1
|
Barrett TM, Titcomb GC, Janko MM, Pender M, Kauffman K, Solis A, Randriamoria MT, Young HS, Mucha PJ, Moody J, Kramer RA, Soarimalala V, Nunn CL. Disentangling social, environmental, and zoonotic transmission pathways of a gastrointestinal protozoan (Blastocystis spp.) in northeast Madagascar. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024:e25030. [PMID: 39287986 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.25030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Understanding disease transmission is a fundamental challenge in ecology. We used transmission potential networks to investigate whether a gastrointestinal protozoan (Blastocystis spp.) is spread through social, environmental, and/or zoonotic pathways in rural northeast Madagascar. MATERIALS AND METHODS We obtained survey data, household GPS coordinates, and fecal samples from 804 participants. Surveys inquired about social contacts, agricultural activity, and sociodemographic characteristics. Fecal samples were screened for Blastocystis using DNA metabarcoding. We also tested 133 domesticated animals for Blastocystis. We used network autocorrelation models and permutation tests (network k-test) to determine whether networks reflecting different transmission pathways predicted infection. RESULTS We identified six distinct Blastocystis subtypes among study participants and their domesticated animals. Among the 804 human participants, 74% (n = 598) were positive for at least one Blastocystis subtype. Close proximity to infected households was the most informative predictor of infection with any subtype (model averaged OR [95% CI]: 1.56 [1.33-1.82]), and spending free time with infected participants was not an informative predictor of infection (model averaged OR [95% CI]: 0.95 [0.82-1.10]). No human participant was infected with the same subtype as the domesticated animals they owned. DISCUSSION Our findings suggest that Blastocystis is most likely spread through environmental pathways within villages, rather than through social or animal contact. The most likely mechanisms involve fecal contamination of the environment by infected individuals or shared food and water sources. These findings shed new light on human-pathogen ecology and mechanisms for reducing disease transmission in rural, low-income settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M Barrett
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Georgia C Titcomb
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Mark M Janko
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michelle Pender
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kayla Kauffman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Alma Solis
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maheriniaina Toky Randriamoria
- Association Vahatra, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Domaine Sciences et Technologies, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Hillary S Young
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Peter J Mucha
- Department of Mathematics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - James Moody
- Department of Sociology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Randall A Kramer
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Voahangy Soarimalala
- Association Vahatra, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l'Environnement, University of Fianarantsoa, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar
| | - Charles L Nunn
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Desvars-Larrive A, Vogl AE, Puspitarani GA, Yang L, Joachim A, Käsbohrer A. A One Health framework for exploring zoonotic interactions demonstrated through a case study. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5650. [PMID: 39009576 PMCID: PMC11250852 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49967-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The eco-epidemiology of zoonoses is often oversimplified to host-pathogen interactions while findings derived from global datasets are rarely directly transferable to smaller-scale contexts. Through a systematic literature search, we compiled a dataset of naturally occurring zoonotic interactions in Austria, spanning 1975-2022. We introduce the concept of zoonotic web to describe the complex relationships between zoonotic agents, their hosts, vectors, food, and environmental sources. The zoonotic web was explored through network analysis. After controlling for research effort, we demonstrate that, within the projected unipartite source-source network of zoonotic agent sharing, the most influential zoonotic sources are human, cattle, chicken, and some meat products. Analysis of the One Health 3-cliques (triangular sets of nodes representing human, animal, and environment) confirms the increased probability of zoonotic spillover at human-cattle and human-food interfaces. We characterise six communities of zoonotic agent sharing, which assembly patterns are likely driven by highly connected infectious agents in the zoonotic web, proximity to human, and anthropogenic activities. Additionally, we report a frequency of emerging zoonotic diseases in Austria of one every six years. Here, we present a flexible network-based approach that offers insights into zoonotic transmission chains, facilitating the development of locally-relevant One Health strategies against zoonoses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Desvars-Larrive
- Centre for Food Science and Veterinary Public Health, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Complexity Science Hub, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Anna Elisabeth Vogl
- Centre for Food Science and Veterinary Public Health, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gavrila Amadea Puspitarani
- Centre for Food Science and Veterinary Public Health, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Complexity Science Hub, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Anja Joachim
- Centre of Pathobiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annemarie Käsbohrer
- Centre for Food Science and Veterinary Public Health, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Park E, Leander B. Coinfection of slime feather duster worms (Annelida, Myxicola) by different gregarine apicomplexans ( Selenidium) and astome ciliates reflects spatial niche partitioning and host specificity. Parasitology 2024; 151:400-411. [PMID: 38465385 PMCID: PMC11044062 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182024000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Individual organisms can host multiple species of parasites (or symbionts), and one species of parasite can infect different host species, creating complex interactions among multiple hosts and parasites. When multiple parasite species coexist in a host, they may compete or use strategies, such as spatial niche partitioning, to reduce competition. Here, we present a host–symbiont system with two species of Selenidium (Apicomplexa, Gregarinida) and one species of astome ciliate co-infecting two different species of slime feather duster worms (Annelida, Sabellidae, Myxicola) living in neighbouring habitats. We examined the morphology of the endosymbionts with light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and inferred their phylogenetic interrelationships using small subunit (SSU) rDNA sequences. In the host ‘Myxicola sp. Quadra’, we found two distinct species of Selenidium; S. cf. mesnili exclusively inhabited the foregut, and S. elongatum n. sp. inhabited the mid to hindgut, reflecting spatial niche partitioning. Selenidium elongatum n. sp. was also present in the host M. aesthetica, which harboured the astome ciliate Pennarella elegantia n. gen. et sp. Selenidium cf. mesnili and P. elegantia n. gen. et sp. were absent in the other host species, indicating host specificity. This system offers an intriguing opportunity to explore diverse aspects of host–endosymbiont interactions and competition among endosymbionts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Park
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Hakai Institute, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian Leander
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Hakai Institute, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Krasnov BR, Shenbrot GI, Khokhlova IS, López Berrizbeitia MF, Matthee S, Sanchez JP, VAN DER Mescht L. Environment and traits affect parasite and host species positions but not roles in flea-mammal networks. Integr Zool 2024. [PMID: 38263720 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
We studied spatial variation in the effects of environment and network size on species positions and roles in multiple flea-mammal networks from four biogeographic realms. We asked whether species positions (measured as species strength [SS], the degree of interaction specialization [d'], and the eigenvector centrality [C]) or the roles of fleas and their hosts in the interaction networks: (a) are repeatable/conserved within a flea or a host species; (b) vary in dependence on environmental variables and/or network size; and (c) the effects of environment and network size on species positions or roles in the networks depend on species traits. The repeatability analysis of species position indices for 441 flea and 429 host species, occurring in at least two networks, demonstrated that the repeatability of SS, d', and C within a species was significant, although not especially high, suggesting that the indices' values were affected by local factors. The majority of flea and host species in the majority of networks demonstrated a peripheral role. A value of at least one index of species position was significantly affected by environmental variables or network size in 41 and 36, respectively, of the 52 flea and 52 host species that occurred in multiple networks. In both fleas and hosts, the occurrence of the significant effect of environment or network size on at least one index of species position, but not on a species' role in a network, was associated with some species traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris R Krasnov
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Georgy I Shenbrot
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Irina S Khokhlova
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - M Fernanda López Berrizbeitia
- Programa de Conservación de los Murciélagos de Argentina (PCMA) and Instituto de Investigaciones de Biodiversidad Argentina (PIDBA)-CCT CONICET Noa Sur (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e IML, UNT, and Fundación Miguel Lillo, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Sonja Matthee
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Juliana P Sanchez
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires-CITNOBA (CONICET-UNNOBA), Pergamino, Argentina
| | - Luther VAN DER Mescht
- Clinvet International (Pty) Ltd, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Titcomb G, Hulke J, Mantas JN, Gituku B, Young H. Cattle aggregations at shared resources create potential parasite exposure hotspots for wildlife. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20232239. [PMID: 38052242 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally rising livestock populations and declining wildlife numbers are likely to dramatically change disease risk for wildlife and livestock, especially at resources where they congregate. However, limited understanding of interspecific transmission dynamics at these hotspots hinders disease prediction or mitigation. In this study, we combined gastrointestinal nematode density and host foraging activity measurements from our prior work in an East African tropical savannah system with three estimates of parasite sharing capacity to investigate how interspecific exposures alter the relative riskiness of an important resource - water - among cattle and five dominant herbivore species. We found that due to their high parasite output, water dependence and parasite sharing capacity, cattle greatly increased potential parasite exposures at water sources for wild ruminants. When untreated for parasites, cattle accounted for over two-thirds of total potential exposures around water for wild ruminants, driving 2-23-fold increases in relative exposure levels at water sources. Simulated changes in wildlife and cattle ratios showed that water sources become increasingly important hotspots of interspecific transmission for wild ruminants when relative abundance of cattle parasites increases. These results emphasize that livestock have significant potential to alter the level and distribution of parasite exposures across the landscape for wild ruminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Titcomb
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1019, CO, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Jenna Hulke
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | | | - Benard Gituku
- Ecological Monitoring Unit, Ol Pejeta Conservancy, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Hillary Young
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Junker K, Horak IG, Boomker J, Krasnov BR. Nestedness and beta diversity of gastrointestinal helminth communities in common warthogs, Phacochoerus africanus (Suidae), at 2 localities in South Africa. Parasitology 2023; 150:911-921. [PMID: 37553973 PMCID: PMC10577656 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023000719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have investigated the ecological interactions between wild species of Suidae and their parasites, leaving our knowledge concerning this host–parasite system fragmented. In the present study, we applied network studies to analyse community nestedness in helminth assemblages of common warthogs, Phacochoerus africanus (Gmelin) (Suidae). Helminth data were compiled from 95 warthogs, including young and adult males and females, from 2 different conservation areas in Mpumalanga and Limpopo Provinces, South Africa, collected monthly over a period of 1 year each. The aim was to study the effect of host sex, age and season of sampling on the structure of helminth infracommunities harboured by the warthogs and to search for non-random structural patterns in the warthog–helminth interaction networks. Furthermore, we investigated the influence of a warthog's age, sex and season of sampling on beta diversity and dark diversity of their helminth infracommunities. Lastly, we asked whether the effects of host sex, age and sampling season on helminth communities differed between the 2 localities. We found that helminth communities of warthogs were nested and host–parasite interactions were influenced by all 3 factors as well as combinations thereof. However, the resulting patterns differed at the 2 localities, indicating that local environmental processes are important drivers of community structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Junker
- National Collection of Animal Helminths, Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors Programme, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Ivan G. Horak
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Joop Boomker
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Boris R. Krasnov
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000 Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hassell JM, Muloi DM, VanderWaal KL, Ward MJ, Bettridge J, Gitahi N, Ouko T, Imboma T, Akoko J, Karani M, Muinde P, Nakamura Y, Alumasa L, Furmaga E, Kaitho T, Amanya F, Ogendo A, Fava F, Wee BA, Phan H, Kiiru J, Kang’ethe E, Kariuki S, Robinson T, Begon M, Woolhouse MEJ, Fèvre EM. Epidemiological connectivity between humans and animals across an urban landscape. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2218860120. [PMID: 37450494 PMCID: PMC10629570 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2218860120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Urbanization is predicted to be a key driver of disease emergence through human exposure to novel, animal-borne pathogens. However, while we suspect that urban landscapes are primed to expose people to novel animal-borne diseases, evidence for the mechanisms by which this occurs is lacking. To address this, we studied how bacterial genes are shared between wild animals, livestock, and humans (n = 1,428) across Nairobi, Kenya-one of the world's most rapidly developing cities. Applying a multilayer network framework, we show that low biodiversity (of both natural habitat and vertebrate wildlife communities), coupled with livestock management practices and more densely populated urban environments, promotes sharing of Escherichia coli-borne bacterial mobile genetic elements between animals and humans. These results provide empirical support for hypotheses linking resource provision, the biological simplification of urban landscapes, and human and livestock demography to urban dynamics of cross-species pathogen transmission at a landscape scale. Urban areas where high densities of people and livestock live in close association with synanthropes (species such as rodents that are more competent reservoirs for zoonotic pathogens) should be prioritized for disease surveillance and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M. Hassell
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC20008
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, CT06510
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, LiverpoolL69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Dishon M. Muloi
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH16 4SS, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institute, 00100Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH9 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberly L. VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN55108
| | - Melissa J. Ward
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH16 4SS, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, OxfordOX3 7BN, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SouthamtonSO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Judy Bettridge
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, LiverpoolL69 3BX, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institute, 00100Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Tom Ouko
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, 00200Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - James Akoko
- International Livestock Research Institute, 00100Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maurice Karani
- International Livestock Research Institute, 00100Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Patrick Muinde
- International Livestock Research Institute, 00100Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yukiko Nakamura
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo060-0818, Japan
| | - Lorren Alumasa
- International Livestock Research Institute, 00100Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Erin Furmaga
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY10032
| | - Titus Kaitho
- Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, 00100Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fredrick Amanya
- International Livestock Research Institute, 00100Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Allan Ogendo
- International Livestock Research Institute, 00100Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Francesco Fava
- International Livestock Research Institute, 00100Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133Milan, Italy
| | - Bryan A. Wee
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH16 4SS, United Kingdom
| | - Hang Phan
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, OxfordOX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - John Kiiru
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, 00200Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Sam Kariuki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, 00200Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Timothy Robinson
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 00153Rome, Italy
| | - Michael Begon
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, LiverpoolL69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Mark E. J. Woolhouse
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH16 4SS, United Kingdom
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH9 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - Eric M. Fèvre
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, LiverpoolL69 3BX, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institute, 00100Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Paula Lula Costa A, Bascompte J, Andrian Padial A. Modularity in host-parasite mixed networks: interaction configuration shifts based on human perturbation and parasitism form. Int J Parasitol 2023:S0020-7519(23)00146-7. [PMID: 37328044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Parasitism is an association based on host individual traits and environmental factors. The complexity of this type of interaction is often lost when studying species-by-species interaction networks. Here we analyze changes in modularity - a metric describing groups of nodes interacting much more frequently among themselves than they do with nodes of other modules, considering the host individual variation and the different forms of parasitism: ecto- and endo-parasitism. For this, we studied mixed networks: bipartite networks comprising host individuals and parasite species as two sets of nodes interacting with each other. We used a fish-parasite mixed network from a highly perturbed coastal river to understand how an anthropogenic perturbation gradient influences the modular structure of host-parasite networks. In addition, we tested how host individual traits drove module configuration within host-parasite mixed networks. Our results showed that different forms of parasitism respond differently to the environment: modularity in fish-ectoparasite networks increased with human perturbation, but modularity was not related to human perturbation in fish-endoparasite networks. In addition, mixed network modules were intrinsically related to individual variation, with host intensity of infection being the most important trait, regardless of the parasite's life form. The effect of total abundance over network structure indicates signs of changes in community equilibrium, with an increase in species with opportunistic behaviors. Module composition was also related to host fitness and body size, which were most predictive in more preserved and diverse river sections. Overall, our results indicate that host-parasite networks are sensitive to ecological gradients marked by human perturbation and that host individual fitness helps to determine network structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Lula Costa
- Federal University of Paraná - Graduate Program in Ecology and Conservation; Department of Botany, Federal University of Paraná, Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos Avenue, 100 - Paraná, Brazil, 81530-000.
| | - Jordi Bascompte
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Andre Andrian Padial
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Paraná, Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos Avenue, 100 - Paraná, Brazil, 81530-000.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Multilayer networks of plasmid genetic similarity reveal potential pathways of gene transmission. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023; 17:649-659. [PMID: 36759552 PMCID: PMC10119158 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01373-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant threat to public health. Plasmids are principal vectors of AMR genes, significantly contributing to their spread and mobility across hosts. Nevertheless, little is known about the dynamics of plasmid genetic exchange across animal hosts. Here, we use theory and methodology from network and disease ecology to investigate the potential of gene transmission between plasmids using a data set of 21 plasmidomes from a single dairy cow population. We constructed a multilayer network based on pairwise plasmid genetic similarity. Genetic similarity is a signature of past genetic exchange that can aid in identifying potential routes and mechanisms of gene transmission within and between cows. Links between cows dominated the transmission network, and plasmids containing mobility genes were more connected. Modularity analysis revealed a network cluster where all plasmids contained a mobM gene, and one where all plasmids contained a beta-lactamase gene. Cows that contain both clusters also share transmission pathways with many other cows, making them candidates for super-spreading. In support, we found signatures of gene super-spreading in which a few plasmids and cows are responsible for most gene exchange. An agent-based transmission model showed that a new gene invading the cow population will likely reach all cows. Finally, we showed that edge weights contain a non-random signature for the mechanisms of gene transmission, allowing us to differentiate between dispersal and genetic exchange. These results provide insights into how genes, including those providing AMR, spread across animal hosts.
Collapse
|
10
|
Survey on helminths of bats in the Yucatan Peninsula: infection levels, molecular information and host-parasite networks. Parasitology 2023; 150:172-183. [PMID: 36444644 PMCID: PMC10090612 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022001627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Helminth species of Neotropical bats are poorly known. In Mexico, few studies have been conducted on helminths of bats, especially in regions such as the Yucatan Peninsula where Chiroptera is the mammalian order with the greatest number of species. In this study, we characterized morphologically and molecularly the helminth species of bats and explored their infection levels and parasite–host interactions in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. One hundred and sixty-three bats (representing 21 species) were captured between 2017 and 2022 in 15 sites throughout the Yucatan Peninsula. Conventional morphological techniques and molecular tools were used with the 28S gene to identify the collected helminths. Host–parasite network analyses were carried out to explore interactions by focusing on the level of host species. Helminths were found in 44 (26.9%) bats of 12 species. Twenty helminth taxa were recorded (7 trematodes, 3 cestodes and 10 nematodes), including 4 new host records for the Americas. Prevalence and mean intensity of infection values ranged from 7.1 to 100% and from 1 to 56, respectively. Molecular analyses confirmed the identity of some helminths at species and genus levels; however, some sequences did not correspond to any of the species available on GenBank. The parasite–host network suggests that most of the helminths recorded in bats were host-specific. The highest helminth richness was found in insectivorous bats. This study increases our knowledge of helminths parasitizing Neotropical bats, adding new records and nucleotide sequences.
Collapse
|
11
|
Junker K, Boomker J, Horak IG, Krasnov BR. Impact of host sex and age on the diversity of endoparasites and structure of individual-based host-parasite networks in nyalas (Tragelaphus angasii Angas) from three game reserves in KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:3249-3267. [PMID: 36071296 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, numerous studies have examined the effect of host sex and age on the structure of parasite communities in several host taxa under various environmental conditions and in different geographic regions. However, the influence of such factors on the structure of host-parasite networks has received less attention, and remarkably few studies have been carried out on large terrestrial mammals. In this study, we investigated the effects of host age and sex on the parasite infra- and component communities of nyalas (Tragelaphus angasii) and on the structure of individual-based nyala-endoparasite networks. We also aimed to evaluate to what extent these effects vary spatially and if they are mediated by conservation management. Based on a data set of internal macroparasites of 74 nyalas from three game reserves in KwaZulu-Natal province, we found that host age strongly influenced parasite community structure as well as the structure of parasite-nyala networks, whereas host sex played a minor role. However, the effects of both host sex and age were mediated by environmental conditions and thus led to different patterns at the three localities. Our findings highlight that host-parasite communities from different localities should not be pooled when conducting host-parasite network and community studies as this may bias results and mask patterns that are typical for a given locality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Junker
- National Collection of Animal Helminths, Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors Programme, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - Joop Boomker
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Ivan G Horak
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Boris R Krasnov
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dolabela Falcão LA, Araújo WS, Leite LO, Fagundes M, Espírito-Santo MM, Zazá-Borges MA, Vasconcelos P, Fernandes GW, Paglia A. Network Structure of Bat-Ectoparasitic Interactions in Tropical Dry Forests at Two Different Regions in Brazil. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2022. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2022.24.1.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz A. Dolabela Falcão
- 1Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, CEP 39401-089, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Walter Santos Araújo
- 1Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, CEP 39401-089, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lemuel O. Leite
- 1Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, CEP 39401-089, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcilio Fagundes
- 1Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, CEP 39401-089, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mario M. Espírito-Santo
- 1Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, CEP 39401-089, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Magno A. Zazá-Borges
- 1Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, CEP 39401-089, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro Vasconcelos
- 1Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, CEP 39401-089, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Geraldo W. Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-010, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adriano Paglia
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-010, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Titcomb GC, Pansu J, Hutchinson MC, Tombak KJ, Hansen CB, Baker CCM, Kartzinel TR, Young HS, Pringle RM. Large-herbivore nemabiomes: patterns of parasite diversity and sharing. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212702. [PMID: 35538775 PMCID: PMC9091847 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Amidst global shifts in the distribution and abundance of wildlife and livestock, we have only a rudimentary understanding of ungulate parasite communities and parasite-sharing patterns. We used qPCR and DNA metabarcoding of fecal samples to characterize gastrointestinal nematode (Strongylida) community composition and sharing among 17 sympatric species of wild and domestic large mammalian herbivore in central Kenya. We tested a suite of hypothesis-driven predictions about the role of host traits and phylogenetic relatedness in describing parasite infections. Host species identity explained 27-53% of individual variation in parasite prevalence, richness, community composition and phylogenetic diversity. Host and parasite phylogenies were congruent, host gut morphology predicted parasite community composition and prevalence, and hosts with low evolutionary distinctiveness were centrally positioned in the parasite-sharing network. We found no evidence that host body size, social-group size or feeding height were correlated with parasite composition. Our results highlight the interwoven evolutionary and ecological histories of large herbivores and their gastrointestinal nematodes and suggest that host identity, phylogeny and gut architecture-a phylogenetically conserved trait related to parasite habitat-are the overriding influences on parasite communities. These findings have implications for wildlife management and conservation as wild herbivores are increasingly replaced by livestock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgia C. Titcomb
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA,Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA,Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Johan Pansu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA,ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Matthew C. Hutchinson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Kaia J. Tombak
- Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA,Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christina B. Hansen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Christopher C. M. Baker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA,US Army ERDC Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Tyler R. Kartzinel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA,Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Hillary S. Young
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA,Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Robert M. Pringle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Krasnov BR, Shenbrot GI, Khokhlova IS. Phylogenetic signals in flea-host interaction networks from four biogeographic realms: differences between interactors and the effects of environmental factors. Int J Parasitol 2022; 52:475-484. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
15
|
Farrell MJ, Elmasri M, Stephens D, Davies TJ. Predicting missing links in global host‐parasite networks. J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:715-726. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell J. Farrell
- Department of Biology McGill University
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Department University of Toronto
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases University of Georgia
| | | | - David Stephens
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics McGill University
| | - T. Jonathan Davies
- Botany, Forest & Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia
- African Centre for DNA Barcoding University of Johannesburg
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kauffman K, Werner CS, Titcomb G, Pender M, Rabezara JY, Herrera JP, Shapiro JT, Solis A, Soarimalala V, Tortosa P, Kramer R, Moody J, Mucha PJ, Nunn C. Comparing transmission potential networks based on social network surveys, close contacts and environmental overlap in rural Madagascar. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20210690. [PMID: 35016555 PMCID: PMC8753172 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Social and spatial network analysis is an important approach for investigating infectious disease transmission, especially for pathogens transmitted directly between individuals or via environmental reservoirs. Given the diversity of ways to construct networks, however, it remains unclear how well networks constructed from different data types effectively capture transmission potential. We used empirical networks from a population in rural Madagascar to compare social network survey and spatial data-based networks of the same individuals. Close contact and environmental pathogen transmission pathways were modelled with the spatial data. We found that naming social partners during the surveys predicted higher close-contact rates and the proportion of environmental overlap on the spatial data-based networks. The spatial networks captured many strong and weak connections that were missed using social network surveys alone. Across networks, we found weak correlations among centrality measures (a proxy for superspreading potential). We conclude that social network surveys provide important scaffolding for understanding disease transmission pathways but miss contact-specific heterogeneities revealed by spatial data. Our analyses also highlight that the superspreading potential of individuals may vary across transmission modes. We provide detailed methods to construct networks for close-contact transmission pathogens when not all individuals simultaneously wear GPS trackers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Kauffman
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Courtney S. Werner
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Georgia Titcomb
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | | | - Jean Yves Rabezara
- Science de la Nature et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Centre Universitaire Régional de la SAVA, Antalaha, Madagascar
| | | | - Julie Teresa Shapiro
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Alma Solis
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC 27156, USA
| | | | - Pablo Tortosa
- UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Université de La Réunion, Ile de La Réunion, France
| | - Randall Kramer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - James Moody
- Department of Sociology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Peter J. Mucha
- Department of Mathematics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Charles Nunn
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC 27156, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Saijuntha W, Andrews RH, Sithithaworn P, Petney TN. Current assessment of the systematics and population genetics of Opisthorchis viverrini sensu lato (Trematoda: Opisthorchiidae) and its first intermediate host Bithynia siamensis sensu lato (Gastropoda: Bithyniidae) in Thailand and Southeast Asia. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 97:105182. [PMID: 34902557 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The group 1 carcinogen, the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini is the causative agent of opisthorchiasis and subsequent bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma; CCA), which is an important public health problem in Southeast Asia. Bithynia snails are known to be the sole intermediate host of O. viverrini, and distributed throughout endemic areas of opisthorchiasis. Since 2001, the genetic variation investigation of O. viverrini has progressively been investigated. Comprehensive genetic variation studies of O. viverrini and Bithynia snails were undertaken and consecutively published in 2007 by Saijuntha and colleagues. These studies provided genetic evidence that O. viverrini and Bithynia snails are both species complex with evidence of co-evolution. Later, several studies have provided data in support of this finding, and have continuously to date reinforced that both O. viverrini and Bithynia are species complexes. Moreover, studies have shown that genetic variation of O. viverrini is related to geographical, temporal, fish host species including geographical genetic variation of its snail host, Bithynia siamensis sensu lato. This is significant and important in our understanding of the evolution and phylogenetic relationships between species within the O. viverrini and Bithynia species complexes. A comprehensive knowledge of the systematics and population genetics of O. viverrini and Bithynia snails provides a sound basis to instigate and develop effective prevention and control programs targeting opisthorchiasis and CCA in the endemic areas of Southeast Asia. Thus, this review examines the historical series of investigations of the systematics and population genetics of O. viverrini including Bithynia spp. in Southeast Asia since molecular genetic investigations commenced some 20 years ago.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weerachai Saijuntha
- Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand.
| | - Ross H Andrews
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Trevor N Petney
- Departments of Zoology and Paleontology and Evolution, State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe, Erbprinzenstrasse 13, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Alcantara DMC, Graciolli G, Toma R, Souza CS. Sex-biased parasitism, host mass and mutualistic bat flies: an antagonistic individual-based network of bat-bat fly interactions. Int J Parasitol 2021; 52:217-224. [PMID: 34863803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Individual-based networks provide the building blocks for community-level networks. However, network studies of bats and their parasites have focused only on the species level. Intrapopulation variation may allow certain host individuals to play important roles in the dynamics of the parasites. Therefore, we evaluated how the variation in host sex, body size, ectoparasite abundance and co-occurrence configure individual-based networks of the lesser bulldog bat Noctilio albiventris and bat flies. We expected bat individuals with greater body mass and forearms acting as the core in the network. We also expected males to play a more important role in the network. We sampled a network of N. albiventris bat individuals and their bat flies to describe the structure of an antagonistic individual-based network. We aimed to identify the most relevant bat individuals in the network, focusing on the implications inherent to each of the following approaches: (i) core-periphery organization; (ii) modularity; (iii) species level metrics; and (iv) the main ecological driver of bat individual roles in the network, using niche-based predictors (body mass, forearm and sex). We showed that a network of N. albiventris individuals and their bat flies had low modularity containing a persistent nucleus of individuals and bat flies with well-established interactions. Male individuals with greater body mass played an important role in the network, while for females neither mass nor forearm length were important predictors of their role in the network. Finally, individuals with a high abundance of Paradyschiria parvula played a core role. These results provide an alternative perspective to understand the patterns and mechanisms of interspecific interactions between parasites on the host, as well as sex-biased parasitism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Maximo Correa Alcantara
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Graciolli
- Setor de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Toma
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Camila Silveira Souza
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica Aplicada, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Morales-Castilla I, Pappalardo P, Farrell MJ, Aguirre AA, Huang S, Gehman ALM, Dallas T, Gravel D, Davies TJ. Forecasting parasite sharing under climate change. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200360. [PMID: 34538143 PMCID: PMC8450630 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Species are shifting their distributions in response to climate change. This geographic reshuffling may result in novel co-occurrences among species, which could lead to unseen biotic interactions, including the exchange of parasites between previously isolated hosts. Identifying potential new host-parasite interactions would improve forecasting of disease emergence and inform proactive disease surveillance. However, accurate predictions of future cross-species disease transmission have been hampered by the lack of a generalized approach and data availability. Here, we propose a framework to predict novel host-parasite interactions based on a combination of niche modelling of future host distributions and parasite sharing models. Using the North American ungulates as a proof of concept, we show this approach has high cross-validation accuracy in over 85% of modelled parasites and find that more than 34% of the host-parasite associations forecasted by our models have already been recorded in the literature. We discuss potential sources of uncertainty and bias that may affect our results and similar forecasting approaches, and propose pathways to generate increasingly accurate predictions. Our results indicate that forecasting parasite sharing in response to shifts in host geographic distributions allow for the identification of regions and taxa most susceptible to emergent pathogens under climate change. This article is part of the theme issue 'Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Morales-Castilla
- Universidad de Alcalá, GloCEE - Global Change Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Pappalardo
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Maxwell J. Farrell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A. Alonso Aguirre
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030-4400, USA
| | - Shan Huang
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt (Main) 60325, Germany
| | - Alyssa-Lois M. Gehman
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Canada
- Hakai Institute, end of Kwakshua Channel, Calvert Island, Canada
| | - Tad Dallas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70806, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Dominique Gravel
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul. de l'Université, Sherbroke, Canada J1K2R1
| | - T. Jonathan Davies
- Departments of Botany and Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, African Centre for DNA Barcoding, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Llaberia-Robledillo M, Balbuena JA, Sarabeev V, Llopis-Belenguer C. Changes in native and introduced host–parasite networks. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02657-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIntroduced species can alter the dynamics and structure of a native community. Network analysis provides a tool to study host–parasite interactions that can help to predict the possible impact of biological invasions or other disturbances. In this study, we used weighted bipartite networks to assess differences in the interaction patterns between hosts and helminth parasites of native (Sea of Japan) and invasive (Black Sea and Sea of Azov) populations of Planiliza haematocheilus (Teleostei: Mugilidae). We employed three quantitative network descriptors, connectance, weighted nestedness and modularity, to gain insight into the structure of the host–parasite networks in the native and invaded areas. The role of parasite species in the networks was assessed using the betweenness centrality index. We analyzed networks encompassing the whole helminth community and subsets of species classified by their transmission strategy. The analyses were downscaled to host individual-level to consider intraspecific variation in parasite communities. We found significant differences between networks in the native and invaded areas. The latter presented a higher value of nestedness, which may indicate a co-occurrence between parasite species with many connections in the network and species with fewer interactions within the same individual-host. In addition, modularity was higher in the native area’s networks than those of the invaded area, with subgroups of host individuals that interact more frequently with certain parasite species than with others. Only the networks composed of actively transmitted parasites and ectoparasites did not show significant differences in modularity between the Sea of Azov and the Sea of Japan, which could be due to the introduction of a part of the native community into the invaded environment, with a lower diversity and abundance of species. We show that network analysis provides a valuable tool to illuminate the changes that occur in host–parasite interactions when an invasive species and its parasite community are introduced into a new area.
Collapse
|
21
|
Elliott I, Thangnimitchok N, Chaisiri K, Wangrangsimakul T, Jaiboon P, Day NPJ, Paris DH, Newton PN, Morand S. Orientia tsutsugamushi dynamics in vectors and hosts: ecology and risk factors for foci of scrub typhus transmission in northern Thailand. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:540. [PMID: 34663445 PMCID: PMC8524837 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scrub typhus is an important neglected vector-borne zoonotic disease across the Asia–Pacific region, with an expanding known distribution. The disease ecology is poorly understood, despite the large global burden of disease. The key determinants of high-risk areas of transmission to humans are unknown. Methods Small mammals and chiggers were collected over an 18-month period at three sites of differing ecological profiles with high scrub typhus transmission in Chiang Rai Province, northern Thailand. Field samples were identified and tested for Orientia tsutsugamushi by real-time PCR. The rates and dynamics of infection were recorded, and positive and negative individuals were mapped over time at the scale of single villages. Ecological analyses were performed to describe the species richness, community structure and interactions between infected and uninfected species and habitats. Generalised linear modelling (GLM) was applied to examine these interactions. Results The site with the highest rates of human infection was associated with the highest number of infected chigger pools (41%), individual chiggers (16%), proportion of the known vector species Leptotrombidium deliense (71%) and chigger index (151). Chigger species diversity was lowest (Shannon diversity index H′: 1.77) and rodent density appeared to be high. There were no consistent discrete foci of infection identified at any of the study sites. The small mammals Rattus tanezumi and Bandicota indica and the chiggers L. deliense and Walchia kritochaeta emerged as central nodes in the network analysis. In the GLM, the end of the dry season, and to a lesser extent the end of the wet season, was associated with O. tsutsugamushi-infected small mammals and chiggers. A clear positive association was seen between O. tsutsugamushi-positive chigger pools and the combination of O. tsutsugamushi-positive chigger pools and O. tsutsugamushi-positive small mammals with lowland habitats. Conclusions These findings begin to reveal some of the factors that may determine high-risk foci of scrub typhus at a fine local scale. Understanding these factors may allow practical public health interventions to reduce disease risk. Further studies are needed in areas with diverse ecology. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-05042-4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Elliott
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR. .,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Neeranuch Thangnimitchok
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | | | - Tri Wangrangsimakul
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piangnet Jaiboon
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicholas P J Day
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Daniel H Paris
- Department of Medicine, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul N Newton
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Serge Morand
- CNRS ISEM-CIRAD ASTRE, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cardoso TDS, de Andreazzi CS, Maldonado Junior A, Gentile R. Functional traits shape small mammal-helminth network: patterns and processes in species interactions. Parasitology 2021; 148:947-955. [PMID: 33879271 PMCID: PMC8193565 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the role of species traits in mediating ecological interactions and shaping community structure is a key question in ecology. In this sense, parasite population parameters allow us to estimate the functional importance of traits in shaping the strength of interactions among hosts and parasites in a network. The aim of this study was to survey and analyse the small mammal-helminth network in a forest reserve of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest in order to understand (i) how functional traits (type of parasite life cycle, site of infection in their host, host and parasite body length, host diet, host locomotor habit and host activity period) and abundance influence host–parasite interactions, (ii) whether these traits explain species roles, and (iii) if this relationship is consistent across different parasite population parameters (presence and absence, mean abundance and prevalence). Networks were modular and their structural patterns did not vary among the population parameters. Functional traits and abundance shaped the interactions observed between parasites and hosts. Host species abundance, host diet and locomotor habit affected their centrality and/or vulnerability to parasites. For helminths, infection niche was the main trait determining their central roles in the networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago dos Santos Cardoso
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Programa Fiocruz de Fomento à Inovação – INOVA FIOCRUZ, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Cecilia Siliansky de Andreazzi
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Arnaldo Maldonado Junior
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rosana Gentile
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Runghen R, Poulin R, Monlleó-Borrull C, Llopis-Belenguer C. Network Analysis: Ten Years Shining Light on Host-Parasite Interactions. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:445-455. [PMID: 33558197 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Biological interactions are key drivers of ecological and evolutionary processes. The complexity of such interactions hinders our understanding of ecological systems and our ability to make effective predictions in changing environments. However, network analysis allows us to better tackle the complexity of ecosystems because it extracts the properties of an ecological system according to the number and distribution of links among interacting entities. The number of studies using network analysis to solve ecological and evolutionary questions in parasitology has increased over the past decade. Here, we synthesise the contribution of network analysis toward disentangling host-parasite processes. Furthermore, we identify current trends in mainstream ecology and novel applications of network analysis that present opportunities for research on host-parasite interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rogini Runghen
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, 8140 Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King Street, 9054 Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Clara Monlleó-Borrull
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, PO Box 22085, ES-46071, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Llopis-Belenguer
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, PO Box 22085, ES-46071, Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Brian JI, Aldridge DC. Abundance data applied to a novel model invertebrate host shed new light on parasite community assembly in nature. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:1096-1108. [PMID: 33522596 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how environmental drivers influence the assembly of parasite communities, in addition to how parasites may interact at an infracommunity level, are fundamental requirements for the study of parasite ecology. Knowledge of how parasite communities are assembled will help to predict the risk of parasitism for hosts, and model how parasite communities may change under variable conditions. However, studies frequently rely on presence-absence data and examine multiple host species or sites, metrics which may be too coarse to characterise nuanced within-host patterns. We utilised a novel host system, the freshwater mussel Anodonta anatina, to investigate the drivers of community structure and explore parasite interactions. In addition, we aimed to highlight consistencies and inconsistencies between PA and abundance data. Our analysis incorporated 14 parasite taxa and 720 replicate infracommunities. Using Redundancy Analysis, a joint species distribution model and a Markov random field approach, we modelled the impact of both host-level and environment-level characteristics on parasite structure, as well as parasite-parasite correlations after accounting for all other factors. This approach was repeated for both the presence and abundance of all parasites. We demonstrated that the regional species pool, individual host characteristics (mussel length and gravidity) and predicted parasite-parasite interactions are all important but to varying degrees across parasite species, suggesting that applying generalities to parasite community construction is too simplistic. Furthermore, we showed that PA data fail to capture important density-dependent effects of parasite load for parasites with high abundance, and in general performs poorly for high-intensity parasites. Host and parasite traits, as well as broader environmental factors, all contribute to parasite community structure, emphasising that an integrated approach is required to study community assembly. However, care must be taken with the data used to infer patterns, as presence-absence data may lead to incorrect ecological inference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua I Brian
- Aquatic Ecology Group, The David Attenborough Building, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David C Aldridge
- Aquatic Ecology Group, The David Attenborough Building, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bellekom B, Hackett TD, Lewis OT. A Network Perspective on the Vectoring of Human Disease. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:391-400. [PMID: 33419670 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Blood-sucking insects are important vectors of disease, with biting Diptera (flies) alone transmitting diseases that cause an estimated 700 000 human deaths a year. Insect vectors also bite nonhuman hosts, linking them into host-biting networks. While the major vectors of prominent diseases, such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue, and Zika, are intensively studied, there has been limited focus on the wider interactions of biting insects with nonhuman hosts. Drawing on network analysis and visualisation approaches from food-web ecology, we discuss the value of a network perspective for understanding host-insect-disease interactions, with a focus on Diptera vectors. Potential applications include highlighting pathways of disease transmission, highlighting reservoirs of infection, and identifying emerging and previously unrecognised vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Bellekom
- Department of Zoology, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK.
| | - Talya D Hackett
- Department of Zoology, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Owen T Lewis
- Department of Zoology, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
The network structure and eco-evolutionary dynamics of CRISPR-induced immune diversification. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:1650-1660. [PMID: 33077929 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-01312-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
As a heritable sequence-specific adaptive immune system, CRISPR-Cas is a powerful force shaping strain diversity in host-virus systems. While the diversity of CRISPR alleles has been explored, the associated structure and dynamics of host-virus interactions have not. We explore the role of CRISPR in mediating the interplay between host-virus interaction structure and eco-evolutionary dynamics in a computational model and compare the results with three empirical datasets from natural systems. We show that the structure of the networks describing who infects whom and the degree to which strains are immune, are respectively modular (containing groups of hosts and viruses that interact strongly) and weighted-nested (specialist hosts are more susceptible to subsets of viruses that in turn also infect the more generalist hosts with many spacers matching many viruses). The dynamic interplay between these networks influences transitions between dynamical regimes of virus diversification and host control. The three empirical systems exhibit weighted-nested immunity networks, a pattern our theory shows is indicative of hosts able to suppress virus diversification. Previously missing from studies of microbial host-pathogen systems, the immunity network plays a key role in the coevolutionary dynamics.
Collapse
|
27
|
Dáttilo W, Barrozo-Chávez N, Lira-Noriega A, Guevara R, Villalobos F, Santiago-Alarcon D, Neves FS, Izzo T, Ribeiro SP. Species-level drivers of mammalian ectoparasite faunas. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:1754-1765. [PMID: 32198927 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, most studies have described the organization of host-parasite interaction networks by considering only few host groups at limited geographical extents. However, host-parasite relationships are merged within different taxonomic groups and factors shaping these interactions likely differ between host and parasite groups, making group-level differences important to better understand the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of these interactive communities. Here we used a dataset of 629 ectoparasite species and 251 species of terrestrial mammals, comprising 10 orders distributed across the Nearctic and Neotropical regions of Mexico to assess the species-level drivers of mammalian ectoparasite faunas. Specifically, we evaluated whether body weight, geographical range size and within-range mammal species richness (i.e. diversity field) predict mammal ectoparasite species richness (i.e. degree centrality) and their closeness centrality within the mammal-ectoparasite network. In addition, we also tested if the observed patterns differ among mammal orders and if taxonomic closely related host mammals could more likely share the same set of ectoparasites. We found that ectoparasite species richness of small mammals (mainly rodents) with large proportional range sizes was high compared to large-bodied mammals, whereas the diversity field of mammals had no predictive value (except for bats). We also observed that taxonomic proximity was a main determinant of the probability to share ectoparasite species. Specifically, the probability to share ectoparasites in congeneric species reached up to 90% and decreased exponentially as the taxonomic distance increased. Further, we also detected that some ectoparasites are generalists and capable to infect mammalian species across different orders and that rodents have a remarkable role in the network structure, being closely connected to many other taxa. Hence, because many rodent species have synanthropic habits they could act as undesired reservoirs of disease agents for humans and urban animals. Considering the reported worldwide phenomenon of the proliferation of rodents accompanying the demographic decrease or even local extinction of large-bodied mammal species, these organisms may already be an increasing health threat in many regions of the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Dáttilo
- Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Nathalia Barrozo-Chávez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | | | - Roger Guevara
- Red de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, Mexico
| | | | - Diego Santiago-Alarcon
- Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Frederico Siqueira Neves
- Departamento de Genética, Ecología e Evoluçã, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thiago Izzo
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Sérvio Pontes Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Ecohealth, Ecologia de Insetos de Dossel e Sucessão Natural, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Morand S, Chaisiri K, Kritiyakan A, Kumlert R. Disease Ecology of Rickettsial Species: A Data Science Approach. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:E64. [PMID: 32349270 PMCID: PMC7344507 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5020064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an approach to assess the disease ecology of rickettsial species by investigating open databases and by using data science methodologies. First, we explored the epidemiological trend and changes of human rickettsial disease epidemics over the years and compared this trend with knowledge on emerging rickettsial diseases given by published reviews. Second, we investigated the global diversity of rickettsial species recorded in humans, domestic animals and wild mammals, using the Enhanced Infectious Disease Database (EID2) and employing a network analysis approach to represent and quantify transmission ecology of rickettsial species among their carriers, arthropod vectors or mammal reservoirs and humans. Our results confirmed previous studies that emphasized the increasing incidence in rickettsial diseases at the onset of 1970. Using the Global Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Online Network (GIDEON) database, it was even possible to date the start of this increase of global outbreaks in rickettsial diseases in 1971. Network analysis showed the importance of domestic animals and peridomestic mammals in sharing rickettsial diseases with humans and other wild animals, acting as important hubs or connectors for rickettsial transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serge Morand
- CNRS ISEM—CIRAD ASTRE—Montpellier University, 34090 Montpellier, France
- Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Kittipong Chaisiri
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Anamika Kritiyakan
- Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Rawadee Kumlert
- The Office of Disease Prevention and Control 12, Songkhla Province (ODPC12), Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Songkhla 90000, Thailand;
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dallas TA, Laine AL, Ovaskainen O. Detecting parasite associations within multi-species host and parasite communities. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191109. [PMID: 31575371 PMCID: PMC6790755 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the role of biotic interactions in shaping natural communities is a long-standing challenge in ecology. It is particularly pertinent to parasite communities sharing the same host communities and individuals, as the interactions among parasites-both competition and facilitation-may have far-reaching implications for parasite transmission and evolution. Aggregated parasite burdens may suggest that infected host individuals are either more prone to infection, or that infection by a parasite species facilitates another, leading to a positive parasite-parasite interaction. However, parasite species may also compete for host resources, leading to the prediction that parasite-parasite associations would be generally negative, especially when parasite species infect the same host tissue, competing for both resources and space. We examine the presence and strength of parasite associations using hierarchical joint species distribution models fitted to data on resident parasite communities sampled on over 1300 small mammal individuals across 22 species and their resident parasite communities. On average, we detected more positive associations between infecting parasite species than negative, with the most negative associations occurring when two parasite species infected the same host tissue, suggesting that parasite species associations may be quantifiable from observational data. Overall, our findings suggest that parasite community prediction at the level of the individual host is possible, and that parasite species associations may be detectable in complex multi-species communities, generating many hypotheses concerning the effect of host community changes on parasite community composition, parasite competition within infected hosts, and the drivers of parasite community assembly and structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tad A. Dallas
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Otso Ovaskainen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Quiles A, Bacela-Spychalska K, Teixeira M, Lambin N, Grabowski M, Rigaud T, Wattier RA. Microsporidian infections in the species complex Gammarus roeselii (Amphipoda) over its geographical range: evidence for both host-parasite co-diversification and recent host shifts. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:327. [PMID: 31253176 PMCID: PMC6599290 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3571-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsporidians are obligate endoparasites infecting taxonomically diverse hosts. Both vertical (from mother to eggs) and horizontal (between conspecifics or between species) transmission routes are known. While the former may promote co-speciation and host-specificity, the latter may promote shifts between host species. Among aquatic arthropods, freshwater amphipod crustaceans are hosts for many microsporidian species. However, despite numerous studies, no general pattern emerged about host specificity and co-diversification. In south-eastern Europe, the gammarid Gammarus roeselii is composed of 13 cryptic lineages of Miocene to Pleistocene age but few genotypes of one lineage have spread postglacially throughout north-western Europe. Based on nearly 100 sampling sites covering its entire range, we aim to: (i) explore the microsporidian diversity present in G. roeselii and their phylogenetic relationships, especially in relation to the parasites infecting other Gammaridae; (ii) test if the host phylogeographical history might have impacted host-parasite association (e.g. co-diversifications or recent host shifts from local fauna). METHODS We used part of the small subunit rRNA gene as source of sequences to identify and determine the phylogenetic position of the microsporidian taxa infecting G. roeselii. RESULTS Microsporidian diversity was high in G. roeselii with 24 detected haplogroups, clustered into 18 species-level taxa. Ten microsporidian species were rare, infecting a few individual hosts in a few populations, and were mostly phylogenetically related to parasites from other amphipods or various crustaceans. Other microsporidians were represented by widespread genera with high prevalence: Nosema, Cucumispora and Dictyocoela. Two contrasting host association patterns could be observed. First, two vertically transmitted microsporidian species, Nosema granulosis and Dictyocoela roeselum, share the pattern of infecting G. roeselii over most of its range and are specific to this host suggesting the co-diversification scenario. This pattern contrasted with that of Dictyocoela muelleri, the three species of Cucumispora, and the rare parasites, present only in the recently colonised region by the host. These patterns suggest recent acquisitions from local host species, after the recent spread of G. roeselii. CONCLUSIONS Microsporidians infecting G. roeselii revealed two scenarios of host-parasite associations: (i) ancient associations with vertically transmitted parasites that probably co-diversified with their hosts, and (ii) host shifts from local host species, after the postglacial spread of G. roeselii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Quiles
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Laboratoire Biogéosciences, UMR CNRS 6282, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Bacela-Spychalska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maria Teixeira
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Laboratoire Biogéosciences, UMR CNRS 6282, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Nicolas Lambin
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Laboratoire Biogéosciences, UMR CNRS 6282, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Michal Grabowski
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Thierry Rigaud
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Laboratoire Biogéosciences, UMR CNRS 6282, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Rémi André Wattier
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Laboratoire Biogéosciences, UMR CNRS 6282, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Carlson CJ, Zipfel CM, Garnier R, Bansal S. Global estimates of mammalian viral diversity accounting for host sharing. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:1070-1075. [PMID: 31182813 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-0910-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Present estimates suggest there are over 1 million virus species found in mammals alone, with about half a million posing a possible threat to human health. Although previous estimates assume linear scaling between host and virus diversity, we show that ecological network theory predicts a non-linear relationship, produced by patterns of host sharing among virus species. To account for host sharing, we fit a power law scaling relationship for host-virus species interaction networks. We estimate that there are about 40,000 virus species in mammals (including ~10,000 viruses with zoonotic potential), a reduction of two orders of magnitude from present projections of viral diversity. We expect that the increasing availability of host-virus association data will improve the precision of these estimates and their use in the sampling and surveillance of pathogens with pandemic potential. We suggest host sharing should be more widely included in macroecological approaches to estimating biodiversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Carlson
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Casey M Zipfel
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Romain Garnier
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Shweta Bansal
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Holzer AS, Bartošová-Sojková P, Born-Torrijos A, Lövy A, Hartigan A, Fiala I. The joint evolution of the Myxozoa and their alternate hosts: A cnidarian recipe for success and vast biodiversity. Mol Ecol 2019; 27:1651-1666. [PMID: 29575260 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The relationships between parasites and their hosts are intimate, dynamic and complex; the evolution of one is inevitably linked to the other. Despite multiple origins of parasitism in the Cnidaria, only parasites belonging to the Myxozoa are characterized by a complex life cycle, alternating between fish and invertebrate hosts, as well as by high species diversity. This inspired us to examine the history of adaptive radiations in myxozoans and their hosts by determining the degree of congruence between their phylogenies and by timing the emergence of myxozoan lineages in relation to their hosts. Recent genomic analyses suggested a common origin of Polypodium hydriforme, a cnidarian parasite of acipenseriform fishes, and the Myxozoa, and proposed fish as original hosts for both sister lineages. We demonstrate that the Myxozoa emerged long before fish populated Earth and that phylogenetic congruence with their invertebrate hosts is evident down to the most basal branches of the tree, indicating bryozoans and annelids as original hosts and challenging previous evolutionary hypotheses. We provide evidence that, following invertebrate invasion, fish hosts were acquired multiple times, leading to parallel cospeciation patterns in all major phylogenetic lineages. We identify the acquisition of vertebrate hosts that facilitate alternative transmission and dispersion strategies as reason for the distinct success of the Myxozoa, and identify massive host specification-linked parasite diversification events. The results of this study transform our understanding of the origins and evolution of parasitism in the most basal metazoan parasites known.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid S Holzer
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bartošová-Sojková
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ana Born-Torrijos
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alena Lövy
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Marine Biology Department, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ashlie Hartigan
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Fiala
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Do the pattern and strength of species associations in ectoparasite communities conform to biogeographic rules? Parasitol Res 2019; 118:1113-1125. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
34
|
Dallas TA, Han BA, Nunn CL, Park AW, Stephens PR, Drake JM. Host traits associated with species roles in parasite sharing networks. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tad A. Dallas
- Centre for Ecological Change, Univ. of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
- Odum School of Ecology, Univ. of Georgia; Athens GA 30602 USA
| | | | | | - Andrew W. Park
- Odum School of Ecology, Univ. of Georgia; Athens GA 30602 USA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, Univ. of Georgia; Athens GA USA
| | | | - John M. Drake
- Odum School of Ecology, Univ. of Georgia; Athens GA 30602 USA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, Univ. of Georgia; Athens GA USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
McLeish M, Sacristán S, Fraile A, García-Arenal F. Scale dependencies and generalism in host use shape virus prevalence. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.2066. [PMID: 29263286 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Processes that generate the distribution of pathogens and their interactions with hosts are not insensitive to changes in spatial scale. Spatial scales and species traits are often selected intentionally, based on practical considerations, ignoring biases that the scale and type of observation may introduce. Specifically, these biases might change the interpretation of disease-diversity relationships that are reported as either 'dilution' or 'amplification' effects. Here, we combine field data of a host-pathogen community with empirical models to test the effects that (i) spatial scale and (ii) host range have on the relationship between plant-virus infection prevalence and diversity. We show that prevalence-diversity relationships are scale-dependent and can produce opposite effects associated with different habitats at sub-ecosystem scales. The total number of host species of each virus reflected generalism at the ecosystem scale. However, plasticity in host range resembled habitat-specific specialization and also changed model predictions. We show that habitat heterogeneity, ignored at larger (ecosystem) spatial scales, influences pathogen distributions. Hence, understanding disease distributions and the evolution of pathogens requires reconciling specific hypotheses of the study with an appropriate spatial scale, or scales, and consideration of traits, such as host range, that might strongly contribute to biotic interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael McLeish
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA and Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Agroambiental y de Biosistemas (ETSIAAB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid 28223, Spain
| | - Soledad Sacristán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA and Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Agroambiental y de Biosistemas (ETSIAAB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid 28223, Spain
| | - Aurora Fraile
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA and Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Agroambiental y de Biosistemas (ETSIAAB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid 28223, Spain
| | - Fernando García-Arenal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA and Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Agroambiental y de Biosistemas (ETSIAAB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid 28223, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Timóteo S, Correia M, Rodríguez-Echeverría S, Freitas H, Heleno R. Multilayer networks reveal the spatial structure of seed-dispersal interactions across the Great Rift landscapes. Nat Commun 2018; 9:140. [PMID: 29321529 PMCID: PMC5762785 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02658-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Species interaction networks are traditionally explored as discrete entities with well-defined spatial borders, an oversimplification likely impairing their applicability. Using a multilayer network approach, explicitly accounting for inter-habitat connectivity, we investigate the spatial structure of seed-dispersal networks across the Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique. We show that the overall seed-dispersal network is composed by spatially explicit communities of dispersers spanning across habitats, functionally linking the landscape mosaic. Inter-habitat connectivity determines spatial structure, which cannot be accurately described with standard monolayer approaches either splitting or merging habitats. Multilayer modularity cannot be predicted by null models randomizing either interactions within each habitat or those linking habitats; however, as habitat connectivity increases, random processes become more important for overall structure. The importance of dispersers for the overall network structure is captured by multilayer versatility but not by standard metrics. Highly versatile species disperse many plant species across multiple habitats, being critical to landscape functional cohesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Timóteo
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Marta Correia
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Susana Rodríguez-Echeverría
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Helena Freitas
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ruben Heleno
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Jones K, Thompson R, Godfrey S. Social networks: a tool for assessing the impact of perturbations on wildlife behaviour and implications for pathogen transmission. BEHAVIOUR 2018. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Wildlife are increasingly subject to perturbations, which can impact pathogen transmission and lead to disease emergence. While a myriad of factors influence disease dynamics in wildlife, behaviour is emerging as a major influence. In this review, we examine how perturbations alter the behaviour of individuals and how, in turn, disease transmission may be impacted, with a focus on the use of network models as a powerful tool. There are emerging hypotheses as to how networks respond to different types of perturbations. The broad effects of perturbations make predicting potential outcomes and identifying mitigation opportunities for disease emergence critical; yet, the current paucity of data makes identification of underlying trends difficult. Social network analysis facilitates a mechanistic approach to how perturbation-induced behavioural changes result in shifts in pathogen transmission. However, the field is still developing, and future work should strive to address current deficits. There is particular need for empirical data to support modelling predictions and increased inclusion of pathogen monitoring in network studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K.L. Jones
- aSchool of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - R.C.A. Thompson
- aSchool of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - S.S. Godfrey
- aSchool of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- bDepartment of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Walker JG, Plein M, Morgan ER, Vesk PA. Uncertain links in host-parasite networks: lessons for parasite transmission in a multi-host system. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2016.0095. [PMID: 28289262 PMCID: PMC5352821 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
For many parasites, the full set of hosts that are susceptible to infection is not known, and this could lead to a bias in estimates of transmission. We used counts of individual adult parasites from historical parasitology studies in southern Africa to map a bipartite network of the nematode parasites of herbivore hosts that occur in Botswana. Bipartite networks are used in community ecology to represent interactions across trophic levels. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to predict the full set of host-parasite interactions from existing data on parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes of wild and domestic ungulates given assumptions about the distribution of parasite counts within hosts, while accounting for the relative uncertainty of less sampled species. We used network metrics to assess the difference between the observed and predicted networks, and to explore the connections between hosts via their shared parasites using a host-host unipartite network projected from the bipartite network. The model predicts a large number of missing links and identifies red hartebeest, giraffe and steenbok as the hosts that have the most uncertainty in parasite diversity. Further, the unipartite network reveals clusters of herbivores that have a high degree of parasite sharing, and these clusters correspond closely with phylogenetic distance rather than with the wild/domestic boundary. These results provide a basis for predicting the risk of cross-species transmission of nematode parasites in areas where livestock and wildlife share grazing land.This article is part of the themed issue 'Opening the black box: re-examining the ecology and evolution of parasite transmission'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josephine G Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK .,Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Royal Fort House, Bristol BS8 1UJ, UK.,Elephants for Africa, Maun, Botswana
| | - Michaela Plein
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Eric R Morgan
- Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Royal Fort House, Bristol BS8 1UJ, UK.,School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Peter A Vesk
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Miller RS, Sweeney SJ, Slootmaker C, Grear DA, Di Salvo PA, Kiser D, Shwiff SA. Cross-species transmission potential between wild pigs, livestock, poultry, wildlife, and humans: implications for disease risk management in North America. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7821. [PMID: 28798293 PMCID: PMC5552697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07336-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-species disease transmission between wildlife, domestic animals and humans is an increasing threat to public and veterinary health. Wild pigs are increasingly a potential veterinary and public health threat. Here we investigate 84 pathogens and the host species most at risk for transmission with wild pigs using a network approach. We assess the risk to agricultural and human health by evaluating the status of these pathogens and the co-occurrence of wild pigs, agriculture and humans. We identified 34 (87%) OIE listed swine pathogens that cause clinical disease in livestock, poultry, wildlife, and humans. On average 73% of bacterial, 39% of viral, and 63% of parasitic pathogens caused clinical disease in other species. Non-porcine livestock in the family Bovidae shared the most pathogens with swine (82%). Only 49% of currently listed OIE domestic swine diseases had published wild pig surveillance studies. The co-occurrence of wild pigs and farms increased annually at a rate of 1.2% with as much as 57% of all farms and 77% of all agricultural animals co-occurring with wild pigs. The increasing co-occurrence of wild pigs with livestock and humans along with the large number of pathogens shared is a growing risk for cross-species transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Miller
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States.
| | - Steven J Sweeney
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - Chris Slootmaker
- National Wildlife Research Center, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - Daniel A Grear
- National Wildlife Health Center, United States Geological Survey, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Paul A Di Salvo
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - Deborah Kiser
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - Stephanie A Shwiff
- National Wildlife Research Center, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Pilosof S, Greenbaum G, Krasnov BR, Zelnik YR. Asymmetric disease dynamics in multihost interconnected networks. J Theor Biol 2017; 430:237-244. [PMID: 28735858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Epidemic spread in single-host systems strongly depends on the population's transmission network. However, little is known regarding the spread of epidemics across networks representing populations of multiple hosts. We explored cross-species transmission in a multilayer network where layers represent populations of two distinct hosts, and disease can spread across intralayer (within-host) and interlayer (between-host) edges. We developed an analytic framework for the SIR epidemic model to examine the effect of (i) source of infection and (ii) between-host asymmetry in infection probabilities, on disease risk. We measured risk as outbreak probability and outbreak size in a focal host, represented by one network layer. Numeric simulations were used to validate the analytic formulations. We found that outbreak probability is determined by a complex interaction between source of infection and between-host infection probabilities, whereas outbreak size is mainly affected by the non-focal host to focal host infection probability. Hence, inter-specific asymmetry in infection probabilities shapes disease dynamics in multihost networks. These results highlight the importance of considering multiple measures of disease risk and advance our understanding of disease spread in multihost systems. The study provides a flexible way to model disease dynamics in multiple hosts while considering contact heterogeneity within and between species. We strongly encourage empirical studies that include information on both cross-species infection rates and network structure of multiple hosts. Such studies are necessary to corroborate our theoretical results and to improve our understanding of multihost epidemiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shai Pilosof
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, 1103 E 57 st, Chicago, 60637, USA.
| | - Gili Greenbaum
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel; Department of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
| | - Boris R Krasnov
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
| | - Yuval R Zelnik
- Department of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ibarra-Cerdeña CN, Valiente-Banuet L, Sánchez-Cordero V, Stephens CR, Ramsey JM. Trypanosoma cruzi reservoir-triatomine vector co-occurrence networks reveal meta-community effects by synanthropic mammals on geographic dispersal. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3152. [PMID: 28413725 PMCID: PMC5391790 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Contemporary patterns of land use and global climate change are modifying regional pools of parasite host species. The impact of host community changes on human disease risk, however, is difficult to assess due to a lack of information about zoonotic parasite host assemblages. We have used a recently developed method to infer parasite-host interactions for Chagas Disease (CD) from vector-host co-occurrence networks. Vector-host networks were constructed to analyze topological characteristics of the network and ecological traits of species’ nodes, which could provide information regarding parasite regional dispersal in Mexico. Twenty-eight triatomine species (vectors) and 396 mammal species (potential hosts) were included using a data-mining approach to develop models to infer most-likely interactions. The final network contained 1,576 links which were analyzed to calculate centrality, connectivity, and modularity. The model predicted links of independently registered Trypanosoma cruzi hosts, which correlated with the degree of parasite-vector co-occurrence. Wiring patterns differed according to node location, while edge density was greater in Neotropical as compared to Nearctic regions. Vectors with greatest public health importance (i.e., Triatoma dimidiata, T. barberi, T. pallidipennis, T. longipennis, etc), did not have stronger links with particular host species, although they had a greater frequency of significant links. In contrast, hosts classified as important based on network properties were synanthropic mammals. The latter were the most common parasite hosts and are likely bridge species between these communities, thereby integrating meta-community scenarios beneficial for long-range parasite dispersal. This was particularly true for rodents, >50% of species are synanthropic and more than 20% have been identified as T. cruzi hosts. In addition to predicting potential host species using the co-occurrence networks, they reveal regions with greater expected parasite mobility. The Neotropical region, which includes the Mexican south and southeast, and the Transvolcanic belt, had greatest potential active T. cruzi dispersal, as well as greatest edge density. This information could be directly applied for stratification of transmission risk and to design and analyze human-infected vector contact intervention efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos N Ibarra-Cerdeña
- Departamento de Ecología Humana, Centro de Investigaciones y de Estudios de Avanzados (Cinvestav) del IPN Unidad Mérida, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Leopoldo Valiente-Banuet
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad (C3), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Víctor Sánchez-Cordero
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Christopher R Stephens
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad (C3), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.,Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Janine M Ramsey
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Aragão SC, Ito PK, Paulan SC, Utsunomyia YT, Grisi Filho JH, Nunes CM. Animal movement network analysis as a tool to map farms serving as contamination source in cattle cysticercosis. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000400004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Bovine cysticercosis is a problem distributed worldwide that result in economic losses mainly due to the condemnation of infected carcasses. One of the difficulties in applying control measures is the identification of the source of infection, especially because cattle are typically acquired from multiple farms. Here, we tested the utility of an animal movement network constructed with data from a farm that acquires cattle from several other different farms to map the major contributors of cysticercosis propagation. Additionally, based on the results of the network analysis, we deployed a sanitary management and drug treatment scheme to decrease cysticercosis’ occurrence in the farm. Six farms that had commercial trades were identified by the animal movement network and characterized as the main contributors to the occurrence of cysticercosis in the studied farm. The identification of farms with a putative risk of Taenia saginata infection using the animal movement network along with the proper sanitary management and drug treatment resulted in a gradual decrease in cysticercosis prevalence, from 25% in 2010 to 3.7% in 2011 and 1.8% in 2012. These results suggest that the animal movement network can contribute towards controlling bovine cysticercosis, thus minimizing economic losses and preventing human taeniasis.
Collapse
|
43
|
Hassell JM, Begon M, Ward MJ, Fèvre EM. Urbanization and Disease Emergence: Dynamics at the Wildlife-Livestock-Human Interface. Trends Ecol Evol 2017; 32:55-67. [PMID: 28029378 PMCID: PMC5214842 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Urbanization is characterized by rapid intensification of agriculture, socioeconomic change, and ecological fragmentation, which can have profound impacts on the epidemiology of infectious disease. Here, we review current scientific evidence for the drivers and epidemiology of emerging wildlife-borne zoonoses in urban landscapes, where anthropogenic pressures can create diverse wildlife-livestock-human interfaces. We argue that these interfaces represent a critical point for cross-species transmission and emergence of pathogens into new host populations, and thus understanding their form and function is necessary to identify suitable interventions to mitigate the risk of disease emergence. To achieve this, interfaces must be studied as complex, multihost communities whose structure and form are dictated by both ecological and anthropological factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M Hassell
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK; International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Michael Begon
- Institute of Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Melissa J Ward
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eric M Fèvre
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK; International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Médoc V, Firmat C, Sheath D, Pegg J, Andreou D, Britton J. Parasites and Biological Invasions. ADV ECOL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
45
|
Gastrointestinal helminth fauna of rodents from Cambodia: emphasizing the community ecology of host-parasite associations. J Helminthol 2016; 91:726-738. [PMID: 27905270 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x16000869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Extensive field surveys of rodents were conducted in Cambodia from 2008 to 2014 to study the diversity and ecology of helminth infection in wild rodent populations. Gastrointestinal helminths were isolated from 14 species of rodents (569 individuals) trapped from different habitats (forest, dry land, rain-fed land and human settlements) in four provinces of Cambodia (Krong Preah Sihanouk, Mondolkiri, Pursat and Steung Treng). The average prevalence of parasitic infection was 58.5% (range, 16.0-64.7%), and 19 helminth taxa were identified in total. Trichostrongylid nematodes were the most prevalent (25.8%), followed by Raillietina sp. (14.1%), Gongylonema neoplasticum (10.7%), Syphacia muris (9.8%) and Hymenolepis diminuta (9.6%). Potential rodent-borne zoonotic helminths were also identified, and the risks of helminthiasis were discussed. The status of helminth infection and species diversity in rodents from settlements were significantly lower than in rodents from forest and peri-domesticated habitats, which indicates that habitat alteration might affect helminth infection and diversity in rodent hosts. Generalized linear models revealed that host attributes (host species and maturity) and environmental factors (habitat and geographical location) were explanatory variables for helminth infection in these rodents. Using network analyses, we showed that the oriental house rat, Rattus tanezumi, was the most central host in the rodent-helminth assemblage, based on the number of helminth taxa it shared with other rodent species. Therefore, R. tanezumi could play an important role in rodent-helminth interactions and helminth transmission to other rodent hosts.
Collapse
|
46
|
Bordes F, Caron A, Blasdell K, de Garine-Wichatitsky M, Morand S. Forecasting potential emergence of zoonotic diseases in South-East Asia: network analysis identifies key rodent hosts. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Bordes
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution; CNRS-IRD-CIRAD-UM; Université de Montpellier; F-34093 Montpellier France
| | - Alexandre Caron
- Animal et Gestion Intégrée des Risques; AGIRs; Centre International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD); F-34398 Montpellier France
- Faculdade Veterinaria; Universidade Eduardo Mondlane; Av. de Moçambique, Caixa Postal 257 Maputo Mozambique
- Research Platform Production and Conservation in Partnership; CIRAD; University of Harare; P.O. Box MP167 Harare Zimbabwe
| | - Kim Blasdell
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); Australian Animal Health 16 Laboratory; 5 Portarlington Road Geelong Vic. 3220 Australia
| | - Michel de Garine-Wichatitsky
- Animal et Gestion Intégrée des Risques; AGIRs; Centre International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD); F-34398 Montpellier France
- Research Platform Production and Conservation in Partnership; CIRAD; University of Harare; P.O. Box MP167 Harare Zimbabwe
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Zimbabwe; P.O. Box MP167 Harare Zimbabwe
| | - Serge Morand
- Animal et Gestion Intégrée des Risques; AGIRs; Centre International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD); F-34398 Montpellier France
- CNRS Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution-CIRAD AGIRs; Centre d'Infectiologie Christophe Mérieux du Laos; Vientiane PO Box 3888 Samsenthai Road Lao PDR
- Department of Helminthology; Faculty of Tropical Medicine; Mahidol University; 420/6 Ratchavithi Rd Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Predictability of helminth parasite host range using information on geography, host traits and parasite community structure. Parasitology 2016; 144:200-205. [PMID: 27762175 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016001608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Host-parasite associations are complex interactions dependent on aspects of hosts (e.g. traits, phylogeny or coevolutionary history), parasites (e.g. traits and parasite interactions) and geography (e.g. latitude). Predicting the permissive host set or the subset of the host community that a parasite can infect is a central goal of parasite ecology. Here we develop models that accurately predict the permissive host set of 562 helminth parasites in five different parasite taxonomic groups. We developed predictive models using host traits, host taxonomy, geographic covariates, and parasite community composition, finding that models trained on parasite community variables were more accurate than any other covariate group, even though parasite community covariates only captured a quarter of the variance in parasite community composition. This suggests that it is possible to predict the permissive host set for a given parasite, and that parasite community structure is an important predictor, potentially because parasite communities are interacting non-random assemblages.
Collapse
|
48
|
Guerra AS, Eckerlin RP, Dowling APG, Durden LA, Robbins RG, Dittmar K, Helgen KM, Agwanda B, Allan BF, Hedlund T, Young HS. Host-Parasite Associations in Small Mammal Communities in Semiarid Savanna Ecosystems of East Africa. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:851-860. [PMID: 27113102 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the established importance of rodents as reservoirs of vector-borne zoonoses in East Africa, there is relatively limited information regarding the infestation parameters and host associations of ectoparasites that vector many such pathogens among small mammals in this region. Between 2009 and 2013, small mammals were live-trapped in the semiarid savanna of Kenya. A subset of these individual hosts, including 20 distinct host taxa, was examined for ectoparasites, which were identified to species. Species of fleas, ticks, mites, and sucking lice were recorded. Based on these data, we calculated host-specific infestation parameters, documented host preferences among ectoparasites, conducted a rarefaction analysis and extrapolation to determine if ectoparasites were adequately sampled, and assessed nestedness for fleas to understand how pathogens might spread in this system. We found that the flea community structure was significantly nested. Understanding the ectoparasite network structure may have significant human relevance, as at least seven of the ectoparasite species collected are known vectors of pathogens of medical importance in the region, including Yersinia pestis, Rickettsia spp., and Theileria parva, the causative agents of plague, spotted fevers and other rickettsial illnesses in humans, and theileriosis, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Guerra
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA (; ),
| | - Ralph P Eckerlin
- Natural Sciences Division, Northern Virginia Community College, Annandale, VA
| | | | - Lance A Durden
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA
| | - Richard G Robbins
- Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Energy, Installations and Environment, Silver Spring, MD
| | | | - Kristofer M Helgen
- Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC
| | - Bernard Agwanda
- Mammal Section, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya , and
| | - Brian F Allan
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL (; )
| | - Tyler Hedlund
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL (; )
| | - Hillary S Young
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA (; )
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Morand S, Bordes F. Parasite diversity of disease-bearing rodents of Southeast Asia: habitat determinants and effects on sexual size dimorphism and life-traits. Front Ecol Evol 2015. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2015.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|