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Brouwer MAE, Jones-Warner W, Rahman S, Kerstholt M, Ferreira AV, Oosting M, Hooiveld GJ, Netea MG, Joosten LAB. B. burgdorferi sensu lato-induced inhibition of antigen presentation is mediated by RIP1 signaling resulting in impaired functional T cell responses towards Candida albicans. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 12:101611. [PMID: 33360386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antigen presentation is a crucial innate immune cell function that instructs adaptive immune cells. Loss of this pathway severely impairs the development of adaptive immune responses. To investigate whether B. burgdorferi sensu lato. spirochetes modulate the induction of an effective immune response, primary human PBMCs were isolated from healthy volunteers and stimulated with B. burgdorferi s.l. Through cell entry, TNF receptor I, and RIP1 signaling cascades, B. burgdorferi s.l. strongly downregulated genes and proteins involved in antigen presentation, specifically HLA-DM, MHC class II and CD74. Antigen presentation proteins were distinctively inhibited in monocyte subsets, monocyte-derived macrophages, and dendritic cells. When compared to a range of other pathogens, B. burgdorferi s.l.-induced suppression of antigen presentation appears to be specific. Inhibition of antigen presentation interfered with T-cell recognition of B. burgdorferi s.l., and memory T-cell responses against Candidaalbicans. Re-stimulation of PBMCs with the commensal microbe C.albicans following B. burgdorferi s.l. exposure resulted in significantly reduced IFN-γ, IL-17 and IL-22 production. These findings may explain why patients with Lyme borreliosis develop delayed adaptive immune responses. Unravelling the mechanism of B. burgdorferi s.l.-induced inhibition of antigen presentation, via cell entry, TNF receptor I, and RIP1 signaling cascades, explains the difficulty to diagnose the disease based on serology and to obtain an effective vaccine against Lyme borreliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A E Brouwer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - William Jones-Warner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Shafaque Rahman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mariska Kerstholt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Anaísa V Ferreira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marije Oosting
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Guido J Hooiveld
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Carlsson H, Sandholm K, Haddish HW, Brudin L, Ekdahl KN, Tjernberg I. Complement activation in individuals with previous subclinical Lyme borreliosis and patients with previous Lyme neuroborreliosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 39:855-862. [PMID: 31893341 PMCID: PMC7182544 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-019-03807-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Lyme borreliosis (LB) is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi and infection may lead to not only a large variety of clinical manifestations but also a subclinical outcome. The aim of the present study was to investigate if there is a constitutional difference in complement activation between individuals with previous subclinical Lyme borreliosis (SB) and patients previously diagnosed with Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB). Lepirudin plasma for activation studies was collected from 60 SB individuals and from 22 patients pre-diagnosed with LNB. The plasma was incubated with live Borrelia spirochetes of two strains (complement sensitive B. garinii Lu59 and complement resistant B. afzelii ACA1). Complement factor C3 was measured in non-activated lepirudin plasma with immune-nephelometry and C3a and sC5b-9 generated during complement activation were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We found that the complement sensitive Lu59 induced higher complement activation than the complement resistant ACA1 when measuring activation products C3a and sC5b-9 in SB and LNB patients, p < 0.0001. No significant difference was found between SB and LNB patients in systemic levels of C3. Furthermore, SB individuals generated a higher activation of C3 cleavage to C3a (C3a/C3 ratio) than LNB patients after activation with ACA1, p < 0.001, but no significant differences were found in response to Lu59. In conclusion, Lu59 induced higher complement activation than ACA1 and individuals with previous SB showed increased generation of C3a compared with patients with previous LNB. In our study population, this mechanism could lead to less elimination of spirochetes in LNB patients and thereby be a factor contributing to the clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Carlsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Region Kalmar County, Kalmar and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Kerstin Sandholm
- Centre of Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Haben Woldu Haddish
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Region Kalmar County, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Lars Brudin
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Region Kalmar County, Kalmar, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kristina Nilsson Ekdahl
- Centre of Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory C5:3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ivar Tjernberg
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Region Kalmar County, Kalmar and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Mysterud A, Heylen DJA, Matthysen E, Garcia AL, Jore S, Viljugrein H. Lyme neuroborreliosis and bird populations in northern Europe. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190759. [PMID: 31138073 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many vector-borne diseases are transmitted through complex pathogen-vector-host networks, which makes it challenging to identify the role of specific host groups in disease emergence. Lyme borreliosis in humans is now the most common vector-borne zoonosis in the Northern Hemisphere. The disease is caused by multiple genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato bacteria transmitted by ixodid (hard) ticks, and the major host groups transmit Borrelia genospecies with different pathogenicity, causing variable clinical symptoms in humans. The health impact of a given host group is a function of the number of ticks it infects as well as the pathogenicity of the genospecies it carries. Borrelia afzelii, with mainly small mammals as reservoirs, is the most common pathogen causing Lyme borreliosis, and it is often responsible for the largest proportion of infected host-seeking tick nymphs in Europe. The bird-borne Borrelia garinii, though less prevalent in nymphal ticks, is more likely to cause Lyme neuroborreliosis, but whether B. garinii causes disseminated disease more frequently has not been documented. Based on extensive data of annual disease incidence across Norway from 1995 to 2017, we show here that 69% of disseminated Lyme borreliosis cases were neuroborreliosis, which is three times higher than predicted from the infection prevalence of B. garinii in host-seeking ticks (21%). The population estimate of migratory birds, mainly of thrushes, explained part of the annual variation in cases of neuroborreliosis, with a one-year time lag. We highlight the important role of the genospecies' pathogenicity and the host associations for understanding the epidemiology of disseminated Lyme borreliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atle Mysterud
- 1 Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo , PO Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo , Norway.,2 Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk , Belgium
| | - Dieter J A Heylen
- 3 Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University , Diepenbeek , Belgium.,4 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University , Princeton, NJ , USA
| | - Erik Matthysen
- 2 Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk , Belgium
| | | | - Solveig Jore
- 6 Department of Food, Water, Zoonotic and Vector-borne Infections, The Norwegian Public Health Institute , PO Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo , Norway
| | - Hildegunn Viljugrein
- 1 Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo , PO Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo , Norway.,7 Norwegian Veterinary Institute , PO Box 750, Sentrum, 0106 Oslo , Norway
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Stone BL, Brissette CA. Host Immune Evasion by Lyme and Relapsing Fever Borreliae: Findings to Lead Future Studies for Borrelia miyamotoi. Front Immunol 2017; 8:12. [PMID: 28154563 PMCID: PMC5243832 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging pathogen, Borrelia miyamotoi, is a relapsing fever spirochete vectored by the same species of Ixodes ticks that carry the causative agents of Lyme disease in the US, Europe, and Asia. Symptoms caused by infection with B. miyamotoi are similar to a relapsing fever infection. However, B. miyamotoi has adapted to different vectors and reservoirs, which could result in unique physiology, including immune evasion mechanisms. Lyme Borrelia utilize a combination of Ixodes-produced inhibitors and native proteins [i.e., factor H-binding proteins (FHBPs)/complement regulator-acquiring surface proteins, p43, BBK32, BGA66, BGA71, CD59-like protein] to inhibit complement, while some relapsing fever spirochetes use C4b-binding protein and likely Ornithodoros-produced inhibitors. To evade the humoral response, Borrelia utilize antigenic variation of either outer surface proteins (Osps) and the Vmp-like sequences (Vls) system (Lyme borreliae) or variable membrane proteins (Vmps, relapsing fever borreliae). B. miyamotoi possesses putative FHBPs and antigenic variation of Vmps has been demonstrated. This review summarizes and compares the common mechanisms utilized by Lyme and relapsing fever spirochetes, as well as the current state of understanding immune evasion by B. miyamotoi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandee L Stone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota , Grand Forks, ND , USA
| | - Catherine A Brissette
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota , Grand Forks, ND , USA
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Mason LM, Herkes EA, Krupna-Gaylord MA, Oei A, Poll TVD, Wormser GP, Schwartz I, Petzke MM, Hovius JW. Borrelia burgdorferi clinical isolates induce human innate immune responses that are not dependent on genotype. Immunobiology 2015; 220:1141-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Morris G, Berk M, Walder K, Maes M. The Putative Role of Viruses, Bacteria, and Chronic Fungal Biotoxin Exposure in the Genesis of Intractable Fatigue Accompanied by Cognitive and Physical Disability. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2550-71. [PMID: 26081141 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Patients who present with severe intractable apparently idiopathic fatigue accompanied by profound physical and or cognitive disability present a significant therapeutic challenge. The effect of psychological counseling is limited, with significant but very slight improvements in psychometric measures of fatigue and disability but no improvement on scientific measures of physical impairment compared to controls. Similarly, exercise regimes either produce significant, but practically unimportant, benefit or provoke symptom exacerbation. Many such patients are afforded the exclusionary, non-specific diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome if rudimentary testing fails to discover the cause of their symptoms. More sophisticated investigations often reveal the presence of a range of pathogens capable of establishing life-long infections with sophisticated immune evasion strategies, including Parvoviruses, HHV6, variants of Epstein-Barr, Cytomegalovirus, Mycoplasma, and Borrelia burgdorferi. Other patients have a history of chronic fungal or other biotoxin exposure. Herein, we explain the epigenetic factors that may render such individuals susceptible to the chronic pathology induced by such agents, how such agents induce pathology, and, indeed, how such pathology can persist and even amplify even when infections have cleared or when biotoxin exposure has ceased. The presence of active, reactivated, or even latent Herpes virus could be a potential source of intractable fatigue accompanied by profound physical and or cognitive disability in some patients, and the same may be true of persistent Parvovirus B12 and mycoplasma infection. A history of chronic mold exposure is a feasible explanation for such symptoms, as is the presence of B. burgdorferi. The complex tropism, life cycles, genetic variability, and low titer of many of these pathogens makes their detection in blood a challenge. Examination of lymphoid tissue or CSF in such circumstances may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Tir Na Nog, Bryn Road seaside 87, Llanelli, SA15 2LW, Wales, UK
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia. .,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Schüler W, Bunikis I, Weber-Lehman J, Comstedt P, Kutschan-Bunikis S, Stanek G, Huber J, Meinke A, Bergström S, Lundberg U. Complete genome sequence of Borrelia afzelii K78 and comparative genome analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120548. [PMID: 25798594 PMCID: PMC4370689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The main Borrelia species causing Lyme borreliosis in Europe and Asia are Borrelia afzelii, B. garinii, B. burgdorferi and B. bavariensis. This is in contrast to the United States, where infections are exclusively caused by B. burgdorferi. Until to date the genome sequences of four B. afzelii strains, of which only two include the numerous plasmids, are available. In order to further assess the genetic diversity of B. afzelii, the most common species in Europe, responsible for the large variety of clinical manifestations of Lyme borreliosis, we have determined the full genome sequence of the B. afzelii strain K78, a clinical isolate from Austria. The K78 genome contains a linear chromosome (905,949 bp) and 13 plasmids (8 linear and 5 circular) together presenting 1,309 open reading frames of which 496 are located on plasmids. With the exception of lp28-8, all linear replicons in their full length including their telomeres have been sequenced. The comparison with the genomes of the four other B. afzelii strains, ACA-1, PKo, HLJ01 and Tom3107, as well as the one of B. burgdorferi strain B31, confirmed a high degree of conservation within the linear chromosome of B. afzelii, whereas plasmid encoded genes showed a much larger diversity. Since some plasmids present in B. burgdorferi are missing in the B. afzelii genomes, the corresponding virulence factors of B. burgdorferi are found in B. afzelii on other unrelated plasmids. In addition, we have identified a species specific region in the circular plasmid, cp26, which could be used for species determination. Different non-coding RNAs have been located on the B. afzelii K78 genome, which have not previously been annotated in any of the published Borrelia genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ignas Bunikis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Gerold Stanek
- Medical University of Vienna, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Sven Bergström
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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