1
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García-Chamé M, Mayer I, Schneider L, Niemeyer CM, M Domínguez C. Fluidic Interface for Surface-based DNA Origami Studies. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39348886 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c10874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/02/2024]
Abstract
Traditionally, the use of DNA origami nanostructures (DONs) to study early cell signaling processes has been conducted using standard laboratory equipment with DONs typically utilized in solution. Surface-based technologies simplify the microscopic analysis of cells treated with DON agents by anchoring them to solid substrates, thus avoiding the complications of receptor-mediated endocytosis. A robust microfluidic platform for real-time monitoring and precise functionalization of surfaces with DONs was developed here. The combination of controlled flow conditions with an upright total internal reflection fluorescence microscope enabled the kinetic analysis of the immobilization of DONs on DNA-functionalized surfaces. The results revealed that DON morphology and binding tags influence the binding kinetics and that DON hybridization on surfaces is more effective in microfluidic devices with larger-than-standard dimensions, addressing the low diffusivity challenge of DONs. The platform enabled the decoration of DONs with protein-binding ligands and in situ investigation of ligand occupancy on DONs to produce high-quality bioactive surfaces. These surfaces were used to recruit and activate the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) through clustering in the membranes of living cancer cells (MCF-7) using an antagonistic antibody (Panitumumab). The activation was quantified depending on the interligand distances of the EGFR-targeting antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel García-Chamé
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG-1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ivy Mayer
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG-1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Leonie Schneider
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG-1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christof M Niemeyer
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG-1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Carmen M Domínguez
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG-1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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2
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Fujii T, Ito K, Takahashi K, Aoki T, Takasugi R, Seki T, Iwai Y, Watanabe T, Hirama R, Tsumura R, Fuchigami H, Yasunaga M, Matsuda Y. Bispecific Antibodies Produced via Chemical Site-Specific Conjugation Technology: AJICAP Second-Generation. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:1767-1773. [PMID: 38116449 PMCID: PMC10726434 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (BisAbs) are biotherapeutics that amalgamate the specificities of two distinct antibodies into one molecule, however, their engineering requires genetic modification and remains time-consuming. Therefore, we used AJICAP second-generation technology, which drives the production of site-specific conjugation without genetic modification requirements, to generate BisAbs. Using haloketone chemistry as an alternative to maleimide chemistry, we successfully produced site-specific antibody conjugates. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that the haloketone-based antibody conjugate was stable in the rat plasma. The resultant BisAbs were rigorously evaluated, and surface plasmon resonance measurements and flow cytometry analyses confirmed that the antigen binding remained intact. Additionally, the affinity for the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) was retained after conjugation. Further cytotoxicity evaluation emphasized the pronounced activity of the generated BisAbs. This novel approach introduces a fully chemical, site-specific strategy capable of producing BisAbs, heralding a new era in the field of biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Fujii
- Ajinomoto
Co., Inc, 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Ito
- Ajinomoto
Co., Inc, 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Takahashi
- Ajinomoto
Co., Inc, 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Aoki
- Ajinomoto
Co., Inc, 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Rika Takasugi
- Ajinomoto
Co., Inc, 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Takuya Seki
- Ajinomoto
Co., Inc, 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Yusuke Iwai
- Ajinomoto
Co., Inc, 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Watanabe
- Ajinomoto
Co., Inc, 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Hirama
- Ajinomoto
Co., Inc, 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Ryo Tsumura
- Division
of Developmental Therapeutics, Exploratory
Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa City 277-8577, Japan
| | - Hirobumi Fuchigami
- Division
of Developmental Therapeutics, Exploratory
Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa City 277-8577, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yasunaga
- Division
of Developmental Therapeutics, Exploratory
Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa City 277-8577, Japan
| | - Yutaka Matsuda
- Ajinomoto
Bio-Pharma Services, 11040 Roselle Street, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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3
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Sun H, Wang J. Novel perspective for protein-drug interaction analysis: atomic force microscope. Analyst 2023; 148:454-474. [PMID: 36398684 DOI: 10.1039/d2an01591a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are major drug targets, and drug-target interaction identification and analysis are important factors for drug discovery. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a powerful tool making it possible to image proteins with nanometric resolution and probe intermolecular forces under physiological conditions. We review recent studies conducted in the field of target protein drug discovery using AFM-based analysis technology, including drug-driven changes in nanomechanical properties of protein morphology and interactions. Underlying mechanisms (including thermodynamic and kinetic parameters) of the drug-target interaction and drug-modulating protein-protein interaction (PPI) on the surfaces of models or living cells are discussed. Furthermore, challenges and the outlook for the field are likewise discussed. Overall, this insight into the mechanical properties of protein-drug interactions provides an unprecedented information framework for rational drug discovery in the pharmaceutical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
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4
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Hermawan A, Wulandari F, Hanif N, Utomo RY, Jenie RI, Ikawati M, Tafrihani AS. Identification of potential targets of the curcumin analog CCA-1.1 for glioblastoma treatment : integrated computational analysis and in vitro study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13928. [PMID: 35977996 PMCID: PMC9385707 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18348-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is challenging owing to its localization in the brain, the limited capacity of brain cells to repair, resistance to conventional therapy, and its aggressiveness. Curcumin has anticancer activity against aggressive cancers, such as leukemia, and GBM; however, its application is limited by its low solubility and bioavailability. Chemoprevention curcumin analog 1.1 (CCA-1.1), a curcumin analog, has better solubility and stability than those of curcumin. In this study, we explored potential targets of CCA-1.1 in GBM (PTCGs) by an integrated computational analysis and in vitro study. Predicted targets of CCA-1.1 obtained using various databases were subjected to comprehensive downstream analyses, including functional annotation, disease and drug association analyses, protein–protein interaction network analyses, analyses of genetic alterations, expression, and associations with survival and immune cell infiltration. Our integrative bioinformatics analysis revealed four candidate targets of CCA-1.1 in GBM: TP53, EGFR, AKT1, and CASP3. In addition to targeting specific proteins with regulatory effects in GBM, CCA-1.1 has the capacity to modulate the immunological milieu. Cytotoxicity of CCA-1.1 was lower than TMZ with an IC50 value of 9.8 μM compared to TMZ with an IC50 of 40 μM. mRNA sequencing revealed EGFR transcript variant 8 was upregulated, whereas EGFRvIII was downregulated in U87 cells after treatment with CCA-1.1. Furthermore, a molecular docking analysis suggested that CCA-1.1 inhibits EGFR with various mutations in GBM, which was confirmed using molecular dynamics simulation, wherein the binding between CCA-1.1 with the mutant EGFR L861Q was stable. For successful clinical translation, the effects of CCA-1.1 need to be confirmed in laboratory studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hermawan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia. .,Laboratory of Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.
| | - Febri Wulandari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Naufa Hanif
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Rohmad Yudi Utomo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.,Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Riris Istighfari Jenie
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.,Laboratory of Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Muthi Ikawati
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.,Laboratory of Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Syauqy Tafrihani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
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5
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de Paiva IM, Vakili MR, Soleimani AH, Tabatabaei Dakhili SA, Munira S, Paladino M, Martin G, Jirik FR, Hall DG, Weinfeld M, Lavasanifar A. Biodistribution and Activity of EGFR Targeted Polymeric Micelles Delivering a New Inhibitor of DNA Repair to Orthotopic Colorectal Cancer Xenografts with Metastasis. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:1825-1838. [PMID: 35271294 PMCID: PMC9175178 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The disruption of polynucleotide kinase/phosphatase (PNKP) in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells deficient in phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is expected to lead to the loss of cell viability by a process known as synthetic lethality. In previous studies, we have reported on the encapsulation of a novel inhibitor of PNKP, namely, A83B4C63, in polymeric micelles and its activity in slowing the growth of PTEN-deficient CRC cells as well as subcutaneous xenografts. In this study, to enhance drug delivery and specificity to CRC tumors, the surface of polymeric micelles carrying A83B4C63 was modified with GE11, a peptide targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpressed in about 70% of CRC tumors. Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we assessed the binding site and affinity of GE11 for EGFR. The GE11-modified micelles, tagged with a near-infrared fluorophore, showed enhanced internalization by EGFR-overexpressing CRC cells in vitro and a trend toward increased primary tumor homing in an orthotopic CRC xenograft in vivo. In line with these observations, the GE11 modification of polymeric micelles was shown to positively contribute to the improved therapeutic activity of encapsulated A83B4C63 against HCT116-PTEN-/- cells in vitro and that of orthotopic CRC xenograft in vivo. In conclusion, our results provided proof of principle evidence for the potential benefit of EGFR targeted polymeric micellar formulations of A83B4C63 as monotherapeutics for aggressive and metastatic CRC tumors but at the same time highlighted the need for the development of EGFR ligands with improved physiological stability and EGFR binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Moura de Paiva
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2EZ, Canada
| | - Mohammad Reza Vakili
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2EZ, Canada
| | - Amir Hasan Soleimani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2EZ, Canada
| | | | - Sirazum Munira
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2EZ, Canada
| | - Marco Paladino
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | | | | | - Dennis G Hall
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michael Weinfeld
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Afsaneh Lavasanifar
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2EZ, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H5, Canada
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6
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Zhao J, Li S, Pang X, Shan Y. Evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of nano-drugs targeting epidermal growth factor receptor. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2726-2729. [PMID: 35113095 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06754k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) targeted nano-drugs facilitate effective diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Herein, the therapeutic efficacy of nano-drugs targeting EGFR was evaluated from the perspective of cell entry efficiency and induced cell mechanical properties using force tracing and nano-indentation techniques at the single particle/cell level in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Siying Li
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Xuelei Pang
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yuping Shan
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China.
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7
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EGFR-Binding Peptides: From Computational Design towards Tumor-Targeting of Adeno-Associated Virus Capsids. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249535. [PMID: 33333826 PMCID: PMC7765298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays a central role in the progression of many solid tumors. We used this validated target to analyze the de novo design of EGFR-binding peptides and their application for the delivery of complex payloads via rational design of a viral vector. Peptides were computationally designed to interact with the EGFR dimerization interface. Two new peptides and a reference (EDA peptide) were chemically synthesized, and their binding ability characterized. Presentation of these peptides in each of the 60 capsid proteins of recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAV) via a genetic based loop insertion enabled targeting of EGFR overexpressing tumor cell lines. Furthermore, tissue distribution and tumor xenograft specificity were analyzed with systemic injection in chicken egg chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assays. Complex correlations between the targeting of the synthetic peptides and the viral vectors to cells and in ovo were observed. Overall, these data demonstrate the potential of computational design in combination with rational capsid modification for viral vector targeting opening new avenues for viral vector delivery and specifically suicide gene therapy.
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8
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Grindel B, Engel BJ, Hall CG, Kelderhouse LE, Lucci A, Zacharias NM, Takahashi TT, Millward SW. Mammalian Expression and In Situ Biotinylation of Extracellular Protein Targets for Directed Evolution. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:25440-25455. [PMID: 33043224 PMCID: PMC7542843 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Directed evolution is a powerful tool for the selection of functional ligands from molecular libraries. Extracellular domains (ECDs) of cell surface receptors are common selection targets for therapeutic and imaging agent development. Unfortunately, these proteins are often post-translationally modified and are therefore unsuitable for expression in bacterial systems. Directional immobilization of these targets is further hampered by the absence of biorthogonal groups for site-specific chemical conjugation. We have developed a nonadherent mammalian expression system for rapid, high-yield expression of biotinylated ECDs. ECDs from EGFR, HER2, and HER3 were site-specifically biotinylated in situ and recovered from the cell culture supernatant with yields of up to 10 mg/L at >90% purity. Biotinylated ECDs also contained a protease cleavage site for rapid and selective release of the ECD after immobilization on avidin/streptavidin resins and library binding. A model mRNA display selection round was carried out against the HER2 ECD with the HER2 affibody expressed as an mRNA-protein fusion. HER2 affibody-mRNA fusions were selectively released by thrombin and quantitative PCR revealed substantial improvements in the enrichment of functional affibody-mRNA fusions relative to direct PCR amplification of the resin-bound target. This methodology allows rapid purification of high-quality targets for directed evolution and selective elution of functional sequences at the conclusion of each selection round.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian
J. Grindel
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer
Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Brian J. Engel
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer
Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Carolyn G. Hall
- Department
of Breast Surgical Oncology, MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Lindsay E. Kelderhouse
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer
Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Anthony Lucci
- Department
of Breast Surgical Oncology, MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Niki M. Zacharias
- Department
of Urology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Terry T. Takahashi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Steven W. Millward
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer
Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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9
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Weinholdt C, Wichmann H, Kotrba J, Ardell DH, Kappler M, Eckert AW, Vordermark D, Grosse I. Prediction of regulatory targets of alternative isoforms of the epidermal growth factor receptor in a glioblastoma cell line. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:434. [PMID: 31438847 PMCID: PMC6704634 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-2944-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a major regulator of proliferation in tumor cells. Elevated expression levels of EGFR are associated with prognosis and clinical outcomes of patients in a variety of tumor types. There are at least four splice variants of the mRNA encoding four protein isoforms of EGFR in humans, named I through IV. EGFR isoform I is the full-length protein, whereas isoforms II-IV are shorter protein isoforms. Nevertheless, all EGFR isoforms bind the epidermal growth factor (EGF). Although EGFR is an essential target of long-established and successful tumor therapeutics, the exact function and biomarker potential of alternative EGFR isoforms II-IV are unclear, motivating more in-depth analyses. Hence, we analyzed transcriptome data from glioblastoma cell line SF767 to predict target genes regulated by EGFR isoforms II-IV, but not by EGFR isoform I nor other receptors such as HER2, HER3, or HER4. Results We analyzed the differential expression of potential target genes in a glioblastoma cell line in two nested RNAi experimental conditions and one negative control, contrasting expression with EGF stimulation against expression without EGF stimulation. In one RNAi experiment, we selectively knocked down EGFR splice variant I, while in the other we knocked down all four EGFR splice variants, so the associated effects of EGFR II-IV knock-down can only be inferred indirectly. For this type of nested experimental design, we developed a two-step bioinformatics approach based on the Bayesian Information Criterion for predicting putative target genes of EGFR isoforms II-IV. Finally, we experimentally validated a set of six putative target genes, and we found that qPCR validations confirmed the predictions in all cases. Conclusions By performing RNAi experiments for three poorly investigated EGFR isoforms, we were able to successfully predict 1140 putative target genes specifically regulated by EGFR isoforms II-IV using the developed Bayesian Gene Selection Criterion (BGSC) approach. This approach is easily utilizable for the analysis of data of other nested experimental designs, and we provide an implementation in R that is easily adaptable to similar data or experimental designs together with all raw datasets used in this study in the BGSC repository, https://github.com/GrosseLab/BGSC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12859-019-2944-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Weinholdt
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
| | - Henri Wichmann
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Johanna Kotrba
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.,Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - David H Ardell
- Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, USA
| | - Matthias Kappler
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Alexander W Eckert
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Dirk Vordermark
- Department of Radiotherapy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Ivo Grosse
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.,German Center of Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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10
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Gaugaz FZ, Chicca A, Redondo-Horcajo M, Barasoain I, Díaz JF, Altmann KH. Synthesis, Microtubule-Binding Affinity, and Antiproliferative Activity of New Epothilone Analogs and of an EGFR-Targeted Epothilone-Peptide Conjugate. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1113. [PMID: 30841526 PMCID: PMC6429585 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new simplified, epoxide-free epothilone analog was prepared incorporating an N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-benzimidazole side chain, which binds to microtubules with high affinity and inhibits cancer cell growth in vitro with nM potency. Building on this scaffold, a disulfide-linked conjugate with the purported EGFR-binding (EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor) peptide GE11 was then prepared. The conjugate retained significant microtubule-binding affinity, in spite of the size of the peptide attached to the benzimidazole side chain. The antiproliferative activity of the conjugate was significantly lower than for the parent scaffold and, surprisingly, was independent of the EGFR expression status of cells. Our data indicate that the disulfide-based conjugation with the GE11 peptide is not a viable approach for effective tumor-targeting of highly potent epothilones and probably not for other cytotoxics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Zdenka Gaugaz
- ETH Zürich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea Chicca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Mariano Redondo-Horcajo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel Barasoain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - J Fernando Díaz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Karl-Heinz Altmann
- ETH Zürich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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11
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Feiner RC, Pennè I, Müller B, Müller KM. EGF-mCherry Fusion Protein Expressed in E. coli Shows Product Heterogeneity but a High Biological Activity. Biochemistry 2019; 58:1043-1047. [PMID: 30735360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane protein involved in cell signaling processes, and dysregulation of its activity often drives tumor growth. EGFR is a clinically validated tumor marker and target for antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. We demonstrate that a fusion protein of the natural ligand epidermal growth factor (EGF) with the fluorescent reporter mCherry can be expressed in the cytosol of E. coli in high yields and with a high biological activity. Biophysical characterization by mass spectrometry analysis confirmed three disulfide bonds that are crucial for protein structure. Biolayer interferometry data of the protein-protein interaction of EGF-mCherry with the soluble EGFR are comparable to that of unmodified EGF. Cell culture experiments demonstrated that this fusion replicates all important features of the natural ligand. Finally, fluorescent assays based on EGF-mCherry provided a simple and convenient method to compare EGFR levels on cells and to determine competition of EGFR-binding molecules. These assays will help to rank competitive properties of EGFR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Feiner
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology , Bielefeld University , Bielefeld 33613 , Germany
| | - Ina Pennè
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology , Bielefeld University , Bielefeld 33613 , Germany
| | - Benjamin Müller
- Biofidus AG , Hainteichstrasse 78 , Bielefeld 33613 , Germany
| | - Kristian M Müller
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology , Bielefeld University , Bielefeld 33613 , Germany
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12
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Jeong WJ, Bu J, Kubiatowicz LJ, Chen SS, Kim Y, Hong S. Peptide-nanoparticle conjugates: a next generation of diagnostic and therapeutic platforms? NANO CONVERGENCE 2018; 5:38. [PMID: 30539365 PMCID: PMC6289934 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-018-0170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Peptide-nanoparticle conjugates (PNCs) have recently emerged as a versatile tool for biomedical applications. Synergism between the two promising classes of materials allows enhanced control over their biological behaviors, overcoming intrinsic limitations of the individual materials. Over the past decades, a myriad of PNCs has been developed for various applications, such as drug delivery, inhibition of pathogenic biomolecular interactions, molecular imaging, and liquid biopsy. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of existing technologies that have been recently developed in the broad field of PNCs, offering a guideline especially for investigators who are new to this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-jin Jeong
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Jiyoon Bu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Luke J. Kubiatowicz
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Stephanie S. Chen
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - YoungSoo Kim
- Integrated Science and Engineering Division, Department of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983 Republic of Korea
| | - Seungpyo Hong
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705 USA
- Yonsei Frontier Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
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13
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Biswenger V, Baumann N, Jürschick J, Häckl M, Battle C, Schwarz J, Horn E, Zantl R. Characterization of EGF-guided MDA-MB-231 cell chemotaxis in vitro using a physiological and highly sensitive assay system. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203040. [PMID: 30212492 PMCID: PMC6136702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotactic cell migration is a central mechanism during cancer cell invasion and hence metastasis. In order to mimic in vivo conditions, we used a three-dimensional hydrogel matrix made of collagen I and a stable gradient-generating chemotaxis assay system, which is commercially available (μ-Slide Chemotaxis) to characterize epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced chemotaxis of the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Surprisingly, chemotactic effects of EGF on MDA-MB-231 cells could neither be observed in the standard growth medium DMEM/F-12 supplemented with 10% serum nor in starvation medium. In contrast, after adapting the cells to the serum-free growth medium UltraCULTURETM, significant chemotactic effects could be measured with high sensitivity. The extremely time-stable linear gradients, generated in the chemotaxis chamber, led to consistent directional migration of MDA-MB-231 cells. Dose-response experiments showed increased directional and kinetic response of MDA-MB-231 cells towards stable gradients of EGF. While EGF-guided directional migration (chemotaxis) was highly concentration-dependent with the highest response at 1.5 nM/mm EGF, we found that the chemokinetic effect induced by EGF was concentration-independent. Both, blocking the ligand-binding domain of the EGF receptor by an antibody (monoclonal anti-EGFR antibody 225) and inhibition of its kinase domain by a small molecule inhibitor (AG1478) led to a reduction in EGF-induced directed migration. The high sensitivity of the assay even allowed us to observe synergistic effects in EGF-receptor inhibition using a combination of low doses of both inhibitor types. Those results validate the fact that EGF is a potent guidance cue for MDA-MB-231 cell migration and help to understand the mechanism behind chemotaxis-driven cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Martina Häckl
- ibidi GmbH, Martinsried, Germany
- Hochschule Weihenstephan-Triesdorf, Freising, Germany
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14
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Zhao Y, Jiao Y, Sun F, Liu X. Revisiting the molecular mechanism of acquired resistance to reversible tyrosine kinase inhibitors caused by EGFR gatekeeper T790M mutation in non-small-cell lung cancer. Med Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-018-2224-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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15
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Chen L, Lv D, Chen X, Liu M, Wang D, Liu Y, Hong Z, Zhu Z, Hu X, Cao Y, Yang J, Chai Y. Biosensor-Based Active Ingredients Recognition System for Screening STAT3 Ligands from Medical Herbs. Anal Chem 2018; 90:8936-8945. [PMID: 29953204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Langdong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Diya Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Mingdong Liu
- Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Dongyao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Yue Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Zhanying Hong
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia Hu
- Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Yan Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Jianmin Yang
- Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Yifeng Chai
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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16
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Ma W, Yang L, He L. Overview of the detection methods for equilibrium dissociation constant KD of drug-receptor interaction. J Pharm Anal 2018; 8:147-152. [PMID: 29922482 PMCID: PMC6004624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-receptor interaction plays an important role in a series of biological effects, such as cell proliferation, immune response, tumor metastasis, and drug delivery. Therefore, the research on drug-receptor interaction is growing rapidly. The equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) is the basic parameter to evaluate the binding property of the drug-receptor. Thus, a variety of analytical methods have been established to determine the KD values, including radioligand binding assay, surface plasmon resonance method, fluorescence energy resonance transfer method, affinity chromatography, and isothermal titration calorimetry. With the invention and innovation of new technology and analysis method, there is a deep exploration and comprehension about drug-receptor interaction. This review discusses the different methods of determining the KD values, and analyzes the applicability and the characteristic of each analytical method. Conclusively, the aim is to provide the guidance for researchers to utilize the most appropriate analytical tool to determine the KD values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Langchong He
- School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No. 76, Yanta West Street, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province 710061, PR China
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17
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Guo XF, Zhu XF, Cao HY, Zhong GS, Li L, Deng BG, Chen P, Wang PZ, Miao QF, Zhen YS. A bispecific enediyne-energized fusion protein targeting both epidermal growth factor receptor and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor showing enhanced antitumor efficacy against non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:27286-27299. [PMID: 28460483 PMCID: PMC5432335 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) both overexpressed on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and are known cooperatively to promote tumor progression and drug resistance. This study was to construct a novel bispecific fusion protein EGF-IGF-LDP-AE consisting of EGFR and IGF-IR specific ligands (EGF and IGF-1) and lidamycin, an enediyne antibiotic with potent antitumor activity, and investigate its antitumor efficacy against NSCLC. Binding and internalization assays showed that EGF-IGF-LDP protein could bind to NSCLC cells with high affinity and then internalized into cells with higher efficiency than that of monospecific proteins. In vitro, the enediyne-energized analogue of bispecific fusion protein (EGF-IGF-LDP-AE) displayed extremely potent cytotoxicity to NSCLC cell lines with IC50<10−11 mol/L. Moreover, the bispecific protein EGF-IGF-LDP-AE was more cytotoxic than monospecific proteins (EGF-LDP-AE and LDP-IGF-AE) and lidamycin. In vivo, EGF-IGF-LDP-AE markedly inhibited the growth of A549 xenografts, and the efficacy was more potent than that of lidamycin and monospecific counterparts. EGF-IGF-LDP-AE caused significant cell cycle arrest and it also induced cell apoptosis in a dosage-dependent manner. Pretreatment with EGF-IGF-LDP-AE inhibited EGF-, IGF-stimulated EGFR and IGF-1R phosphorylation, and blocked two main downstream signaling molecules AKT and ERK activation. These data suggested that EGF-LDP-IGF-AE protein would be a promising targeted agent for NSCLC patients with EGFR and/or IGF-1R overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fang Guo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Zhu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hai-Ying Cao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Gen-Shen Zhong
- Laboratory of Cancer Biotherapy, Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Perking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bao-Guo Deng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Pei-Zhen Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qing-Fang Miao
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Perking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Su Zhen
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Perking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Nilewski LG, Singh M, Baskin DS, Tour JM, Sharpe MA. Transfer of Dyes and Drugs into Cells Using EGFR-Targeted Nanosyringes. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:107-117. [PMID: 28753296 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective targeting of drug loaded nanovectors to specific epitopes highly expressed on the surface of cancer cells is a goal for nanotechnologists. We have modified our previously described PEGylated-hydrophilic carbon clusters (PEG-HCCs) so that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) binding peptide, GE11, is attached using click chemistry at the end of each PEG. The resulting nanosyringe, PepEGFR-PEG-HCC, can be loaded with a wide range of hydrophobic drugs and dyes. We show that, both in vitro and in vivo, this payload can be delivered to cancer cells expressing EGFR. We can observe the activation of EGFR and track the normal physiological internalization and recycling/signaling pathways of this tyrosine kinase following binding of PepEGFR-PEG-HCC. We also demonstrate the competitive binding of the nanosyringe to EGFR with its normal activator, EGF, as well as observing the colocalization of the nanosyringe with clathrin, the coated pit integral protein. The internalization of the drug/dye loaded nanosyringe can be inhibited by using anti-EGFR antibodies, the drug erlotinib, or Pitstop-1, the clathrin coated pit formation specific inhibitor. To further demonstrate the specificity of the drug loaded nanovectors, we demonstrated that, in both flank and intracranial xenograft mouse models, dye delivery is highly specific to tumors and no other tissues. Finally, using nanosyringes loaded with esterase sensitive fluorescein diacetate, we demonstrated that the drug payloads can be in vivo delivered to the cytosol of cancer cells within the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa Singh
- Fannin Innovation Studio, 3900
Essex Lane, Suite 575, Houston, Texas 77027, United States
| | - David S. Baskin
- Kenneth
R. Peak Brain and Pituitary Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | | | - Martyn A. Sharpe
- Kenneth
R. Peak Brain and Pituitary Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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Biscaglia F, Rajendran S, Conflitti P, Benna C, Sommaggio R, Litti L, Mocellin S, Bocchinfuso G, Rosato A, Palleschi A, Nitti D, Gobbo M, Meneghetti M. Enhanced EGFR Targeting Activity of Plasmonic Nanostructures with Engineered GE11 Peptide. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28945012 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanostructures show important properties for biotechnological applications, but they have to be guided on the target for exploiting their potentialities. Antibodies are the natural molecules for targeting. However, their possible adverse immunogenic activity and their cost have suggested finding other valid substitutes. Small molecules like peptides can be an alternative source of targeting agents, even if, as single molecules, their binding affinity is usually not very good. GE11 is a small dodecapeptide with specific binding to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and low immunogenicity. The present work shows that thousands of polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains modified with lysines and functionalized with GE11 on clusters of naked gold nanoparticles, obtained by laser ablation in water, achieves a better targeting activity than that recorded with nanoparticles decorated with the specific anti-EGFR antibody Cetuximab (C225). The insertion of the cationic spacer between the polymeric part of the ligand and the targeting peptide allows for a proper presentation of GE11 on the surface of the nanosystems. Surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering signals of the plasmonic gold nanoparticles are used for quantifying the targeting activity. Molecular dynamic calculations suggest that subtle differences in the exposition of the peptide on the PEG sea are important for the targeting activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Biscaglia
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Senthilkumar Rajendran
- Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology; University of Padova; Via Giustiniani, 2 35124 Padova Italy
| | - Paolo Conflitti
- Department of Chemical Sciences & Technologies; University of Roma Tor Vergata and CSGI; Via della Ricerca Scientifica 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Clara Benna
- Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology; University of Padova; Via Giustiniani, 2 35124 Padova Italy
| | - Roberta Sommaggio
- Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology; University of Padova; Via Giustiniani, 2 35124 Padova Italy
| | - Lucio Litti
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Simone Mocellin
- Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology; University of Padova; Via Giustiniani, 2 35124 Padova Italy
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS; Via Gattamelata, 64 35128 Padova Italy
| | - Gianfranco Bocchinfuso
- Department of Chemical Sciences & Technologies; University of Roma Tor Vergata and CSGI; Via della Ricerca Scientifica 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Antonio Rosato
- Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology; University of Padova; Via Giustiniani, 2 35124 Padova Italy
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS; Via Gattamelata, 64 35128 Padova Italy
| | - Antonio Palleschi
- Department of Chemical Sciences & Technologies; University of Roma Tor Vergata and CSGI; Via della Ricerca Scientifica 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Donato Nitti
- Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology; University of Padova; Via Giustiniani, 2 35124 Padova Italy
| | - Marina Gobbo
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Moreno Meneghetti
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
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20
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Kuo WT, Lin WC, Chang KC, Huang JY, Yen KC, Young IC, Sun YJ, Lin FH. Correction: quantitative analysis of ligand-EGFR interactions: a platform for screening targeting molecules. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124981. [PMID: 25874863 PMCID: PMC4395251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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