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Lorenzi A, Legeai F, Jouan V, Girard PA, Strand MR, Ravallec M, Eychenne M, Bretaudeau A, Robin S, Rochefort J, Villegas M, Burke GR, Rebollo R, Nègre N, Volkoff AN. Identification of a viral gene essential for the genome replication of a domesticated endogenous virus in ichneumonid parasitoid wasps. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011980. [PMID: 38662774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Thousands of endoparasitoid wasp species in the families Braconidae and Ichneumonidae harbor "domesticated endogenous viruses" (DEVs) in their genomes. This study focuses on ichneumonid DEVs, named ichnoviruses (IVs). Large quantities of DNA-containing IV virions are produced in ovary calyx cells during the pupal and adult stages of female wasps. Females parasitize host insects by injecting eggs and virions into the body cavity. After injection, virions rapidly infect host cells which is followed by expression of IV genes that promote the successful development of wasp offspring. IV genomes consist of two components: proviral segment loci that serve as templates for circular dsDNAs that are packaged into capsids, and genes from an ancestral virus that produce virions. In this study, we generated a chromosome-scale genome assembly for Hyposoter didymator that harbors H. didymator ichnovirus (HdIV). We identified a total of 67 HdIV loci that are amplified in calyx cells during the wasp pupal stage. We then focused on an HdIV gene, U16, which is transcribed in calyx cells during the initial stages of replication. Sequence analysis indicated that U16 contains a conserved domain in primases from select other viruses. Knockdown of U16 by RNA interference inhibited virion morphogenesis in calyx cells. Genome-wide analysis indicated U16 knockdown also inhibited amplification of HdIV loci in calyx cells. Altogether, our results identified several previously unknown HdIV loci, demonstrated that all HdIV loci are amplified in calyx cells during the pupal stage, and showed that U16 is required for amplification and virion morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ange Lorenzi
- DGIMI, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Fabrice Legeai
- INRAE, UMR Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), BioInformatics Platform for Agroecosystems Arthropods (BIPAA), Campus Beaulieu, Rennes, France
- INRIA, IRISA, GenOuest Core Facility, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Michael R Strand
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | | | - Anthony Bretaudeau
- INRAE, UMR Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), BioInformatics Platform for Agroecosystems Arthropods (BIPAA), Campus Beaulieu, Rennes, France
- INRIA, IRISA, GenOuest Core Facility, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | - Stéphanie Robin
- INRAE, UMR Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), BioInformatics Platform for Agroecosystems Arthropods (BIPAA), Campus Beaulieu, Rennes, France
- INRIA, IRISA, GenOuest Core Facility, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Gaelen R Burke
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rita Rebollo
- INRAE, INSA Lyon, BF2I, UMR203, Villeurbanne, France
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2
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Wang ZH, Ye XQ, Wu XT, Wang ZZ, Huang JH, Chen XX. A new gene family (BAPs) of Cotesia bracovirus induces apoptosis of host hemocytes. Virulence 2023; 14:2171691. [PMID: 36694288 PMCID: PMC9908294 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2171691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDVs), obligatory symbionts with parasitoid wasps, function as host immune suppressors and growth and development regulator. PDVs can induce host haemocyte apoptosis, but the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we provided evidence that, during the early stages of parasitism, the activated Cotesia vestalis bracovirus (CvBV) reduced the overall number of host haemocytes by inducing apoptosis. We found that one haemocyte-highly expressed CvBV gene, CvBV-26-4, could induce haemocyte apoptosis. Further analyses showed that CvBV-26-4 has four homologs from other Cotesia bracoviruses and BV from wasps in the genus Glyptapanteles, and all four of them possessed a similar structure containing 3 copies of a well-conserved motif (Gly-Tyr-Pro-Tyr, GYPY). Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that CvBV-26-4 was secreted into plasma by haemocytes and then degraded into peptides that induced the apoptosis of haemocytes. Moreover, ectopic expression of CvBV-26-4 caused fly haemocyte apoptosis and increased the susceptibility of flies to bacteria. Based on this research, a new family of bracovirus genes, Bracovirus apoptosis-inducing proteins (BAPs), was proposed. Furthermore, it was discovered that the development of wasp larvae was affected when the function of CvBV BAP was obstructed in the parasitized hosts. The results of our study indicate that the BAP gene family from the bracoviruses group is crucial for immunosuppression during the early stages of parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Hua Wang
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Regional Development and Governance Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Qian Ye
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Wu
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Zhi Wang
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Huang
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Xin Chen
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China,State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,CONTACT Xue-Xin Chen
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3
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Robin S, Legeai F, Jouan V, Ogliastro M, Darboux I. Genome-wide identification of lncRNAs associated with viral infection in Spodoptera frugiperda. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 36757871 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of lncRNAs in immune defence has been demonstrated in many multicellular and unicellular organisms. However, investigation of the identification and characterization of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) involved in the insect immune response is still limited. In this study, we used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to investigate the expression profiles of lncRNAs and mRNAs in the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda in response to virus infection. To assess the tissue- and virus-specificity of lncRNAs, we analysed and compared their expression profiles in haemocytes and fat body of larvae infected with two entomopathogenic viruses with different lifestyles, i.e. the polydnavirus HdIV (Hyposoter didymator IchnoVirus) and the densovirus JcDV (Junonia coenia densovirus). We identified 1883 candidate lncRNAs, of which 529 showed differential expression following viral infection. Expression profiles differed considerably between samples, indicating that many differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs showed virus- and tissue-specific expression patterns. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment and target prediction analyses indicated that DE-LncRNAs were mainly enriched in metabolic process, DNA replication and repair, immune response, metabolism of insect hormone and cell adhesion. In addition, we identified three DE-lncRNAs potentially acting as microRNA host genes, suggesting that they participate in gene regulation by producing miRNAs in response to virus infection. This study provides a catalogue of lncRNAs expressed in two important immune tissues and potential insight into their roles in the antiviral defence in S. frugiperda. The results may help future in-depth functional studies to better understand the biological function of lncRNAs in interaction between viruses and the fall armyworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Robin
- BIPAA, IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.,University of Rennes, INRIA, CNRS, IRISA, Rennes, France
| | - Fabrice Legeai
- BIPAA, IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.,University of Rennes, INRIA, CNRS, IRISA, Rennes, France
| | - Véronique Jouan
- INRAE, University of Montpellier, UMR Diversité, Génomes & Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), Montpellier, France
| | - Mylène Ogliastro
- INRAE, University of Montpellier, UMR Diversité, Génomes & Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Darboux
- INRAE, University of Montpellier, UMR Diversité, Génomes & Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), Montpellier, France
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4
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Kim J, Rahman MM, Kim AY, Ramasamy S, Kwon M, Kim Y. Genome, host genome integration, and gene expression in Diadegma fenestrale ichnovirus from the perspective of coevolutionary hosts. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1035669. [PMID: 36876096 PMCID: PMC9981800 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1035669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDVs) exhibit species-specific mutualistic relationships with endoparasitoid wasps. PDVs can be categorized into bracoviruses and ichnoviruses, which have independent evolutionary origins. In our previous study, we identified an ichnovirus of the endoparasitoid Diadegma fenestrale and named it DfIV. Here, DfIV virions from the ovarian calyx of gravid female wasps were characterized. DfIV virion particles were ellipsoidal (246.5 nm × 109.0 nm) with a double-layered envelope. Next-generation sequencing of the DfIV genome revealed 62 non-overlapping circular DNA segments (A1-A5, B1-B9, C1-C15, D1-D23, E1-E7, and F1-F3); the aggregate genome size was approximately 240 kb, and the GC content (43%) was similar to that of other IVs (41%-43%). A total of 123 open reading frames were predicted and included typical IV gene families such as repeat element protein (41 members), cysteine motif (10 members), vankyrin (9 members), polar residue-rich protein (7 members), vinnexin (6 members), and N gene (3 members). Neuromodulin N (2 members) was found to be unique to DfIV, along with 45 hypothetical genes. Among the 62 segments, 54 showed high (76%-98%) sequence similarities to the genome of Diadegma semiclausum ichnovirus (DsIV). Three segments, namely, D22, E3, and F2, contained lepidopteran host genome integration motifs with homologous regions of about 36-46 bp between them (Diadegma fenestrale ichnovirus, DfIV and lepidopteran host, Plutella xylostella). Most of the DfIV genes were expressed in the hymenopteran host and some in the lepidopteran host (P. xylostella), parasitized by D. fenestrale. Five segments (A4, C3, C15, D5, and E4) were differentially expressed at different developmental stages of the parasitized P. xylostella, and two segments (C15 and D14) were highly expressed in the ovaries of D. fenestrale. Comparative analysis between DfIV and DsIV revealed that the genomes differed in the number of segments, composition of sequences, and internal sequence homologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juil Kim
- Agriculture and Life Science Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,Program of Applied Biology, Division of Bio-Resource Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Md-Mafizur Rahman
- Agriculture and Life Science Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,Department Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Science, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
| | - A-Young Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Min Kwon
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
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5
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Wu X, Wu Z, Ye X, Pang L, Sheng Y, Wang Z, Zhou Y, Zhu J, Hu R, Zhou S, Chen J, Wang Z, Shi M, Huang J, Chen X. The Dual Functions of a Bracovirus C-Type Lectin in Caterpillar Immune Response Manipulation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:877027. [PMID: 35663984 PMCID: PMC9157488 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.877027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitoids are widespread in natural ecosystems and normally equipped with diverse viral factors to defeat host immune responses. On the other hand, parasitoids can enhance the antibacterial abilities and improve the hypoimmunity traits of parasitized hosts that may encounter pathogenic infections. These adaptive strategies guarantee the survival of parasitoid offspring, yet their underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we focused on Cotesia vestalis, an endoparasitoid of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella, and found that C. vestalis parasitization decreases the number of host hemocytes, leading to disruption of the encapsulation reaction. We further found that one bracovirus C-type lectin gene, CvBV_28-1, is highly expressed in the hemocytes of parasitized hosts and participates in suppressing the proliferation rate of host hemocytes, which in turn reduces their population and represses the process of encapsulation. Moreover, CvBV_28-1 presents a classical bacterial clearance ability via the agglutination response in a Ca2+-dependent manner in response to gram-positive bacteria. Our study provides insights into the innovative strategy of a parasitoid-derived viral gene that has dual functions to manipulate host immunity for a successful parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Wu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Guangdong Lab for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiqian Ye
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Guangdong Lab for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lan Pang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifeng Sheng
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zehua Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuenan Zhou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiachen Zhu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rongmin Hu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sicong Zhou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiani Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhizhi Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Guangdong Lab for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Shi
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Guangdong Lab for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Guangdong Lab for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuexin Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Guangdong Lab for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Wang ZH, Zhou YN, Ye XQ, Wu XT, Yang P, Shi M, Huang JH, Chen XX. CLP gene family, a new gene family of Cotesia vestalis bracovirus inhibits melanization of Plutella xylostella hemolymph. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:1567-1581. [PMID: 33155403 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are obligatory symbionts of parasitoid wasps and play an important role in suppressing host immune defenses. Although PDV genes that inhibit host melanization are known in Microplitis bracovirus, the functional homologs in Cotesia bracoviruses remain unknown. Here, we find that Cotesia vestalis bracovirus (CvBV) can inhibit hemolymph melanization of its host, Plutella xylostella larvae, during the early stages of parasitization, and that overexpression of highly expressed CvBV genes reduced host phenoloxidase activity. Furthermore, CvBV-7-1 in particular reduced host phenoloxidase activity within 12 h, and the injection of anti-CvBV-7-1 antibody increased the melanization of parasitized host larvae. Further analyses showed that CvBV-7-1 and three homologs from other Cotesia bracoviruses possessed a C-terminal leucine/isoleucine-rich region and had a similar function in inhibiting melanization. Therefore, a new family of bracovirus genes was proposed and named as C-terminal Leucine/isoleucine-rich Protein (CLP). Ectopic expression of CvBV-7-1 in Drosophila hemocytes increased susceptibility to bacterial repression of melanization and reduced the melanotic encapsulation of parasitized D. melanogaster by the parasitoid Leptopilina boulardi. The formation rate of wasp pupae and the eclosion rate of C. vestalis were affected when the function of CvBV-7-1 was blocked. Our findings suggest that CLP genes from Cotesia bracoviruses encoded proteins that contain a C-terminal leucine/isoleucine-rich region and function as melanization inhibitors during the early stage of parasitization, which is important for successful parasitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Hua Wang
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Nan Zhou
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Qian Ye
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Wu
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pei Yang
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Shi
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Huang
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Xin Chen
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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7
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Polydnavirus Innexins Disrupt Host Cellular Encapsulation and Larval Maturation. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081621. [PMID: 34452485 PMCID: PMC8402728 DOI: 10.3390/v13081621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydnaviruses are dsDNA viruses associated with endoparasitoid wasps. Delivery of the virus during parasitization of a caterpillar and subsequent virus gene expression is required for production of an amenable environment for parasitoid offspring development. Consequently, understanding of Polydnavirus gene function provides insight into mechanisms of host susceptibility and parasitoid wasp host range. Polydnavirus genes predominantly are arranged in multimember gene families, one of which is the vinnexins, which are virus homologues of insect gap junction genes, the innexins. Previous studies of Campoletis sonorensis Ichnovirus Vinnexins using various heterologous systems have suggested the four encoded members may provide different functionality in the infected caterpillar host. Here, we expressed two of the members, vnxG and vnxQ2, using recombinant baculoviruses in susceptible host, the caterpillar Heliothis virescens. Following intrahemocoelic injections, we observed that >90% of hemocytes (blood cells) were infected, producing recombinant protein. Larvae infected with a vinnexin-recombinant baculovirus exhibited significantly reduced molting rates relative to larvae infected with a control recombinant baculovirus and mock-infected larvae. Similarly, larvae infected with vinnexin-recombinant baculoviruses were less likely to survive relative to controls and showed reduced ability to encapsulate chromatography beads in an immune assay. In most assays, the VnxG protein was associated with more severe pathology than VnxQ2. Our findings support a role for Vinnexins in CsIV and more broadly Ichnovirus pathology in infected lepidopteran hosts, particularly in disrupting multicellular developmental and immune physiology.
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Wang Y, Wu X, Wang Z, Chen T, Zhou S, Chen J, Pang L, Ye X, Shi M, Huang J, Chen X. Symbiotic bracovirus of a parasite manipulates host lipid metabolism via tachykinin signaling. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009365. [PMID: 33647060 PMCID: PMC7951984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites alter host energy homeostasis for their own development, but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain largely unknown. Here, we show that Cotesia vestalis, an endoparasitic wasp of Plutella xylostella larvae, stimulates a reduction of host lipid levels. This process requires excess secretion of P. xylostella tachykinin (PxTK) peptides from enteroendocrine cells (EEs) in the midgut of the parasitized host larvae. We found that parasitization upregulates PxTK signaling to suppress lipogenesis in midgut enterocytes (ECs) in a non-cell-autonomous manner, and the reduced host lipid level benefits the development of wasp offspring and their subsequent parasitic ability. We further found that a C. vestalis bracovirus (CvBV) gene, CvBV 9–2, is responsible for PxTK induction, which in turn reduces the systemic lipid level of the host. Taken together, these findings illustrate a novel mechanism for parasite manipulation of host energy homeostasis by a symbiotic bracovirus gene to promote the development and increase the parasitic efficiency of an agriculturally important wasp species. Parasitic wasps are ubiquitous on earth and diverse. They lay eggs in or on the bodies of their hosts, and they have evolved adaptive strategies to regulate the energy metabolism of their hosts to match their own specific nutrition requirements. Here, we found that Cotesia vestalis, a solitary endoparasitoid of Plutella xylostella, uses symbiotic bracovirus as a weapon to manipulate host systemic lipid levels. Specifically, a C. vestalis bracovirus (CvBV) gene, CvBV 9–2, is responsible for the induction of PxTK, which in turn suppresses lipogenesis in the midgut of the parasitized host, leading to a nutritional lipid level suitable for the development and subsequent parasitic efficiency of C. vestalis wasps. Our study provides innovative insights into the mechanisms by which parasitic wasps manipulate host lipid homeostasis and may help to expand our knowledge of other parasitic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotong Wu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zehua Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sicong Zhou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiani Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lan Pang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiqian Ye
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Shi
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Xuexin Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Wang ZH, Zhou YN, Yang J, Ye XQ, Shi M, Huang JH, Chen XX. Genome-Wide Profiling of Diadegma semiclausum Ichnovirus Integration in Parasitized Plutella xylostella Hemocytes Identifies Host Integration Motifs and Insertion Sites. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:608346. [PMID: 33519757 PMCID: PMC7843510 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.608346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDVs), classified into two genera, bracoviruses (BVs) and ichnoviruses (IVs), are large, double-stranded DNA viruses, which are beneficial symbionts of parasitoid wasps. PDVs do not replicate in their infected lepidopteran hosts. BV circles have been demonstrated to be integrated into host genomic DNA after natural parasitization. However, the integrations of IV circles in vivo remain largely unknown. Here, we analyzed the integration of Diadegma semiclausum ichnovirus (DsIV) in the genomic DNA of parasitized Plutella xylostella hemocytes. We found that DsIV circles are present in host hemocytes with non-integrated and integrated forms. Moreover, DsIV integrates its DNA circles into the host genome by two distinct strategies, conservatively, and randomly. We also found that four conserved-broken circles share similar motifs containing two reverse complementary repeats at their breaking sites, which were host integration motifs (HIMs). We also predicted HIMs of eight circles from other ichnoviruses, indicating that a HIM-mediated specific mechanism was conserved in IV integrations. Investigation of DsIV circle insertion sites of the host genome revealed the enrichment of microhomologies between the host genome and the DsIV circles at integration breakpoints. These findings will deepen our understanding of the infections of PDVs, especially IVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Hua Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Nan Zhou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Qian Ye
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Shi
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Huang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Xin Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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10
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The Unconventional Viruses of Ichneumonid Parasitoid Wasps. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101170. [PMID: 33076395 PMCID: PMC7602663 DOI: 10.3390/v12101170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure their own immature development as parasites, ichneumonid parasitoid wasps use endogenous viruses that they acquired through ancient events of viral genome integration. Thousands of species from the campoplegine and banchine wasp subfamilies rely, for their survival, on their association with these viruses, hijacked from a yet undetermined viral taxon. Here, we give an update of recent findings on the nature of the viral genes retained from the progenitor viruses and how they are organized in the wasp genome.
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11
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Hasegawa DK, Zhang P, Turnbull MW. Intracellular dynamics of polydnavirus innexin homologues. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 29:477-489. [PMID: 32683761 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polydnaviruses associated with ichneumonid parasitoid wasps (Ichnoviruses) encode large numbers of genes, often in multigene families. The Ichnovirus Vinnexin gene family, which is expressed in parasitized lepidopteran larvae, encodes homologues of Innexins, the structural components of insect gap junctions. Here, we have examined intracellular behaviours of the Campoletis sonorensis Ichnovirus (CsIV) Vinnexins, alone and in combination with a host Innexin orthologue, Innexin2 (Inx2). QRT-PCR verified that transcription of CsIV vinnexins occurs contemporaneously with inx2, implying co-occurrence of Vinnexin and Inx2 proteins. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that epitope-tagged VinnexinG (VnxG) and VinnexinQ2 (VnxQ2) exhibit similar subcellular localization as Spodoptera frugiperda Inx2 (Sf-Inx2). Surface biotinylation assays verified that all three proteins localize to the cell surface, and cytochalasin B and nocodazole that they rely on actin and microtubule cytoskeletal networks for localization. Immunomicroscopy following co-transfection of constructs indicates extensive co-localization of Vinnexins with each other and Sf-Inx2, and live-cell imaging of mCherry-labelled Inx2 supports that Vinnexins may affect Sf-Inx2 distribution in a Vinnexin-specific fashion. Our findings support that the Vinnexins may disrupt host cell physiology in a protein-specific manner through altering gap junctional intercellular channel communication, as well as indirectly by affecting multicellular junction characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Hasegawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- USDA-ARS, Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, Salinas, CA, USA
| | - P Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - M W Turnbull
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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12
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Legeai F, Santos BF, Robin S, Bretaudeau A, Dikow RB, Lemaitre C, Jouan V, Ravallec M, Drezen JM, Tagu D, Baudat F, Gyapay G, Zhou X, Liu S, Webb BA, Brady SG, Volkoff AN. Genomic architecture of endogenous ichnoviruses reveals distinct evolutionary pathways leading to virus domestication in parasitic wasps. BMC Biol 2020; 18:89. [PMID: 32703219 PMCID: PMC7379367 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00822-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are mutualistic endogenous viruses inoculated by some lineages of parasitoid wasps into their hosts, where they facilitate successful wasp development. PDVs include the ichnoviruses and bracoviruses that originate from independent viral acquisitions in ichneumonid and braconid wasps respectively. PDV genomes are fully incorporated into the wasp genomes and consist of (1) genes involved in viral particle production, which derive from the viral ancestor and are not encapsidated, and (2) proviral segments harboring virulence genes, which are packaged into the viral particle. To help elucidating the mechanisms that have facilitated viral domestication in ichneumonid wasps, we analyzed the structure of the viral insertions by sequencing the whole genome of two ichnovirus-carrying wasp species, Hyposoter didymator and Campoletis sonorensis. RESULTS Assemblies with long scaffold sizes allowed us to unravel the organization of the endogenous ichnovirus and revealed considerable dispersion of the viral loci within the wasp genomes. Proviral segments contained species-specific sets of genes and occupied distinct genomic locations in the two ichneumonid wasps. In contrast, viral machinery genes were organized in clusters showing highly conserved gene content and order, with some loci located in collinear wasp genomic regions. This genomic architecture clearly differs from the organization of PDVs in braconid wasps, in which proviral segments are clustered and viral machinery elements are more dispersed. CONCLUSIONS The contrasting structures of the two types of ichnovirus genomic elements are consistent with their different functions: proviral segments are vehicles for virulence proteins expected to adapt according to different host defense systems, whereas the genes involved in virus particle production in the wasp are likely more stable and may reflect ancestral viral architecture. The distinct genomic architectures seen in ichnoviruses versus bracoviruses reveal different evolutionary trajectories that have led to virus domestication in the two wasp lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Legeai
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRAE, Université de Rennes 1, 35650, Le Rheu, France
- Université Rennes 1, INRIA, CNRS, IRISA, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Bernardo F Santos
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20560-0165, USA
| | - Stéphanie Robin
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRAE, Université de Rennes 1, 35650, Le Rheu, France
- Université Rennes 1, INRIA, CNRS, IRISA, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Anthony Bretaudeau
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRAE, Université de Rennes 1, 35650, Le Rheu, France
- Université Rennes 1, INRIA, CNRS, IRISA, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Rebecca B Dikow
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20560-0165, USA
- Data Science Lab, Office of the Chief Information Officer, Smithsonian Institution, 10th and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20560-0165, USA
| | - Claire Lemaitre
- Université Rennes 1, INRIA, CNRS, IRISA, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Véronique Jouan
- DGIMI, INRAE, University of Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Ravallec
- DGIMI, INRAE, University of Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Michel Drezen
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS - Université de Tours, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, Tours, France
| | - Denis Tagu
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRAE, Université de Rennes 1, 35650, Le Rheu, France
| | - Frédéric Baudat
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34396, Montpellier, France
| | - Gabor Gyapay
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, BP5706, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanlin Liu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518083, People's Republic of China
| | - Bruce A Webb
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Seán G Brady
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20560-0165, USA
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13
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Lorenzi A, Ravallec M, Eychenne M, Jouan V, Robin S, Darboux I, Legeai F, Gosselin-Grenet AS, Sicard M, Stoltz D, Volkoff AN. RNA interference identifies domesticated viral genes involved in assembly and trafficking of virus-derived particles in ichneumonid wasps. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008210. [PMID: 31834912 PMCID: PMC6957214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There are many documented examples of viral genes retained in the genomes of multicellular organisms that may in some cases bring new beneficial functions to the receivers. The ability of certain ichneumonid parasitic wasps to produce virus-derived particles, the so-called ichnoviruses (IVs), not only results from the capture and domestication of single viral genes but of almost entire ancestral virus genome(s). Indeed, following integration into wasp chromosomal DNA, the putative and still undetermined IV ancestor(s) evolved into encoding a ‘virulence gene delivery vehicle’ that is now required for successful infestation of wasp hosts. Several putative viral genes, which are clustered in distinct regions of wasp genomes referred to as IVSPERs (Ichnovirus Structural Protein Encoding Regions), have been assumed to be involved in virus-derived particles morphogenesis, but this question has not been previously functionally addressed. In the present study, we have successfully combined RNA interference and transmission electron microscopy to specifically identify IVSPER genes that are responsible for the morphogenesis and trafficking of the virus-derived particles in ovarian cells of the ichneumonid wasp Hyposoter didymator. We suggest that ancestral viral genes retained within the genomes of certain ichneumonid parasitoids possess conserved functions which were domesticated for the purpose of assembling viral vectors for the delivery of virulence genes to parasitized host animals. Thousands of parasitic wasp from the ichneumonid family rely on virus-derived particles, named Ichnoviruses (Polydnavirus family), to ensure their successful development. The particles are produced in a specialized ovarian tissue of the female wasp named calyx. Virions are assembled in the calyx cell nuclei and stored in the oviduct before being transferred to the parasitoid host upon female wasp oviposition. Genes encoding proteins associated with the particles had been previously identified. These genes are localized in clusters of genes in the wasp genome (named IVSPER for “Ichnovirus structural proteins encoding regions”), they are specifically transcribed in the calyx but not encapsidated. IVSPER genes were thus hypothesized to derive from the integration of a virus, however still undetermined. Indeed, none of the identified genes had similarity to known sequence, making in addition unclear their function in particle production. In this work, we use the RNA interference technology to decipher the function of six IVSPER genes from the ichneumonid wasp Hyposoter didymator. Thanks to this approach, combined with transmission electron microscopy, we show that the studied IVSPER genes are required in different steps of particle morphogenesis and trafficking, and that their functions are those expected of a typical virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ange Lorenzi
- DGIMI, INRA, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Ravallec
- DGIMI, INRA, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Stéphanie Robin
- UMR 1349 INRA/Agrocampus Ouest/Université Rennes 1, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Le Rheu, France
- Université Rennes 1, INRIA, CNRS, IRISA, Rennes, France
| | | | - Fabrice Legeai
- UMR 1349 INRA/Agrocampus Ouest/Université Rennes 1, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Le Rheu, France
- Université Rennes 1, INRIA, CNRS, IRISA, Rennes, France
| | | | - Mathieu Sicard
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Don Stoltz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
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14
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Merlin BL, Cônsoli FL. Regulation of the Larval Transcriptome of Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) by Maternal and Other Factors of the Parasitoid Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Front Physiol 2019; 10:1106. [PMID: 31555143 PMCID: PMC6742964 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Koinobiont endoparasitoid wasps regulate the host's physiology to their own benefit during their growth and development, using maternal, immature and/or derived-tissue weaponry. The tools used to subdue the wasps' hosts interfere directly with host transcription activity. The broad range of host tissues and pathways affected impedes our overall understanding of the host-regulation process during parasitoid development. Next-generation sequencing and de novo transcriptomes are helpful approaches to broad questions, including in non-model organisms. In the present study, we used Illumina sequencing to assemble a de novo reference transcriptome of the sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis, to investigate the regulation of host gene expression by the larval endoparasitoid Cotesia flavipes. We obtained 174,809,358 reads and assembled 144,116 transcripts, of which 44,325 were putatively identified as lepidopteran genes and represented a substantial number of pathways that are well described in other lepidopteran species. Comparative transcriptome analyses of unparasitized versus parasitized larvae identified 1,432 transcripts of D. saccharalis that were up-regulated under parasitization by C. flavipes, while 1,027 transcripts were down-regulated. Comparison of the transcriptomes of unparasitized and pseudoparasitized D. saccharalis larvae led to the identification of 1,253 up-regulated transcripts and 972 down-regulated transcripts in the pseudoparasitized larvae. Analysis of the differentially expressed transcripts showed that C. flavipes regulated several pathways, including the Ca+2 transduction signaling pathway, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, chitin metabolism, and hormone biosynthesis and degradation, as well as the immune system, allowing us to identify key target genes involved in the metabolism and development of D. saccharalis.
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15
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Darboux I, Cusson M, Volkoff AN. The dual life of ichnoviruses. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 32:47-53. [PMID: 31113631 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ichnoviruses (IVs) are mutualistic, double-stranded DNA viruses playing a key role in the successful parasitism of thousands of endoparasitoid wasp species. IV particles are produced exclusively in the female wasp reproductive tract. They are co-injected along with the parasitoid egg into caterpillar hosts upon parasitization. The expression of viral genes by infected host cells leads to an immunosuppressive state and delayed development of the host, two pathologies that are critical to the successful development of the wasp egg and larva. Ichnovirus is one of the two recognized genera within the family Polydnaviridae (polydnaviruses or PDVs), the other genus being Bracovirus (BV), associated with braconid wasps. IVs are associated with ichneumonid wasps belonging to the subfamilies Campopleginae and Banchinae; attempts to identify IV particles in other ichneumonid subfamilies have so far been unsuccessful. Functional studies targeting IV genes expressed in parasitized hosts, along with investigations of the molecular mechanisms responsible for viral morphogenesis in the female wasp, have resulted in a better understanding of the biology of these atypical viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Darboux
- UMR DGIMI 1333 INRA Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Michel Cusson
- Centre de foresterie des Laurentides, Ressources naturelles Canada, Québec, Canada
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16
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Robin S, Ravallec M, Frayssinet M, Whitfield J, Jouan V, Legeai F, Volkoff AN. Evidence for an ichnovirus machinery in parasitoids of coleopteran larvae. Virus Res 2019; 263:189-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Visconti V, Eychenne M, Darboux I. Modulation of antiviral immunity by the ichnovirus HdIV in Spodoptera frugiperda. Mol Immunol 2019; 108:89-101. [PMID: 30784767 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are obligatory symbionts found in thousands of endoparasitoid species and essential for successful parasitism. The two genera of PDVs, ichnovirus (IV) and bracovirus (BV), use different sets of virulence factors to ensure successful parasitization of the host. Previous studies have shown that PDVs target apoptosis, one of the innate antiviral responses in many host organisms. However, IV and BV have been shown to have opposite effects on this process. BV induces apoptosis in host cells, whereas some IV proteins have been shown to have anti-apoptotic activity. The different biological contexts in which the assays were performed may account for this difference. In this study, we evaluated the interplay between apoptosis and the ichnovirus HdIV from the parasitoid Hyposoter didymator, in the HdIV-infected hemocytes and fat bodies of S. frugiperda larvae, and in the Sf9 insect cell line challenged with HdIV. We found that HdIV induced cell death in hemocytes and fat bodies, whereas anti-apoptotic activity was observed in HdIV-infected Sf9 cells, with and without stimulation with viral PAMPs or chemical inducers. We also used an RT-qPCR approach to determine the expression profiles of a set of genes known to encode key components of the other main antiviral immune pathways described in insects. The analysis of immune gene transcription highlighted differences in antiviral responses to HdIV as a function of host cell type. However, all these antiviral pathways appeared to be neutralized by low levels of expression for the genes encoding the key components of these pathways, in all biological contexts. Finally, we investigated the effect of HdIV on the general antiviral defenses of the lepidopteran larvae in more detail, by studying the survival of S. frugiperda co-infected with HdIV and the entomopathogenic densovirus JcDV. Coinfected S. frugiperda larvae have increased resistance to JcDV at an early phase of infection, whereas HdIV effects enhance the virulence of the virus at later stages of infection. Overall, these results reveal complex interactions between HdIV and its cellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Visconti
- UMR 1333 INRA - Université de Montpellier Diversité, Génomes & Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Magali Eychenne
- UMR 1333 INRA - Université de Montpellier Diversité, Génomes & Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Darboux
- UMR 1333 INRA - Université de Montpellier Diversité, Génomes & Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), 34095 Montpellier, France.
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Frayssinet M, Audiot P, Cusumano A, Pichon A, Malm LE, Jouan V, Vabre M, Malavieille S, Delalande M, Vargas-Osuna E, Bourguet D, Volkoff AN. Western European Populations of the Ichneumonid Wasp Hyposoter didymator Belong to a Single Taxon. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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19
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Ye XQ, Shi M, Huang JH, Chen XX. Parasitoid polydnaviruses and immune interaction with secondary hosts. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:124-129. [PMID: 29352983 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are obligatory symbionts with parasitoid wasps. The PDV virions are produced solely in wasp (the primary host) calyx cells. They are injected into caterpillar hosts (the secondary host) during parasitoid oviposition, where they express irreplaceable actions to ensure survival and development of wasp larvae. Some of PDV gene products suppress host immune responses while others alter host growth, metabolism or endocrine system. Here, we treat new findings on PDV gene products and their action on immunity within secondary hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Qian Ye
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian-Hua Huang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue-Xin Chen
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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20
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Parasitism and survival rate of Diadegma fenestrale (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and DfIV gene expression patterns in two lepidopteran hosts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 459:579-84. [PMID: 25769948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The genus Diadegma is a well-known parasitoid group and some are known to have symbiotic virus, polydnavirus (PDV). A novel IV was discovered from the calyx of Diadegma fenestrale female and sequenced its genome. D. fenestrale has more than two hosts, including potato tuber moth (PTM) and diamondback moth (DBM). D. fenestrale preferred PTM to DBM as hosts based on the oviposition and survival rate. Nevertheless, the developmental period and morphology of D. fenestrale were not significantly different between PTM and DBM. We compared DfIV gene expression patterns between PTM and DBM under various conditions to understand the phenomena. DfIV genes were more widely expressed in PTM with large numbers than in DBM after parasitized by D. fenestrale, particularly at the initial point. They showed differential expression patterns between two lepidopteran hosts. This DfIV gene expression plasticity showed a dependency on the lepidopteran host species and parasitization time, suggesting that it may contribute to increase the parasitoid survival rate. This might be one of the key elements that determine the symbiotic relationship between PDV and parasitoid.
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21
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Strand MR, Burke GR. Polydnaviruses: From discovery to current insights. Virology 2015; 479-480:393-402. [PMID: 25670535 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) recognized the Polydnaviridae in 1991 as a virus family associated with insects called parasitoid wasps. Polydnaviruses (PDVs) have historically received limited attention but advances in recent years have elevated interest because their unusual biology sheds interesting light on the question of what viruses are and how they function. Here, we present a succinct history of the PDV literature. We begin with the findings that first led ICTV to recognize the Polydnaviridae. We then discuss what subsequent studies revealed and how these findings have shaped views of PDV evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Strand
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America.
| | - Gaelen R Burke
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
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22
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Dorémus T, Darboux I, Cusson M, Ravallec M, Jouan V, Frayssinet M, Stoltz DB, Webb BA, Volkoff AN. Specificities of ichnoviruses associated with campoplegine wasps: genome, genes and role in host-parasitoid interaction. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2014; 6:44-51. [PMID: 32846675 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ichnoviruses (IVs), unique symbiotic viruses carried by ichneumonid campoplegine wasps, derive from integration of a paleo-ichnovirus into an ancestral wasp genome. The modern 'genome' is composed of both regions that are amplified, circularized and encapsidated into viral particles and non-encapsidated viral genomic regions involved in particle morphogenesis. Packaged genomes include multiple circular dsDNAs encoding many genes mostly organized in gene families. Virus particles are assembled in specialized ovarian cells from which they exit into the oviduct lumen; mature virions are injected during oviposition into the insect host. Expression of viral proteins in infected cells correlates with physiological alterations of the host enabling success of parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Dorémus
- "Diversity, Genomes & Interactions Microorganisms Insects" Laboratory, INRA (UMR 1333), Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Darboux
- "Diversity, Genomes & Interactions Microorganisms Insects" Laboratory, INRA (UMR 1333), Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Michel Cusson
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1055 du P.E.P.S., P.O. Box 10380, Stn. Ste. Foy, Quebec G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Marc Ravallec
- "Diversity, Genomes & Interactions Microorganisms Insects" Laboratory, INRA (UMR 1333), Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Véronique Jouan
- "Diversity, Genomes & Interactions Microorganisms Insects" Laboratory, INRA (UMR 1333), Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Marie Frayssinet
- "Diversity, Genomes & Interactions Microorganisms Insects" Laboratory, INRA (UMR 1333), Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Don B Stoltz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Bruce A Webb
- Department of Entomology, S-225 Agricultural Science Center N, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0091, USA
| | - Anne-Nathalie Volkoff
- "Diversity, Genomes & Interactions Microorganisms Insects" Laboratory, INRA (UMR 1333), Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France.
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