructs are initially formed either with polymeric scaffold materials or simply via self-assembly, adhesive mechanisms. Heterotypic interactions within hPSC tissue constructs can be achieved by physically mixing independently differentiated cell populations or coaxed to simultaneously co-emerge from a common population of undifferentiated cells. Higher order tissue architecture can be engineered by imposing external spatial constraints, such as molds and scaffolds, or depend upon cell-driven organization that exploits endogenous innate developmental mechanisms. The multicellular, heterogeneous, and highly organized structure of hPSC constructs ultimately dictates the resulting form and function of in vitro engineered human tissue models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriane B Matthys
- The Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA; Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley and University of California San Francisco, Berkeley/San Francisco, CA
| | - Tracy A Hookway
- The Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA
| | - Todd C McDevitt
- The Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Pettinato G, Wen X, Zhang N. Engineering Strategies for the Formation of Embryoid Bodies from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1595-609. [PMID: 25900308 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are powerful tools for regenerative therapy and studying human developmental biology, attributing to their ability to differentiate into many functional cell types in the body. The main challenge in realizing hPSC potential is to guide their differentiation in a well-controlled manner. One way to control the cell differentiation process is to recapitulate during in vitro culture the key events in embryogenesis to obtain the three developmental germ layers from which all cell types arise. To achieve this goal, many techniques have been tested to obtain a cellular cluster, an embryoid body (EB), from both mouse and hPSCs. Generation of EBs that are homogeneous in size and shape would allow directed hPSC differentiation into desired cell types in a more synchronous manner and define the roles of cell-cell interaction and spatial organization in lineage specification in a setting similar to in vivo embryonic development. However, previous success in uniform EB formation from mouse PSCs cannot be extrapolated to hPSCs possibly due to the destabilization of adherens junctions on cell surfaces during the dissociation into single cells, making hPSCs extremely vulnerable to cell death. Recently, new advances have emerged to form uniform human embryoid bodies (hEBs) from dissociated single cells of hPSCs. In this review, the existing methods for hEB production from hPSCs and the results on the downstream differentiation of the hEBs are described with emphases on the efficiency, homogeneity, scalability, and reproducibility of the hEB formation process and the yield in terminal differentiation. New trends in hEB production and directed differentiation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pettinato
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia.,2 Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia
| | - Xuejun Wen
- 2 Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia.,3 Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia
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