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Fister AM, Horn A, Lasarev M, Huttenlocher A. Damage-induced basal epithelial cell migration modulates the spatial organization of redox signaling and sensory neuron regeneration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.03.14.532628. [PMID: 36993176 PMCID: PMC10055054 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.14.532628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial damage leads to early reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling, which regulates sensory neuron regeneration and tissue repair. How the initial type of tissue injury influences early damage signaling and regenerative growth of sensory axons remains unclear. Previously we reported that thermal injury triggers distinct early tissue responses in larval zebrafish. Here, we found that thermal but not mechanical injury impairs sensory axon regeneration and function. Real-time imaging revealed an immediate tissue response to thermal injury characterized by the rapid Arp2/3-dependent migration of keratinocytes, which was associated with tissue-scale ROS production and sustained sensory axon damage. Isotonic treatment was sufficient to limit keratinocyte movement, spatially restrict ROS production and rescue sensory neuron function. These results suggest that early keratinocyte dynamics regulate the spatial and temporal pattern of long-term signaling in the wound microenvironment during tissue repair.
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2
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Kasper JY, Laschke MW, Koch M, Alibardi L, Magin T, Niessen CM, del Campo A. Actin-templated Structures: Nature's Way to Hierarchical Surface Patterns (Gecko's Setae as Case Study). ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2303816. [PMID: 38145336 PMCID: PMC10933612 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The hierarchical design of the toe pad surface in geckos and its reversible adhesiveness have inspired material scientists for many years. Micro- and nano-patterned surfaces with impressive adhesive performance have been developed to mimic gecko's properties. While the adhesive performance achieved in some examples has surpassed living counterparts, the durability of the fabricated surfaces is limited and the capability to self-renew and restore function-inherent to biological systems-is unimaginable. Here the morphogenesis of gecko setae using skin samples from the Bibron´s gecko (Chondrodactylus bibronii) is studied. Gecko setae develop as specialized apical differentiation structures at a distinct cell-cell layer interface within the skin epidermis. A primary role for F-actin and microtubules as templating structural elements is necessary for the development of setae's hierarchical morphology, and a stabilization role of keratins and corneus beta proteins is identified. Setae grow from single cells in a bottom layer protruding into four neighboring cells in the upper layer. The resulting multicellular junction can play a role during shedding by facilitating fracture of the cell-cell interface and release of the high aspect ratio setae. The results contribute to the understanding of setae regeneration and may inspire future concepts to bioengineer self-renewable patterned adhesive surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Y. Kasper
- INM‐Leibniz Institute for New MaterialsCampus D2 266123SaarbrueckenGermany
| | - Matthias W. Laschke
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental SurgerySaarland University66421HomburgGermany
| | - Marcus Koch
- INM‐Leibniz Institute for New MaterialsCampus D2 266123SaarbrueckenGermany
| | - Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative AnatomyDepartment of BiologyUniversity of Bologna& Comparative Histolab40126BolognaItaly
| | - Thomas Magin
- Division of Cell and Developmental BiologyInstitute of BiologyLeipzig University04103LeipzigGermany
| | - Carien M. Niessen
- Department Cell Biology of the SkinCologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing‐associated diseases (CECAD)Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC)University Hospital CologneUniversity of Cologne50931CologneGermany
| | - Aránzazu del Campo
- INM‐Leibniz Institute for New MaterialsCampus D2 266123SaarbrueckenGermany
- Chemistry DepartmentSaarland University66123SaarbrueckenGermany
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3
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Bhavna R, Sonawane M. A deep learning framework for quantitative analysis of actin microridges. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2023; 9:21. [PMID: 37268613 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-023-00276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microridges are evolutionarily conserved actin-rich protrusions present on the apical surface of squamous epithelial cells. In zebrafish epidermal cells, microridges form self-evolving patterns due to the underlying actomyosin network dynamics. However, their morphological and dynamic characteristics have remained poorly understood owing to a lack of computational methods. We achieved ~95% pixel-level accuracy with a deep learning microridge segmentation strategy enabling quantitative insights into their bio-physical-mechanical characteristics. From the segmented images, we estimated an effective microridge persistence length of ~6.1 μm. We discovered the presence of mechanical fluctuations and found relatively greater stresses stored within patterns of yolk than flank, indicating distinct regulation of their actomyosin networks. Furthermore, spontaneous formations and positional fluctuations of actin clusters within microridges were associated with pattern rearrangements over short length/time-scales. Our framework allows large-scale spatiotemporal analysis of microridges during epithelial development and probing of their responses to chemical and genetic perturbations to unravel the underlying patterning mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajasekaran Bhavna
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai, 400005, India.
- Department of Data Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India.
| | - Mahendra Sonawane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai, 400005, India
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4
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Abu Bakar N, Wan Ibrahim WN, Zulkiflli AR, Saleh Hodin NA, Kim TY, Ling YS, Md Ajat MM, Shaari K, Shohaimi S, Nasruddin NS, Mohd Faudzi SM, Kim CH. Embryonic mercury exposure in zebrafish: Alteration of metabolites and gene expression, related to visual and behavioral impairments. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 256:114862. [PMID: 37004432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The widespread presence of mercury, a heavy metal found in the environment and used in numerous industries and domestic, raises concerns about its potential impact on human health. Nevertheless, the adverse effects of this environmental toxicant at low concentrations are often underestimated. There are emerging studies showing that accumulation of mercury in the eye may contribute to visual impairment and a comorbidity between autism spectrum disorders (ASD) trait and visual impairment. However, the underlying mechanism of visual impairment in humans and rodents is challenging. In response to this issue, zebrafish larvae with a cone-dominated retinal visual system were exposed to 100 nM mercury chloride (HgCl2), according to our previous study, followed by light-dark stimulation, a social assay, and color preference to examine the functionality of the visual system in relation to ASD-like behavior. Exposure of embryos to HgCl2 from gastrulation to hatching increased locomotor activity in the dark, reduced shoaling and exploratory behavior, and impaired color preference. Defects in microridges as the first barrier may serve as primary tools for HgCl2 toxicity affecting vision. Depletion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), linoleic acid, arachidonic acid (ARA), alpha-linoleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), stearic acid, L-phenylalanine, isoleucine, L-lysine, and N-acetylputrescine, along with the increase of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), sphingosine-1-phosphate, and citrulline assayed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) suggest that these metabolites serve as biomarkers of retinal impairments that affect vision and behavior. Although suppression of adsl, shank3a, tsc1b, and nrxn1a gene expression was observed, among these tsc1b showed more positive correlation with ASD. Collectively, these results contribute new insights into the possible mechanism of mercury toxicity give rise to visual, cognitive, and social deficits in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noraini Abu Bakar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Norhamidah Wan Ibrahim
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Natural Medicines and Product Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Zulkiflli
- Natural Medicines and Product Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Atikah Saleh Hodin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tae-Yoon Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Yee Soon Ling
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Mokrish Md Ajat
- Natural Medicines and Product Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Malaysia
| | - Khozirah Shaari
- Natural Medicines and Product Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shamarina Shohaimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurrul Shaqinah Nasruddin
- Centre for Craniofacial Diagnostics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Munirah Mohd Faudzi
- Natural Medicines and Product Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Cheol-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Wiegand J, Avila-Barnard S, Nemarugommula C, Lyons D, Zhang S, Stapleton HM, Volz DC. Triphenyl phosphate-induced pericardial edema in zebrafish embryos is dependent on the ionic strength of exposure media. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 172:107757. [PMID: 36680802 PMCID: PMC9974852 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pericardial edema is commonly observed in zebrafish embryo-based chemical toxicity screens, and a mechanism underlying edema may be disruption of embryonic osmoregulation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify whether triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) - a widely used aryl phosphate ester-based flame retardant - induces pericardial edema via impacts on osmoregulation within embryonic zebrafish. In addition to an increase in TPHP-induced microridges in the embryonic yolk sac epithelium, an increase in ionic strength of exposure media exacerbated TPHP-induced pericardial edema when embryos were exposed from 24 to 72 h post-fertilization (hpf). However, there was no difference in embryonic sodium concentrations in situ within TPHP-exposed embryos relative to embryos exposed to vehicle (0.1% DMSO) from 24 to 72 hpf. Interestingly, increasing the osmolarity of exposure media with mannitol (an osmotic diuretic which mitigates TPHP-induced pericardial edema) and increasing the ionic strength of the exposure media (which exacerbates TPHP-induced pericardial edema) did not affect embryonic doses of TPHP, suggesting that TPHP uptake was not altered under these varying experimental conditions. Overall, our findings suggest that TPHP-induced pericardial edema within zebrafish embryos is dependent on the ionic strength of exposure media, underscoring the importance of further standardization of exposure media and embryo rearing protocols in zebrafish-based chemical toxicity screening assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Wiegand
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Sarah Avila-Barnard
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Charvita Nemarugommula
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - David Lyons
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Sharon Zhang
- Division of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Division of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - David C Volz
- Division of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States.
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6
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Cutaneous and Developmental Effects of CARD14 Overexpression in Zebrafish. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123192. [PMID: 36551948 PMCID: PMC9775151 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gain-of-function mutations in CARD14 have recently been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP). Those mutations were found to activate the NF-kB signaling pathway. OBJECTIVE Zebrafish is often used to model human diseases in general, and in skin disorders more particularly. In the present study, we aimed to examine the effect of CARD14 overexpression in zebrafish with the aim to validate this model for future translational applications. METHODS We used light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, histological analysis and whole mount in situ hybridization as well as real-time PCR to ascertain the effect of CARD14 overexpression in the developing zebrafish. RESULTS Overexpression of human CARD14 had a marked morphological and developmental effect on the embryos. Light microscopy demonstrated a characteristic cutaneous pattern including a granular surface and a spiky pigment pattern. In situ hybridization revealed keratinocytes of uneven size and shape. Scanning electron microscopy showed aberrant production of actin microridges and a rugged keratinocyte cell surface, reminiscent of the human hyperkeratotic phenotype. Developmentally, overexpression of CARD14 had a variable effect on anterior-posterior axis symmetry. Similar to what has been observed in humans with psoriasis or PRP, NF-kB expression was higher in CARD14-overexpressing embryos compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of CARD14 results in a distinct cutaneous pattern accompanied by hyperactivation of the NF-kB pathway, suggesting that the zebrafish represents a useful system to model CARD14-associated papulosquamous diseases.
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7
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Barbieri PA, Mari-Ribeiro IP, Lupepsa L, Gigliolli AAS, Paupitz BR, de Melo RF, de Souza Leite Mello EV, de Brito Portela-Castro AL, Borin-Carvalho LA. Metformin-induced alterations in gills of the freshwater fish Astyanax lacustris (Lütken, 1875) detected by histological and scanning electron microscopy. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:1205-1216. [PMID: 36042120 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02580-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The antidiabetic drug metformin is widely prescribed and found in different concentrations in the environment around the world, raising concern about potential impacts on aquatic life. Analyses of the effects of exposure of biological models to aquatic contaminants are important for assessing pollution effects on fish health. The gills of fishes represent primary targets of disturbance by pollutants, mainly because of the large surface of the respiratory epithelium and the high perfusion rate, which both help the entry of pollutants into this tissue. In this context, the aim of this work was to use gill histological analyses biomarkers to evaluate the toxicity of metformin on aquatic environmental systems, by means of chronic exposure for 90 days of Astyanax lacustris (lambari), an ecologically important neotropical species that can be used as an environmental bioindicator. Histopathological analyses were performed using Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The main changes were lamellar fusion, telangiectasia hyperplasia and disappearance of microridges. The morphological changes observed possibly interfere with the gill physiology, indicating an unfavorable situation to the presence of metformin in the water, pointing to a concern that metformin may pose a risk to Astyanax lacustris and likely to other fish species, compromising the dynamics of the aquatic ecosystem as a whole. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Americo Barbieri
- Pós-graduação em Genética e Melhoramento, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Isabelle Pereira Mari-Ribeiro
- Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Luara Lupepsa
- Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | | | - Brennda Ribeiro Paupitz
- Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael Fernando de Melo
- Pós-graduação em Genética e Melhoramento, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Luiza de Brito Portela-Castro
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (Nupélia), Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
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8
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Lu TQ, van Loon AP, Sagasti A. How to wrinkle a cell: Emerging mechanisms of microridge morphogenesis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2022; 76:102088. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2022.102088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Chan KY, Yan CCS, Roan HY, Hsu SC, Tseng TL, Hsiao CD, Hsu CP, Chen CH. Skin cells undergo asynthetic fission to expand body surfaces in zebrafish. Nature 2022; 605:119-125. [PMID: 35477758 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As an animal's surface area expands during development, skin cell populations must quickly respond to maintain sufficient epithelial coverage. Despite much progress in understanding of skin cell behaviours in vivo1,2, it remains unclear how cells collectively act to satisfy coverage demands at an organismic level. Here we created a multicolour cell membrane tagging system, palmskin, to monitor the entire population of superficial epithelial cells (SECs) in developing zebrafish larvae. Using time-lapse imaging, we found that many SECs readily divide on the animal body surface; during a specific developmental window, a single SEC can produce a maximum of four progeny cells over its lifetime on the surface of the animal. Remarkably, EdU assays, DNA staining and hydroxyurea treatment showed that these terminally differentiated skin cells continue splitting despite an absence of DNA replication, causing up to 50% of SECs to exhibit reduced genome size. On the basis of a simple mathematical model and quantitative analyses of cell volumes and apical surface areas, we propose that 'asynthetic fission' is used as an efficient mechanism for expanding epithelial coverage during rapid growth. Furthermore, global or local manipulation of body surface growth affects the extent and mode of SEC division, presumably through tension-mediated activation of stretch-activated ion channels. We speculate that this frugal yet flexible mode of cell proliferation might also occur in contexts other than zebrafish skin expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keat Ying Chan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Hsiao-Yuh Roan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chun Hsu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Lun Tseng
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Der Hsiao
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ping Hsu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Physics, National Center for Theoretical Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hui Chen
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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10
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Abstract
Several tissues contain cells with multiple motile cilia that generate a fluid or particle flow to support development and organ functions; defective motility causes human disease. Developmental cues orient motile cilia, but how cilia are locked into their final position to maintain a directional flow is not understood. Here we find that the actin cytoskeleton is highly dynamic during early development of multiciliated cells (MCCs). While apical actin bundles become increasingly more static, subapical actin filaments are nucleated from the distal tip of ciliary rootlets. Anchorage of these subapical actin filaments requires the presence of microridge-like structures formed during MCC development, and the activity of Nonmuscle Myosin II. Optogenetic manipulation of Ezrin, a core component of the microridge actin-anchoring complex, or inhibition of Myosin Light Chain Kinase interfere with rootlet anchorage and orientation. These observations identify microridge-like structures as an essential component of basal body rootlet anchoring in MCCs. Motile cilia beat in a defined direction to orchestrate developmental programs, but also to execute janitorial tasks such as clearing airways. Here they show that motile cilia of the Xenopus epidermis are anchored to microridge-like membrane protrusions to maintain their directionality.
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11
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Vellwock AE, Su P, Zhang Z, Feng D, Yao H. Reconciling the Conflict between Optical Transparency and Fouling Resistance with a Nanowrinkled Surface Inspired by Zebrafish's Cornea. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:7617-7625. [PMID: 35103465 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface topography has been demonstrated as an effective nonchemical strategy for controlling the fouling resistance of a surface, but its impact on optical transparency remains a barrier to the application of this strategy in optical materials. To reconcile the conflicting effects of surface topography on optical transparency and fouling resistance, here we study the optical properties and antifouling performance of nanowrinkled surfaces inspired by the corneal surface of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Experimental and numerical analyses demonstrate that a good compromise between optical transparency and antifouling efficacy can be achieved by wavy nanowrinkles with a characteristic wavelength of 800 nm and an amplitude of 100 nm. In particular, the optimal wrinkled surface under study can reduce biofouling by up to 96% in a single-species (Pseudoalteromonas sp.) bacterial settlement assay in the laboratory and 89% in a field test while keeping the total transmittance above 0.98 and haze below 0.04 underwater. Moreover, our nanowrinkled surface also exhibits excellent resistance against contamination by inorganic particles. This work provides a nonchemical strategy for achieving the coexistence of optical transparency and fouling resistance on one single material, which implies significant application potential in various optical devices and systems, such as antibacterial contact lenses and self-cleaning solar panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre E Vellwock
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Pei Su
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zijing Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Danqing Feng
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Haimin Yao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
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12
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Ikkala K, Stratoulias V, Michon F. Unilateral zebrafish corneal injury induces bilateral cell plasticity supporting wound closure. Sci Rep 2022; 12:161. [PMID: 34997071 PMCID: PMC8741998 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The cornea, transparent and outermost structure of camera-type eyes, is prone to environmental challenges, but has remarkable wound healing capabilities which enables to preserve vision. The manner in which cell plasticity impacts wound healing remains to be determined. In this study, we report rapid wound closure after zebrafish corneal epithelium abrasion. Furthermore, by investigating the cellular and molecular events taking place during corneal epithelial closure, we show the induction of a bilateral response to a unilateral wound. Our transcriptomic results, together with our TGF-beta receptor inhibition experiments, demonstrate conclusively the crucial role of TGF-beta signaling in corneal wound healing. Finally, our results on Pax6 expression and bilateral wound healing, demonstrate the decisive impact of epithelial cell plasticity on the pace of healing. Altogether, our study describes terminally differentiated cell competencies in the healing of an injured cornea. These findings will enhance the translation of research on cell plasticity to organ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Ikkala
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vassilis Stratoulias
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Frederic Michon
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
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13
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van Loon AP, Erofeev IS, Goryachev AB, Sagasti A. Stochastic contraction of myosin minifilaments drives evolution of microridge protrusion patterns in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:1501-1513. [PMID: 34081537 PMCID: PMC8351741 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-05-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin-based protrusions vary in morphology, stability, and arrangement on cell surfaces. Microridges are laterally elongated protrusions on mucosal epithelial cells, where they form evenly spaced, mazelike patterns that dynamically remodel by fission and fusion. To characterize how microridges form their highly ordered, subcellular patterns and investigate the mechanisms driving fission and fusion, we imaged microridges in the maturing skin of zebrafish larvae. After their initial development, microridge spacing and alignment became increasingly well ordered. Imaging F-actin and non-muscle myosin II (NMII) revealed that microridge fission and fusion were associated with local NMII activity in the apical cortex. Inhibiting NMII blocked fission and fusion rearrangements, reduced microridge density, and altered microridge spacing. High-resolution imaging allowed us to image individual NMII minifilaments in the apical cortex of cells in live animals, revealing that minifilaments are tethered to protrusions and often connect adjacent microridges. NMII minifilaments connecting the ends of two microridges fused them together, whereas minifilaments oriented perpendicular to microridges severed them or pulled them closer together. These findings demonstrate that as cells mature, cortical NMII activity orchestrates a remodeling process that creates an increasingly orderly microridge arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P. van Loon
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ivan S. Erofeev
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew B. Goryachev
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alvaro Sagasti
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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14
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The Formin Fmn2b Is Required for the Development of an Excitatory Interneuron Module in the Zebrafish Acoustic Startle Circuit. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0329-20.2021. [PMID: 34193512 PMCID: PMC8272403 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0329-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The formin family member Fmn2 is a neuronally enriched cytoskeletal remodeling protein conserved across vertebrates. Recent studies have implicated Fmn2 in neurodevelopmental disorders, including sensory processing dysfunction and intellectual disability in humans. Cellular characterization of Fmn2 in primary neuronal cultures has identified its function in the regulation of cell-substrate adhesion and consequently growth cone translocation. However, the role of Fmn2 in the development of neural circuits in vivo, and its impact on associated behaviors have not been tested. Using automated analysis of behavior and systematic investigation of the associated circuitry, we uncover the role of Fmn2b in zebrafish neural circuit development. As reported in other vertebrates, the zebrafish ortholog of Fmn2 is also enriched in the developing zebrafish nervous system. We find that Fmn2b is required for the development of an excitatory interneuron pathway, the spiral fiber neuron, which is an essential circuit component in the regulation of the Mauthner cell (M-cell)-mediated acoustic startle response. Consistent with the loss of the spiral fiber neurons tracts, high-speed video recording revealed a reduction in the short latency escape events while responsiveness to the stimuli was unaffected. Taken together, this study provides evidence for a circuit-specific requirement of Fmn2b in eliciting an essential behavior in zebrafish. Our findings underscore the importance of Fmn2 in neural development across vertebrate lineages and highlight zebrafish models in understanding neurodevelopmental disorders.
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15
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Donmez HG, Celik HT, Kayki G, Yigit S, Yurdakok M, Cakar AN, Beksac MS. Impact of preterm birth on the cellular characteristics of neonatal buccal cells. Cytopathology 2021; 32:660-670. [PMID: 34033163 DOI: 10.1111/cyt.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the impact of preterm birth on the cytological, cytomorphometrical, and nuclear parameters of neonatal buccal smears. METHODS This study consisted of Early Preterm Neonates (EPN; ≤34th gestational week [gw]; n = 36), Late Preterm Neonates (LPN; 34th to <37th gw; n = 46), and Term Neonates (control; ≥37th gw; n = 56). Cytological evaluation and buccal cytome assay were performed using Papanicolaou and Feulgen methods, respectively. RESULTS Cytological evaluation demonstrated that smear background was cleaner (P < .05) and there were less macrophages in the control group (P < .001). Cyto-morphometric analysis showed that the measurements of nuclear diameter, nuclear area, and nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio were higher in the preterm (EPN and LPN) versus the control groups (P = .016, P < .001, and P < .001, respectively). We also demonstrated that staining intensity of the nucleus and cytoplasm were less intense in the EPN and LPN groups (P < .001). There was no statistically significant difference between the EPN and LPN groups for any parameters (P > .05). Buccal cytome assay showed that nuclear buds were more prevalent in term newborns compared to preterm neonates (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Morphological and cytological properties of neonatal buccal cells are influenced by preterm birth status, and buccal smears may be used as a tool to detect biological markers of neonatal health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanife Guler Donmez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hasan Tolga Celik
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gozdem Kayki
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sule Yigit
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Yurdakok
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayse Nur Cakar
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, TOBB University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sinan Beksac
- Division of Perinatology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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16
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Yin C, Peterman E, Rasmussen JP, Parrish JZ. Transparent Touch: Insights From Model Systems on Epidermal Control of Somatosensory Innervation. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:680345. [PMID: 34135734 PMCID: PMC8200473 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.680345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatosensory neurons (SSNs) densely innervate our largest organ, the skin, and shape our experience of the world, mediating responses to sensory stimuli including touch, pressure, and temperature. Historically, epidermal contributions to somatosensation, including roles in shaping innervation patterns and responses to sensory stimuli, have been understudied. However, recent work demonstrates that epidermal signals dictate patterns of SSN skin innervation through a variety of mechanisms including targeting afferents to the epidermis, providing instructive cues for branching morphogenesis, growth control and structural stability of neurites, and facilitating neurite-neurite interactions. Here, we focus onstudies conducted in worms (Caenorhabditis elegans), fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), and zebrafish (Danio rerio): prominent model systems in which anatomical and genetic analyses have defined fundamental principles by which epidermal cells govern SSN development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jay Z. Parrish
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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17
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Duszyc K, Gomez GA, Lagendijk AK, Yau MK, Nanavati BN, Gliddon BL, Hall TE, Verma S, Hogan BM, Pitson SM, Fairlie DP, Parton RG, Yap AS. Mechanotransduction activates RhoA in the neighbors of apoptotic epithelial cells to engage apical extrusion. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1326-1336.e5. [PMID: 33581074 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epithelia must eliminate apoptotic cells to preserve tissue barriers and prevent inflammation.1 Several different mechanisms exist for apoptotic clearance, including efferocytosis2,3 and apical extrusion.4,5 We found that extrusion was the first-line response to apoptosis in cultured monolayers and in zebrafish epidermis. During extrusion, the apoptotic cell elicited active lamellipodial protrusions and assembly of a contractile extrusion ring in its neighbors. Depleting E-cadherin compromised both the contractile ring and extrusion, implying that a cadherin-dependent pathway allows apoptotic cells to engage their neighbors for extrusion. We identify RhoA as the cadherin-dependent signal in the neighbor cells and show that it is activated in response to contractile tension from the apoptotic cell. This mechanical stimulus is conveyed by a myosin-VI-dependent mechanotransduction pathway that is necessary both for extrusion and to preserve the epithelial barrier when apoptosis was stimulated. Earlier studies suggested that release of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) from apoptotic cells might define where RhoA was activated. However, we found that, although S1P is necessary for extrusion, its contribution does not require a localized source of S1P in the epithelium. We therefore propose a unified view of how RhoA is stimulated to engage neighbor cells for apoptotic extrusion. Here, tension-sensitive mechanotransduction is the proximate mechanism that activates RhoA specifically in the immediate neighbors of apoptotic cells, but this also must be primed by S1P in the tissue environment. Together, these elements provide a coincidence detection system that confers robustness on the extrusion response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Duszyc
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Guillermo A Gomez
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Anne K Lagendijk
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mei-Kwan Yau
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bageshri Naimish Nanavati
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Briony L Gliddon
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Thomas E Hall
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Suzie Verma
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Benjamin M Hogan
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Stuart M Pitson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Robert G Parton
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alpha S Yap
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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18
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Abstract
Actin is a conserved cytoskeletal protein with essential functions. Here, we review the state-of-the-art reagents, tools and methods used to probe actin biology and functions in zebrafish embryo and larvae. We also discuss specific cell types and tissues where the study of actin in zebrafish has provided new insights into its functions.
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19
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van Loon AP, Erofeev IS, Maryshev IV, Goryachev AB, Sagasti A. Cortical contraction drives the 3D patterning of epithelial cell surfaces. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133677. [PMID: 32003768 PMCID: PMC7054995 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201904144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular protrusions create complex cell surface topographies, but biomechanical mechanisms regulating their formation and arrangement are largely unknown. To study how protrusions form, we focused on the morphogenesis of microridges, elongated actin-based structures that are arranged in maze-like patterns on the apical surfaces of zebrafish skin cells. Microridges form by accreting simple finger-like precursors. Live imaging demonstrated that microridge morphogenesis is linked to apical constriction. A nonmuscle myosin II (NMII) reporter revealed pulsatile contractions of the actomyosin cortex, and inhibiting NMII blocked apical constriction and microridge formation. A biomechanical model suggested that contraction reduces surface tension to permit the fusion of precursors into microridges. Indeed, reducing surface tension with hyperosmolar media promoted microridge formation. In anisotropically stretched cells, microridges formed by precursor fusion along the stretch axis, which computational modeling explained as a consequence of stretch-induced cortical flow. Collectively, our results demonstrate how contraction within the 2D plane of the cortex can pattern 3D cell surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P van Loon
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ivan S Erofeev
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ivan V Maryshev
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew B Goryachev
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alvaro Sagasti
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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20
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Kuroda J, Itabashi T, Iwane AH, Aramaki T, Kondo S. The Physical Role of Mesenchymal Cells Driven by the Actin Cytoskeleton Is Essential for the Orientation of Collagen Fibrils in Zebrafish Fins. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:580520. [PMID: 33154970 PMCID: PMC7591588 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.580520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrous collagen imparts physical strength and flexibility to tissues by forming huge complexes. The density and orientation of collagen fibers must be correctly specified for the optimal physical property of the collagen complex. However, little is known about its underlying cellular mechanisms. Actinotrichia are collagen fibers aligned at the fin-tip of bony fish and are easily visible under the microscope due to their thick, linear structure. We used the actinotrichia as a model system to investigate how cells manipulate collagen fibers. The 3D image obtained by focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) showed that the pseudopodia of mesenchymal cells encircle the multiple actinotrichia. We then co-incubated the mesenchymal cells and actinotrichia in vitro, and time-lapse analysis revealed how cells use pseudopods to align collagen fiber orientation. This in vitro behavior is dependent on actin polymerization in mesenchymal cells. Inhibition of actin polymerization in mesenchymal cells results in mis-orientation of actinotrichia in the fin. These results reveal how mesenchymal cells are involved in fin formation and have important implications for the physical interaction between cells and collagen fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Kuroda
- Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Itabashi
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Atsuko H. Iwane
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Aramaki
- Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kondo
- Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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21
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Dalghi MG, Montalbetti N, Carattino MD, Apodaca G. The Urothelium: Life in a Liquid Environment. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1621-1705. [PMID: 32191559 PMCID: PMC7717127 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The urothelium, which lines the renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, and proximal urethra, forms a high-resistance but adaptable barrier that surveils its mechanochemical environment and communicates changes to underlying tissues including afferent nerve fibers and the smooth muscle. The goal of this review is to summarize new insights into urothelial biology and function that have occurred in the past decade. After familiarizing the reader with key aspects of urothelial histology, we describe new insights into urothelial development and regeneration. This is followed by an extended discussion of urothelial barrier function, including information about the roles of the glycocalyx, ion and water transport, tight junctions, and the cellular and tissue shape changes and other adaptations that accompany expansion and contraction of the lower urinary tract. We also explore evidence that the urothelium can alter the water and solute composition of urine during normal physiology and in response to overdistension. We complete the review by providing an overview of our current knowledge about the urothelial environment, discussing the sensor and transducer functions of the urothelium, exploring the role of circadian rhythms in urothelial gene expression, and describing novel research tools that are likely to further advance our understanding of urothelial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela G Dalghi
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicolas Montalbetti
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marcelo D Carattino
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gerard Apodaca
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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22
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Inaba Y, Chauhan V, van Loon AP, Choudhury LS, Sagasti A. Keratins and the plakin family cytolinker proteins control the length of epithelial microridge protrusions. eLife 2020; 9:58149. [PMID: 32894222 PMCID: PMC7535935 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin filaments and microtubules create diverse cellular protrusions, but intermediate filaments, the strongest and most stable cytoskeletal elements, are not known to directly participate in the formation of protrusions. Here we show that keratin intermediate filaments directly regulate the morphogenesis of microridges, elongated protrusions arranged in elaborate maze-like patterns on the surface of mucosal epithelial cells. We found that microridges on zebrafish skin cells contained both actin and keratin filaments. Keratin filaments stabilized microridges, and overexpressing keratins lengthened them. Envoplakin and periplakin, plakin family cytolinkers that bind F-actin and keratins, localized to microridges, and were required for their morphogenesis. Strikingly, plakin protein levels directly dictate microridge length. An actin-binding domain of periplakin was required to initiate microridge morphogenesis, whereas periplakin-keratin binding was required to elongate microridges. These findings separate microridge morphogenesis into distinct steps, expand our understanding of intermediate filament functions, and identify microridges as protrusions that integrate actin and intermediate filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Inaba
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology Department and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Vasudha Chauhan
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology Department and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Aaron Paul van Loon
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology Department and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Lamia Saiyara Choudhury
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology Department and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Alvaro Sagasti
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology Department and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
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23
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Raposo AC, Portela RD, Aldrovani M, Barral TD, Cury D, Oriá AP. Comparative Analysis of Tear Composition in Humans, Domestic Mammals, Reptiles, and Birds. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:283. [PMID: 32528986 PMCID: PMC7256680 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tears are an important component of the ocular surface protection mechanism and are in close contact with the corneal epithelium and the environment. Their composition is well-known in humans; however, there are few investigations on the composition and function of tears in reptiles, birds and others mammals, which would elucidate the mechanisms governing the maintenance of ocular homeostasis. In this work, electrophoretic profiles and an evaluation of total protein, albumin, urea, glucose, and cholesterol concentrations in tears of semi-aquatic, terrestrial, and marine reptiles (Caiman latirostris, Chelonia mydas, Caretta caretta, Eretmochelys imbricata, Lepidochelys olivacea, and Chelonoidis carbonaria), birds (Tyto furcata, Rupornis magnirostris and Ara ararauna), and mammals (Equus caballus and Canis lupus familiaris) were apresented. Human tear components and respective blood serum samples were used as references. The electrophoretic analysis revealed similarities whithin same Classes. The results of the tear-blood serum relationship and the comparison to human tear components showed particularities that are potentially derived from a homeostatic response to the environment. When the tear compositions of animals belonging to different ecological clusters were compared, marked differences were observed in total protein and urea concentrations. Thus, reptile, bird, and mammalian tears are complex fluids with differing concentrations of biochemical components that are potentially a result of the animals' adaptation to different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia Raposo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Marcela Aldrovani
- Post-Graduation Program in Animal Science, Franca University, Franca, Brazil
| | | | - Dayse Cury
- Brazilian Institute of Ophthalmology and Blindness Prevention, Bahia School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Arianne Pontes Oriá
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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24
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Sigot V, Cabral Filho PE, Sampedro MF, Santos BS, Fontes A. Anionic Quantum Dots reveal actin-microridges in zebrafish epidermis. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2020; 8:035007. [PMID: 32380481 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ab9124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Enhancement of hydrophilicity and functionalization of CdTe QDs (Quantum Dots) via surface modifications have made them suitable to be used as specific probes for cell imaging. Applications for targeting cell surfaces have been widely demonstrated in vitro but their use in animal models is not trivial. Here, we reported the interaction of mercaptosuccinic-coated (MSA) CdTe QDs with the epidermis of living and Carnoy-fixed zebrafish embryos. QDs concentrate along adherent junctions and reveal the characteristic pattern of actin microridges at the apical surface of the enveloping layer. In our study, labeling with anionic QDs is attained within few minutes at submicromolar concentrations in whole mounted Carnoy-fixed zebrafish embryos, providing a faster approach compared with immunodetection or standard Phalloidin staining of actin for visualization by fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Sigot
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Aplicada a Estudios Moleculares y Celulares, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos (UNER), Oro Verde, Argentina. Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Bioingeniería y Bioinformática (IBB-CONICET-UNER), Dependiente de CCT-Santa Fe, Argentina
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25
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Arunima, Mistri A, Kumari U, Mittal S, Mittal AK. Modifications in the gills of hill stream Moth catfish, Hara hara (Erethistidae, Siluriformes): A light and scanning electron microscope investigation. Tissue Cell 2019; 62:101317. [PMID: 32433019 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2019.101317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Present study reports significant modifications in surface ultrastructure, histological organization, and histochemical localization of glycoproteins (GPs) in the gills of a hill stream catfish, Hara hara. Punctate microridges on free surface of epithelial cells covering gill arches, gill rakers, gill filaments and secondary lamellae are considered to provide adaptive plasticity to gills in relation to the environment inhabited by fish. Short and stout gill rakers are considered to prevent food particles to pass in opercular chamber along with respiratory current that could damage delicate gill filaments. Mucous goblet cells show presence of different classes of glycoproteins. GPs with oxidizable vicinal diols are considered to control acidity of acidic GPs. GPs with carboxyl groups have been implicated with defensive mechanism against microorganisms. GPs with O-sulphate esters are associated to trap and to lubricate food particles for easy swallowing. Taste buds on gill arches and gill rakers function to select palatable food particles. Occurrence of taste buds on the gill filaments is regarded significant adaptation to analyse the chemical nature of water. This study could play a significant role to understand adjustment of gills in the hill stream fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunima
- Skin Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India; Zoology Section, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India
| | - Arup Mistri
- Skin Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India
| | - Usha Kumari
- Skin Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India; Zoology Section, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India.
| | - Swati Mittal
- Skin Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India.
| | - Ajay Kumar Mittal
- Skin Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India.
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26
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Cokus SJ, De La Torre M, Medina EF, Rasmussen JP, Ramirez-Gutierrez J, Sagasti A, Wang F. Tissue-Specific Transcriptomes Reveal Gene Expression Trajectories in Two Maturing Skin Epithelial Layers in Zebrafish Embryos. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2019; 9:3439-3452. [PMID: 31431477 PMCID: PMC6778804 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells are the building blocks of many organs, including skin. The vertebrate skin initially consists of two epithelial layers, the outer periderm and inner basal cell layers, which have distinct properties, functions, and fates. The embryonic periderm ultimately disappears during development, whereas basal cells proliferate to form the mature, stratified epidermis. Although much is known about mechanisms of homeostasis in mature skin, relatively little is known about the two cell types in pre-stratification skin. To define the similarities and distinctions between periderm and basal skin epithelial cells, we purified them from zebrafish at early development stages and deeply profiled their gene expression. These analyses identified groups of genes whose tissue enrichment changed at each stage, defining gene flow dynamics of maturing vertebrate epithelia. At each of 52 and 72 hr post-fertilization (hpf), more than 60% of genes enriched in skin cells were similarly expressed in both layers, indicating that they were common epithelial genes, but many others were enriched in one layer or the other. Both expected and novel genes were enriched in periderm and basal cell layers. Genes encoding extracellular matrix, junctional, cytoskeletal, and signaling proteins were prominent among those distinguishing the two epithelial cell types. In situ hybridization and BAC transgenes confirmed our expression data and provided new tools to study zebrafish skin. Collectively, these data provide a resource for studying common and distinguishing features of maturing epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn J Cokus
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles and
| | | | - Eric F Medina
- Department of Biology, California State University, Dominguez Hills
| | - Jeffrey P Rasmussen
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles and
| | | | - Alvaro Sagasti
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles and
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Biology, California State University, Dominguez Hills
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Bowes C, Redd M, Yousfi M, Tauzin M, Murayama E, Herbomel P. Coronin 1A depletion restores the nuclear stability and viability of Aip1/Wdr1-deficient neutrophils. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3258-3271. [PMID: 31471458 PMCID: PMC6781450 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201901024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bowes et al. show that in zebrafish embryos deficient in the cofilin cofactor AIP1/Wdr1, neutrophils display F-actin as cytoplasmic aggregates, spatially uncoupled from active myosin, then undergo a progressive unwinding of their nucleus followed by eruptive cell death. This adverse phenotype is fully rescued by depletion of another cofilin cofactor, coronin 1A. Actin dynamics is central for cells, and especially for the fast-moving leukocytes. The severing of actin filaments is mainly achieved by cofilin, assisted by Aip1/Wdr1 and coronins. We found that in Wdr1-deficient zebrafish embryos, neutrophils display F-actin cytoplasmic aggregates and a complete spatial uncoupling of phospho-myosin from F-actin. They then undergo an unprecedented gradual disorganization of their nucleus followed by eruptive cell death. Their cofilin is mostly unphosphorylated and associated with F-actin, thus likely outcompeting myosin for F-actin binding. Myosin inhibition reproduces in WT embryos the nuclear instability and eruptive death of neutrophils seen in Wdr1-deficient embryos. Strikingly, depletion of the main coronin of leukocytes, coronin 1A, fully restores the cortical location of F-actin, nuclear integrity, viability, and mobility of Wdr1-deficient neutrophils in vivo. Our study points to an essential role of actomyosin contractility in maintaining the integrity of the nucleus of neutrophils and a new twist in the interplay of cofilin, Wdr1, and coronin in regulating F-actin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charnese Bowes
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR3738, Paris, France
| | - Michael Redd
- University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Malika Yousfi
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR3738, Paris, France
| | - Muriel Tauzin
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR3738, Paris, France
| | - Emi Murayama
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR3738, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Herbomel
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Paris, France .,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR3738, Paris, France
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28
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Microridges are apical epithelial projections formed of F-actin networks that organize the glycan layer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12191. [PMID: 31434932 PMCID: PMC6704121 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apical projections are integral functional units of epithelial cells. Microvilli and stereocilia are cylindrical apical projections that are formed of bundled actin. Microridges on the other hand, extend laterally, forming labyrinthine patterns on surfaces of various kinds of squamous epithelial cells. So far, the structural organization and functions of microridges have remained elusive. We have analyzed microridges on zebrafish epidermal cells using confocal and electron microscopy methods including electron tomography, to show that microridges are formed of F-actin networks and require the function of the Arp2/3 complex for their maintenance. During development, microridges begin as F-actin punctae showing signatures of branching and requiring an active Arp2/3 complex. Using inhibitors of actin polymerization and the Arp2/3 complex, we show that microridges organize the surface glycan layer. Our analyses have unraveled the F-actin organization supporting the most abundant and evolutionarily conserved apical projection, which functions in glycan organization.
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29
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Depasquale JA. Actin Microridges. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:2037-2050. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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30
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DePasquale JA. Comparison of microridges in juvenile and adult sunfish,
Lepomis gibbosus. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Mandal A, Pinter K, Drerup CM. Analyzing Neuronal Mitochondria in vivo Using Fluorescent Reporters in Zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:144. [PMID: 30410881 PMCID: PMC6209631 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite their importance for cellular viability, the actual life history and properties of mitochondria in neurons are still unclear. These organelles are distributed throughout the entirety of the neuron and serve many functions, including: energy production (ATP), iron homeostasis and processing, calcium buffering, and metabolite production, as well as many other lesser known activities. Given their importance, understanding how these organelles are positioned and how their health and function is maintained is critical for many aspects of cell biology. This is best illustrated by the diverse disease literature which demonstrates that abnormal mitochondrial movement, localization, size, or function often correlates with neural pathology. In the following methods article, we will describe the techniques and tools we have optimized to directly visualize mitochondria and analyze mitochondrial lifetime, health, and function in neurons in vivo using fluorescent reporters in the zebrafish. The zebrafish system is ideal for in vivo studies of mitochondrial biology as: (1) neuronal circuits develop rapidly, within days; (2) it is genetically accessible; and (3) embryos and larvae are translucent allowing imaging in a completely intact vertebrate nervous system. Using these tools and techniques, the field is poised to answer questions of mitochondrial biology in the context of neuronal health and function in normal and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Mandal
- Unit on Neuronal Cell Biology, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Katherine Pinter
- Unit on Neuronal Cell Biology, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Catherine M Drerup
- Unit on Neuronal Cell Biology, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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32
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Actin Remodeling in Regulated Exocytosis: Toward a Mesoscopic View. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:685-697. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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33
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Barros-Becker F, Lam PY, Fisher R, Huttenlocher A. Live imaging reveals distinct modes of neutrophil and macrophage migration within interstitial tissues. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:3801-3808. [PMID: 28972134 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.206128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell motility is required for diverse processes during immunity and inflammation. Classically, leukocyte motility is defined as an amoeboid type of migration, however some leukocytes, like macrophages, also employ a more mesenchymal mode of migration. Here, we sought to characterize the mechanisms that regulate neutrophil and macrophage migration in vivo by using real-time imaging of leukocyte motility within interstitial tissues in zebrafish larvae. Neutrophils displayed a rounded morphology and rapid protease-independent motility, lacked defined paxillin puncta, and had persistent rearward polarization of stable F-actin and the microtubule network. By contrast, macrophages displayed an elongated morphology with reduced speed and increased directional persistence and formed paxillin-containing puncta but had a less-defined polarization of the microtubule and actin networks. We also observed differential effects of protease inhibition, microtubule disruption and ROCK inhibition on the efficiency of neutrophil and macrophage motility. Taken together, our findings suggest that larval zebrafish neutrophils and macrophage display distinct modes of migration within interstitial tissues in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Barros-Becker
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Pui-Ying Lam
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Robert Fisher
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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34
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Yin M, Ma W, An L. Cortactin in cancer cell migration and invasion. Oncotarget 2017; 8:88232-88243. [PMID: 29152154 PMCID: PMC5675706 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortactin, a substrate of sarcoma (Src) kinases, is an actin-binding protein that is involved in cytoskeletal regulation, and is frequently overexpressed in cancer cells. Binding to the actin related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) complex stimulates cortactin activity, which promotes F-actin nucleation and assembly. Cortactin promotes cancer cell migration and invasion, and plays a pivotal role in invadopodia formation and extra cellular matrix degradation. Overexpression of cortactin, by amplification of the chromosomal band 11q13, increases tumor aggressiveness. In this review, we report on the current knowledge and potential mechanisms of action of cortactin as a critical mediator of cancer cell migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Wenqing Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Liguo An
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
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36
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Icha J, Kunath C, Rocha-Martins M, Norden C. Independent modes of ganglion cell translocation ensure correct lamination of the zebrafish retina. J Cell Biol 2017; 215:259-275. [PMID: 27810916 PMCID: PMC5084647 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201604095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Icha et al. show that retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) can move by two different modes across the embryonic zebrafish retina and that correct RGC translocation is crucial for neuronal lamination and retinal development. The arrangement of neurons into distinct layers is critical for neuronal connectivity and function. During development, most neurons move from their birthplace to the appropriate layer, where they polarize. However, kinetics and modes of many neuronal translocation events still await exploration. In this study, we investigate retinal ganglion cell (RGC) translocation across the embryonic zebrafish retina. After completing their translocation, RGCs establish the most basal retinal layer where they form the optic nerve. Using in toto light sheet microscopy, we show that somal translocation of RGCs is a fast and directed event. It depends on basal process attachment and stabilized microtubules. Interestingly, interference with somal translocation induces a switch to multipolar migration. This multipolar mode is less efficient but still leads to successful RGC layer formation. When both modes are inhibited though, RGCs fail to translocate and induce lamination defects. This indicates that correct RGC translocation is crucial for subsequent retinal lamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Icha
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christiane Kunath
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mauricio Rocha-Martins
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caren Norden
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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A Primary Cortical Input to Hippocampus Expresses a Pathway-Specific and Endocannabinoid-Dependent Form of Long-Term Potentiation. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-NWR-0160-16. [PMID: 27517090 PMCID: PMC4976302 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0160-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG), a key modulator of synaptic transmission in mammalian brain, is produced in dendritic spines and then crosses the synaptic junction to depress neurotransmitter release. Here we report that 2-AG-dependent retrograde signaling also mediates an enduring enhancement of glutamate release, as assessed with independent tests, in the lateral perforant path (LPP), one of two cortical inputs to the granule cells of the dentate gyrus. Induction of this form of long-term potentiation (LTP) involved two types of glutamate receptors, changes in postsynaptic calcium, and the postsynaptic enzyme that synthesizes 2-AG. Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy confirmed that CB1 cannabinoid receptors are localized presynaptically to LPP terminals, while the inhibition or knockout of the receptors eliminated LPP-LTP. Suppressing the enzyme that degrades 2-AG dramatically enhanced LPP potentiation, while overexpressing it produced the opposite effect. Priming with a CB1 agonist markedly reduced the threshold for LTP. Latrunculin A, which prevents actin polymerization, blocked LPP-LTP when applied extracellularly but had no effect when infused postsynaptically into granule cells, indicating that critical actin remodeling resides in the presynaptic compartment. Importantly, there was no evidence for the LPP form of potentiation in the Schaffer-commissural innervation of field CA1 or in the medial perforant path. Peripheral injections of compounds that block or enhance LPP-LTP had corresponding effects on the formation of long-term memory for cues conveyed to the dentate gyrus by the LPP. Together, these results indicate that the encoding of information carried by a principal hippocampal afferent involves an unusual, regionally differentiated form of plasticity.
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38
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aPKC regulates apical localization of Lgl to restrict elongation of microridges in developing zebrafish epidermis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11643. [PMID: 27249668 PMCID: PMC4895443 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells exhibit apical membrane protrusions, which confer specific functions to epithelial tissues. Microridges are short actin protrusions that are laterally long and form a maze-like pattern in the apical domain. They are widely found on vertebrate squamous epithelia including epidermis and have functions in mucous retention, membrane storage and abrasion resistance. It is largely unknown how the formation of these laterally long actin projections is regulated. Here, we show that antagonistic interactions between aPKC and Lgl–regulators of apical and basolateral domain identity, respectively,–control the length of microridges in the zebrafish periderm, the outermost layer of the epidermis. aPKC regulates the levels of Lgl and the active form of non-muscle myosinII at the apical cortex to prevent actin polymerization-dependent precocious fusion and elongation of microridges. Our data unravels the functional significance of exclusion of Lgl from the apical domain in epithelial cells. Squamous epithelia present actin-rich microridges on the apical surface, but the mechanism of their formation is not known. Here the authors show that, in zebrafish epidermis, the exclusion of the basolateral regulator Lgl from the apical domain by atypical protein kinase C prevents precocious elongation and fusion of microridges.
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