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Mulay AR, Hwang J, Kim DH. Microphysiological Blood-Brain Barrier Systems for Disease Modeling and Drug Development. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303180. [PMID: 38430211 PMCID: PMC11338747 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly controlled microenvironment that regulates the interactions between cerebral blood and brain tissue. Due to its selectivity, many therapeutics targeting various neurological disorders are not able to penetrate into brain tissue. Pre-clinical studies using animals and other in vitro platforms have not shown the ability to fully replicate the human BBB leading to the failure of a majority of therapeutics in clinical trials. However, recent innovations in vitro and ex vivo modeling called organs-on-chips have shown the potential to create more accurate disease models for improved drug development. These microfluidic platforms induce physiological stressors on cultured cells and are able to generate more physiologically accurate BBBs compared to previous in vitro models. In this review, different approaches to create BBBs-on-chips are explored alongside their application in modeling various neurological disorders and potential therapeutic efficacy. Additionally, organs-on-chips use in BBB drug delivery studies is discussed, and advances in linking brain organs-on-chips onto multiorgan platforms to mimic organ crosstalk are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atharva R. Mulay
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Jihyun Hwang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205
- Center for Microphysiological Systems, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21218
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2
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Li J, Zhang S, Chen R. Pharmacokinetics and multi-peak phenomenon analysis of novel anti-Parkinson's drug FLZ after multi-dose in cynomolgus monkeys. Xenobiotica 2024; 54:201-210. [PMID: 38563808 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2024.2326475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The novel anti-Parkinson disease drug, FLZ, had a complicated drug absorption and metabolise process reported in single-dose studies. A multi-peak absorption peak phenomenon was found.This study focused on the multi-dose pharmacokinetics (PK) characteristics of FLZ, T1, and T2 in cynomolgus monkeys and raised discussion on its multi-peak absorption situation. Different doses of FLZ ranging from 75 to 300 mg/kg were administered orally to 16 cynomolgus monkeys. The whole treatment period lasted for 42 days with FLZ once a day.The primary metabolites of FLZ were Target1 (T1) and Target2 (T2), which had plasma exposure (calculated as AUC0-24, day 42) approximately 2 and 10 times higher than the parent drug. The proportion of plasma exposure increase was lower than the proportion of dose increase in FLZ, T1, and T2.Gender influenced its exposure (AUC0-24) with approximately 3-fold higher in males than females. There was no significant accumulation of T1 and T2. Enterohepatic Circulation (EHC) and gastrointestinal (GI) tract absorption may be involved in the mechanism of multi-peak characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shuofeng Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Centre, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK and PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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3
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Cooper CG, Kafetzis KN, Patabendige A, Tagalakis AD. Blood-brain barrier disruption in dementia: Nano-solutions as new treatment options. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:1359-1385. [PMID: 38154805 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Candidate drugs targeting the central nervous system (CNS) demonstrate extremely low clinical success rates, with more than 98% of potential treatments being discontinued due to poor blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Neurological conditions were shown to be the second leading cause of death globally in 2016, with the number of people currently affected by neurological disorders increasing rapidly. This increasing trend, along with an inability to develop BBB permeating drugs, is presenting a major hurdle in the treatment of CNS-related disorders, like dementia. To overcome this, it is necessary to understand the structure and function of the BBB, including the transport of molecules across its interface in both healthy and pathological conditions. The use of CNS drug carriers is rapidly gaining popularity in CNS research due to their ability to target BBB transport systems. Further research and development of drug delivery vehicles could provide essential information that can be used to develop novel treatments for neurological conditions. This review discusses the BBB and its transport systems and evaluates the potential of using nanoparticle-based delivery systems as drug carriers for CNS disease with a focus on dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adjanie Patabendige
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Aristides D Tagalakis
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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4
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Fang J, He Y, Cao Y, Shi Y, Wang H, Hong Z, Chai Y. Effect of P-Glycoprotein on the Blood-Brain Barrier Transport of the Major Active Constituents of Salvia miltiorrhiza Based on the MDCK-MDR1 Cell Model. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:766-772. [PMID: 36704945 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (S. miltiorrhiza) is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been widely used in the treatment of various central nervous system (CNS) diseases. However, the mechanism of active components of S. miltiorrhiza crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) stays unclear. The purpose of this study was to clarify the mechanism of four ingredients of S. miltiorrhiza, i.e., cryptotanshinone (CTS), dihydrotanshinone I (DTS I), tanshinone IIA (TS IIA), and protocatechuic acid (PCTA) crossing the BBB using the in vitro model. The bidirectional transport of detectable components was tested using the MDCK-MDR1 monolayers. High performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-QQQ/MS) was used to detect the content changes of S. miltiorrhiza monomer components transported through the BBB. Papp of CTS, DTS I, and TS IIA in the absorption direction were lower than 1.0 × 10-6 cm/s, suggesting that these components were poorly absorbed, while PCTA was moderately absorbed through the BBB. The efflux ratio (ER) of CTS, DTS I, TS IIA, and PCTA were 1.65, 0.92, 4.27, and 1.48, respectively. After treatment with P-gp inhibitor tariquidar, the efflux ratio (ER) of CTS, DTS I, and TS IIA significantly decreased from 1.65 to 1.27, 0.92 to 0.36, and 4.27 to 0.86 (P < 0.05), respectively, while the efflux ratio of PCTA decreased without significance from 1.48 to 0.80. This indicated that the transport of CTS, DTS I, and TS IIA might be related to P-gp. TS IIA and CTS were verified as the substrates of P-gp among the four components since the ER of TS IIA and CTS is greater than 1.5. For PCTA and DTS I, their transport mechanism may be related to other transport proteins or passive transport. The results were confirmed by molecular docking in our current work. In this study, an in vitro BBB model was established and applied to the trans-BBB study of active components in S. miltiorrhiza for the first time, which may provide a basis for further research on the mechanisms of other TCMs in treating CNS diseases and is of great significance in promoting the rational and effective use of TCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Yuzhen He
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Yuhong Cao
- Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou310057, China
| | - Yiwei Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Zhanying Hong
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Yifeng Chai
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai200433, China
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5
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Huang J, Ding J, Wang X, Gu C, He Y, Li Y, Fan H, Xie Q, Qi X, Wang Z, Qiu P. Transfer of neuron-derived α-synuclein to astrocytes induces neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier damage after methamphetamine exposure: Involving the regulation of nuclear receptor-associated protein 1. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 106:247-261. [PMID: 36089218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The α-synuclein (α-syn) is involved in methamphetamine (METH)-induced neurotoxicity. Neurons can transfer excessive α-syn to neighboring neurons and glial cells. The effects of α-syn aggregation in astrocytes after METH exposure on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains unclear. Our previous study demonstrated that nuclear receptor-related protein 1 (Nurr1), a member of the nuclear receptor family widely expressed in the brain, was involved in the process of METH-induced α-syn accumulated in astrocytes to activate neuroinflammation. The role Nurr1 plays in astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation, which results in BBB injury induced by METH, remains uncertain. This study found that METH up-regulated α-syn expression in neurons extended to astrocytes, thereby eliciting astrocyte activation, increasing and decreasing IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and GDNF levels by down-regulating Nurr1 expression, and ultimately damaging the BBB. Specifically, the permeability of BBB to Evans blue and sodium fluorescein (NaF) increased; IgG deposits in the brain parenchyma increased; the Claudin5, Occludin, and PDGFRβ levels decreased. Several ultrastructural pathological changes occurred in the BBB, such as abnormal cerebral microvascular diameter, astrocyte end-foot swelling, decreased pericyte coverage, and loss of tight junctions. However, knockout or inhibition of α-syn or astrocyte-specific overexpression of Nurr1 partially alleviated these symptoms and BBB injury. Moreover, the in vitro experiments confirmed that METH increased α-syn level in the primary cultured neurons, which could be further transferred to primary cultured astrocytes, resulting in decreased Nurr1 levels. The decreased Nurr1 levels mediated the increase of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and the decrease of GDNF, thereby changing the permeability to NaF, transendothelial electrical resistance, and Claudin5 and Occludin levels of primary cultured brain microvascular endothelial cells. Based on our findings, we proposed a new mechanism to elucidate METH-induced BBB injury and presented α-syn and Nurr1 as promising drug intervention targets to reduce BBB injury and resulting neurotoxicity in METH abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiuyang Ding
- School of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cihang Gu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yitong He
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanning Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoliang Fan
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiqian Xie
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China; Department of Infertility and Sexual Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Pingming Qiu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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6
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Nwabufo CK, Aigbogun OP. Diagnostic and therapeutic agents that target alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2022; 269:5762-5786. [PMID: 35831620 PMCID: PMC9281355 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of disease-modifying drugs and differential diagnostic agents is an urgent medical need in Parkinson’s disease. Despite the complex pathophysiological pathway, the misfolding of alpha-synuclein has been identified as a putative biomarker for detecting the onset and progression of the neurodegeneration associated with Parkinson’s disease. Identifying the most appropriate alpha-synuclein-based diagnostic modality with clinical translation will revolutionize the diagnosis of Parkinson’s. Likewise, molecules that target alpha-synuclein could alter the disease pathway that leads to Parkinson’s and may serve as first-in class therapeutics compared to existing treatment options such as levodopa and dopamine agonist that do not necessarily modify the disease pathway. Notwithstanding the promising benefits that alpha-synuclein presents to therapeutics and diagnostics development for Parkinson’s disease, finding ways to address potential challenges such as inadequate preclinical models, safety and efficacy will be paramount to achieving clinical translation. In this comprehensive review paper, we described the role of alpha-synuclein in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease, as well as how its structure and function relationship delineate disease onset and progression. We further discussed different alpha-synuclein-based diagnostic modalities including biomolecular assays and molecular imaging. Finally, we presented current small molecules and biologics that are being developed as disease-modifying drugs or positron emission tomography imaging probes for Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwunonso K Nwabufo
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada.
| | - Omozojie P Aigbogun
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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7
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Salmina AB, Malinovskaya NA, Morgun AV, Khilazheva ED, Uspenskaya YA, Illarioshkin SN. Reproducibility of developmental neuroplasticity in in vitro brain tissue models. Rev Neurosci 2022; 33:531-554. [PMID: 34983132 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2021-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The current prevalence of neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative diseases, stroke and brain injury stimulates studies aimed to identify new molecular targets, to select the drug candidates, to complete the whole set of preclinical and clinical trials, and to implement new drugs into routine neurological practice. Establishment of protocols based on microfluidics, blood-brain barrier- or neurovascular unit-on-chip, and microphysiological systems allowed improving the barrier characteristics and analyzing the regulation of local microcirculation, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis. Reconstruction of key mechanisms of brain development and even some aspects of experience-driven brain plasticity would be helpful in the establishment of brain in vitro models with the highest degree of reliability. Activity, metabolic status and expression pattern of cells within the models can be effectively assessed with the protocols of system biology, cell imaging, and functional cell analysis. The next generation of in vitro models should demonstrate high scalability, 3D or 4D complexity, possibility to be combined with other tissues or cell types within the microphysiological systems, compatibility with bio-inks or extracellular matrix-like materials, achievement of adequate vascularization, patient-specific characteristics, and opportunity to provide high-content screening. In this review, we will focus on currently available and prospective brain tissue in vitro models suitable for experimental and preclinical studies with the special focus on models enabling 4D reconstruction of brain tissue for the assessment of brain development, brain plasticity, and drug kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla B Salmina
- Laboratory of Experimental Brain Cytology, Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoe Highway 80, Moscow, 125367, Russia.,Research Institute of Molecular Medicine & Pathobiochemistry, Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, P. Zhelenzyaka str., 1, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
| | - Natalia A Malinovskaya
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine & Pathobiochemistry, Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, P. Zhelenzyaka str., 1, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
| | - Andrey V Morgun
- Department of Ambulatory Pediatrics, Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, P. Zheleznyaka str., 1, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
| | - Elena D Khilazheva
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine & Pathobiochemistry, Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, P. Zhelenzyaka str., 1, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
| | - Yulia A Uspenskaya
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine & Pathobiochemistry, Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, P. Zhelenzyaka str., 1, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
| | - Sergey N Illarioshkin
- Department of Brain Studies, Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoe Highway, 80, Moscow 125367, Russia
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8
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Klein VG, Bond AG, Craigon C, Lokey RS, Ciulli A. Amide-to-Ester Substitution as a Strategy for Optimizing PROTAC Permeability and Cellular Activity. J Med Chem 2021; 64:18082-18101. [PMID: 34881891 PMCID: PMC8713283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Criteria for predicting the druglike properties of "beyond Rule of 5" Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTAC) degraders are underdeveloped. PROTAC components are often combined via amide couplings due to their reliability. Amides, however, can give rise to poor absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties. We hypothesized that a bioisosteric amide-to-ester substitution could lead to improvements in both physicochemical properties and bioactivity. Using model compounds, bearing either amides or esters, we identify parameters for optimal lipophilicity and permeability. We applied these learnings to design a set of novel amide-to-ester-substituted, VHL-based BET degraders with the goal to increase permeability. Our ester PROTACs retained intracellular stability, were overall more potent degraders than their amide counterparts, and showed an earlier onset of the hook effect. These enhancements were driven by greater cell permeability rather than improvements in ternary complex formation. This largely unexplored amide-to-ester substitution provides a simple strategy to enhance PROTAC permeability and bioactivity and may prove beneficial to other beyond Ro5 molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria G Klein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Adam G Bond
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Conner Craigon
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - R Scott Lokey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Alessio Ciulli
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
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9
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Ding Y, Shusta EV, Palecek SP. Integrating in vitro disease models of the neurovascular unit into discovery and development of neurotherapeutics. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2021; 20:100341. [PMID: 34693102 PMCID: PMC8530278 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2021.100341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) regulates the transport of small molecules, proteins, and cells between the bloodstream and the central nervous system (CNS). Brain microvascular endothelial cells work with other resident brain cell types, including pericytes, astrocytes, neurons, and microglia, to form the neurovascular unit (NVU) and maintain BBB integrity. The restrictive barrier influences the pathogenesis of many CNS diseases, and impedes the delivery of neurotherapeutics into the CNS. In vitro NVU models enable the discovery of complex cell-cell interactions involved in human BBB pathophysiology in diseases including Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD) and viral infections of the brain. In vitro NVU models have also been deployed to study the delivery of neurotherapeutics across the BBB, including small molecule drugs, monoclonal antibodies, gene therapy vectors and immune cells. The high scalability, accessibility, and phenotype fidelity of in vitro NVU models can facilitate the discovery and development of effective neurotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Ding
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Eric V Shusta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sean P Palecek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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10
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Cai P, Zheng Y, Sun Y, Zhang C, Zhang Q, Liu Q. New Blood-Brain Barrier Models Using Primary Parkinson's Disease Rat Brain Endothelial Cells and Astrocytes for the Development of Central Nervous System Drug Delivery Systems. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3829-3837. [PMID: 34623131 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor system defects due to the loss of dopaminergic neurons. A significant contributor to the current limited therapeutic treatments for PD is the poor penetration of potential drugs through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a highly specialized neurovascular system that separates components of the circulating blood from neurons. There is a great need to develop in vitro BBB models that retain fundamental characteristics and reliably predict the permeability of drug candidates. BBB breakdown may initiate and/or contribute to neuronal dysfunction and loss in diseases such as PD. However, there is no in vitro BBB model that mimics the pathological state of PD. To construct in vitro BBB models for drug delivery systems in the developing central nervous system (CNS), we isolated high purity endothelial cells from both normal and PD rat brain microvessels. The primary rat endothelial cell cultures maintained the properties of their in vivo counterparts. We developed and characterized in vitro rat endothelial cell and C6 glial cell coculture BBB models. We further examined the morphological and functional integrity of the barriers. The in vitro coculture BBB models we established displayed the typical cytoarchitecture and cellular markers by immunofluorescence staining and electron microscopy, high transendothelial electrical resistance (>300 Ω cm2), and a low permeability value (<3 × 10-6 cm/s). Our new models can be used to study BBB dysfunctions in relation to the pathogenesis and progression of PD, as well as a screening tool to test candidate drugs for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Cai
- Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yilin Sun
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Brain Tumor Center, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing 10050, China
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11
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Mesiti F, Gaspar A, Chavarria D, Maruca A, Rocca R, Gil Martins E, Barreiro S, Silva R, Fernandes C, Gul S, Keminer O, Alcaro S, Borges F. Mapping Chromone-3-Phenylcarboxamide Pharmacophore: Quid Est Veritas? J Med Chem 2021; 64:11169-11182. [PMID: 34269579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chromone-3-phenylcarboxamides (Crom-1 and Crom-2) were identified as potent, selective, and reversible inhibitors of human monoamine oxidase B (hMAO-B). Since they exhibit some absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME)-toxicity liabilities, new derivatives were synthesized to map the chemical structural features that compose the pharmacophore, a process vital for lead optimization. Structure-activity relationship data, supported by molecular docking studies, provided a rationale for the contribution of the heterocycle's rigidity, the carbonyl group, and the benzopyran heteroatom for hMAO-B inhibitory activity. From the study, N-(3-chlorophenyl)-4H-thiochromone-3-carboxamide (31) (hMAO-B IC50 = 1.52 ± 0.15 nM) emerged as a reversible tight binding inhibitor with an improved pharmacological profile. In in vitro ADME-toxicity studies, compound 31 showed a safe cytotoxicity profile in Caco-2, SH-SY5Y, HUVEC, HEK-293, and MCF-7 cells, did not present cardiotoxic effects, and did not affect P-gp transport activity. Compound 31 also protected SH-SY5Y cells from iron(III)-induced damage. Collectively, these studies highlighted compound 31 as the first-in-class and a suitable candidate for in vivo preclinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mesiti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Campus "Salvatore Venuta", Catanzaro 88100, Italy.,Net4Science srl, Academic Spinoff, Università "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Campus "Salvatore Venuta", Catanzaro 88100, Italy.,CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Gaspar
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Daniel Chavarria
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Annalisa Maruca
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Campus "Salvatore Venuta", Catanzaro 88100, Italy.,Net4Science srl, Academic Spinoff, Università "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Campus "Salvatore Venuta", Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Roberta Rocca
- Net4Science srl, Academic Spinoff, Università "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Campus "Salvatore Venuta", Catanzaro 88100, Italy.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Eva Gil Martins
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Sandra Barreiro
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Renata Silva
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Carlos Fernandes
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Sheraz Gul
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Hamburg 22525, Germany.,Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hamburg Site, Hamburg 22525, Germany
| | - Oliver Keminer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Hamburg 22525, Germany.,Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hamburg Site, Hamburg 22525, Germany
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Campus "Salvatore Venuta", Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
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12
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Xie J, Shen Z, Anraku Y, Kataoka K, Chen X. Nanomaterial-based blood-brain-barrier (BBB) crossing strategies. Biomaterials 2019; 224:119491. [PMID: 31546096 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increasing attention has been paid to the diseases of central nervous system (CNS). The penetration efficiency of most CNS drugs into the brain parenchyma is rather limited due to the existence of blood-brain barrier (BBB). Thus, BBB crossing for drug delivery to CNS remains a significant challenge in the development of neurological therapeutics. Because of the advantageous properties (e.g., relatively high drug loading content, controllable drug release, excellent passive and active targeting, good stability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and low toxicity), nanomaterials with BBB-crossability have been widely developed for the treatment of CNS diseases. This review summarizes the current understanding of the physiological structure of BBB, and provides various nanomaterial-based BBB-crossing strategies for brain delivery of theranostic agents, including intranasal delivery, temporary disruption of BBB, local delivery, cell penetrating peptide (CPP) mediated BBB-crossing, receptor mediated BBB-crossing, shuttle peptide mediated BBB-crossing, and cells mediated BBB-crossing. Clinicians, biologists, material scientists and chemists are expected to be interested in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbing Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Zheyu Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Yasutaka Anraku
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan; Policy Alternatives Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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13
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Zhang W, Liu M, Yang L, Huang F, Lan Y, Li H, Wu H, Zhang B, Shi H, Wu X. P-glycoprotein Inhibitor Tariquidar Potentiates Efficacy of Astragaloside IV in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Mice. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030561. [PMID: 30717494 PMCID: PMC6384695 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), often reduce drug efficacy and are the major cause of drug resistance. Astragaloside IV (ASIV), one of the bioactive saponins isolated from Astragalus membranaceus, has been demonstrated to alleviate the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice, an animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). In the present study, we found for the first time that ASIV induced the upregulation of P-gp and BCRP in the central nervous system (CNS) microvascular endothelial cells of EAE mice. Further study disclosed that tariquidar, a P-gp inhibitor, could facilitate the penetration of ASIV into CNS. On bEnd.3 cells, a mouse brain microvascular endothelial cell line, tariquidar benefited the net uptake and transport of ASIV. Additional molecular docking experiment suggested that ASIV might be a potential substrate of P-gp. In EAE mice, tariquidar was demonstrated to enhance the efficacy of ASIV, as shown by attenuated clinical symptom and reduced incidence rate as well as mitigated inflammatory infiltration and decreased demyelination in the CNS. Collectively, our findings implicate that P-gp inhibitor can promote the therapeutic efficacy of ASIV on EAE mice, which may boost its clinical usage together with ASIV in the therapy of MS.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/antagonists & inhibitors
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/metabolism
- Animals
- Blood-Brain Barrier
- Cell Line
- Drug Synergism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Mice
- Molecular Conformation
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- Molecular Dynamics Simulation
- Quinolines/chemistry
- Quinolines/metabolism
- Quinolines/pharmacokinetics
- Saponins/chemistry
- Saponins/metabolism
- Saponins/pharmacology
- Substrate Specificity
- Triterpenes/chemistry
- Triterpenes/metabolism
- Triterpenes/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, the State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Mei Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, the State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Liu Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, the State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Fei Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, the State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yunyi Lan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, the State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Hongli Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, the State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Hui Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, the State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, the State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Hailian Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, the State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, the State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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14
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Deng FL, Pan JX, Zheng P, Xia JJ, Yin BM, Liang WW, Li YF, Wu J, Xu F, Wu QY, Qu CH, Li W, Wang HY, Xie P. Metabonomics reveals peripheral and central short-chain fatty acid and amino acid dysfunction in a naturally occurring depressive model of macaques. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:1077-1088. [PMID: 31118641 PMCID: PMC6501704 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s186071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Depression is a complex psychiatric disorder. Various depressive rodent models are usually constructed based on different pathogenesis hypotheses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Herein, using our previously established naturally occurring depressive (NOD) model in a non-human primate (cynomolgus monkey, Macaca fascularis), we performed metabolomics analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from NOD female macaques (N=10) and age-and gender-matched healthy controls (HCs) (N=12). Multivariate statistical analysis was used to identify the differentially expressed metabolites between the two groups. Ingenuity Pathways Analysis and MetaboAnalyst were applied for predicted pathways and biological functions analysis. RESULTS Totally, 37 metabolites responsible for discriminating the two groups were identified. The NOD macaques were mainly characterized by perturbations of fatty acid biosynthesis, ABC transport system, and amino acid metabolism (eg, aspartate, glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism). Interestingly, we found that eight altered CSF metabolites belonging to short-chain fatty acids and amino acids were also observed in the serum of NOD macaques (N=13 per group). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that peripheral and central short-chain fatty acids and amino acids are implicated in the onset of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Li Deng
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, People's Republic of China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Xi Pan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zheng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Jun Xia
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China,
| | - Bang-Min Yin
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, People's Republic of China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China,
| | - Wei-Wei Liang
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, People's Republic of China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China,
| | - Fan Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China,
| | - Qing-Yuan Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Neurology, Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao-Hua Qu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China,
| | - Wei Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China,
| | - Hai-Yang Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China,
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, People's Republic of China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China,
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15
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Li CX, Wang XQ, Cheng FF, Yan X, Luo J, Wang QG. Hyodeoxycholic acid protects the neurovascular unit against oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation-induced injury in vitro. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1941-1949. [PMID: 31290452 PMCID: PMC6676877 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.259617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Calculus bovis is commonly used for the treatment of stroke in traditional Chinese medicine. Hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA) is a bioactive compound extracted from calculus bovis. When combined with cholic acid, baicalin and jas-minoidin, HDCA prevents hypoxia-reoxygenation-induced brain injury by suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptotic signaling. However, the effects of HDCA in ischemic stroke injury have not yet been studied. Neurovascular unit (NVU) dysfunction occurs in ischemic stroke. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of HDCA on the NVU under ischemic conditions in vitro. We co-cultured primary brain microvascular endothelial cells, neurons and astrocytes using a transwell chamber co-culture system. The NVU was pre-treated with 10.16 or 2.54 μg/mL HDCA for 24 hours before exposure to oxygen-glucose deprivation for 1 hour. The cell counting kit-8 assay was used to detect cell activity. Flow cytometry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling were used to assess apoptosis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, and neurotrophic factors, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. Oxidative stress-related factors, such as superoxide dismutase, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde and γ-glutamyltransferase, were measured using kits. Pretreatment with HDCA significantly decreased blood-brain barrier permeability and neuronal apoptosis, significantly increased transendothelial electrical resistance and γ-glutamyltransferase activity, attenuated oxidative stress damage and the release of inflammatory cytokines, and increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor expression. Our findings suggest that HDCA maintains NVU morphological integrity and function by modulating inflammation, oxidation stress, apoptosis, and the expression of neurotrophic factors. Therefore, HDCA may have therapeutic potential in the clinical management of ischemic stroke. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Experimental Animals of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (approval No. BUCM-3-2016040201-2003) in April 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Xiang Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Qian Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fa-Feng Cheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Yan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Luo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Guo Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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16
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Cellular Models and In Vitro Assays for the Screening of modulators of P-gp, MRP1 and BCRP. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040600. [PMID: 28397762 PMCID: PMC6153761 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are highly expressed in tumor cells, as well as in organs involved in absorption and secretion processes, mediating the ATP-dependent efflux of compounds, both endogenous substances and xenobiotics, including drugs. Their expression and activity levels are modulated by the presence of inhibitors, inducers and/or activators. In vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies with both known and newly synthesized P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inducers and/or activators have shown the usefulness of these transport mechanisms in reducing the systemic exposure and specific tissue access of potentially harmful compounds. This article focuses on the main ABC transporters involved in multidrug resistance [P-gp, multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)] expressed in tissues of toxicological relevance, such as the blood-brain barrier, cardiovascular system, liver, kidney and intestine. Moreover, it provides a review of the available cellular models, in vitro and ex vivo assays for the screening and selection of safe and specific inducers and activators of these membrane transporters. The available cellular models and in vitro assays have been proposed as high throughput and low-cost alternatives to excessive animal testing, allowing the evaluation of a large number of compounds.
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17
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Yamamoto Y, Arai J, Hisa T, Saito Y, Mukai T, Ohshima T, Maeda M, Yamamoto F. Isomeric iodinated analogs of nimesulide: Synthesis, physicochemical characterization, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory activity, and transport across Caco-2 cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3727-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The blood-brain barrier (BBB) possesses an outstanding ability to protect the brain against xenobiotics and potentially poisonous metabolites. Owing to this, ATP binding cassette (ABC) export proteins have garnered significant interest in the research community. These transport proteins are predominantly localized to the luminal membrane of brain microvessels, where they recognize a wide range of different substrates and transport them back into the blood circulation. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes recent findings on these transport proteins, including their expression in the endothelial cell membrane and their substrate recognition. Signaling cascades underlying the expression and function of these proteins will be discussed as well as their role in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and brain tumors. EXPERT OPINION ABC transporters represent an integral part of the human transportome and are of particular interest at the blood-brain barrier they as they significantly contribute to brain homeostasis. In addition, they appear to be involved in myriad CNS diseases. Therefore studying their mechanisms of action as well as their signaling cascades and responses to internal and external stimuli will help us understand the pathogenesis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mahringer
- a Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology , Ruprecht-Karls University , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Gert Fricker
- a Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology , Ruprecht-Karls University , Heidelberg , Germany
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19
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Sun H, Liu XD, Liu Q, Wang FP, Bao XQ, Zhang D. Reversal of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance by the novel tetrandrine derivative W6. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2015; 17:638-648. [PMID: 26235354 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2015.1047772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of ATP-dependent efflux pump P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is the main cause of multidrug resistance (MDR) and chemotherapy failure in cancer treatment. Inhibition of P-gp-mediated drug efflux is an effective way to overcome cancer drug resistance. The present study investigated the reversal effect of the novel tetrandrine derivative W6 on P-gp-mediated MDR. KBv200, MCF-7/adr and their parental sensitive cell lines KB, MCF-7 were used for reversal study. The intracellular accumulation with P-gp substrates of doxorubicin was determined by flow cytometry. The expression of P-gp and ERK1/2 was investigated by western blot and real-time-PCR (RT-PCR) analysis. ATPase activity of P-gp was performed by P-gp-Glo(TM) assay systems. In comparison with P-gp-negative parental cells, W6 produced a favorable reversal effect in the MDR cells, as determined using the MTT assay. W6 significantly and dose-dependently increased intracellular accumulation of P-gp substrate doxorubicin (DOX) in P-gp overexpressing KBv200 cells, and also inhibited the ATPase activity of P-gp. W6 inhibited P-gp expression in KBv200 cells in a time-dependent manner, but it had no effect on MDR1 expression. In addition, W6 significantly decreased the ERK1/2 activation in KBv200 cells. Our results showed that W6 effectively reversed P-gp-mediated MDR by inhibiting the transport function and expression of P-gp, demonstrating the potential clinical utility of W6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Sun
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
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