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Čejka T, Trnka M, Büntgen U. Sustainable cultivation of the white truffle (Tuber magnatum) requires ecological understanding. MYCORRHIZA 2023; 33:291-302. [PMID: 37462722 PMCID: PMC10752849 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-023-01120-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The white truffle (Tuber magnatum Picco.; WT) is the most expensive and arguably also the most delicious species within the genus Tuber. Due to its hidden belowground life cycle, complex host symbiosis, and yet unknown distribution, cultivation of the enigmatic species has only recently been achieved at some plantations in France. A sustainable production of WTs under future climate change, however, requires a better ecological understanding of the species' natural occurrence. Here, we combine information from truffle hunters with a literature review to assess the climatic, edaphic, geographic, and symbiotic characteristics of 231 reported WT sites in southeast Europe. Our meta-study shows that 75% of the WT sites are located outside the species' most famous harvest region, the Piedmont in northern Italy. Spanning a wide geographic range from ~ 37° N in Sicily to ~ 47° N in Hungary, and elevations between sea level in the north and 1000 m asl in the south, all WT sites are characterised by mean winter temperatures > 0.4 °C and summer precipitation totals of ~ 50 mm. Often formed during past flood or landslide events, current soil conditions of the WT sites exhibit pH levels between 6.4 and 8.7, high macroporosity, and a cation exchange capacity of ~ 17 meq/100 g. At least 26 potential host species from 12 genera were reported at the WT sites, with Populus alba and Quercus cerris accounting for 23.5% of all plant species. We expect our findings to contribute to a sustainable WT industry under changing environmental and economic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Čejka
- Department of Climate Change Impacts On Agroecosystems, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Trnka
- Department of Climate Change Impacts On Agroecosystems, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Agrosystems and Bioclimatology, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University, Zemědělská 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ulf Büntgen
- Department of Climate Change Impacts On Agroecosystems, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK
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Ye L, Yang X, Zhang B, Zhou J, Tian H, Zhang X, Li X. Seasonal Succession of Fungal Communities in Native Truffle ( Tuber indicum) Ecosystems. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0019523. [PMID: 37338363 PMCID: PMC10370315 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00195-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Truffles are a rare underground fungus and one of the most expensive, and sought-after kitchen ingredients in the world. Microbial ecology plays an important role in the annual growth cycle of truffles, but fungal communities in native truffle ecosystems are still largely unknown, especially for Tuber indicum from China. In this study, the spatial and temporal dynamics of soil physicochemical properties and fungal communities were described associated with four T. indicum-producing plots (TPPs) and one non-truffle-producing plot in four successive growing seasons. A total of 160 biological samples were collected, 80 of which were used for the determination of 10 soil physicochemical indices and 80 for Illumina-based analysis of the fungal microbiome. Soil physicochemical properties and fungal communities exhibited considerable seasonal variation. Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, and Mucormycoides dominated. The core microbiome work on the microecological changes in TPPs, and the identified core members contribute to the seasonal succession of communities. The genus Tuber occupies a central position in healthy TPPs. There was a strong correlation between soil physicochemical properties and fungal communities. The genus Tuber showed a positive correlation with Ca, Mg, and total nitrogen, but a negative correlation with total phosphorus and available potassium. This study describes the complex ecological dynamics of soil physicochemical indices and fungal communities occurring during the annual cycle of Tuber indicum, and highlights the succession of core communities in truffle plots, which contribute to better protection of native truffle ecosystems and control of mycorrhizal fungal contamination in artificial truffle plantations in China. IMPORTANCE The spatial and temporal dynamics of soil physicochemical properties and fungal communities associated with four Tuber indicum-producing plots and one non truffle producing plot in four different growing seasons are described. Soil physicochemical properties and fungal communities exhibited considerable seasonal variation. This study examines the complex ecological dynamics of soil physicochemical indices and fungal communities occurring during the annual cycle of Tuber indicum and highlights the succession of core communities in truffle plots, which contributes to better protection of native truffle ecosystems and control of mycorrhizal fungal contamination in artificial truffle plantations in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ye
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuezhen Yang
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Tian
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
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Arenas F, Morte A, Navarro-Ródenas A. Design and Validation of qPCR-Specific Primers for Quantification of the Marketed Terfezia claveryi and Terfezia crassiverrucosa in Soil. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1095. [PMID: 36294660 PMCID: PMC9605127 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Desert truffle crop is a pioneer in southeastern Spain, a region where native edible hypogeous fungi are adapted to the semiarid areas with low annual rainfall. Terfezia claveryi Chatin was the first species of desert truffle to be cultivated, and has been increasing in recent years as an alternative rainfed crop in the Iberian Peninsula. However, its behaviour in the field has yet not been investigated. For this purpose, specific primers were designed for the soil DNA quantification of both T. claveryi and Terfezia crassiverrucosa and a real-time qPCR protocol was developed, using the ITS rDNA region as a target. Moreover, a young desert truffle orchard was sampled for environmental validation. The results showed the highest efficiency for the TerclaF3/TerclaR1 primers pair, 89%, and the minimal fungal biomass that could be reliable detected was set at 4.23 µg mycelium/g soil. The spatial distribution of fungal biomass was heterogeneous, and there was not a direct relationship between the quantity of winter soil mycelium and the location/productivity of desert truffles. This protocol could be applied to tracking these species in soil and understand their mycelial dynamics in plantations and wild areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Arenas
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Forest Science and Technology Centre of Catalonia (CTFC), Carretera de Sant Llorenç de Morunys, Km 2, 25280 Solsona, Spain
| | - Asunción Morte
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alfonso Navarro-Ródenas
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Chen J, Huang X, Tong B, Wang D, Liu J, Liao X, Sun Q. Effects of rhizosphere fungi on the chemical composition of fruits of the medicinal plant Cinnamomum migao endemic to southwestern China. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:206. [PMID: 34229615 PMCID: PMC8259389 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined how rhizosphere fungi influence the accumulation of chemical components in fruits of a small population species of Cinnamomum migao. RESULTS Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were dominant in the rhizosphere fungal community of C. migao. Pestalotiopsis and Gibellulopsis were associated with α-Terpineol and sabinene content, and Gibellulopsis was associated with crude fat and carbohydrate content. There were significant differences in rhizosphere fungal populations between watersheds, and there was no obvious change between fruiting periods. Gibberella, Ilyonectria, Micropsalliota, and Geminibasidium promoted sabinene accumulation, and Clitocybula promoted α-Terpineol accumulation. CONCLUSION The climate-related differentiation of rhizosphere fungal communities in watershed areas is the main driver of the chemical composition of C. migao fruit. The control of the production of biologically active compounds by the rhizosphere fungal community provides new opportunities to increase the industrial and medicinal value of the fruit of C. migao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhong Chen
- Forest Ecology Research Center, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guihzou Province, China
| | - Xiaolong Huang
- Forest Ecology Research Center, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guihzou Province, China
| | - Bingli Tong
- Forest Ecology Research Center, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guihzou Province, China
| | - Deng Wang
- Forest Ecology Research Center, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guihzou Province, China
| | - Jiming Liu
- Forest Ecology Research Center, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guihzou Province, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Liao
- Guizhou province Institute of Mountain Resources, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Qingwen Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
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Leonardi P, Baroni R, Puliga F, Iotti M, Salerni E, Perini C, Zambonelli A. Co-occurrence of true truffle mycelia in Tuber magnatum fruiting sites. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:389-394. [PMID: 33835237 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-021-01030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tuber magnatum (the white truffle) is the most precious species of the genus Tuber which comprises the hypogeous ectomycorrhizal species called "true truffle." Despite its high economic value, the knowledge on its ecology is scant, principally due to the difficulty to find its mycorrhizas in the soil. The possibility to detect its mycelium by DNA extracted from soil has given a new chance for studying this truffle species. In this work, the co-occurrence of other Tuber species with T. magnatum mycelium was investigated by using species-specific primers in several productive areas located in central and northern Italy. Most (82%) of the examined soil samples showed at least one other Tuber species in addition to T. magnatum. The most common was T. maculatum (72% of soil samples) followed by T. borchii, T. rufum, T. brumale, T. dryophilum, T. macrosporum, and T. melanosporum (40%, 37%, 22%, 19%, 12%, and 1% of soil samples, respectively). Tuber aestivum was never detected in T. magnatum productive patches. Analysis of species co-occurrence showed that the pairwise associations between T. dryophilum-T. brumale, T. brumale-T. borchii, and T. borchii-T. dryophilum was significant. The results suggest that Tuber mycelial network in white truffle grounds is much more extensive than the distribution of their ectomycorrhizas and competitive exclusion between different Tuber species seems to take place only for root colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Leonardi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Baroni
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Puliga
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirco Iotti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio, Coppito1, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Elena Salerni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Claudia Perini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zambonelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
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Hagenbo A, Piñuela Y, Castaño C, Martínez de Aragón J, de-Miguel S, Alday JG, Bonet JA. Production and turnover of mycorrhizal soil mycelium relate to variation in drought conditions in Mediterranean Pinus pinaster, Pinus sylvestris and Quercus ilex forests. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1609-1622. [PMID: 33091152 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In forests, ectomycorrhizal mycelium is pivotal for driving soil carbon and nutrient cycles, but how ectomycorrhizal mycelial dynamics vary in ecosystems with drought periods is unknown. We quantified the production and turnover of mycorrhizal mycelium in Mediterranean Pinus pinaster, Pinus sylvestris and Quercus ilex forests and related the estimates to standardised precipitation index (SPI), to study how mycelial dynamics relates to tree species and drought-moisture conditions. Production and turnover of mycelium was estimated between July and February, by quantifying the fungal biomass (ergosterol) in ingrowth mesh bags and using statistical modelling. SPI for time scales of 1-3 months was calculated from precipitation records and precipitation data over the study period. Forests dominated by Pinus trees displayed higher biomass but were seasonally more variable, as opposed to Q. ilex forests where the mycelial biomass remained lower and stable over the season. Production and turnover, respectively, varied between 1.4-5.9 kg ha-1 d-1 and 7.2-9.9 times yr-1 over the different forest types and were positively correlated with 2-month and 3-month SPI over the study period. Our results demonstrated that mycorrhizal mycelial biomass varied with season and tree species and we speculate that production and turnover are related to physiology and plant host performance during drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hagenbo
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, 25198, Spain
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, E-251 98, Spain
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, SE-701 82, Sweden
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Box 115, Ås, 1431, Norway
| | - Yasmine Piñuela
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, E-251 98, Spain
| | - Carles Castaño
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, SE-750 07, Sweden
| | | | - Sergio de-Miguel
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, 25198, Spain
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, E-251 98, Spain
| | - Josu G Alday
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, 25198, Spain
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, E-251 98, Spain
| | - José Antonio Bonet
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, 25198, Spain
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, E-251 98, Spain
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Truffles: Biodiversity, Ecological Significances, and Biotechnological Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67561-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Genotypic diversity of the Asiatic black truffle, Tuber himalayense, collected in spontaneous and highly productive truffle grounds. Mycol Prog 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-020-01642-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Marjanović Ž, Nawaz A, Stevanović K, Saljnikov E, Maček I, Oehl F, Wubet T. Root-Associated Mycobiome Differentiate between Habitats Supporting Production of Different Truffle Species in Serbian Riparian Forests. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1331. [PMID: 32878332 PMCID: PMC7563819 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Balkan lowlands bordering with the Pannonia region are inhabited by diverse riparian forests that support production of different truffle species, predominantly the most prized white truffle of Piedmont (Tuber magnatum Pico), but also other commercial species (T.macrosporum Vitt., T. aestivum Vitt.). Surprisingly, little is known about the native root-associated mycobiome (RAM) of these lowland truffle-producing forests. Therefore, in this study we aim at exploring and comparing the RAMs of three different truffle-producing forests from Kolubara river plane in Serbia. Molecular methods based on next generation sequencing (NGS) were used to evaluate the diversity of root-associated fungal communities and to elucidate the influence of environmental factors on their differentiation. To our knowledge, this is the first study from such habitats with a particular focus on comparative analysis of the RAM in different truffle-producing habitats using a high-throughput sequencing approach. Our results indicated that the alpha diversity of investigated fungal communities was not significantly different between different truffle-producing forests and within a specific forest type, while the seasonal differences in the alpha diversity were only observed in the white truffle-producing forests. Taxonomic profiling at phylum level indicated the dominance of fungal OTUs belonging to phylum Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, with very minor presence of other phyla. Distinct community structures of root-associated mycobiomes were observed for white, mixed, and black truffle-producing forests. The core mycobiome analysis indicated a fair share of fungal genera present exclusively in white and black truffle-producing forest, while the core genera of mixed truffle-producing forests were shared with both white and black truffle-producing forests. The majority of detected fungal OTUs in all three forest types were symbiotrophs, with ectomycorrhizal fungi being a dominant functional guild. Apart from assumed vegetation factor, differentiation of fungal communities was driven by factors connected to the distance from the river and exposure to fluvial activities, soil age, structure, and pH. Overall, Pannonian riparian forests appear to host diverse root-associated fungal communities that are strongly shaped by variation in soil conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žaklina Marjanović
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, Belgrade University, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ali Nawaz
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Department of Community Ecology, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Katarina Stevanović
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 3, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Elmira Saljnikov
- Soil Science Institute, Teodora Drajzera 7, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Irena Maček
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies (FAMNIT), University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
| | - Fritz Oehl
- Agroscope, Competence Division for Plants and Plant Products, Ecotoxicology, Müller-Thurgau-Str. 29, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland;
| | - Tesfaye Wubet
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Department of Community Ecology, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Schelm S, Siemt M, Pfeiffer J, Lang C, Tichy HV, Fischer M. Food Authentication: Identification and Quantitation of Different Tuber Species via Capillary Gel Electrophoresis and Real-Time PCR. Foods 2020; 9:foods9040501. [PMID: 32316117 PMCID: PMC7230311 DOI: 10.3390/foods9040501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Truffles are hypogeous fungi mainly found in Europe and Asia. Due to their special aroma and taste, some truffle species are sold on the international market at an extremely high price. Among the economically relevant species, the white Alba truffle (Tuber magnatum) and the black Périgord truffle (T. melanosporum) are the most appreciated species. The fruiting bodies of the Asian black truffle are morphologically very similar to T. melanosporum, and those of the Bianchetto truffle (T. albidum Pico) are similar to T. magnatum, but are of little economic value. Highly valued species are adulterated with cheaper ones, especially. Because of this problem, the aim of this study was the development of methods for detecting possible admixtures to protect consumers from fraud. This study is based on seven different truffle species (117 fruiting bodies) from different growing regions. Additionally, selected truffle products were included. Using this material, a real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction) assay allowing the detection and quantitation of Asian black truffles in T. melanosporum up to 0.5% was developed. In addition, a capillary gel electrophoresis assay was designed, which allows the identification and quantitation of different species. The methods can be used to ensure the integrity of truffle products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schelm
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.S.); (J.P.); (C.L.)
| | - Melanie Siemt
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.S.); (J.P.); (C.L.)
| | - Janin Pfeiffer
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.S.); (J.P.); (C.L.)
| | - Christina Lang
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.S.); (J.P.); (C.L.)
| | | | - Markus Fischer
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.S.); (J.P.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-4042-838-43-57
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Li X, Zhang X, Yang M, Yan L, Kang Z, Xiao Y, Tang P, Ye L, Zhang B, Zou J, Liu C. Tuber borchii Shapes the Ectomycorrhizosphere Microbial Communities of Corylus avellana. MYCOBIOLOGY 2019; 47:180-190. [PMID: 31448138 PMCID: PMC6691893 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2019.1615297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, eight-month-old ectomycorrhizae of Tuber borchii with Corylus avellana were synthesized to explore the influence of T. borchii colonization on the soil properties and the microbial communities associated with C. avellana during the early symbiotic stage. The results showed that the bacterial richness and diversity in the ectomycorrhizae were significantly higher than those in the control roots, whereas the fungal diversity was not changed in response to T. borchii colonization. Tuber was the dominant taxon (82.97%) in ectomycorrhizae. Some pathogenic fungi, including Ilyonectria and Podospora, and other competitive mycorrhizal fungi, such as Hymenochaete, had significantly lower abundance in the T. borchii inoculation treatment. It was found that the ectomycorrhizae of C. avellana contained some more abundant bacterial genera (e.g., Rhizobium, Pedomicrobium, Ilumatobacter, Streptomyces, and Geobacillus) and fungal genera (e.g., Trechispora and Humicola) than the control roots. The properties of rhizosphere soils were also changed by T. borchii colonization, like available nitrogen, available phosphorus and exchangeable magnesium, which indicated a feedback effect of mycorrhizal synthesis on soil properties. Overall, this work highlighted the interactions between the symbionts and the microbes present in the host, which shed light on our understanding of the ecological functions of T. borchii and facilitate its commercial cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Li
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Panzhihua Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Panzhihua, China
| | - Lijuan Yan
- Aquatic Geomicrobiology, Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Zongjing Kang
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujun Xiao
- Panzhihua Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Panzhihua, China
| | - Ping Tang
- Panzhihua Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Panzhihua, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Zou
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengyi Liu
- Panzhihua Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Panzhihua, China
- CONTACT Chengyi Liu
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Castaño C, Lindahl BD, Alday JG, Hagenbo A, Martínez de Aragón J, Parladé J, Pera J, Bonet JA. Soil microclimate changes affect soil fungal communities in a Mediterranean pine forest. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:1211-1221. [PMID: 29757469 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soil microclimate is a potentially important regulator of the composition of plant-associated fungal communities in climates with significant drought periods. Here, we investigated the spatio-temporal dynamics of soil fungal communities in a Mediterranean Pinus pinaster forest in relation to soil moisture and temperature. Fungal communities in 336 soil samples collected monthly over 1 year from 28 long-term experimental plots were assessed by PacBio sequencing of ITS2 amplicons. Total fungal biomass was estimated by analysing ergosterol. Community changes were analysed in the context of functional traits. Soil fungal biomass was lowest during summer and late winter and highest during autumn, concurrent with a greater relative abundance of mycorrhizal species. Intra-annual spatio-temporal changes in community composition correlated significantly with soil moisture and temperature. Mycorrhizal fungi were less affected by summer drought than free-living fungi. In particular, mycorrhizal species of the short-distance exploration type increased in relative abundance under dry conditions, whereas species of the long-distance exploration type were more abundant under wetter conditions. Our observations demonstrate a potential for compositional and functional shifts in fungal communities in response to changing climatic conditions. Free-living fungi and mycorrhizal species with extensive mycelia may be negatively affected by increasing drought periods in Mediterranean forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Castaño
- Forest Bioengineering Solutions S.A., Crta. de Sant Llorenç de Morunys Km. 2, E-25280, Solsona, Spain
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-AGROTECNIO, Av. Rovira Roure, 191, E-25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Björn D Lindahl
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Josu G Alday
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-AGROTECNIO, Av. Rovira Roure, 191, E-25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Andreas Hagenbo
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Juan Martínez de Aragón
- Forest Bioengineering Solutions S.A., Crta. de Sant Llorenç de Morunys Km. 2, E-25280, Solsona, Spain
- Centre Tecnològic Forestal de Catalunya, CTFC-CEMFOR, Ctra. de St. Llorenç de Morunys km 2, E-25280, Solsona, Spain
| | - Javier Parladé
- Centre de Cabrils, IRTA, Ctra. Cabrils Km. 2, E-08348, Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Pera
- Centre de Cabrils, IRTA, Ctra. Cabrils Km. 2, E-08348, Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Bonet
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-AGROTECNIO, Av. Rovira Roure, 191, E-25198, Lleida, Spain
- Centre Tecnològic Forestal de Catalunya, CTFC-CEMFOR, Ctra. de St. Llorenç de Morunys km 2, E-25280, Solsona, Spain
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Mello A, Balestrini R. Recent Insights on Biological and Ecological Aspects of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi and Their Interactions. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:216. [PMID: 29497408 PMCID: PMC5818412 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The roots of most terrestrial plants are colonized by mycorrhizal fungi. They play a key role in terrestrial environments influencing soil structure and ecosystem functionality. Around them a peculiar region, the mycorrhizosphere, develops. This is a very dynamic environment where plants, soil and microorganisms interact. Interest in this fascinating environment has increased over the years. For a long period the knowledge of the microbial populations in the rhizosphere has been limited, because they have always been studied by traditional culture-based techniques. These methods, which only allow the study of cultured microorganisms, do not allow the characterization of most organisms existing in nature. The introduction in the last few years of methodologies that are independent of culture techniques has bypassed this limitation. This together with the development of high-throughput molecular tools has given new insights into the biology, evolution, and biodiversity of mycorrhizal associations, as well as, the molecular dialog between plants and fungi. The genomes of many mycorrhizal fungal species have been sequenced so far allowing to better understanding the lifestyle of these fungi, their sexual reproduction modalities and metabolic functions. The possibility to detect the mycelium and the mycorrhizae of heterothallic fungi has also allowed to follow the spatial and temporal distributional patterns of strains of different mating types. On the other hand, the availability of the genome sequencing from several mycorrhizal fungi with a different lifestyle, or belonging to different groups, allowed to verify the common feature of the mycorrhizal symbiosis as well as the differences on how different mycorrhizal species interact and dialog with the plant. Here, we will consider the aspects described before, mainly focusing on ectomycorrhizal fungi and their interactions with plants and other soil microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Mello
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Torino Unit, National Research Council, Turin, Italy
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Queralt M, Parladé J, Pera J, DE Miguel AM. Seasonal dynamics of extraradical mycelium and mycorrhizas in a black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) plantation. MYCORRHIZA 2017; 27:565-576. [PMID: 28547294 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-017-0780-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal dynamics of black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) extraradical mycelium as well as the associated mycorrhizal community have been evaluated in a 16-year-old plantation with productive and non-productive trees. Mycelium biomass was seasonally quantified by real-time PCR over two consecutive years and the correlation with environmental variables explored. Extraradical mycelium biomass varied seasonally and between the two consecutive years, being correlated with the precipitation that occurred 1 month before sampling. In addition, productive trees had more mycelium in the brûlé area than non-productive trees did. The ectomycorrhizal community composition inside the burnt areas was seasonally evaluated during a year. Ten mycorrhizal morphotypes were detected; T. melanosporum was the most abundant in productive and non-productive trees. Black truffle mycorrhizas were more abundant (mycorrhizal tips per unit of soil volume) in productive trees, and no seasonal variation was observed. The occurrence of black truffle mycorrhizas was significantly and positively correlated with the biomass of extraradical mycelium. The mycorrhizal community within the brûlé areas was significantly different between productive and non-productive trees, and no variation was detected between seasons. The assessment of the fungal vegetative structures in a mature plantation is of paramount importance to develop trufficulture methods based on the knowledge of the biological cycle of the fungus and its relationships with the associated ectomycorrhizal communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Queralt
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Ambiental, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Navarra, 31080, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Javier Parladé
- Protecció Vegetal Sostenible, IRTA, Centre de Cabrils, Ctra. Cabrils Km. 2, 08348 Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Pera
- Protecció Vegetal Sostenible, IRTA, Centre de Cabrils, Ctra. Cabrils Km. 2, 08348 Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana María DE Miguel
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Ambiental, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Navarra, 31080, Pamplona, Spain
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Li Q, Zhao J, Xiong C, Li X, Chen Z, Li P, Huang W. Tuber indicum shapes the microbial communities of ectomycorhizosphere soil and ectomycorrhizae of an indigenous tree (Pinus armandii). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175720. [PMID: 28410376 PMCID: PMC5391931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an ectomycorrhizal fungus (Tuber indicum) on the diversity of microbial communities associated with an indigenous tree, Pinus armandii, and the microbial communities in the surrounding ectomycorhizosphere soil. High-throughput sequencing was used to analyze the richness of microbial communities in the roots or rhizosphere of treatments with or without ectomycorrhizae. The results indicated that the bacterial diversity of ectomycorhizosphere soil was significantly lower compared with the control soil. Presumably, the dominance of truffle mycelia in ectomycorhizosphere soil (80.91%) and ectomycorrhizae (97.64%) was the main factor that resulted in lower diversity and abundance of endophytic pathogenic fungi, including Fusarium, Monographella, Ustilago and Rhizopus and other competitive mycorrhizal fungi, such as Amanita, Lactarius and Boletus. Bacterial genera Reyranena, Rhizomicrobium, Nordella, Pseudomonas and fungal genera, Cuphophyllus, Leucangium, Histoplasma were significantly more abundant in ectomycorrhizosphere soil and ectomycorrhizae. Hierarchical cluster analysis of the similarities between rhizosphere and ectomycorrhizosphere soil based on the soil properties differed significantly, indicating the mycorrhizal synthesis may have a feedback effect on soil properties. Meanwhile, some soil properties were significantly correlated with bacterial and fungal diversity in the rhizosphere or root tips. Overall, this work illustrates the interactive network that exists among ectomycorrhizal fungi, soil properties and microbial communities associated with the host plant and furthers our understanding of the ecology and cultivation of T. indicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chuan Xiong
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zuqin Chen
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ping Li
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenli Huang
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- * E-mail:
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Patel S. Nutrition, safety, market status quo appraisal of emerging functional food corn smut (huitlacoche). Trends Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Tuber magnatum: The Special One. What Makes It so Different from the Other Tuber spp.? SOIL BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31436-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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