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Schäffer C, Andrukhov O. The intriguing strategies of Tannerella forsythia's host interaction. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2024; 5:1434217. [PMID: 38872984 PMCID: PMC11169705 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2024.1434217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Tannerella forsythia, a member of the "red complex" bacteria implicated in severe periodontitis, employs various survival strategies and virulence factors to interact with the host. It thrives as a late colonizer in the oral biofilm, relying on its unique adaptation mechanisms for persistence. Essential to its survival are the type 9 protein secretion system and O-glycosylation of proteins, crucial for host interaction and immune evasion. Virulence factors of T. forsythia, including sialidase and proteases, facilitate its pathogenicity by degrading host glycoproteins and proteins, respectively. Moreover, cell surface glycoproteins like the S-layer and BspA modulate host responses and bacterial adherence, influencing colonization and tissue invasion. Outer membrane vesicles and lipopolysaccharides further induce inflammatory responses, contributing to periodontal tissue destruction. Interactions with specific host cell types, including epithelial cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes macrophages, and mesenchymal stromal cells, highlight the multifaceted nature of T. forsythia's pathogenicity. Notably, it can invade epithelial cells and impair PMN function, promoting dysregulated inflammation and bacterial survival. Comparative studies with periodontitis-associated Porphyromonas gingivalis reveal differences in protease activity and immune modulation, suggesting distinct roles in disease progression. T. forsythia's potential to influence oral antimicrobial defense through protease-mediated degradation and interactions with other bacteria underscores its significance in periodontal disease pathogenesis. However, understanding T. forsythia's precise role in host-microbiome interactions and its classification as a keystone pathogen requires further investigation. Challenges in translating research data stem from the complexity of the oral microbiome and biofilm dynamics, necessitating comprehensive studies to elucidate its clinical relevance and therapeutic implications in periodontitis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schäffer
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, NanoGlycobiology Research Group, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oleh Andrukhov
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Xu J, Yu L, Ye S, Ye Z, Yang L, Xu X. Oral microbiota-host interaction: the chief culprit of alveolar bone resorption. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1254516. [PMID: 38455060 PMCID: PMC10918469 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1254516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
There exists a bidirectional relationship between oral health and general well-being, with an imbalance in oral symbiotic flora posing a threat to overall human health. Disruptions in the commensal flora can lead to oral diseases, while systemic illnesses can also impact the oral cavity, resulting in the development of oral diseases and disorders. Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, known as pathogenic bacteria associated with periodontitis, play a crucial role in linking periodontitis to accompanying systemic diseases. In periodontal tissues, these bacteria, along with their virulence factors, can excessively activate the host immune system through local diffusion, lymphatic circulation, and blood transmission. This immune response disruption contributes to an imbalance in osteoimmune mechanisms, alveolar bone resorption, and potential systemic inflammation. To restore local homeostasis, a deeper understanding of microbiota-host interactions and the immune network phenotype in local tissues is imperative. Defining the immune network phenotype in periodontal tissues offers a promising avenue for investigating the complex characteristics of oral plaque biofilms and exploring the potential relationship between periodontitis and associated systemic diseases. This review aims to provide an overview of the mechanisms underlying Porphyromonas gingivalis- and Fusobacterium nucleatum-induced alveolar bone resorption, as well as the immunophenotypes observed in host periodontal tissues during pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Xu
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ling Yu
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Surong Ye
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zitong Ye
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Luyi Yang
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoxi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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3
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Han N, Li X, Du J, Xu J, Guo L, Liu Y. The impacts of oral and gut microbiota on alveolar bone loss in periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2023; 58:1139-1147. [PMID: 37712722 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis, a chronic infectious disease, primarily arises from infections and the invasion of periodontal pathogens. This condition is typified by alveolar bone loss resulting from host immune responses and inflammatory reactions. Periodontal pathogens trigger aberrant inflammatory reactions within periodontal tissues, thereby exacerbating the progression of periodontitis. Simultaneously, these pathogens and metabolites stimulate osteoclast differentiation, which leads to alveolar bone resorption. Moreover, a range of systemic diseases, including diabetes, postmenopausal osteoporosis, obesity and inflammatory bowel disease, can contribute to the development and progression of periodontitis. Many studies have underscored the pivotal role of gut microbiota in bone health through the gut-alveolar bone axis. The circulation may facilitate the transfer of gut pathogens or metabolites to distant alveolar bone, which in turn regulates bone homeostasis. Additionally, gut pathogens can elicit gut immune responses and direct immune cells to remote organs, potentially exacerbating periodontitis. This review summarizes the influence of oral microbiota on the development of periodontitis as well as the association between gut microbiota and periodontitis. By uncovering potential mechanisms of the gut-bone axis, this analysis provides novel insights for the targeted treatment of pathogenic bacteria in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Han
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology, Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology, Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Du
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology, Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Junji Xu
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology, Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijia Guo
- Department of Orthodontics School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology, Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Banu Raza F, Vijayaragavalu S, Kandasamy R, Krishnaswami V, Kumar V A. Microbiome and the inflammatory pathway in peri-implant health and disease with an updated review on treatment strategies. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2023; 13:84-91. [PMID: 36504486 PMCID: PMC9730223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Crestal bone preservation around the dental implant for aesthetic and functional success is widely researched and documented over a decade. Several etiological factors were put forth for crestal bone loss; of which biofilm plays a major role. Biofilm is formed by the colonization of wide spectra of bacteria inhabited around dental implants. Bacterial adherence affects the regulators of bone growth and an early intervention preserves the peri-implant bone. Primary modes of therapy stated in early literature were either prevention or treatment of infection caused by biofilm. This narrative review overviews the microbiome during different stages of peri-implant health, the mechanism of bone destruction, and the expression of the biomarkers at each stage. Microbial contamination and the associated biomarkers varied depending on the stage of peri-implant infection. The comprehensive review helps in formulating a research plan, both in diagnostics and treatment aspects in improving peri-implant health.
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Key Words
- Antibiotics
- Biomarkers
- CD14, Cluster of Differentiation 14
- CSF, Colony-Stimulating Factor
- Gene expression
- IL, Interleukins
- MMP 8, Matrix MetalloProteinase 8
- Microbiota
- OPG, Osteoprotegerin
- PSMB 2, Proteasome subunit beta type-2
- Peri-implant
- RANK, Receptor Activator of Nuclear factor Kappa-Β
- RANKL, Receptor Activator of Nuclear factor Kappa-ΒLigand
- TIMP, Tissue inhibitor of Metalloproteinase
- TNF, Tumor Necrosis Factor
- TWEAK, TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis
- VEGF, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
- sRANKL, soluble Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathima Banu Raza
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Ruckmani Kandasamy
- Centre for Excellence in Nanobio Translational REsearch (CENTRE), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering, Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkateshwaran Krishnaswami
- Centre for Excellence in Nanobio Translational REsearch (CENTRE), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering, Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anand Kumar V
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Corresponding author. Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, SRIHER (DU), Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Deng J, Lu C, Zhao Q, Chen K, Ma S, Li Z. The Th17/Treg cell balance: crosstalk among the immune system, bone and microbes in periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2021; 57:246-255. [PMID: 34878170 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Periodontopathic bacteria constantly stimulate the host, which causes an immune response, leading to host-induced periodontal tissue damage. The complex interaction and imbalance between Th17 and Treg cells may be critical in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Furthermore, the RANKL/RANK/OPG system plays a significant role in periodontitis bone metabolism, and its relationship with the Th17/Treg cell imbalance may be a bridge between periodontal bone metabolism and the immune system. This article reviews the literature related to the Th17/Treg cell imbalance mediated by pathogenic periodontal microbes, and its mechanism involving RANKL/RANK/OPG in periodontitis bone metabolism, in an effort to provide new ideas for the study of the immunopathological mechanism of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Deng
- Clinical Research Platform for Interdiscipline of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Department of Stomatology, College of stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunting Lu
- Science and Education Office, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingtong Zhao
- Clinical Research Platform for Interdiscipline of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Department of Stomatology, College of stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kexiao Chen
- Clinical Research Platform for Interdiscipline of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Department of Stomatology, College of stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuyuan Ma
- Clinical Research Platform for Interdiscipline of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Department of Stomatology, College of stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zejian Li
- Clinical Research Platform for Interdiscipline of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Department of Stomatology, College of stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Chaoshan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Chaozhou, China
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Hathaway-Schrader JD, Novince CM. Maintaining homeostatic control of periodontal bone tissue. Periodontol 2000 2021; 86:157-187. [PMID: 33690918 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar bone is a unique osseous tissue due to the proximity of dental plaque biofilms. Periodontal health and homeostasis are mediated by a balanced host immune response to these polymicrobial biofilms. Dysbiotic shifts within dental plaque biofilms can drive a proinflammatory immune response state in the periodontal epithelial and gingival connective tissues, which leads to paracrine signaling to subjacent bone cells. Sustained chronic periodontal inflammation disrupts "coupled" osteoclast-osteoblast actions, which ultimately result in alveolar bone destruction. This chapter will provide an overview of alveolar bone physiology and will highlight why the oral microbiota is a critical regulator of alveolar bone remodeling. The ecology of dental plaque biofilms will be discussed in the context that periodontitis is a polymicrobial disruption of host homeostasis. The pathogenesis of periodontal bone loss will be explained from both a historical and current perspective, providing the opportunity to revisit the role of fibrosis in alveolar bone destruction. Periodontal immune cell interactions with bone cells will be reviewed based on our current understanding of osteoimmunological mechanisms influencing alveolar bone remodeling. Lastly, probiotic and prebiotic interventions in the oral microbiota will be evaluated as potential noninvasive therapies to support alveolar bone homeostasis and prevent periodontal bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Hathaway-Schrader
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Chad M Novince
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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7
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Catunda RQ, Ho KKY, Patel S, Febbraio M. A 2-plane micro-computed tomographic alveolar bone measurement approach in mice. Imaging Sci Dent 2021; 51:389-398. [PMID: 34987999 PMCID: PMC8695470 DOI: 10.5624/isd.20210058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study introduces a standardized 2-plane approach using 8 landmarks to assess alveolar bone levels in mice using micro-computed tomography. Materials and Methods Bone level differences were described as distance from the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) to alveolar bone crest (ABC) and as percentages of vertical bone height and vertical bone loss, comparing mice infected with Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) to controls. Eight measurements were obtained per tooth: 2 in the sagittal plane (mesial and distal) and 6 in the coronal plane (mesiobuccal, middle-buccal, distobuccal, mesiolingual, middle-lingual, and distolingual). Results Significant differences in the CEJ-to-ABC distance between Pg-infected mice and controls were found in the coronal plane (middle-lingual, mesiobuccal, and distolingual for the first molar; and mesiobuccal, middle-buccal, and distolingual for the second molar). In the sagittal plane, the distal measurement of the second molar was different. The middle-buccal, mesiobuccal, and distolingual sites of the first and second molars showed vertical bone loss relative to controls; the second molar middle-lingual site was also different. In the sagittal plane, the mesial sites of the first and second molars and the distal site of the second molar showed loss. Significantly different vertical bone height percentages were found for the mesial and distal sites of the second molar (sagittal plane) and the middle-lingual and distolingual sites of the first molar(coronal plane). Conclusion A reliable, standardized technique for linear periodontal assessments in mice is described. Alveolar bone loss occurred mostly on the lingual surface of the coronal plane, which is often omitted in studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raisa Queiroz Catunda
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Karen Ka-Yan Ho
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Srushti Patel
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Maria Febbraio
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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8
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Purification of Tannerella forsythia Surface-Layer (S-Layer) Proteins. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2020; 2210:135-142. [PMID: 32815134 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0939-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this chapter is to provide a detailed purification protocol for the surface-layer (S-layer) glycoproteins of the periodontal pathogen Tannerella forsythia. The procedure involves detergent based solubilization of the bacterial S-layer followed by cesium chloride gradient centrifugation and gel permeation chromatography. The protocol is suitable for the isolation of S-layer glycoproteins from T. forsythia strains with diverse O-glycan structures, and aid in understanding the biochemical basis and the role of protein O-glycosylation in bacterial pathogenesis.
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Bloch S, Tomek MB, Friedrich V, Messner P, Schäffer C. Nonulosonic acids contribute to the pathogenicity of the oral bacterium Tannerella forsythia. Interface Focus 2019; 9:20180064. [PMID: 30842870 PMCID: PMC6388019 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2018.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a polymicrobial, biofilm-caused, inflammatory disease affecting the tooth-supporting tissues. It is not only the leading cause of tooth loss worldwide, but can also impact systemic health. The development of effective treatment strategies is hampered by the complicated disease pathogenesis which is best described by a polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis model. This model classifies the Gram-negative anaerobe Tannerella forsythia as a periodontal pathogen, making it a prime candidate for interference with the disease. Tannerella forsythia employs a protein O-glycosylation system that enables high-density display of nonulosonic acids via the bacterium's two-dimensional crystalline cell surface layer. Nonulosonic acids are sialic acid-like sugars which are well known for their pivotal biological roles. This review summarizes the current knowledge of T. forsythia's unique cell envelope with a focus on composition, biosynthesis and functional implications of the cell surface O-glycan. We have obtained evidence that glycobiology affects the bacterium's immunogenicity and capability to establish itself in the polymicrobial oral biofilm. Analysis of the genomes of different T. forsythia isolates revealed that complex protein O-glycosylation involving nonulosonic acids is a hallmark of pathogenic T. forsythia strains and, thus, constitutes a valuable target for the design of novel anti-infective strategies to combat periodontitis.
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10
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Tomek MB, Maresch D, Windwarder M, Friedrich V, Janesch B, Fuchs K, Neumann L, Nimeth I, Zwickl NF, Dohm JC, Everest-Dass A, Kolarich D, Himmelbauer H, Altmann F, Schäffer C. A General Protein O-Glycosylation Gene Cluster Encodes the Species-Specific Glycan of the Oral Pathogen Tannerella forsythia: O-Glycan Biosynthesis and Immunological Implications. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2008. [PMID: 30210478 PMCID: PMC6120980 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell surface of the oral pathogen Tannerella forsythia is heavily glycosylated with a unique, complex decasaccharide that is O-glycosidically linked to the bacterium’s abundant surface (S-) layer, as well as other proteins. The S-layer glycoproteins are virulence factors of T. forsythia and there is evidence that protein O-glycosylation underpins the bacterium’s pathogenicity. To elucidate the protein O-glycosylation pathway, genes suspected of encoding pathway components were first identified in the genome sequence of the ATCC 43037 type strain, revealing a 27-kb gene cluster that was shown to be polycistronic. Using a gene deletion approach targeted at predicted glycosyltransferases (Gtfs) and methyltransferases encoded in this gene cluster, in combination with mass spectrometry of the protein-released O-glycans, we show that the gene cluster encodes the species-specific part of the T. forsythia ATCC 43037 decasaccharide and that this is assembled step-wise on a pentasaccharide core. The core was previously proposed to be conserved within the Bacteroidetes phylum, to which T. forsythia is affiliated, and its biosynthesis is encoded elsewhere on the bacterial genome. Next, to assess the prevalence of protein O-glycosylation among Tannerella sp., the publicly available genome sequences of six T. forsythia strains were compared, revealing gene clusters of similar size and organization as found in the ATCC 43037 type strain. The corresponding region in the genome of a periodontal health-associated Tannerella isolate showed a different gene composition lacking most of the genes commonly found in the pathogenic strains. Finally, we investigated whether differential cell surface glycosylation impacts T. forsythia’s overall immunogenicity. Release of proinflammatory cytokines by dendritic cells (DCs) upon stimulation with defined Gtf-deficient mutants of the type strain was measured and their T cell-priming potential post-stimulation was explored. This revealed that the O-glycan is pivotal to modulating DC effector functions, with the T. forsythia-specific glycan portion suppressing and the pentasaccharide core activating a Th17 response. We conclude that complex protein O-glycosylation is a hallmark of pathogenic T. forsythia strains and propose it as a valuable target for the design of novel antimicrobials against periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus B Tomek
- NanoGlycobiology Unit, Department of NanoBiotechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Windwarder
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Valentin Friedrich
- NanoGlycobiology Unit, Department of NanoBiotechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Janesch
- NanoGlycobiology Unit, Department of NanoBiotechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina Fuchs
- NanoGlycobiology Unit, Department of NanoBiotechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Neumann
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Nimeth
- NanoGlycobiology Unit, Department of NanoBiotechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolaus F Zwickl
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Biotechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Juliane C Dohm
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Biotechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arun Everest-Dass
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Daniel Kolarich
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Heinz Himmelbauer
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Biotechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Schäffer
- NanoGlycobiology Unit, Department of NanoBiotechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Blackler RJ, López-Guzmán A, Hager FF, Janesch B, Martinz G, Gagnon SML, Haji-Ghassemi O, Kosma P, Messner P, Schäffer C, Evans SV. Structural basis of cell wall anchoring by SLH domains in Paenibacillus alvei. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3120. [PMID: 30087354 PMCID: PMC6081394 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05471-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-assembling protein surface (S-) layers are common cell envelope structures of prokaryotes and have critical roles from structural maintenance to virulence. S-layers of Gram-positive bacteria are often attached through the interaction of S-layer homology (SLH) domain trimers with peptidoglycan-linked secondary cell wall polymers (SCWPs). Here we present an in-depth characterization of this interaction, with co-crystal structures of the three consecutive SLH domains from the Paenibacillus alvei S-layer protein SpaA with defined SCWP ligands. The most highly conserved SLH domain residue SLH-Gly29 is shown to enable a peptide backbone flip essential for SCWP binding in both biophysical and cellular experiments. Furthermore, we find that a significant domain movement mediates binding by two different sites in the SLH domain trimer, which may allow anchoring readjustment to relieve S-layer strain caused by cell growth and division. Gram-positive bacterial envelopes comprise proteinaceous surface layers (S-layers) important for survival and virulence that are often anchored to the cell wall through secondary cell wall polymers. Here the authors use a structural and biophysical approach to define the molecular mechanism of this important interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Blackler
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 3P6, Canada.,Zymeworks Inc., Vancouver, BC, V6H 3V9, Canada
| | - Arturo López-Guzmán
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fiona F Hager
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Janesch
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gudrun Martinz
- Department of Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susannah M L Gagnon
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 3P6, Canada
| | - Omid Haji-Ghassemi
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 3P6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Paul Kosma
- Department of Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Messner
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Schäffer
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stephen V Evans
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 3P6, Canada.
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12
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Beall CJ, Campbell AG, Griffen AL, Podar M, Leys EJ. Genomics of the Uncultivated, Periodontitis-Associated Bacterium Tannerella sp. BU045 (Oral Taxon 808). mSystems 2018; 3:e00018-18. [PMID: 29896567 PMCID: PMC5989130 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00018-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research into the human oral microbiome, many species remain uncultivated. The technique of single-cell whole-genome amplification and sequencing provides a means of deriving genome sequences for species that can be informative on biological function and suggest pathways to cultivation. Tannerella forsythia has long been known to be highly associated with chronic periodontitis and to cause periodontitis-like symptoms in experimental animals, and Tannerella sp. BU045 (human oral taxon 808) is an uncultivated relative of this organism. In this work, we extend our previous sequencing of the Tannerella sp. BU063 (human oral taxon 286) genome by sequencing amplified genomes from 11 cells of Tannerella sp. BU045, including 3 genomes that are at least 90% complete. Tannerella sp. BU045 is more closely related to Tannerella sp. BU063 than to T. forsythia by gene content and average nucleotide identity. However, two independent data sets of association with periodontitis, one based on 16S rRNA gene abundance and the other based on gene expression in a metatranscriptomic data set, show that Tannerella sp. BU045 is more highly associated with disease than Tannerella sp. BU063. Comparative genomics shows genes and functions that are shared or unique to the different species, which may direct further research of the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis. IMPORTANCE Periodontitis (gum disease) affects 47% of adults over 30 in the United States (P. I. Eke, B. A. Dye, L. Wei, G. O. Thornton-Evans, R. J. Genco, et al., J Dent Res 91:914-920, 2012), and it cost between $39 and $396 billion worldwide in 2015 (A. J. Righolt, M. Jevdjevic, W. Marcenes, and S. Listl, J Dent Res, 17 January 2018, https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034517750572). Many bacteria associated with the disease are known only by the DNA sequence of their 16S rRNA gene. In this publication, amplification and sequencing of DNA from single bacterial cells are used to obtain nearly complete genomes of Tannerella sp. BU045, a species of bacteria that is more prevalent in patients with periodontitis than in healthy patients. Comparing the complete genome of this bacterium to genomes of related bacterial species will help to better understand periodontitis and may help to grow this organism in pure culture, which would allow a better understanding of its role in the mouth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford J. Beall
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Alisha G. Campbell
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ann L. Griffen
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mircea Podar
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Eugene J. Leys
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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13
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Macrophage Polarization in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Killers or Builders? J Immunol Res 2018. [PMID: 29507865 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8917804]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are key cellular components of the innate immunity, acting as the main player in the first-line defence against the pathogens and modulating homeostatic and inflammatory responses. Plasticity is a major feature of macrophages resulting in extreme heterogeneity both in normal and in pathological conditions. Macrophages are not homogenous, and they are generally categorized into two broad but distinct subsets as either classically activated (M1) or alternatively activated (M2). However, macrophages represent a continuum of highly plastic effector cells, resembling a spectrum of diverse phenotype states. Induction of specific macrophage functions is closely related to the surrounding environment that acts as a relevant orchestrator of macrophage functions. This phenomenon, termed polarization, results from cell/cell, cell/molecule interaction, governing macrophage functionality within the hosting tissues. Here, we summarized relevant cellular and molecular mechanisms driving macrophage polarization in "distant" pathological conditions, such as cancer, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and periodontitis that share macrophage-driven inflammation as a key feature, playing their dual role as killers (M1-like) and/or builders (M2-like). We also dissect the physio/pathological consequences related to macrophage polarization within selected chronic inflammatory diseases, placing polarized macrophages as a relevant hallmark, putative biomarkers, and possible target for prevention/therapy.
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14
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Macrophage Polarization in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Killers or Builders? J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:8917804. [PMID: 29507865 PMCID: PMC5821995 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8917804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are key cellular components of the innate immunity, acting as the main player in the first-line defence against the pathogens and modulating homeostatic and inflammatory responses. Plasticity is a major feature of macrophages resulting in extreme heterogeneity both in normal and in pathological conditions. Macrophages are not homogenous, and they are generally categorized into two broad but distinct subsets as either classically activated (M1) or alternatively activated (M2). However, macrophages represent a continuum of highly plastic effector cells, resembling a spectrum of diverse phenotype states. Induction of specific macrophage functions is closely related to the surrounding environment that acts as a relevant orchestrator of macrophage functions. This phenomenon, termed polarization, results from cell/cell, cell/molecule interaction, governing macrophage functionality within the hosting tissues. Here, we summarized relevant cellular and molecular mechanisms driving macrophage polarization in “distant” pathological conditions, such as cancer, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and periodontitis that share macrophage-driven inflammation as a key feature, playing their dual role as killers (M1-like) and/or builders (M2-like). We also dissect the physio/pathological consequences related to macrophage polarization within selected chronic inflammatory diseases, placing polarized macrophages as a relevant hallmark, putative biomarkers, and possible target for prevention/therapy.
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15
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Friedrich V, Janesch B, Windwarder M, Maresch D, Braun ML, Megson ZA, Vinogradov E, Goneau MF, Sharma A, Altmann F, Messner P, Schoenhofen IC, Schäffer C. Tannerella forsythia strains display different cell-surface nonulosonic acids: biosynthetic pathway characterization and first insight into biological implications. Glycobiology 2018; 27:342-357. [PMID: 27986835 PMCID: PMC5378307 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tannerella forsythia is an anaerobic, Gram-negative periodontal pathogen. A unique O-linked oligosaccharide decorates the bacterium's cell surface proteins and was shown to modulate the host immune response. In our study, we investigated the biosynthesis of the nonulosonic acid (NulO) present at the terminal position of this glycan. A bioinformatic analysis of T. forsythia genomes revealed a gene locus for the synthesis of pseudaminic acid (Pse) in the type strain ATCC 43037 while strains FDC 92A2 and UB4 possess a locus for the synthesis of legionaminic acid (Leg) instead. In contrast to the NulO in ATCC 43037, which has been previously identified as a Pse derivative (5-N-acetimidoyl-7-N-glyceroyl-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-l-glycero-l-manno-NulO), glycan analysis of strain UB4 performed in this study indicated a 350-Da, possibly N-glycolyl Leg (3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-d-glycero-d-galacto-NulO) derivative with unknown C5,7 N-acyl moieties. We have expressed, purified and characterized enzymes of both NulO pathways to confirm these genes’ functions. Using capillary electrophoresis (CE), CE–mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy, our studies revealed that Pse biosynthesis in ATCC 43037 essentially follows the UDP-sugar route described in Helicobacter pylori, while the pathway in strain FDC 92A2 corresponds to Leg biosynthesis in Campylobacter jejuni involving GDP-sugar intermediates. To demonstrate that the NulO biosynthesis enzymes are functional in vivo, we created knockout mutants resulting in glycans lacking the respective NulO. Compared to the wild-type strains, the mutants exhibited significantly reduced biofilm formation on mucin-coated surfaces, suggestive of their involvement in host-pathogen interactions or host survival. This study contributes to understanding possible biological roles of bacterial NulOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Friedrich
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Janesch
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Windwarder
- Department of Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias L Braun
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zoë A Megson
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, Vienna, Austria
| | - Evgeny Vinogradov
- National Research Council, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Marie-France Goneau
- National Research Council, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ashu Sharma
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, 311 Foster Hall, 3435 Main St. Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Messner
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ian C Schoenhofen
- National Research Council, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Christina Schäffer
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Sochalska M, Potempa J. Manipulation of Neutrophils by Porphyromonas gingivalis in the Development of Periodontitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:197. [PMID: 28589098 PMCID: PMC5440471 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of the chronic periodontal disease is associated with a skewed host inflammatory response to periodontal pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, that accounts for the majority of periodontal tissue damage. Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in periodontal pockets and depending on the stage of the disease, also plentiful PMNs are present in the inflamed gingival tissue and the gingival crevice. They are the most efficient phagocytes and eliminate pathogens by a variety of means, which are either oxygen-dependent or -independent. However, these secretory lethal weapons do not strictly discriminate between pathogens and host tissue. Current studies describe conflicting findings about neutrophil involvement in periodontal disease. On one hand literature indicate that hyper-reactive neutrophils are the main immune cell type responsible for this observed tissue damage and disease progression. Deregulation of neutrophil survival and functions, such as chemotaxis, migration, secretion of antimicrobial peptides or enzymes, and production of reactive oxygen species, contribute to observed tissue injury and the clinical signs of periodontal disease. On the other hand neutrophils deficiencies in patients and mice also result in periodontal phenotype. Therefore, P. gingivalis represents a periodontal pathogen that manipulates the immune responses of PMNs, employing several virulence factors, such as gingipains, serine proteases, lipid phosphatases, or fimbriae. This review will sum up studies devoted to understanding different strategies utilized by P. gingivalis to manipulate PMNs survival and functions in order to inhibit killing by a granular content, prolong inflammation, and gain access to nutrient resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Sochalska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland.,Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of LouisvilleLouisville, KY, United States
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17
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Cheng WC, van Asten SD, Burns LA, Evans HG, Walter GJ, Hashim A, Hughes FJ, Taams LS. Periodontitis-associated pathogens P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans activate human CD14(+) monocytes leading to enhanced Th17/IL-17 responses. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2211-21. [PMID: 27334899 PMCID: PMC5031191 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Th17/IL‐17 pathway is implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontitis (PD), however the mechanisms are not fully understood. We investigated the mechanism by which the periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) promote a Th17/IL‐17 response in vitro, and studied IL‐17+ CD4+ T‐cell frequencies in gingival tissue and peripheral blood from patients with PD versus periodontally healthy controls. Addition of Pg or Aa to monocyte/CD4+ T‐cell co‐cultures promoted a Th17/IL‐17 response in vitro in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. Pg or Aa stimulation of monocytes resulted in increased CD40, CD54 and HLA‐DR expression, and enhanced TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6 and IL‐23 production. Mechanistically, IL‐17 production in Pg‐stimulated co‐cultures was partially dependent on IL‐1β, IL‐23 and TLR2/TLR4 signalling. Increased frequencies of IL‐17+ cells were observed in gingival tissue from patients with PD compared to healthy subjects. No differences were observed in IL‐17+ CD4+ T‐cell frequencies in peripheral blood. In vitro, Pg induced significantly higher IL‐17 production in anti‐CD3 mAb‐stimulated monocyte/CD4+ T‐cell co‐cultures from patients with PD compared to healthy controls. Our data suggest that periodontal pathogens can activate monocytes, resulting in increased IL‐17 production by human CD4+ T cells, a process that appears enhanced in patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chien Cheng
- Division of Immunology, Infection & Inflammatory Disease, Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Periodontology, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Saskia D van Asten
- Division of Immunology, Infection & Inflammatory Disease, Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lachrissa A Burns
- Division of Immunology, Infection & Inflammatory Disease, Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hayley G Evans
- Division of Immunology, Infection & Inflammatory Disease, Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gina J Walter
- Division of Immunology, Infection & Inflammatory Disease, Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ahmed Hashim
- Centre for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Francis J Hughes
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Leonie S Taams
- Division of Immunology, Infection & Inflammatory Disease, Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation, King's College London, London, UK.
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18
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Friedrich V, Gruber C, Nimeth I, Pabinger S, Sekot G, Posch G, Altmann F, Messner P, Andrukhov O, Schäffer C. Outer membrane vesicles of Tannerella forsythia: biogenesis, composition, and virulence. Mol Oral Microbiol 2015; 30:451-73. [PMID: 25953484 PMCID: PMC4604654 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tannerella forsythia is the only ‘red‐complex’ bacterium covered by an S‐layer, which has been shown to affect virulence. Here, outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) enriched with putative glycoproteins are described as a new addition to the virulence repertoire of T. forsythia. Investigations of this bacterium are hampered by its fastidious growth requirements and the recently discovered mismatch of the available genome sequence (92A2 = ATCC BAA‐2717) and the widely used T. forsythia strain (ATCC 43037). T. forsythia was grown anaerobically in serum‐free medium and biogenesis of OMVs was analyzed by electron and atomic force microscopy. This revealed OMVs with a mean diameter of ~100 nm budding off from the outer membrane while retaining the S‐layer. An LC‐ESI‐TOF/TOF proteomic analysis of OMVs from three independent biological replicates identified 175 proteins. Of these, 14 exhibited a C‐terminal outer membrane translocation signal that directs them to the cell/vesicle surface, 61 and 53 were localized to the outer membrane and periplasm, respectively, 22 were predicted to be extracellular, and 39 to originate from the cytoplasm. Eighty proteins contained the Bacteroidales O‐glycosylation motif, 18 of which were confirmed as glycoproteins. Release of pro‐inflammatory mediators from the human monocytic cell line U937 and periodontal ligament fibroblasts upon stimulation with OMVs followed a concentration‐dependent increase that was more pronounced in the presence of soluble CD14 in conditioned media. The inflammatory response was significantly higher than that caused by whole T. forsythia cells. Our study represents the first characterization of T. forsythia OMVs, their proteomic composition and immunogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Friedrich
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Gruber
- Department of Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - I Nimeth
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Pabinger
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Health & Environment Department, Molecular Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria
| | - G Sekot
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - G Posch
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - F Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Messner
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - O Andrukhov
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Competence Centre of Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Schäffer
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
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19
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Mechanisms of Bone Resorption in Periodontitis. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:615486. [PMID: 26065002 PMCID: PMC4433701 DOI: 10.1155/2015/615486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar bone loss is a hallmark of periodontitis progression and its prevention is a key clinical challenge in periodontal disease treatment. Bone destruction is mediated by the host immune and inflammatory response to the microbial challenge. However, the mechanisms by which the local immune response against periodontopathic bacteria disturbs the homeostatic balance of bone formation and resorption in favour of bone loss remain to be established. The osteoclast, the principal bone resorptive cell, differentiates from monocyte/macrophage precursors under the regulation of the critical cytokines macrophage colony-stimulating factor, RANK ligand, and osteoprotegerin. TNF-α, IL-1, and PGE2 also promote osteoclast activity, particularly in states of inflammatory osteolysis such as those found in periodontitis. The pathogenic processes of destructive inflammatory periodontal diseases are instigated by subgingival plaque microflora and factors such as lipopolysaccharides derived from specific pathogens. These are propagated by host inflammatory and immune cell influences, and the activation of T and B cells initiates the adaptive immune response via regulation of the Th1-Th2-Th17 regulatory axis. In summary, Th1-type T lymphocytes, B cell macrophages, and neutrophils promote bone loss through upregulated production of proinflammatory mediators and activation of the RANK-L expression pathways.
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