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Behl T, Kumar A, Vishakha, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Yadav S, Rashid S, Ali N, Ahmed AS, Vargas-De-La-Cruz C, Bungau SG, Khan H. Understanding the mechanistic pathways and clinical aspects associated with protein and gene based biomarkers in breast cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126595. [PMID: 37648139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most widespread and severe diseases with a huge mortality rate. In recent years, the second-leading mortality rate of any cancer globally has been breast cancer, which is one of the most common and deadly cancers found in women. Detecting breast cancer in its initial stages simplifies treatment, decreases death risk, and recovers survival rates for patients. The death rate for breast cancer has risen to 0.024 % in some regions. Sensitive and accurate technologies are required for the preclinical detection of BC at an initial stage. Biomarkers play a very crucial role in the early identification as well as diagnosis of women with breast cancer. Currently, a wide variety of cancer biomarkers have been discovered for the diagnosis of cancer. For the identification of these biomarkers from serum or other body fluids at physiological amounts, many detection methods have been developed. In the case of breast cancer, biomarkers are especially helpful in discovering those who are more likely to develop the disease, determining prognosis at the time of initial diagnosis and choosing the best systemic therapy. In this study we have compiled various clinical aspects and signaling pathways associated with protein-based biomarkers and gene-based biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ankush Kumar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IET Bhaddal Technical Campus, Ropar 140108, Punjab, India
| | - Vishakha
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IET Bhaddal Technical Campus, Ropar 140108, Punjab, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- GHG Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Gurusar Sadhar, 141104 Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana Ambala 133203, Haryana, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana Ambala 133203, Haryana, India
| | - Shivam Yadav
- School of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das University, Lucknow 226028, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Summya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nemat Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadah 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira Saber Ahmed
- Hormones Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Celia Vargas-De-La-Cruz
- Department of Pharmacology, Bromatology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 150001, Peru; E-Health Research Center, Universidad de Ciencias y Humanidades, Lima 15001, Peru
| | - Simona Gabriela Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea 410087, Romania; Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, Oradea 410087, Romania
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan.
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2
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Guantay L, Garro C, Siri S, Pansa MF, Ghidelli-Disse S, Paviolo N, Racca A, Nicotra V, Radu C, Bocco JL, Felice R, Jansson KH, Remlinger K, Amador A, Stronach E, Coleman K, Muelbaier M, Drewes G, Gloger I, Madauss K, García M, Gottifredi V, Soria G. Deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) inhibition is synthetic lethal with BRCA2 deficiency. Drug Resist Updat 2023; 67:100932. [PMID: 36706533 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2023.100932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BRCA2 is a well-established cancer driver in several human malignancies. While the remarkable success of PARP inhibitors proved the clinical potential of targeting BRCA deficiencies, the emergence of resistance mechanisms underscores the importance of seeking novel Synthetic Lethal (SL) targets for future drug development efforts. In this work, we performed a BRCA2-centric SL screen with a collection of plant-derived compounds from South America. We identified the steroidal alkaloid Solanocapsine as a selective SL inducer, and we were able to substantially increase its potency by deriving multiple analogs. The use of two complementary chemoproteomic approaches led to the identification of the nucleotide salvage pathway enzyme deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) as Solanocapsine's target responsible for its BRCA2-linked SL induction. Additional confirmatory evidence was obtained by using the highly specific dCK inhibitor (DI-87), which induces SL in multiple BRCA2-deficient and KO contexts. Interestingly, dCK-induced SL is mechanistically different from the one induced by PARP inhibitors. dCK inhibition generates substantially lower levels of DNA damage, and cytotoxic phenotypes are associated exclusively with mitosis, thus suggesting that the fine-tuning of nucleotide supply in mitosis is critical for the survival of BRCA2-deficient cells. Moreover, by using a xenograft model of contralateral tumors, we show that dCK impairment suffices to trigger SL in-vivo. Taken together, our findings unveil dCK as a promising new target for BRCA2-deficient cancers, thus setting the ground for future therapeutic alternatives to PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Guantay
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Sebastián Siri
- Fundación Instituto Leloir - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Pansa
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina; GlaxoSmithKline, Global Health R&D, Upper Providence, PA, United States
| | | | - Natalia Paviolo
- Fundación Instituto Leloir - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Racca
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Viviana Nicotra
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Caius Radu
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - José Luis Bocco
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rosana Felice
- GlaxoSmithKline, Southern Cone LatAm, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Keith H Jansson
- GlaxoSmithKline, Global Health R&D, Upper Providence, PA, United States
| | - Katja Remlinger
- GlaxoSmithKline, Global Health R&D, Upper Providence, PA, United States
| | - Alejandro Amador
- GlaxoSmithKline, Global Health R&D, Upper Providence, PA, United States
| | - Euan Stronach
- GlaxoSmithKline, Global Health R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Coleman
- GlaxoSmithKline, Synthetic Lethal RU, Waltham, MA, United States
| | | | - Gerard Drewes
- Cellzome GmbH - a GSK Company, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Isro Gloger
- GlaxoSmithKline, Global Health R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Madauss
- GlaxoSmithKline, Global Health R&D, Upper Providence, PA, United States
| | - Manuela García
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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3
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Chen BY, Salas JR, Trias AO, Rodriguez AP, Tsang JE, Guemes M, Le TM, Galic Z, Shepard HM, Steinman L, Nathanson DA, Czernin J, Witte ON, Radu CG, Schultz KA, Clark PM. Targeting deoxycytidine kinase improves symptoms in mouse models of multiple sclerosis. Immunology 2023; 168:152-169. [PMID: 35986643 PMCID: PMC9844239 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease driven by lymphocyte activation against myelin autoantigens in the central nervous system leading to demyelination and neurodegeneration. The deoxyribonucleoside salvage pathway with the rate-limiting enzyme deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) captures extracellular deoxyribonucleosides for use in intracellular deoxyribonucleotide metabolism. Previous studies have shown that deoxyribonucleoside salvage activity is enriched in lymphocytes and required for early lymphocyte development. However, specific roles for the deoxyribonucleoside salvage pathway and dCK in autoimmune diseases such as MS are unknown. Here we demonstrate that dCK activity is necessary for the development of clinical symptoms in the MOG35-55 and MOG1-125 experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse models of MS. During EAE disease, deoxyribonucleoside salvage activity is elevated in the spleen and lymph nodes. Targeting dCK with the small molecule dCK inhibitor TRE-515 limits disease severity when treatments are started at disease induction or when symptoms first appear. EAE mice treated with TRE-515 have significantly fewer infiltrating leukocytes in the spinal cord, and TRE-515 blocks activation-induced B and T cell proliferation and MOG35-55 -specific T cell expansion without affecting innate immune cells or naïve T and B cell populations. Our results demonstrate that targeting dCK limits symptoms in EAE mice and suggest that dCK activity is required for MOG35-55 -specific lymphocyte activation-induced proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Ying Chen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jessica R. Salas
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alyssa O. Trias
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arely Perez Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan E. Tsang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Miriam Guemes
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thuc M. Le
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zoran Galic
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David A. Nathanson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Johannes Czernin
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Owen N. Witte
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Caius G. Radu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Peter M. Clark
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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4
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Fraser CR, Ajenjo J, Veal M, Dias GM, Chan C, O’Neill E, Destro G, Lau D, Pacelli A, Gouverneur V, Hueting R, Cornelissen B. Radiofluorination of a highly potent ATM inhibitor as a potential PET imaging agent. EJNMMI Res 2022; 12:50. [PMID: 35962885 PMCID: PMC9375819 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-022-00920-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a key mediator of the DNA damage response, and several ATM inhibitors (ATMi) are currently undergoing early phase clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. A radiolabelled ATMi to determine drug pharmacokinetics could assist patient selection in a move towards more personalised medicine. The aim of this study was to synthesise and investigate the first 18F-labelled ATM inhibitor [18F]1 for non-invasive imaging of ATM protein and ATMi pharmacokinetics. METHODS Radiofluorination of a confirmed selective ATM inhibitor (1) was achieved through substitution of a nitro-precursor with [18F]fluoride. Uptake of [18F]1 was assessed in vitro in H1299 lung cancer cells stably transfected with shRNA to reduce expression of ATM. Blocking studies using several non-radioactive ATM inhibitors assessed binding specificity to ATM. In vivo biodistribution studies were performed in wild-type and ATM-knockout C57BL/6 mice using PET/CT and ex vivo analysis. Uptake of [18F]1 in H1299 tumour xenografts was assessed in BALB/c nu/nu mice. RESULTS Nitro-precursor 2 was synthesised with an overall yield of 12%. Radiofluorination of 2 achieved radiochemically pure [18F]1 in 80 ± 13 min with a radiochemical yield of 20 ± 13% (decay-corrected) and molar activities up to 79.5 GBq/μmol (n = 11). In vitro, cell-associated activity of [18F]1 increased over 1 h, and retention of [18F]1 dropped to 50% over 2 h. [18F]1 uptake did not correlate with ATM expression, but could be reduced significantly with an excess of known ATM inhibitors, demonstrating specific binding of [18F]1 to ATM. In vivo, fast hepatobiliary clearance was observed with tumour uptake ranging 0.13-0.90%ID/g after 1 h. CONCLUSION Here, we report the first radiofluorination of an ATM inhibitor and its in vitro and in vivo biological evaluations, revealing the benefits but also some limitations of 18F-labelled ATM inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rose Fraser
- Department of Oncology, MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Javier Ajenjo
- Department of Oncology, MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Mathew Veal
- Department of Oncology, MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Gemma Marie Dias
- Department of Oncology, MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Chung Chan
- Department of Oncology, MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Edward O’Neill
- Department of Oncology, MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Gianluca Destro
- Department of Oncology, MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Doreen Lau
- Department of Oncology, MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Anna Pacelli
- Department of Oncology, MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | | | - Rebekka Hueting
- Department of Oncology, MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Bart Cornelissen
- Department of Oncology, MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Read GH, Bailleul J, Vlashi E, Kesarwala AH. Metabolic response to radiation therapy in cancer. Mol Carcinog 2022; 61:200-224. [PMID: 34961986 PMCID: PMC10187995 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumor metabolism has emerged as a hallmark of cancer and is involved in carcinogenesis and tumor growth. Reprogramming of tumor metabolism is necessary for cancer cells to sustain high proliferation rates and enhanced demands for nutrients. Recent studies suggest that metabolic plasticity in cancer cells can decrease the efficacy of anticancer therapies by enhancing antioxidant defenses and DNA repair mechanisms. Studying radiation-induced metabolic changes will lead to a better understanding of radiation response mechanisms as well as the identification of new therapeutic targets, but there are few robust studies characterizing the metabolic changes induced by radiation therapy in cancer. In this review, we will highlight studies that provide information on the metabolic changes induced by radiation and oxidative stress in cancer cells and the associated underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham H. Read
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Justine Bailleul
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Erina Vlashi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Aparna H. Kesarwala
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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6
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Huang C, Filippone NR, Reiner T, Roberts S. Sensors and Inhibitors for the Detection of Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) Protein Kinase. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2470-2481. [PMID: 34125542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recruitment and activation of the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase regulate multiple cell-cycle checkpoints relevant to complex biological events like DNA damage repair and apoptosis. Molecularly specific readouts of ATM using protein assays, fluorescence, or radiolabeling have advanced significantly over the past few years. This Review covers the molecular imaging techniques that enable the visualization of ATM-from traditional quantitative protein assays to the potential use of ATM inhibitors to generate new imaging agents to interrogate ATM. We are confident that molecular imaging coupled with advanced technologies will play a pivotal role in visualizing and understanding the biology of ATM and accelerate its applications in the diagnosis and monitoring of disease, including radiation therapy and patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cien Huang
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States.,City University of New York Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Nina R Filippone
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States.,State University of New York Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway, East Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Thomas Reiner
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States.,Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States.,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Sheryl Roberts
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
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7
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Rudd SG, Tsesmetzis N, Sanjiv K, Paulin CBJ, Sandhow L, Kutzner J, Hed Myrberg I, Bunten SS, Axelsson H, Zhang SM, Rasti A, Mäkelä P, Coggins SA, Tao S, Suman S, Branca RM, Mermelekas G, Wiita E, Lee S, Walfridsson J, Schinazi RF, Kim B, Lehtiö J, Rassidakis GZ, Pokrovskaja Tamm K, Warpman‐Berglund U, Heyman M, Grandér D, Lehmann S, Lundbäck T, Qian H, Henter J, Schaller T, Helleday T, Herold N. Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors suppress SAMHD1 ara-CTPase activity enhancing cytarabine efficacy. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e10419. [PMID: 31950591 PMCID: PMC7059017 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201910419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The deoxycytidine analogue cytarabine (ara-C) remains the backbone treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) as well as other haematological and lymphoid malignancies, but must be combined with other chemotherapeutics to achieve cure. Yet, the underlying mechanism dictating synergistic efficacy of combination chemotherapy remains largely unknown. The dNTPase SAMHD1, which regulates dNTP homoeostasis antagonistically to ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), limits ara-C efficacy by hydrolysing the active triphosphate metabolite ara-CTP. Here, we report that clinically used inhibitors of RNR, such as gemcitabine and hydroxyurea, overcome the SAMHD1-mediated barrier to ara-C efficacy in primary blasts and mouse models of AML, displaying SAMHD1-dependent synergy with ara-C. We present evidence that this is mediated by dNTP pool imbalances leading to allosteric reduction of SAMHD1 ara-CTPase activity. Thus, SAMHD1 constitutes a novel biomarker for combination therapies of ara-C and RNR inhibitors with immediate consequences for clinical practice to improve treatment of AML.
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8
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Zhang Y, Lei Y, Xu J, Hua J, Zhang B, Liu J, Liang C, Meng Q, Yu X, Shi S. Role of Damage DNA-Binding Protein 1 in Pancreatic Cancer Progression and Chemoresistance. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121998. [PMID: 31842285 PMCID: PMC6966444 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Damaged DNA-binding protein 1 (DDB1) recruits nucleotide excision pathway proteins to form the UV-damaged DNA-binding protein complex and is required for DNA repair. DDB1 was reported to participate in apoptosis and chemoresistance regulation in several cancers. However, little is known about the function of DDB1 in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In this study, we reported that DDB1 functions as a tumor-promoting factor in PDAC by regulating cancer cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and chemoresistance. Compared to normal pancreatic tissues, PDAC tissues had high expression levels of DDB1, and this high expression was positively correlated with poor prognosis. Furthermore, reductions in cell proliferation and EMT were observed in DDB1-deficient PDAC cell lines. Intriguingly, we also found that abrogation of DDB1 expression increased PDAC cell sensitivity to gemcitabine (GEM). Mechanistically, DDB1 knockdown was associated with an increase in deoxycytidine kinase expression in vivo and in vitro. In summary, our work demonstrated that DDB1 promotes PDAC progression and chemoresistance and may serve as a potential predictive marker and therapeutic target for PDAC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyin Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.X.); (J.H.); (B.Z.); (J.L.); (C.L.); (Q.M.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yubin Lei
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.X.); (J.H.); (B.Z.); (J.L.); (C.L.); (Q.M.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.X.); (J.H.); (B.Z.); (J.L.); (C.L.); (Q.M.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jie Hua
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.X.); (J.H.); (B.Z.); (J.L.); (C.L.); (Q.M.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.X.); (J.H.); (B.Z.); (J.L.); (C.L.); (Q.M.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.X.); (J.H.); (B.Z.); (J.L.); (C.L.); (Q.M.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.X.); (J.H.); (B.Z.); (J.L.); (C.L.); (Q.M.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qingcai Meng
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.X.); (J.H.); (B.Z.); (J.L.); (C.L.); (Q.M.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.X.); (J.H.); (B.Z.); (J.L.); (C.L.); (Q.M.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Correspondence: (X.Y.); (S.S.); Tel.: +86-021-6417-5590 (X.Y.); +86-021-6403-1446 (S.S.)
| | - Si Shi
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, No. 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Correspondence: (X.Y.); (S.S.); Tel.: +86-021-6417-5590 (X.Y.); +86-021-6403-1446 (S.S.)
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9
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Han Z, Li Y, Zhang J, Liu J, Chen C, van Zijl PC, Liu G. Molecular Imaging of Deoxycytidine Kinase Activity Using Deoxycytidine-Enhanced CEST MRI. Cancer Res 2019; 79:2775-2783. [PMID: 30940660 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Deoxycytidine kinase (DCK) is a key enzyme for the activation of a broad spectrum of nucleoside-based chemotherapy drugs (e.g., gemcitabine); low DCK activity is one of the most important causes of cancer drug-resistance. Noninvasive imaging methods that can quantify DCK activity are invaluable for assessing tumor resistance and predicting treatment efficacy. Here we developed a "natural" MRI approach to detect DCK activity using its natural substrate deoxycytidine (dC) as the imaging probe, which can be detected directly by chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI without any synthetic labeling. CEST MRI contrast of dC and its phosphorylated form, dCTP, successfully discriminated DCK activity in two mouse leukemia cell lines with different DCK expression. This dC-enhanced CEST MRI in xenograft leukemic cancer mouse models demonstrated that DCK(+) tumors have a distinctive dynamic CEST contrast enhancement and a significantly higher CEST contrast than DCK(-) tumors (AUC0-60 min = 0.47 ± 0.25 and 0.20 ± 0.13, respectively; P = 0.026, paired Student t test, n = 4) at 1 hour after the injection of dC. dC-enhanced CEST contrast also correlated well with tumor responses to gemcitabine treatment. This study demonstrates a novel MR molecular imaging approach for predicting cancer resistance using natural, nonradioactive, nonmetallic, and clinically available agents. This method has great potential for pursuing personalized chemotherapy by stratifying patients with different DCK activity. SIGNIFICANCE: A new molecular MRI method that detects deoxycytidine kinase activity using its natural substrate deoxycytidine has great translational potential for clinical assessment of tumor resistance and prediction of treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Han
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yuguo Li
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jia Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Radiology College, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Chuheng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peter C van Zijl
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Guanshu Liu
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. .,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
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10
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Hu Q, Qin Y, Xiang J, Liu W, Xu W, Sun Q, Ji S, Liu J, Zhang Z, Ni Q, Xu J, Yu X, Zhang B. dCK negatively regulates the NRF2/ARE axis and ROS production in pancreatic cancer. Cell Prolif 2018; 51:e12456. [PMID: 29701272 PMCID: PMC6528851 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Decreased deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) expression is a reported indicator of gemcitabine efficacy in pancreatic cancer, due to the impact of this kinase on gemcitabine metabolism. The transcription factor NF‐E2 p45‐related factor 2 (NRF2, also called Nfe2l2), a master regulator of redox homoeostasis, has been reported to tightly control the expression of numerous ROS‐detoxification genes and participates in drug resistance. However, the contribution of dCK to the NRF2 signalling axis has seldom been discussed and needs investigation. Materials and methods By overexpressing dCK in pancreatic cancer cells, we assessed the impact of dCK on NRF2 transcriptional activity. Furthermore, we measured the impact of dCK expression on the intracellular redox balance and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. By utilizing immunohistochemical staining and tissues from pancreatic cancer patients, we assessed the correlation between dCK and NRF2 expression. Through proliferation and metastasis assays, we examined the impact of dCK expression on cell proliferation and metastasis. Results dCK negatively regulates NRF2 transcriptional activity, leading to the decreased expression of ARE‐driven antioxidant genes. In addition, dCK negatively regulates intracellular redox homoeostasis and ROS production. Negative correlations between dCK and NRF2 levels in pancreatic cancer cell lines and patient samples were observed. In vitro cell line studies suggested that dCK negatively regulated proliferation and metastasis. Conclusion Decreased dCK expression promotes NRF2‐driven antioxidant transcription, which further enhances gemcitabine treatment resistance, forming a feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangsheng Hu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Qin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinfeng Xiang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wensheng Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyan Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiqing Sun
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunrong Ji
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quanxing Ni
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Zhong R, Liang B, Xin R, Zhu X, Liu Z, Chen Q, Hou Y, Jin Z, Qi M, Ma S, Liu X. Deoxycytidine kinase participates in the regulation of radiation-induced autophagy and apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2018; 52:1000-1010. [PMID: 29393406 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) is a rate limiting enzyme critical for the phosphorylation of endogenous deoxynucleosides and for the anti‑tumor activity of many nucleoside analogs. dCK is activated in response to ionizing radiation (IR) and it is required for the G2/M checkpoint induced by IR. However, whether dCK plays a role in radiation-induced autophagy and apoptosis is less clear. In this study, we reported that dCK decreased IR-induced total cell death and apoptosis, and increased IR-induced autophagy in SKBR3 and MDA‑MB‑231 breast cancer cell lines. A molecular switch exists between apoptosis and autophagy. We further demonstrated that serine 74 phosphorylation was required for the regulation of autophagy. In dCK wild‑type (WT) or dCK S74E (mutant) MDA‑MB‑231 cell models, the expression levels of phospho-Akt, phospho-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and phospho-P70S6K significantly decreased following exposure to IR. Moreover, the ratio of Bcl‑2/Beclin1 (BECN1) significantly decreased in the S74E mutant cells; however, no change was observed in the ratio of Bcl‑2/BAX. Taken together, our findings indicate that phosphorylated and activated dCK inhibits IR-induced total cell death and apoptosis, and promotes IR-induced autophagy through the mTOR pathway and by inhibiting the binding of Bcl‑2 protein to BECN1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhong
- Cancer Translational Medicine Laboratory, Jilin Provincial Cancer Hospital, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Bing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Rui Xin
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xuanji Zhu
- Medical Records Room, The First Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Qiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yufei Hou
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Mu Qi
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Shumei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
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12
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Yousef BA, Dirar AI, Elbadawi MAA, Awadalla MK, Mohamed MA. Potential Deoxycytidine Kinase Inhibitory Activity of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids: An In Silico Approach. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2018; 10:137-143. [PMID: 30237684 PMCID: PMC6142884 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_44_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Plants of the Amaryllidaceae family have been under intense scrutiny for the presence of a couple of alkaloidal secondary metabolites with endued cytotoxic activity, such as pancratistatin (1), 7-deoxypancratistatin (2), narciclasine (3), 7-deoxynarciclasine (4), trans-dihydronarciclasine (5), and 7-deoxy-trans-dihydronarciclasine (6). Nevertheless, preclinical evaluation of these alkaloids has been put on hold because of the limited quantity of materials available from isolation. Aim: To explore the underlying cytotoxic molecular mechanisms of the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (1–6) and to assess their absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) profiles using chemoinformatic tools. Materials And Methods: AutoDock 4.0 software along with different in silico chemoinformatic tools, namely PharmMapper, Molinspiration, MetaPrint2D, and admetSAR servers, were used to assess the drugability of the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (1–6). Results: Deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) (PDB: 1P60) was predicted as a potential target with fitting score of 5.574. In silico molecular docking of (1–6) into dCK revealed good interactions, where interesting hydrogen bonds were observed with the amino acid residues—Gly-28 and Ser-35—located in the highly conserved P-loop motif. This motif plays a special role in dCK function. Contrary to (1), in silico pharmacokinetic results have shown good absorption and permeation and thus good oral bioavailability for (2–6). Conclusion: The in silico docking data have proposed that the reported cytotoxic activity of the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (1–6) could be mediated through dCK inhibition. In addition, the ADMET profile of these alkaloids is promising and thus (1–6) could be candidates for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashir A Yousef
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sudan International University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Amina I Dirar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.,Medicinal, Aromatic Plants and Traditional Medicine Research Institute, National Centre for Research, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Mohamed K Awadalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdi A Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
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13
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Luo J, Pi G, Xiao H, Ye Y, Li Q, Zhao L, Huang H, Luo H, Zhang Q, Wang D, Wang G. Torin2 enhances the radiosensitivity of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells by downregulating the mTOR signaling pathway and ATM phosphorylation. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:366-373. [PMID: 29115478 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy has an important role in the comprehensive treatment of breast cancer. However, the clinical outcome of adjuvant radiotherapy may be limited due to intrinsic radioresistance, it is necessary to explore efficient radiosensitization methods that improve the clinical outcome of patients undergoing radiotherapy. The present study aimed to investigate whether the novel mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor Torin2 enhances the radiosensitivity of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells. A Cell Counting Kit‑8 (CCK‑8) assay was performed to measure the effect of Torin2 on cell proliferation, while clonogenic assays were employed to determine the effect of Torin2 in combination with radiation on the proliferation of MCF‑7 cells. The effect of Torin2 and/or radiation on the cell cycle was analyzed using flow cytometry. Furthermore, the protein expression of components of the phosphatidylinositol 3‑kinase/Akt/mTOR pathway, and the expression of proteins involved in DNA damage repair, was measured by western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that Torin2 exhibited a higher potency in MCF‑7 cells, while MDA‑MB‑231 cells were less sensitive to Torin2. Compared with irradiation alone, pretreatment with 20 nM Torin2 followed by irradiation resulted in an increased level of γ‑H2A histone family member X. Radiation induced the activation of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and upregulated the expression of phosphorylated (p)‑Akt473 and p‑eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4EBP1)37/46. Notably, pretreatment with Torin2 attenuated the radiation‑induced activation of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. In addition, Torin2 partially blocked the repair of double‑strand breaks induced by radiation by reducing the activation of ataxia telangiectasia‑mutated, and sensitized MCF‑7 cells to radiation. In conclusion, administration of Torin2 prior to irradiation enhanced the radiotherapeutic effect on breast cancer cells in vitro, and these results may provide a foundation for the rational use of combined therapy with irradiation and Torin2 for breast cancer in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Luo
- Cancer Center of Daping Hospital and The Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Guocheng Pi
- Cancer Center of Daping Hospital and The Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - He Xiao
- Cancer Center of Daping Hospital and The Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Yunfei Ye
- Cancer Center of Daping Hospital and The Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Qing Li
- Cancer Center of Daping Hospital and The Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Lianhua Zhao
- Cancer Center of Daping Hospital and The Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Huan Huang
- Cancer Center of Daping Hospital and The Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Hong Luo
- Cancer Center of Daping Hospital and The Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Cancer Center of Daping Hospital and The Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Dong Wang
- Cancer Center of Daping Hospital and The Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Ge Wang
- Cancer Center of Daping Hospital and The Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
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14
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Effects of DCK knockdown on proliferation, apoptosis and tumorigenicity in vivo of cervical cancer HeLa cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2017; 24:367-372. [PMID: 28820179 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2017.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The present study explored the effect that deoxycytidine kinase (DCK) knockdown had on proliferation, apoptosis and tumorigenicity in vivo of cervical cancer HeLa cells. Human cervical cancer HeLa cells that had received no prior treatment were selected from the HeLa group. The HeLa-negative control (NC) group consisted of cells that had undergone an empty vector treatment, and finally the HeLa-short hairpin RNA (shRNA) group included cells that were treated by means of shRNA-DCK expression. DCK expressions were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in addition to western blotting assays. Cell proliferation was estimated using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and cell cycle progression. Cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. BALB/c nude mice (n=24) were selected to establish transplanted tumor models, with gross tumor volume measured every 3 days. The results in vitro were as follows: compared with the HeLa group, the HeLa-shRNA group exhibited downregulation of DCK expression and inhibition of cell proliferation at 48, 72 and 96 h. Additionally, more cells in the HeLa-shRNA group were arrested in G0/G1 stage and less in S and G2/M stages, as well as in promotion of cell apoptosis. In vivo results are as follows: when comparing the HeLa and HeLa-NC groups, the gross tumor volume of the transplanted tumor in nude mice in the HeLa-shRNA group was found to have decreased in 13, 16, 19 and 22 days. Based on these findings, our study suggests that DCK knockdown facilitates apoptosis while inhibiting proliferation and tumorigenicity in vivo of cervical cancer HeLa cells.
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15
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ATR inhibition facilitates targeting of leukemia dependence on convergent nucleotide biosynthetic pathways. Nat Commun 2017; 8:241. [PMID: 28808226 PMCID: PMC5556071 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemia cells rely on two nucleotide biosynthetic pathways, de novo and salvage, to produce dNTPs for DNA replication. Here, using metabolomic, proteomic, and phosphoproteomic approaches, we show that inhibition of the replication stress sensing kinase ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR) reduces the output of both de novo and salvage pathways by regulating the activity of their respective rate-limiting enzymes, ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) and deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), via distinct molecular mechanisms. Quantification of nucleotide biosynthesis in ATR-inhibited acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells reveals substantial remaining de novo and salvage activities, and could not eliminate the disease in vivo. However, targeting these remaining activities with RNR and dCK inhibitors triggers lethal replication stress in vitro and long-term disease-free survival in mice with B-ALL, without detectable toxicity. Thus the functional interplay between alternative nucleotide biosynthetic routes and ATR provides therapeutic opportunities in leukemia and potentially other cancers. Leukemic cells depend on the nucleotide synthesis pathway to proliferate. Here the authors use metabolomics and proteomics to show that inhibition of ATR reduced the activity of these pathways thus providing a valuable therapeutic target in leukemia.
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16
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Beyaert M, Starczewska E, Pérez ACG, Vanlangendonck N, Saussoy P, Tilman G, De Leener A, Vekemans MC, Van Den Neste E, Bontemps F. Reevaluation of ATR signaling in primary resting chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells: evidence for pro-survival or pro-apoptotic function. Oncotarget 2017; 8:56906-56920. [PMID: 28915641 PMCID: PMC5593612 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ATM, primarily activated by DNA double-strand breaks, and ATR, activated by single-stranded DNA, are master regulators of the cellular response to DNA damage. In primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells, ATR signaling is considered to be switched off due to ATR downregulation. Here, we hypothesized that ATR, though expressed at low protein level, could play a role in primary resting CLL cells after genotoxic stress. By investigating the response of CLL cells to UV-C irradiation, a prototypical activator of ATR, we could detect phosphorylation of ATR at Thr-1989, a marker for ATR activation, and also observed that selective ATR inhibitors markedly decreased UV-C-induced phosphorylation of ATR targets, including H2AX and p53. Similar results were obtained with the purine analogs fludarabine and cladribine that were also shown to activate ATR and induce ATR-dependent phosphorylation of H2AX and p53. In addition, ATR inhibition was found to sensitize primary CLL cells to UV-C by decreasing DNA repair synthesis. Conversely, ATR inhibition rescued CLL cells against purine analogs by reducing expression of the pro-apoptotic genes PUMA and BAX. Collectively, our study indicates that ATR signaling can be activated in resting CLL cells and play a pro-survival or pro-apoptotic role, depending on the genotoxic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Beyaert
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eliza Starczewska
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Nicolas Vanlangendonck
- Department of Hematology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pascale Saussoy
- Service de Biologie clinique, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gaëlle Tilman
- Center for Human Genetic, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne De Leener
- Center for Human Genetic, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie-Christiane Vekemans
- Department of Hematology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eric Van Den Neste
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Hematology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Françoise Bontemps
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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17
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Barrio MJ, Spick C, Radu CG, Lassmann M, Eberlein U, Allen-Auerbach M, Schiepers C, Slavik R, Czernin J, Herrmann K. Human Biodistribution and Radiation Dosimetry of 18F-Clofarabine, a PET Probe Targeting the Deoxyribonucleoside Salvage Pathway. J Nucl Med 2017; 58:374-378. [PMID: 27811125 PMCID: PMC6945110 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.182394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
18F-clofarabine, a nucleotide purine analog, is a substrate for deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), a key enzyme in the deoxyribonucleoside salvage pathway. 18F-clofarabine might be used to measure dCK expression and thus serve as a predictive biomarker for tumor responses to dCK-dependent prodrugs or small-molecule dCK inhibitors, respectively. As a prerequisite for clinical translation, we determined the human whole-body and organ dosimetry of 18F-clofarabine. Methods: Five healthy volunteers were injected intravenously with 232.4 ± 1.5 MBq of 18F-clofarabine. Immediately after tracer injection, a dynamic scan of the entire chest was acquired for 30 min. This was followed by 3 static whole-body scans at 45, 90, and 135 min after tracer injection. Regions of interest were drawn around multiple organs on the CT scan and copied to the PET scans. Organ activity was determined and absorbed dose was estimated with OLINDA/EXM software. Results: The urinary bladder (critical organ), liver, kidney, and spleen exhibited the highest uptake. For an activity of 250 MBq, the absorbed doses in the bladder, liver, kidney, and spleen were 58.5, 6.6, 6.3, and 4.3 mGy, respectively. The average effective dose coefficient was 5.1 mSv. Conclusion: Our results hint that 18F-clofarabine can be used safely in humans to measure tissue dCK expression. Future studies will determine whether 18F-clofarabine may serve as a predictive biomarker for responses to dCK-dependent prodrugs or small-molecule dCK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Barrio
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Claudio Spick
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Caius G Radu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael Lassmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; and
| | - Uta Eberlein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; and
| | - Martin Allen-Auerbach
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christiaan Schiepers
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Roger Slavik
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Johannes Czernin
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ken Herrmann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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18
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The Role of Deoxycytidine Kinase (dCK) in Radiation-Induced Cell Death. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111939. [PMID: 27879648 PMCID: PMC5133934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) is a key enzyme in deoxyribonucleoside salvage and the anti-tumor activity for many nucleoside analogs. dCK is activated in response to ionizing radiation (IR)-induced DNA damage and it is phosphorylated on Serine 74 by the Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) kinase in order to activate the cell cycle G2/M checkpoint. However, whether dCK plays a role in radiation-induced cell death is less clear. In this study, we genetically modified dCK expression by knocking down or expressing a WT (wild-type), S74A (abrogates phosphorylation) and S74E (mimics phosphorylation) of dCK. We found that dCK could decrease IR-induced total cell death and apoptosis. Moreover, dCK increased IR-induced autophagy and dCK-S74 is required for it. Western blotting showed that the ratio of phospho-Akt/Akt, phospho-mTOR/mTOR, phospho-P70S6K/P70S6K significantly decreased in dCK-WT and dCK-S74E cells than that in dCK-S74A cells following IR treatment. Reciprocal experiment by co-immunoprecipitation showed that mTOR can interact with wild-type dCK. IR increased polyploidy and decreased G2/M arrest in dCK knock-down cells as compared with control cells. Taken together, phosphorylated and activated dCK can inhibit IR-induced cell death including apoptosis and mitotic catastrophe, and promote IR-induced autophagy through PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.
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19
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[18F]CFA as a clinically translatable probe for PET imaging of deoxycytidine kinase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:4027-32. [PMID: 27035974 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524212113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), a rate-limiting enzyme in the cytosolic deoxyribonucleoside (dN) salvage pathway, is an important therapeutic and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging target in cancer. PET probes for dCK have been developed and are effective in mice but have suboptimal specificity and sensitivity in humans. To identify a more suitable probe for clinical dCK PET imaging, we compared the selectivity of two candidate compounds-[(18)F]Clofarabine; 2-chloro-2'-deoxy-2'-[(18)F]fluoro-9-β-d-arabinofuranosyl-adenine ([(18)F]CFA) and 2'-deoxy-2'-[(18)F]fluoro-9-β-d-arabinofuranosyl-guanine ([(18)F]F-AraG)-for dCK and deoxyguanosine kinase (dGK), a dCK-related mitochondrial enzyme. We demonstrate that, in the tracer concentration range used for PET imaging, [(18)F]CFA is primarily a substrate for dCK, with minimal cross-reactivity. In contrast, [(18)F]F-AraG is a better substrate for dGK than for dCK. [(18)F]CFA accumulation in leukemia cells correlated with dCK expression and was abrogated by treatment with a dCK inhibitor. Although [(18)F]CFA uptake was reduced by deoxycytidine (dC) competition, this inhibition required high dC concentrations present in murine, but not human, plasma. Expression of cytidine deaminase, a dC-catabolizing enzyme, in leukemia cells both in cell culture and in mice reduced the competition between dC and [(18)F]CFA, leading to increased dCK-dependent probe accumulation. First-in-human, to our knowledge, [(18)F]CFA PET/CT studies showed probe accumulation in tissues with high dCK expression: e.g., hematopoietic bone marrow and secondary lymphoid organs. The selectivity of [(18)F]CFA for dCK and its favorable biodistribution in humans justify further studies to validate [(18)F]CFA PET as a new cancer biomarker for treatment stratification and monitoring.
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20
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Beyaert M, Starczewska E, Van Den Neste E, Bontemps F. A crucial role for ATR in the regulation of deoxycytidine kinase activity. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 100:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Liu JR, Liu Q, Khoury J, Li YJ, Han XH, Li J, Ibla JC. Hypoxic preconditioning decreases nuclear factor κB activity via Disrupted in Schizophrenia-1. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 70:140-8. [PMID: 26615762 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor κB is a key mediator of inflammation during conditions of hypoxia. Here, we used models of hypoxic pre-conditioning as mechanism to decrease nuclear factor κB activity induced by hypoxia. Our initial studies suggested that Disrupted in Schizophrenia-1 may be induced by hypoxic pre-conditioning and possibly involved in the regulation of nuclear factor κB. In this study we used Disrupted in Schizophrenia-1 exogenous over-expression and knock-down to determine its effect on ataxia telangiectasia mutated--nuclear factor κB activation cascade. Our results demonstrated that hypoxic pre-conditioning significantly increased the expression of Disrupted in Schizophrenia-1 at mRNA and protein levels both in vitro and in vivo. Over-expression of Disrupted in Schizophrenia-1 significantly attenuated the hypoxia-mediated ataxia telangiectasia mutated phosphorylation and prevented its cytoplasm translocation where it functions to activate nuclear factor κB. We further determined that Disrupted in Schizophrenia-1 activated the protein phosphatase 2A, preventing the phosphorylation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated serine-1981, the main regulatory site of ataxia telangiectasia mutated activity. Cellular levels of Disrupted in Schizophrenia-1 protein significantly decreased nuclear factor κB activation profiles and pro-inflammatory gene expression. Taken together, these results demonstrate that hypoxic pre-conditioning decreases the activation of nuclear factor κB through the transcriptional induction of Disrupted in Schizophrenia-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ren Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of GanNan Medical University, JiangXi 341000, PR China
| | - Joseph Khoury
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Yue-Jin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Xiao-Hui Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Jing Li
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Juan C Ibla
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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22
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Fasullo M, Endres L. Nucleotide salvage deficiencies, DNA damage and neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:9431-49. [PMID: 25923076 PMCID: PMC4463597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16059431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide balance is critically important not only in replicating cells but also in quiescent cells. This is especially true in the nervous system, where there is a high demand for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) produced from mitochondria. Mitochondria are particularly prone to oxidative stress-associated DNA damage because nucleotide imbalance can lead to mitochondrial depletion due to low replication fidelity. Failure to maintain nucleotide balance due to genetic defects can result in infantile death; however there is great variability in clinical presentation for particular diseases. This review compares genetic diseases that result from defects in specific nucleotide salvage enzymes and a signaling kinase that activates nucleotide salvage after DNA damage exposure. These diseases include Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, mitochondrial depletion syndromes, and ataxia telangiectasia. Although treatment options are available to palliate symptoms of these diseases, there is no cure. The conclusions drawn from this review include the critical role of guanine nucleotides in preventing neurodegeneration, the limitations of animals as disease models, and the need to further understand nucleotide imbalances in treatment regimens. Such knowledge will hopefully guide future studies into clinical therapies for genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fasullo
- Colleges of Nanoscale Sciences and Engineering, State University of New York Polytechnic University, Albany, NY 12203, USA.
| | - Lauren Endres
- Colleges of Nanoscale Sciences and Engineering, State University of New York Polytechnic University, Albany, NY 12203, USA.
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23
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Shiloh Y. ATM: expanding roles as a chief guardian of genome stability. Exp Cell Res 2014; 329:154-61. [PMID: 25218947 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Shiloh
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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