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Kolařík M, Hulcr J. Geosmithia—widespread and abundant but long ignored bark beetle symbionts. Mycol Prog 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-023-01880-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
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2
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Bracalini M, Benigno A, Aglietti C, Panzavolta T, Moricca S. Thousand Cankers Disease in Walnut Trees in Europe: Current Status and Management. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020164. [PMID: 36839436 PMCID: PMC9959596 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Thousand cankers disease (TCD) is a new deadly disease in walnut trees (Juglans spp.), which is plaguing commercial plantations, natural groves, and ornamental black walnut trees (Juglans nigra) in their native and invasion areas in the US and, more recently, in artificial plantations and amenity trees in the newly-invaded areas in Europe (Italy). This insect/fungus complex arises from the intense trophic activity of the bark beetle vector Pityophthorus juglandis in the phloem of Juglans spp. and the subsequent development of multiple Geosmithia morbida cankers around beetles' entry/exit holes. After an analysis of the main biological and ecological traits of both members of this insect/fungus complex, this review explores the options available for TCD prevention and management. Special focus is given to those diagnostic tools developed for disease detection, surveillance, and monitoring, as well as to existing phytosanitary regulations, protocols, and measures that comply with TCD eradication and containment. Only integrated disease management can effectively curtail the pervasive spread of TCD, thus limiting the damage to natural ecosystems, plantations, and ornamental walnuts.
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3
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Pietsch GM, Gazis R, Klingeman WE, Huff ML, Staton ME, Kolarik M, Hadziabdic D. Characterization and microsatellite marker development for a common bark and ambrosia beetle associate, Geosmithia obscura. Microbiologyopen 2022; 11:e1286. [PMID: 35765178 PMCID: PMC9108439 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbioses between Geosmithia fungi and wood-boring and bark beetles seldom result in disease induction within the plant host. Yet, exceptions exist such as Geosmithia morbida, the causal agent of Thousand Cankers Disease (TCD) of walnuts and wingnuts, and Geosmithia sp. 41, the causal agent of Foamy Bark Canker disease of oaks. Isolates of G. obscura were recovered from black walnut trees in eastern Tennessee and at least one isolate induced cankers following artificial inoculation. Due to the putative pathogenicity and lack of recovery of G. obscura from natural lesions, a molecular diagnostic screening tool was developed using microsatellite markers mined from the G. obscura genome. A total of 3256 candidate microsatellite markers were identified (2236, 789, 137 di-, tri-, and tetranucleotide motifs, respectively), with 2011, 703, 101 di-, tri-, and tetranucleotide motifs, respectively, containing markers with primers. From these, 75 microsatellite markers were randomly selected, screened, and optimized, resulting in 28 polymorphic markers that yielded single, consistently recovered bands, which were used in downstream analyses. Five of these microsatellite markers were found to be specific to G. obscura and did not cross-amplify into other, closely related species. Although the remaining tested markers could be useful, they cross-amplified within different Geosmithia species, making them not reliable for G. obscura detection. Five novel microsatellite markers (GOBS9, GOBS10, GOBS41, GOBS43, and GOBS50) were developed based on the G. obscura genome. These species-specific microsatellite markers are available as a tool for use in molecular diagnostics and can assist future surveillance studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace M. Pietsch
- Department of Plant SciencesThe University of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Romina Gazis
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of FloridaHomesteadFloridaUSA
| | | | - Matthew L. Huff
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyThe University of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Margaret E. Staton
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyThe University of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Miroslav Kolarik
- Institute of MicrobiologyCzech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Denita Hadziabdic
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyThe University of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
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4
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Li Y, Bateman C, Skelton J, Wang B, Black A, Huang YT, Gonzalez A, Jusino MA, Nolen ZJ, Freeman S, Mendel Z, Kolařík M, Knížek M, Park JH, Sittichaya W, Pham TH, Ito SI, Torii M, Gao L, Johnson AJ, Lu M, Sun J, Zhang Z, Adams DC, Hulcr J. Preinvasion Assessment of Exotic Bark Beetle-Vectored Fungi to Detect Tree-Killing Pathogens. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:261-270. [PMID: 34261341 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-21-0041-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exotic diseases and pests of trees have caused continental-scale disturbances in forest ecosystems and industries, and their invasions are considered largely unpredictable. We tested the concept of preinvasion assessment of not yet invasive organisms, which enables empirical risk assessment of potential invasion and impact. Our example assesses fungi associated with Old World bark and ambrosia beetles and their potential to impact North American trees. We selected 55 Asian and European scolytine beetle species using host use, economic, and regulatory criteria. We isolated 111 of their most consistent fungal associates and tested their effect on four important southeastern American pine and oak species. Our test dataset found no highly virulent pathogens that should be classified as an imminent threat. Twenty-two fungal species were minor pathogens, which may require context-dependent response for their vectors at North American borders, while most of the tested fungi displayed no significant impact. Our results are significant in three ways; they ease the concerns over multiple overseas fungus vectors suspected of heightened potential risk, they provide a basis for the focus on the prevention of introduction and establishment of species that may be of consequence, and they demonstrate that preinvasion assessment, if scaled up, can support practical risk assessment of exotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Li
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, U.S.A
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Craig Bateman
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, U.S.A
| | - James Skelton
- Department of Biology, William and Mary, Williamsburg 23185, U.S.A
| | - Bo Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
| | - Adam Black
- Peckerwood Garden Conservation Foundation, Hempstead 77445, U.S.A
| | - Yin-Tse Huang
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, U.S.A
| | - Allan Gonzalez
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Stanley Freeman
- Plant Protection Institute, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Zvi Mendel
- Plant Protection Institute, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Miroslav Kolařík
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Knížek
- Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, 156 04 Prague 5-Zbraslav, Czech Republic
| | - Ji-Hyun Park
- National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wisut Sittichaya
- Department of Pest Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Thai-Hong Pham
- Mientrung Institute for Scientific Research, VNMN and Graduate School of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hue, Vietnam
| | | | - Masato Torii
- Department of Mushroom Science and Forest Microbiology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - Lei Gao
- Shanghai Academy of Landscape Architecture Science and Planning, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Landscaping on Challenging Urban Sites, Shanghai, China
| | - Andrew J Johnson
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, U.S.A
| | - Min Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianghua Sun
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Damian C Adams
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, U.S.A
| | - Jiri Hulcr
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, U.S.A
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Audley JP, Dallara PL, Nelson LJ, Hamud SM, Bostock RM, Seybold SJ. Trapping Failure Leads to Discovery of Potent Semiochemical Repellent for the Walnut Twig Beetle. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:2772-2784. [PMID: 33135731 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The walnut twig beetle, Pityophthorus juglandis Blackman, and its associated fungal pathogen that causes thousand cankers disease, currently threaten the viability of walnut trees across much of North America. During a 2011 assessment of seasonal flight patterns of P. juglandis with yellow sticky traps baited with the male-produced aggregation pheromone component, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, dramatically reduced catches were recorded when Tree Tanglefoot adhesive was used to coat the traps. In summer 2011, two trap adhesives were tested for potential repellency against P. juglandis in a field trapping bioassay. SuperQ extracts of volatiles from the most repellent adhesive were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and limonene and α-pinene were identified as predominant components. In field-based, trapping experiments both enantiomers of limonene at a release rate of ~700 mg/d conferred 91-99% reduction in trap catches of P. juglandis to pheromone-baited traps. (+)- and (‒)-α-Pinene reduced trap catch by 40 and 53%, respectively, at the highest release rate tested. While a combination of R-(+)-limonene and (+)-α-pinene resulted in a 97% reduction in the number of P. juglandis caught, the combination did not consistently result in greater flight trap catch reduction than individual limonene enantiomers. The repellent effect of limonene may be valuable in the development of a semiochemical-based tool for management of P. juglandis and thousand cankers disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson P Audley
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, CA
| | - Paul L Dallara
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Lori J Nelson
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, CA
| | - Shakeeb M Hamud
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, CA
| | - Richard M Bostock
- Department of Plant Pathology, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Steven J Seybold
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, CA
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6
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Audley JP, Bostock RM, Seybold SJ. Trap Assays of the Walnut Twig Beetle, Pityophthorus juglandis Blackman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), Reveal an Effective Semiochemical Repellent Combination. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:1047-1058. [PMID: 33106973 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Thousand cankers disease (TCD), is an invasive insect-disease complex caused by the walnut twig beetle, Pityophthorus juglandis, and fungal pathogen, Geosmithia morbida. Semiochemical interruption is a viable option for protecting walnut trees from P. juglandis attack. The goal of this study was to test beetle responses to potential repellent compounds. The results of five, flight-intercept assays are reported. Assays 1-3 tested four compounds at variable release rates: (S)-(-)-verbenone, (R)-(+)-verbenone, racemic chalcogran, and racemic trans-conophthorin. Trapping results indicated that the highest release rate tested for each compound was the most effective in reducing the number of beetles caught. (S)-(-)-Verbenone was the least effective, reducing P. juglandis trap catches by 66%. (R)-(+)-Verbenone reduced the number of P. juglandis by 84%. Neither enantiomer of verbenone performed as well as chalcogran or trans-conophthorin, which both reduced the number of beetles caught by ca. 98%. Following individual assays, the most effective compounds were tested in subtractive-combination assays. Combinations of high release rates for (R)-(+)-verbenone, trans-conophthorin, and two stereoisomers of limonene (tested in a previous study) were tested in two assays. The subtractive-combination assays were inconclusive in that trap catches were similar across all treatments. All combination treatments were highly effective, achieving approximately 99% reduction in the number of beetles caught. Based on the trapping results, commercial availability, and cost of the semiochemicals tested, we conclude that a combination of (R)-(+)-limonene, trans-conophthorin, and (R)-(+)-verbenone constitutes an effective tool for reducing P. juglandis trap catches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson P Audley
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, CA, 95618, USA.
| | - Richard M Bostock
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Steven J Seybold
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
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Moricca S, Bracalini M, Benigno A, Ghelardini L, Furtado EL, Marino CL, Panzavolta T. Observations on the non-native thousand cankers disease of walnut in Europe’s southernmost outbreak. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Chahal K, Gazis R, Klingeman W, Hadziabdic D, Lambdin P, Grant J, Windham M. Assessment of Alternative Candidate Subcortical Insect Vectors From Walnut Crowns in Habitats Quarantined for Thousand Cankers Disease. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 48:882-893. [PMID: 31145452 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Thousand cankers disease (TCD) results from the combined activity of the fungal pathogen, Geosmithia morbida Kolařík, Freeland, Utley, and Tisserat and its principle vector, Pityophthorus juglandis (Blackman) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Juglans L. spp. and Pterocarya Kunth spp. host plants. TCD has been reported from the eastern and western United States. To evaluate potential for other beetle species to vector the fungus in east Tennessee, specimens were collected using ethanol-baited traps that were suspended beneath crowns of TCD-symptomatic trees. Associations of G. morbida with insect species collected in traps were assessed in an unsuccessful, preliminary culture-based fungal assay, and then with a molecular-based detection method. For culture-based assays, rinsate from washed, individual insects was plated on nutrient media and growing colonies were subcultured to obtain axenic G. morbida cultures for identification. For the molecular-based method, G. morbida presence was detected by amplifying the previously developed, species-specific microsatellite locus GS004. Capillary electrophoresis was used to detect the amplified amplicons and representative reactions were validated using Sanger sequencing. Eleven beetle species were found to carry G. morbida, including Cnestus mutilatus (Blandford), Dryoxylon onoharaensum (Murayama), Hylocurus rudis (LeConte), Monarthrum fasciatum (Say), Monarthrum mali (Fitch), Xyleborinus saxesenii (Ratzeburg), Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky), Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford) (all Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), Stenomimus pallidus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cossoninae), Oxoplatypus quadridentatus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae), and Xylops basilaris (Say) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). These findings raise concerns that alternative subcortical insect species that already occur within quarantined habitats can sustain incidence of introduced G. morbida and contribute to spread within the native range of black walnut, Juglans nigra L., in the eastern United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karandeep Chahal
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Romina Gazis
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tropical Research & Education Center, University of Florida, Homestead, FL
| | - William Klingeman
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Denita Hadziabdic
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Paris Lambdin
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Jerome Grant
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Mark Windham
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
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Huang YT, Skelton J, Johnson AJ, Kolařík M, Hulcr J. Geosmithia species in southeastern USA and their affinity to beetle vectors and tree hosts. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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10
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Blood BL, Klingeman WE, Paschen MA, Hadžiabdic Ð, Couture JJ, Ginzel MD. Behavioral Responses of Pityophthorus juglandis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) to Volatiles of Black Walnut and Geosmithia morbida (Ascomycota: Hypocreales: Bionectriaceae), the Causal Agent of Thousand Cankers Disease. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:412-421. [PMID: 29373654 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Thousand cankers disease (TCD) is a pest complex formed by the association of the walnut twig beetle (WTB), Pityophthorus juglandis Blackman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), with the fungal pathogen Geosmithia morbida Kolařík, Freeland, Utley and Tisserat (Ascomycota: Hypocreales: Bionectriaceae). Current monitoring and detection efforts for WTB rely on a pheromone lure that is effective over a limited distance while plant- and fungal-derived volatiles that may facilitate host location remain poorly understood. In this study, we test the hypothesis that adult beetles are attracted to volatiles of black walnut, Juglans nigra L. (Juglandaceae), and the pathogen, G. morbida. We measured the response of beetles to head-space volatiles collected from leaves and stems of 12 genotypes of black walnut and found genotypic variation in the attractiveness of host trees to adult WTB. Volatile profiles of the most attractive genotypes contained more α-pinene and β-pinene, and adult beetles were attracted to both of these compounds in olfactometer bioassays. In bioassays, we also demonstrated that adult WTB are attracted to volatiles of G. morbida. These findings suggest that, in addition to the aggregation pheromone, dispersing WTB potentially use host plant and fungal volatiles to locate suitable larval hosts. Finally, we conducted a field experiment to determine the extent to which ethanol, a common attractant for bark beetles, and limonene, a known bark beetle repellent, influence the behavior of adult WTB to pheromone-baited traps. Although ethanol did not increase trap capture, WTB were repelled by limonene, suggesting that this compound could be used to manipulate and manage WTB populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Blood
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson
| | - W E Klingeman
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville
| | - M A Paschen
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette
| | - Ð Hadžiabdic
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville
| | - J J Couture
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette
| | - M D Ginzel
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette
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Mycobiota associated with insect galleries in walnut with thousand cankers disease reveals a potential natural enemy against Geosmithia morbida. Fungal Biol 2018; 122:241-253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Schuelke TA, Wu G, Westbrook A, Woeste K, Plachetzki DC, Broders K, MacManes MD. Comparative Genomics of Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Beetle-Vectored Fungi in the Genus Geosmithia. Genome Biol Evol 2017; 9:3312-3327. [PMID: 29186370 PMCID: PMC5737690 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Geosmithia morbida is an emerging fungal pathogen which serves as a model for examining the evolutionary processes behind pathogenicity because it is one of two known pathogens within a genus of mostly saprophytic, beetle-associated, fungi. This pathogen causes thousand cankers disease in black walnut trees and is vectored into the host via the walnut twig beetle. Geosmithia morbida was first detected in western United States and currently threatens the timber industry concentrated in eastern United States. We sequenced the genomes of G. morbida in a previous study and two nonpathogenic Geosmithia species in this work and compared these species to other fungal pathogens and nonpathogens to identify genes under positive selection in G. morbida that may be associated with pathogenicity. Geosmithia morbida possesses one of the smallest genomes among the fungal species observed in this study, and one of the smallest fungal pathogen genomes to date. The enzymatic profile in this pathogen is very similar to its nonpathogenic relatives. Our findings indicate that genome reduction or retention of a smaller genome may be an important adaptative force during the evolution of a specialized lifestyle in fungal species that occupy a specificniche, such as beetle vectored tree pathogens. We also present potential genes under selection in G. morbida that could be important for adaptation to a pathogenic lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taruna A Schuelke
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, & Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire
| | - Guangxi Wu
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University
| | | | - Keith Woeste
- USDA Forest Service Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University
| | - David C Plachetzki
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, & Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire
| | - Kirk Broders
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University
| | - Matthew D MacManes
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, & Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire
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Hefty AR, Seybold SJ, Aukema BH, Venette RC. Cold Tolerance of Pityophthorus juglandis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) From Northern California. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:967-977. [PMID: 28510721 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Winter survivorship of insects is determined by a combination of physiological, behavioral, and microhabitat characteristics. We characterized the cold tolerance of the walnut twig beetle, Pityophthorus juglandis Blackman, a domestic alien invasive bark beetle that vectors a phytopathogenic fungus. The beetle and fungus cause thousand cankers disease in species of Juglans and Pterocarya. The disease is spreading in the United States of America (USA) and Italy. Contact thermocouple thermometry was used to measure the supercooling points of adults and larvae and lower lethal temperatures of adults from a population from northern California. Supercooling points ranged from -12.2 °C to - 25.0 °C for adults and -13.6 °C to - 23.5 °C for larvae; lower lethal temperatures of adults ranged from -14 °C to - 23 °C. We found seasonal changes in adult supercooling points in fall, winter, and spring. The supercooling point for males was 0.5 °C colder than for females over all months and 1 °C colder in the winter than in other seasons. The cold-tolerance strategy shifted in P. juglandis adults from freeze intolerance (December 2013 and January 2014) to partial freeze tolerance (February 2014). An intermediate level of cold tolerance with a plastic response to cold partially explains survival of P. juglandis outside of its native range in the southwestern USA. In addition, we characterized the relationship between minimum air temperatures and minimum phloem temperatures in two Juglans spp. in northern California and Colorado and characterized portions of the native geographic range of eastern black walnut, J. nigra L., that may be too cold currently for this insect to persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R Hefty
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Ave., 432 Hodson Hall, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Steven J Seybold
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, HDH001 (F039) Orchard Park Drive, Rm 116, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Brian H Aukema
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Ave., 432 Hodson Hall, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Robert C Venette
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 1561 Lindig St, St. Paul, MN 55108
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14
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Kees AM, Hefty AR, Venette RC, Seybold SJ, Aukema BH. Flight Capacity of the Walnut Twig Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) on a Laboratory Flight Mill. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:633-641. [PMID: 28334300 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The walnut twig beetle, Pityophthorus juglandis Blackman, and associated fungus Geosmithia morbida Kolařík, Freeland, Utley, & Tisserat constitute the insect-fungal complex that causes thousand cankers disease in walnut, Juglans spp., and wingnut, Pterocarya spp. Thousand cankers disease is responsible for the decline of Juglans species throughout the western United States and more recently, the eastern United States and northern Italy. We examined the flight capacity of P. juglandis over 24-h trials on a flight mill in the laboratory. The maximum total flight distance observed was ∼3.6 km in 24 h; however, the mean and median distances flown by beetles that initiated flight were ∼372 m and ∼158 m, respectively. Beetles flew for 34 min on average within a 24-h flight trial. Male and female flight capacities were similar, even though males were larger than females (0.64 vs. 0.57 mm pronotal width). Age postemergence had no effect on flight distance, flight time, or mean flight velocity. The propensity to fly, however, decreased with age. We integrated results of flight distance with propensity to fly as beetles aged in a Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the maximum dispersal capacity over 5 d, assuming no mortality. Only 1% of the insects would be expected to fly >2 km, whereas one-third of the insects were estimated to fly <100 m. These results suggest that nascent establishments remain relatively localized without anthropogenic transport or wind-aided dispersal, which has implications for management and sampling of this hardwood pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubree M Kees
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Ave., 432 Hodson Hall, St. Paul, MN 55108 (; ; )
| | - Andrea R Hefty
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Ave., 432 Hodson Hall, St. Paul, MN 55108 ( ; ; )
- US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, Region 5, 602 S. Tippecanoe Ave., San Bernardino, CA 92408
| | - Robert C Venette
- USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, 1561 Lindig St., St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Steven J Seybold
- USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station, HDH001 (F039) Orchard Park Drive, Rm 116, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Brian H Aukema
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Ave., 432 Hodson Hall, St. Paul, MN 55108 (; ; )
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Sitz RA, Luna EK, Caballero JI, Tisserat NA, Cranshaw WS, Stewart JE. Virulence of Genetically Distinct Geosmithia morbida Isolates to Black Walnut and Their Response to Coinoculation with Fusarium solani. PLANT DISEASE 2017; 101:116-120. [PMID: 30682306 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-16-0535-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Geosmithia morbida is well documented as the causal agent of thousand cankers disease of black walnut trees. However, it is not well understood how G. morbida strains differ in virulence and how their interactions with co-occurring pathogens contribute to disease severity. In this study, we systematically investigated virulence of genetically distinct G. morbida strains. Overall, we found varying degrees of virulence, although differences were not related to genetic groupings. Furthermore, the pathogen Fusarium solani is also commonly isolated from thousand canker-diseased trees. The degree of disease contribution from F. solani is unknown, along with interactions it may have with G. morbida. This research shows that coinoculation with these pathogens does not yield a synergistic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Sitz
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523
| | - Emily K Luna
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523
| | - Jorge Ibarra Caballero
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523
| | - Ned A Tisserat
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523
| | - Whitney S Cranshaw
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523
| | - Jane E Stewart
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523
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Thousand Cankers Disease Complex: A Forest Health Issue that Threatens Juglans Species across the U.S. FORESTS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/f7110260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Montecchio L, Vettorazzo M, Faccoli M. Thousand cankers disease in Europe: an overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/epp.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Montecchio
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TeSAF); University of Padova; Viale dell'Università 16 I-35020, Legnaro (PD) (Italy)
| | - M. Vettorazzo
- Veneto Region; Depertment for Agriculture and Rural Development; Phytosanitary Service; Via Longhena 6 I-30175, Marghera (VE) (Italy)
| | - M. Faccoli
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE); University of Padova; Viale dell'Università 16 I-35020, Legnaro (PD) (Italy)
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Schuelke TA, Westbrook A, Broders K, Woeste K, MacManes MD. De novo genome assembly of Geosmithia morbida, the causal agent of thousand cankers disease. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1952. [PMID: 27168971 PMCID: PMC4860301 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Geosmithia morbida is a filamentous ascomycete that causes thousand cankers disease in the eastern black walnut tree. This pathogen is commonly found in the western U.S.; however, recently the disease was also detected in several eastern states where the black walnut lumber industry is concentrated. G. morbida is one of two known phytopathogens within the genus Geosmithia, and it is vectored into the host tree via the walnut twig beetle. We present the first de novo draft genome of G. morbida. It is 26.5 Mbp in length and contains less than 1% repetitive elements. The genome possesses an estimated 6,273 genes, 277 of which are predicted to encode proteins with unknown functions. Approximately 31.5% of the proteins in G. morbida are homologous to proteins involved in pathogenicity, and 5.6% of the proteins contain signal peptides that indicate these proteins are secreted. Several studies have investigated the evolution of pathogenicity in pathogens of agricultural crops; forest fungal pathogens are often neglected because research efforts are focused on food crops. G. morbida is one of the few tree phytopathogens to be sequenced, assembled and annotated. The first draft genome of G. morbida serves as a valuable tool for comprehending the underlying molecular and evolutionary mechanisms behind pathogenesis within the Geosmithia genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taruna A. Schuelke
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, & Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Anthony Westbrook
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Kirk Broders
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - Keith Woeste
- Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center, USDA Forest Service, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
| | - Matthew D. MacManes
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, & Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, United States
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Akiba M, Ota Y, Tsai IJ, Hattori T, Sahashi N, Kikuchi T. Genetic Differentiation and Spatial Structure of Phellinus noxius, the Causal Agent of Brown Root Rot of Woody Plants in Japan. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141792. [PMID: 26513585 PMCID: PMC4626371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Phellinus noxius is a pathogenic fungus that causes brown root rot disease in a variety of tree species. This fungus is distributed in tropical and sub-tropical regions of Southeast and East Asia, Oceania, Australia, Central America and Africa. In Japan, it was first discovered on Ishigaki Island in Okinawa Prefecture in 1988; since then, it has been found on several of the Ryukyu Islands. Recently, this fungus was identified from the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, where it has killed trees, including rare endemic tree species. For effective control or quarantine methods, it is important to clarify whether the Japanese populations of P. noxius are indigenous to the area or if they have been introduced from other areas. We developed 20 microsatellite markers from genome assembly of P. noxius and genotyped 128 isolates from 12 of the Ryukyu Islands and 3 of the Ogasawara Islands. All isolates had unique genotypes, indicating that basidiospore infection is a primary dissemination method for the formation of new disease foci. Genetic structure analyses strongly supported genetic differentiation between the Ryukyu populations and the Ogasawara populations of P. noxius. High polymorphism of microsatellite loci suggests that Japanese populations are indigenous or were introduced a very long time ago. We discuss differences in invasion patterns between the Ryukyu Islands and the Ogasawara Islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuteru Akiba
- Department of Forest Microbiology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuko Ota
- Department of Forest Microbiology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Isheng J. Tsai
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsutomu Hattori
- Department of Forest Microbiology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Norio Sahashi
- Department of Forest Microbiology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Taisei Kikuchi
- Division of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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Rugman-Jones PF, Seybold SJ, Graves AD, Stouthamer R. Phylogeography of the walnut twig beetle, Pityophthorus juglandis, the vector of thousand cankers disease in North American walnut trees. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118264. [PMID: 25695760 PMCID: PMC4335055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thousand cankers disease (TCD) of walnut trees (Juglans spp.) results from aggressive feeding in the phloem by the walnut twig beetle (WTB), Pityophthorus juglandis, accompanied by inoculation of its galleries with a pathogenic fungus, Geosmithia morbida. In 1960, WTB was only known from four U.S. counties (in Arizona, California, and New Mexico), but the species has now (2014) invaded over 115 counties, representing much of the western USA, and at least six states in the eastern USA. The eastern expansion places TCD in direct proximity to highly valuable (> $500 billion) native timber stands of eastern black walnut, Juglans nigra. Using mitochondrial DNA sequences, from nearly 1100 individuals, we examined variation among 77 samples of WTB populations across its extended range in the USA, revealing high levels of polymorphism and evidence of two divergent lineages. The highest level of genetic diversity for the different lineages was found in the neighboring Madrean Sky Island and Western New Mexico regions, respectively. Despite their proximity, there was little evidence of mixing between these regions, with only a single migrant detected among 179 beetles tested. Indeed, geographic overlap of the two lineages was only common in parts of Colorado and Utah. Just two haplotypes, from the same lineage, predominated over the vast majority of the recently expanded range. Tests for Wolbachia proved negative suggesting it plays no role in "driving" the spread of particular haplotypes, or in maintaining deep levels of intraspecific divergence in WTB. Genotyping of ribosomal RNA corroborated the mitochondrial lineages, but also revealed evidence of hybridization between them. Hybridization was particularly prevalent in the sympatric areas, also apparent in all invaded areas, but absent from the most haplotype-rich area of each mitochondrial lineage. Hypotheses about the specific status of WTB, its recent expansion, and potential evolutionary origins of TCD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F. Rugman-Jones
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Steven J. Seybold
- United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Chemical Ecology of Forest Insects, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Graves
- United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, 333 Broadway Blvd. SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Richard Stouthamer
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
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