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Kirwan JP, Heintz EC, Rebello CJ, Axelrod CL. Exercise in the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Compr Physiol 2023; 13:4559-4585. [PMID: 36815623 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a systemic, multifactorial disease that is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Despite a rise in the number of available medications and treatments available for management, exercise remains a first-line prevention and intervention strategy due to established safety, efficacy, and tolerability in the general population. Herein we review the predisposing risk factors for, prevention, pathophysiology, and treatment of type 2 diabetes. We emphasize key cellular and molecular adaptive processes that provide insight into our evolving understanding of how, when, and what types of exercise may improve glycemic control. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:1-27, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Kirwan
- Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Heintz
- Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Candida J Rebello
- Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Christopher L Axelrod
- Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Acikel Elmas M, Cakıcı SE, Dur IR, Kozluca I, Arınc M, Binbuga B, Bingol Ozakpınar O, Kolgazi M, Sener G, Ercan F. Protective effects of exercise on heart and aorta in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Tissue Cell 2019; 57:57-65. [PMID: 30947964 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Merve Acikel Elmas
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Histology and Embryology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seyit Enes Cakıcı
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ismail Rahmi Dur
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Kozluca
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melih Arınc
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berkant Binbuga
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Meltem Kolgazi
- Department of Physiology, Acibadem University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Goksel Sener
- Department of Pharmacology, Marmara University Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Feriha Ercan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Gonçalves TT, Lazaro CM, De Mateo FG, Campos MC, Mezencio JG, Claudino MA, de O Carvalho P, Webb RC, Priviero FB. Effects of glucosyl-hesperidin and physical training on body weight, plasma lipids, oxidative status and vascular reactivity of rats fed with high-fat diet. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2018; 11:321-332. [PMID: 30013377 PMCID: PMC6037267 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s153661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with glucosyl hesperidin (GH), with or without physical training, on body weight, fat depot, glucose and plasma lipids, oxidative status and vascular function of rats fed with high-fat diet (HFD). METHODS After weaning, male Wistar rats were fed with an HFD plus fructose for 12 weeks and started receiving oral antioxidant supplementation and/or physical training after the fourth week of diet for eight further weeks. Body weight, epididymal and retroperitoneal fat, plasma glucose and lipids, oxidative status and mesenteric artery reactivity were evaluated. RESULTS Rats fed with HFD presented higher body weight gain and fat accumulation compared to control rats, while GH supplementation did not influence these parameters. Physical training reduced the body weight gain and fat accumulation and modulated the oxidative status by increasing superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidant capacity and reducing lipid peroxidation. GH alone decreased lipid peroxidation. However, when given to exercised rats, it impaired the response elicited by physical training. HFD caused endothelial dysfunction, and neither GH nor physical exercise prevented it. Potency of sodium nitroprusside was increased in exercised animals but not in GH-supplemented rats. CONCLUSION Physical exercise partially decreased the body fat accumulation, decreased plasma levels of glucose and lipids and improved general oxidative status and endothelium-independent relaxation in mesenteric arteries of rats fed with HFD. GH exhibited benefits only in the oxidative status. However, GH given in association with physical exercise did not cause further changes in addition to those promoted by physical exercise. On the contrary, in exercised animals, GH prevented those changes elicited by physical training in plasma glucose and lipids, oxidative status and endothelium-independent relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Tomazini Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil,
| | - Carolina M Lazaro
- Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil,
| | - Fernanda G De Mateo
- Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil,
| | - Marcela Cb Campos
- Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil,
| | - Jackeline Gb Mezencio
- Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil,
| | - Mario A Claudino
- Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil,
| | - Patrícia de O Carvalho
- Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil,
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA,
| | - Fernanda Bm Priviero
- Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil,
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA,
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Li W, Zhang Y, Xu X, Wang K, Ding W. Relationship between osteogenesis and angiogenesis in ovariectomized osteoporotic rats after exercise training. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2017; 10:11438-11449. [PMID: 31966499 PMCID: PMC6966078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To reveal the role of exercise training in regulating osteogenesis and angiogenesis in rats after ovariectomy (OVX), then further examine the relationship between osteoporosis (OP) and local blood supply. Ninety-six rats were randomly assigned to OVX, OVX + exercise (OVX + Exe), sham operation (CON), and sham + exercise (CON + Exe) groups. Bone mineral density (BMD) was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer (DXA). Microarchitecture and angiogenesis of the femoral condyles were measured by micro-cumputed tomography (micro-CT). The femoral artery was separated for evaluating the vasodilation and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene expression.BMD was markedly lower in the OVX than CON and CON + Exe groups. The trabecular bone integrity was better in the OVX + Exe than OVX group, but BMD showed no significant difference. The bone parameters indicated OP characteristics in rats after OVX, parts of them were relatively improved after exercise training. Acetylcholine-induced vessel vasodilation was enhanced by exercise training, but blocked by a NOS inhibitor. eNOS gene expression in femoral vessels showed a downward trend after OVX, and a upward trend in CON group, but seemed not to be affected by exercise training. Angiogenesis in the femur was lower in the OVX group than the CON group, but substantially better in the OVX + Exe than OVX group. Exercise training enhancing acetylcholine-induced femoral artery vasodilation and bone angiogenesis improve the blood supply of bone to facilitate osteogenesis in the OP site and therefore delay the progression of OP after menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yantaishan HospitalYantai, China
| | - Yige Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityChangzhou, China
| | - Xu Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityChangzhou, China
| | - Kejie Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityChangzhou, China
| | - Wenge Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityChangzhou, China
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NO Signaling in the Cardiovascular System and Exercise. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1000:211-245. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4304-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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das Graças Coelho de Souza M, Kraemer-Aguiar LG, Bouskela E. Inflammation-induced microvascular dysfunction in obesity – A translational approach. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2017; 64:645-654. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-168018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria das Graças Coelho de Souza
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas e Experimentais em Biologia Vascular, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luiz Guilherme Kraemer-Aguiar
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas e Experimentais em Biologia Vascular, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Ambulatório de Obesidade, Policlínica Piquet Carneiro, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eliete Bouskela
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas e Experimentais em Biologia Vascular, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Silva JF, Correa IC, Diniz TF, Lima PM, Santos RL, Cortes SF, Coimbra CC, Lemos VS. Obesity, Inflammation, and Exercise Training: Relative Contribution of iNOS and eNOS in the Modulation of Vascular Function in the Mouse Aorta. Front Physiol 2016; 7:386. [PMID: 27656148 PMCID: PMC5013134 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The understanding of obsesity-related vascular dysfunction remains controversial mainly because of the diseases associated with vascular injury. Exercise training is known to prevent vascular dysfunction. Using an obesity model without comorbidities, we aimed at investigating the underlying mechanism of vascular dysfunction and how exercise interferes with this process. Methods: High-sugar diet was used to induce obesity in mice. Exercise training was performed 5 days/week. Body weight, energy intake, and adipose tissues were assessed; blood metabolic and hormonal parameters were determined; and serum TNFα was measured. Blood pressure and heart rate were assessed by plethysmography. Changes in aortic isometric tension were recorded on myograph. Western blot was used to analyze protein expression. Nitric oxide (NO) was evaluated using fluorescence microscopy. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides were used for inducible nitric oxide synthase isoform (iNOS) knockdown. Results: Body weight, fat mass, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol fraction, insulin, and leptin were higher in the sedentary obese group (SD) than in the sedentary control animals (SS). Exercise training prevented these changes. No difference in glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and heart rate was found. Decreased vascular relaxation and reduced endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) functioning in the SD group were prevented by exercise. Contractile response to phenylephrine was decreased in the aortas of the wild SD mice, compared with that of the SS group; however, no alteration was noted in the SD iNOS−/− animals. The decreased contractility was endothelium-dependent, and was reverted by iNOS inhibition or iNOS silencing. The aortas from the SD group showed increased basal NO production, serum TNFα, TNF receptor-1, and phospho-IκB. Exercise training attenuated iNOS-dependent reduction in contractile response in high-sugar diet–fed animals, decreased iNOS expression, and increased eNOS expression. Conclusion: Obesity caused endothelium dysfunction, TNFα, and iNOS pathway up-regulation, decreasing vascular contractility in the obese animals. Exercise training was an effective therapy to control iNOS-dependent NO production and to preserve endothelial function in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane F Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Izabella C Correa
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thiago F Diniz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Paulo M Lima
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Roger L Santos
- Department of Physiological Science, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Steyner F Cortes
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cândido C Coimbra
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Virginia S Lemos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Bertram S, Brixius K, Brinkmann C. Exercise for the diabetic brain: how physical training may help prevent dementia and Alzheimer's disease in T2DM patients. Endocrine 2016; 53:350-63. [PMID: 27160819 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-0976-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at increased risk of developing dementia/Alzheimer's disease (AD). This review, which is based on recent studies, presents a molecular framework that links the two diseases and explains how physical training could help counteract neurodegeneration in T2DM patients. Inflammatory, oxidative, and metabolic changes in T2DM patients cause cerebrovascular complications and can lead to blood-brain-barrier (BBB) breakdown. Peripherally increased pro-inflammatory molecules can then pass the BBB more easily and activate stress-activated pathways, thereby promoting key pathological features of dementia/AD such as brain insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and accumulation of neurotoxic beta-amyloid (Aβ) oligomers, leading to synaptic loss, neuronal dysfunction, and cell death. Ceramides can also pass the BBB, induce pro-inflammatory reactions, and disturb brain insulin signaling. In a vicious circle, oxidative stress and the pro-inflammatory environment intensify, leading to further cognitive decline. Low testosterone levels might be a common risk factor in T2DM and AD. Regular physical exercise reinforces antioxidative capacity, reduces oxidative stress, and has anti-inflammatory effects. It improves endothelial function and might increase brain capillarization. Physical training can further counteract dyslipidemia and reduce increased ceramide levels. It might also improve Aβ clearance by up-regulating Aβ transporters and, in some cases, increase basal testosterone levels. In addition, regular physical activity can induce neurogenesis. Physical training should therefore be emphasized as a part of prevention programs developed for diabetic patients to minimize the risk of the onset of neurodegenerative diseases among this specific patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bertram
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Klara Brixius
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Brinkmann
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
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Gamez-Mendez AM, Vargas-Robles H, Ríos A, Escalante B. Oxidative Stress-Dependent Coronary Endothelial Dysfunction in Obese Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138609. [PMID: 26381906 PMCID: PMC4575160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is involved in several cardiovascular diseases including coronary artery disease and endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial Endothelium vasodilator and vasoconstrictor agonists play a key role in regulation of vascular tone. In this study, we evaluated coronary vascular response in an 8 weeks diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice model. Coronary perfusion pressure in response to acetylcholine in isolated hearts from obese mice showed increased vasoconstriction and reduced vasodilation responses compared with control mice. Vascular nitric oxide assessed in situ with DAF-2 DA showed diminished levels in coronary arteries from obese mice in both basal and acetylcholine-stimulated conditions. Also, released prostacyclin was decreased in heart perfusates from obese mice, along with plasma tetrahydrobiopterin level and endothelium nitric oxide synthase dimer/monomer ratio. Obesity increased thromboxane A2 synthesis and oxidative stress evaluated by superoxide and peroxynitrite levels, compared with control mice. Obese mice treated with apocynin, a NADPH oxidase inhibitor, reversed all parameters to normal levels. These results suggest that after 8 weeks on a high-fat diet, the increase in oxidative stress lead to imbalance in vasoactive substances and consequently to endothelial dysfunction in coronary arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Gamez-Mendez
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav) del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, D.F. México
| | - Hilda Vargas-Robles
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav) del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, D.F. México
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