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Peng H, Qiao J, Wang G, Shi W, Xia F, Qiao R, Dong B. A collagen-rich arch in the urochordate notochord coordinates cell shaping and multi-tissue elongation. Curr Biol 2023; 33:5390-5403.e3. [PMID: 37995694 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Cell and tissue reshaping is crucial for coordinating three-dimensional pattern formation, in which the size and shape of the cells must be accurately regulated via signal transport and communication among tissues. However, the identity of signaling and transportation mechanisms in this process remains elusive. In our study, we identified an extracellular matrix (ECM) structure with a vertebra-like shape surrounding the central notochord tissue in the larval tail of the urochordate Ciona. Additionally, we verified that the ECM structure was formed de novo, mainly from collagens secreted by notochord cells. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and simulation results revealed that this structure was formed via diffusional collagen flow from a notochord that was restricted and molded in the spaces among tail tissues. We revealed that the collagen structure was essential for notochord cell arrangement and elongation. Furthermore, we observed that the central notochord connects with the epidermis through this ECM structure. The disruption of this structure by collagen knockdown and loss-of-collagen function caused the failure of notochord elongation. More importantly, the epidermis could not elongate proportionally with notochord, indicating that the collagen-rich structure serves as a scaffold to coordinate the concurrent elongation of the tail tissues. These findings provide insights into how the central tissue forms and molds its surrounding ECM structure, by not only regulating its own morphogenesis but also functioning as a scaffold for signal transmission to orchestrate the coordinated morphologic reshaping of the surrounding tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhe Peng
- Fang Zongxi Center, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jinghan Qiao
- Fang Zongxi Center, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Guilin Wang
- Fang Zongxi Center, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Wenjie Shi
- Fang Zongxi Center, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Fan Xia
- Fang Zongxi Center, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Runyu Qiao
- Fang Zongxi Center, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Fang Zongxi Center, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China; MoE Key Laboratory of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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2
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Zhang M, Zhou J, Ji Y, Shu S, Zhang M, Liang Y. LncRNA-NONMMUT100923.1 regulates mouse embryonic palatal shelf adhesion by sponging miR-200a-3p to modulate medial epithelial cell desmosome junction during palatogenesis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16329. [PMID: 37251885 PMCID: PMC10208945 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate (CP) is a common neonatal craniofacial defect caused by the adhesion and fusion dysfunction of bilateral embryonic palatal shelf structures. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is involved in CP formation with regulatory mechanism unknown. In this study, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) was used to induced cleft palate in embryonic mice as model group. The RNA-sequencing was performed to screen differentially expressed genes between the normal and model group on embryonic day 16.5, and the expression of LncRNA-NONMMUT100923.1 and miR-200a-3p, Cdsn was confirmed by RT-PCR and western blotting. Colony formation, CCK-8 and EDU assays were performed to measure cell proliferation and apoptosis on mouse embryonic palatal shelf (MEPS) epithelial cells in vitro. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and dual luciferase activity assays was used to investigate the regulatory effect of LncRNA-NONMMUT100923.1 on miRNA and its target genes. Up-regulation of LncRNA-NONMMUT100923.1 and Cdsn while downregulation of miR-200a-3p was found in the model group. The sponging effects of LncRNA-NONMMUT100923 on miR-200a-3p and the target gene relations between Cdsn and miR-200a-3p was confirmed. Low expression of miR-200a-3p was related to the increased expressed levels of Cdsn and the proliferation of MEPS epithelial cells. Thus, a potential ceRNA regulatory network in which LncRNA-NONMMUT100923.1 regulates Cdsn expression by competitively binding to endogenous miR-200a-3p during palatogenesis, which may inhibit MEPS adhesion by preventing the disintegration of the desmosome junction in medial edge epithelium cells. These findings indicate the regulatory role of lncRNA and provides a potential direction for target gene therapy of CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- The Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Jieyan Zhou
- The Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Yingwen Ji
- The Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Shenyou Shu
- The Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Mingjun Zhang
- The Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, 563099, Guizhou, China
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3
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Rasl J, Grusanovic J, Klimova Z, Caslavsky J, Grousl T, Novotny J, Kolar M, Vomastek T. ERK2 signaling regulates cell-cell adhesion of epithelial cells and enhances growth factor-induced cell scattering. Cell Signal 2022; 99:110431. [PMID: 35933033 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ERK signaling pathway, consisting of core protein kinases Raf, MEK and effector kinases ERK1/2, regulates various biological outcomes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, or cell migration. Signal transduction through the ERK signaling pathway is tightly controlled at all levels of the pathway. However, it is not well understood whether ERK pathway signaling can be modulated by the abundance of ERK pathway core kinases. In this study, we investigated the effects of low-level overexpression of the ERK2 isoform on the phenotype and scattering of cuboidal MDCK epithelial cells growing in discrete multicellular clusters. We show that ERK2 overexpression reduced the vertical size of lateral membranes that contain cell-cell adhesion complexes. Consequently, ERK2 overexpressing cells were unable to develop cuboidal shape, remained flat with increased spread area and intercellular adhesive contacts were present only on the basal side. Interestingly, ERK2 overexpression was not sufficient to increase phosphorylation of multiple downstream targets including transcription factors and induce global changes in gene expression, namely to increase the expression of pro-migratory transcription factor Fra1. However, ERK2 overexpression enhanced HGF/SF-induced cell scattering as these cells scattered more rapidly and to a greater extent than parental cells. Our results suggest that an increase in ERK2 expression primarily reduces cell-cell cohesion and that weakened intercellular adhesion synergizes with upstream signaling in the conversion of the multicellular epithelium into single migrating cells. This mechanism may be clinically relevant as the analysis of clinical data revealed that in one type of cancer, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, ERK2 overexpression correlates with a worse prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rasl
- Laboratory of Cell Signalling Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josipa Grusanovic
- Laboratory of Cell Signalling Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Klimova
- Laboratory of Cell Signalling Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Caslavsky
- Laboratory of Cell Signalling Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Grousl
- Laboratory of Cell Signalling Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Novotny
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Informatics and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kolar
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Vomastek
- Laboratory of Cell Signalling Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Edechi CA, Amini M, Hamedani MK, Terceiro LE, Nickel BE, Leygue E, Myal Y. Comparison of Fixation Methods for the Detection of Claudin 1 and E-Cadherin in Breast Cancer Cell Lines by Immunofluorescence. J Histochem Cytochem 2022; 70:181-187. [PMID: 34715746 PMCID: PMC8777374 DOI: 10.1369/00221554211055240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The tight junction membrane protein claudin 1 and the adherens junction protein E-cadherin play critical roles in cell-cell communication and in cell signaling. As a result, their protein levels and distribution in cancer have been a focus of cancer researchers in recent years. The loss of sensitivity to contact inhibition and the establishment of invasive properties in cancer are thought to be a result of the mislocalization of these membrane proteins to the cytoplasm. However, reports on their distribution and levels have been inconsistent. It is therefore critical that the techniques used to determine the cellular localization of these proteins be both consistent and reliable. This study was undertaken to determine the optimal fixation method, methanol or formalin, for the detection of claudin 1 and E-cadherin by immunofluorescence in five different human breast cancer cell lines. Both methods exhibited staining of the cell membrane and cytoplasm, but the strongest and most distinct signals were obtained using methanol fixation. Interestingly, cell-specific differences were also observed that appeared to be associated with levels of claudin 1 and E-cadherin as seen by Western blotting. Therefore, when evaluating cellular localization of the junction proteins claudin 1 and E-cadherin, expression level and cell type differences must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Barbara E. Nickel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St.
Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Etienne Leygue
- Department of Biochemistry,Max Rady College of Medicine, University of
Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute,
Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Yvonne Myal
- Yvonne Myal, Department of Pathology, Max
Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 401 Brodie Centre, 727
McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada. E-mail:
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E-cadherin loss in RMG-1 cells inhibits cell migration and its regulation by Rho GTPases. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 18:100650. [PMID: 31193165 PMCID: PMC6520553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin is an adherens junction protein that forms intercellular contacts in epithelial cells. Downregulation of E-cadherin is frequently observed in epithelial tumors and it is a hallmark of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, recent findings suggest that E-cadherin plays a more complex role in certain types of cancers. Previous studies investigating the role of E-cadherin mainly used gene-knockdown systems; therefore, we used the CRISPR/Cas9n system to develop E-cadherin-knockout (EcadKO) ovarian cancer RMG-1 cell to clarify the role of E-cadherin in RMG-1 cells. EcadKO RMG-1 cells demonstrated a complete loss of the adherens junctions and failed to form cell clusters. Cell–extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions were increased in EcadKO RMG-1 cells. Upregulation of integrin beta1 and downregulation of collagen 4 were confirmed. EcadKO RMG-1 cells showed decreased β-catenin levels and decreased expression of its transcriptional target cyclin D1. Surprisingly, a marked decrease in the migratory ability of EcadKO RMG-1 cells was observed and the cellular response to Rho GTPase inhibitors was diminished. Thus, we demonstrated that E-cadherin in RMG-1 cells is indispensable for β-catenin expression and β-catenin mediated transcription and Rho GTPase-regulated directionally persistent cell migration. E-cadherin loss diminished the formation of cell clusters in RMG-1 cells. E-cadherin loss depleted β-catenin expression in RMG-1 cells. E-cadherin loss markedly decreased cell migration and response to RhoGTPase inhibitors during cell migration in RMG-1 cells.
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6
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Density-dependent ERK MAPK expression regulates MMP-9 and influences growth. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 456:115-122. [PMID: 30689107 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03496-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that expression of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is decreased by high density in normal fibroblast cells, and this was correlated with increased expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatases. Because of these differences in ERK regulation upon contact inhibition, it is likely that other cellular responses may be influenced by the attainment of a contact-inhibited state. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and cadherin cleavage were both found to be decreased upon reaching high culture density. Inhibition of ERK activity with the MEK inhibitor PD98059 resulted in increased expression of cadherins, while constitutive activation of ERK through the use of expression of an ERK construct with a D319N sevenmaker mutation resulted in decreased expression of cadherins and enhanced colony formation of HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells. Taken together, these results corroborate a role for the regulation of ERK upon the attainment of a contact-inhibited state with increased expression of cadherins.
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Ozawa M. Nonmuscle myosin IIA is involved in recruitment of apical junction components through activation of α-catenin. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio.031369. [PMID: 29654115 PMCID: PMC5992523 DOI: 10.1242/bio.031369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MDCK dog kidney epithelial cells express two isoforms of nonmuscle myosin heavy chain II, IIA and IIB. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, we established cells in which the IIA gene was ablated. These cells were then transfected with a vector that expresses GFP-IIA chimeric molecule under the control of a tetracycline-responsible element. In the absence of Dox (doxycyclin), when GFP-IIA is expressed (GFP-IIA+), the cells exhibit epithelial cell morphology, but in the presence of Dox, when expression of GFP-IIA is repressed (GFP-IIA-), the cells lose epithelial morphology and strong cell-cell adhesion. Consistent with these observations, GFP-IIA- cells failed to assemble junction components such as E-cadherin, desmoplakin, and occludin at cell-cell contact sites. Therefore, IIA is required for assembly of junction complexes. MDCK cells with an ablation of the α-catenin gene also exhibited the same phenotype. However, when in GFP-IIA- cells expressed α-catenin lacking the inhibitory region or E-cadherin/α-catenin chimeras, the cells acquired the ability to establish the junction complex. These experiments reveal that IIA acts as an activator of α-catenin in junction assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ozawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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8
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Yamagata M, Duan X, Sanes JR. Cadherins Interact With Synaptic Organizers to Promote Synaptic Differentiation. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:142. [PMID: 29760652 PMCID: PMC5936767 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical cadherins, a set of ~20 related recognition and signaling molecules, have been implicated in many aspects of neural development, including the formation and remodeling of synapses. Mechanisms underlying some of these steps have been studied by expressing N-cadherin (cdh2), a Type 1 cadherin, in heterologous cells, but analysis is complicated because widely used lines express cdh2 endogenously. We used CRISPR-mediated gene editing to generate a Human embryonic kidney (HEK)293 variant lacking Cdh2, then compared the behavior of rodent cortical and hippocampal neurons co-cultured with parental, cdh2 mutant and cdh2-rescued 293 lines. The comparison demonstrated that Cdh2 promotes neurite branching and that it is required for three synaptic organizers, neurologin1 (NLGL1), leucine-rich repeat transmembrane protein 2 (LRRtm2), and Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (Cadm1/SynCAM) to stimulate presynaptic differentiation, assayed by clustering of synaptic vesicles at sites of neurite-293 cell contact. Similarly, Cdh2 is required for a presynaptic organizing molecule, Neurexin1β, to promote postsynaptic differentiation in dendrites. We also show that another Type I cadherin, Cdh4, and a Type II cadherin, Cdh6, can substitute for Cdh2 in these assays. Finally, we provide evidence that the effects of cadherins require homophilic interactions between neurites and the heterologous cells. Together, these results indicate that classical cadherins act together with synaptic organizers to promote synaptic differentiation, perhaps in part by strengthening the intracellular adhesion required for the organizers to act efficiently. We propose that cadherins promote high affinity contacts between appropriate partners, which then enable synaptic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Yamagata
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Xin Duan
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Joshua R Sanes
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Domingos PLB, Souza MG, Guimarães TA, Santos ES, Farias LC, de Carvalho Fraga CA, Jones KM, Santos SHS, de Paula AMB, Guimarães ALS. Hypoxia reduces the E-cadherin expression and increases OSCC cell migration regardless of the E-cadherin methylation profile. Pathol Res Pract 2017; 213:496-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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10
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Chen YT, Tai CY. μ2-Dependent endocytosis of N-cadherin is regulated by β-catenin to facilitate neurite outgrowth. Traffic 2017; 18:287-303. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-ting Chen
- Taiwan International Graduate Program, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program; Academia Sinica; Taiwan Republic of China
- Institute of Molecular Biology; Academia Sinica; Taiwan Republic of China
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center; Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Chin-Yin Tai
- Taiwan International Graduate Program, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program; Academia Sinica; Taiwan Republic of China
- Institute of Molecular Biology; Academia Sinica; Taiwan Republic of China
- Development Center for Biotechnology; Institute of Pharmaceutics; Taiwan Republic of China
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11
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Tanaka S, Kobayashi W, Haraguchi M, Ishihata K, Nakamura N, Ozawa M. Snail1 expression in human colon cancer DLD-1 cells confers invasive properties without N-cadherin expression. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 8:120-126. [PMID: 28955947 PMCID: PMC5613769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental characteristic of carcinoma cells. EMT is generally associated with a change in cellular morphology from cobblestone to spindle shape, reduced expression of epithelial markers such as E-cadherin, and enhanced expression of mesenchymal markers such as N-cadherin. This EMT-associated reciprocal expression of E-cadherin and N-cadherin has been called the "cadherin switch". Downregulation of E-cadherin enables cells to dissociate from colonies while upregulation of N-cadherin is associated with increased invasiveness. The transcription factor Snail1 induces these changes in various epithelial cell lines, including canine MDCK cells and human A431 cells. In the present study, we introduced a Snail1 expression vector into human DLD-1 cells and isolated stable transfectants. These cells showed changes in morphology, reduced expression of epithelial marker E-cadherin and occludin, and elevated invasion and migration. However, neither expression of N-cadherin protein nor its corresponding mRNA was detected. Therefore, elevated N-cadherin expression is not required for invasiveness of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Tanaka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Wakako Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Misako Haraguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kiyohide Ishihata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Norifumi Nakamura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ozawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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12
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Martinez-Garay I, Gil-Sanz C, Franco SJ, Espinosa A, Molnár Z, Mueller U. Cadherin 2/4 signaling via PTP1B and catenins is crucial for nucleokinesis during radial neuronal migration in the neocortex. Development 2016; 143:2121-34. [PMID: 27151949 PMCID: PMC4920171 DOI: 10.1242/dev.132456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cadherins are crucial for the radial migration of excitatory projection neurons into the developing neocortical wall. However, the specific cadherins and the signaling pathways that regulate radial migration are not well understood. Here, we show that cadherin 2 (CDH2) and CDH4 cooperate to regulate radial migration in mouse brain via the protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and α- and β-catenins. Surprisingly, perturbation of cadherin-mediated signaling does not affect the formation and extension of leading processes of migrating neocortical neurons. Instead, movement of the cell body and nucleus (nucleokinesis) is disrupted. This defect is partially rescued by overexpression of LIS1, a microtubule-associated protein that has previously been shown to regulate nucleokinesis. Taken together, our findings indicate that cadherin-mediated signaling to the cytoskeleton is crucial for nucleokinesis of neocortical projection neurons during their radial migration. Highlighted article: In radially migrating mouse cortical neurons, cadherin-mediated signaling to the cytoskeleton regulates the forward movement of the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Martinez-Garay
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Cristina Gil-Sanz
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Santos J Franco
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA Program of Pediatric Stem Cell Biology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ana Espinosa
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Ulrich Mueller
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Inada M, Izawa G, Kobayashi W, Ozawa M. 293 cells express both epithelial as well as mesenchymal cell adhesion molecules. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:1521-7. [PMID: 27121032 PMCID: PMC4866952 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The 293 cell line, used extensively in various types of studies due to the ease with which these cells can be transfected, was thought to be derived by the transformation of primary cultures of human embryonic kidney cells with sheared adenovirus type 5 DNA. Although the 293 cells were assumed to originate from epithelial cells, the exact origin of these cells remains unknown. Previous attempts to characterize these cells combined immunostaining, immunoblot analysis and microarray analysis to demonstrate that 293 cells express neurofilament subunits, α-internexin, and several other proteins typically found in neurons. These findings raised the possibility that the 293 cell line may have originated from human neuronal lineage cells. Contrary to this suggestion, in this study, we found that the 293 cells expressed N-cadherin and vimentin, which are marker proteins expressed in mesenchymal cells. Furthermore, the 293 cells also expressed E-cadherin, cytokeratins 5/8 and desmoglein 2, which are epithelial cell markers. When the cells, primarily cultured from the kidneys of Clawn miniature swine and passaged 10–15 generations [termed porcine kidney epithelial (PKE) cells] were examined, they were found to be positive for the expression of both mesenchymal and epithelial markers. Thus, transformation by adenovirus was not necessary for the cells to express N-cadherin. Occludin and zonula occludens (ZO)-1, two components of tight junctions in epithelial and endothelial cells, were detected in the 293 and the PKE cells. Thus, the findings of the present study demonstrate that 293 cells retain several characteristics of epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Inada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Genya Izawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Wakako Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ozawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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The N-cadherin cytoplasmic domain confers anchorage-independent growth and the loss of contact inhibition. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15368. [PMID: 26481443 PMCID: PMC4612716 DOI: 10.1038/srep15368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor growth is characterized by anchorage independence and the loss of contact inhibition. Previously, we showed that either a red fluorescent protein (DsRed)-tagged N-cadherin or E-cadherin cytoplasmic domain (DNCT or DECT) could function as a dominant negative inhibitor by blocking the cell surface localization of endogenous E-cadherin and inducing cell dissociation. Here, we show that expression of DNCT abrogated contact inhibition of proliferation and conferred anchorage-independent growth. DNCT expression induced the relocation of the tumor suppressor Merlin from the cell surface to intracellular compartments. Although DNCT expression induced redistribution of TAZ from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, YAP/TAZ signaling was not activated. An E-cadherin–α-catenin chimera that functions as a β-catenin–independent cell adhesion molecule restored contact inhibition and anchorage-dependency of growth. Addition of the SV40 large T antigen nuclear localization signal reversed the effects of DNCT expression, indicating that DNCT functioned outside of the nucleus.
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15
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Ozawa M. E-cadherin cytoplasmic domain inhibits cell surface localization of endogenous cadherins and fusion of C2C12 myoblasts. Biol Open 2015; 4:1427-35. [PMID: 26453620 PMCID: PMC4728358 DOI: 10.1242/bio.013938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoblast fusion is a highly regulated process that is essential for skeletal muscle formation during muscle development and regeneration in mammals. Much remains to be elucidated about the molecular mechanism of myoblast fusion although cadherins, which are Ca(2+)-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecules, are thought to play a critical role in this process. Mouse myoblasts lacking either N-cadherin or M-cadherin can still fuse to form myotubes, indicating that they have no specific function in this process and may be functionally replaced by either M-cadherin or N-cadherin, respectively. In this study, we show that expressing the E-cadherin cytoplasmic domain ectopically in C2C12 myoblasts inhibits cell surface localization of endogenous M-cadherin and N-cadherin, as well as cell-cell fusion. This domain, however, does not inhibit myoblast differentiation according to microarray-based gene expression analysis. In contrast, expressing a dominant-negative β-catenin mutant ectopically, which suppresses Wnt/β-catenin signaling, did not inhibit cell-cell fusion. Therefore, the E-cadherin cytoplasmic domain inhibits cell-cell fusion by inhibiting cell surface localization of endogenous cadherins and not by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ozawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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16
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Ozawa M, Kobayashi W. Reversibility of the Snail-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition revealed by the Cre-loxP system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 458:608-613. [PMID: 25681770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a key process in the tumor metastatic cascade, is characterized by the loss of cell-cell junctions and cell polarity, as well as the acquisition of migratory and invasive properties. Snail is an EMT-inducer whose expression in several different epithelial cells, e.g., Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK), leads to EMT. To further understand EMT induced by Snail expression, the Cre-loxP site-specific recombination system was used to investigate its reversibility. Transfection of MDCK cells with loxP-flanked Snail (Snail-loxP) resulted in EMT induction, which included the acquisition of a spindle-shaped fibroblastic morphology, the downregulation of epithelial markers, and the upregulation of mesenchymal markers. DNA methylation of the E-cadherin promoter, which often occurs during E-cadherin downregulation, was not observed in Snail+ cells. After Cre-mediated excision of Snail-loxP, the cells reacquired an epithelial morphology, upregulated epithelial markers, and downregulated mesenchymal markers. Thus, EMT induced by Snail expression was reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ozawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Wakako Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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