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Wu Z, Chen X, Wu S, Liu Z, Li H, Mai K, Peng Y, Zhang H, Zhang X, Zheng Z, Fu Z, Chen D. Transcriptome analysis reveals the impact of NETs activation on airway epithelial cell EMT and inflammation in bronchiolitis obliterans. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19226. [PMID: 37932341 PMCID: PMC10628238 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45617-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) is a chronic airway disease that was often indicated by the pathological presentation of narrowed and irreversible airways. However, the molecular mechanisms of BO pathogenesis remain unknown. Although neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) can contribute to inflammatory disorders, their involvement in BO is unclear. This study aims to identify potential signaling pathways in BO by exploring the correlations between NETs and BO. GSE52761 and GSE137169 datasets were downloaded from gene expression omnibus (GEO) database. A series of bioinformatics analyses such as differential expression analysis, gene ontology (GO), Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG), and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were performed on GSE52761 and GSE137169 datasets to identify BO potential signaling pathways. Two different types of BO mouse models were constructed to verify NETs involvements in BO. Additional experiments and bioinformatics analysis using human small airway epithelial cells (SAECs) were also performed to further elucidate differential genes enrichment with their respective signaling pathways in BO. Our study identified 115 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were found up-regulated in BO. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that these genes were primarily involved in inflammatory signaling processes. Besides, we found that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) were formed and activated during BO. Our western blot analysis on lung tissue from BO mice further confirmed NETs activation in BO, where neutrophil elastase (NE) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) expression were found significantly elevated. Transcriptomic and bioinformatics analysis of NETs treated-SAECs also revealed that NETs-DEGs were primarily associated through inflammatory and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) -related pathways. Our study provides novel clues towards the understanding of BO pathogenesis, in which NETs contribute to BO pathogenesis through the activation of inflammatory and EMT associated pathways. The completion of our study will provide the basis for potential novel therapeutic targets in BO treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongji Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangzhi Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenwei Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kailin Mai
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghui Peng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, People's Republic of China
| | - Haidi Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodie Zhang
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaocong Zheng
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zian Fu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, People's Republic of China
| | - Dehui Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Gutor SS, Miller RF, Blackwell TS, Polosukhin VV. Environmental and occupational bronchiolitis obliterans: new reality. EBioMedicine 2023; 95:104760. [PMID: 37598462 PMCID: PMC10458287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients diagnosed with environmental/occupational bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) over the last 2 decades often present with an indolent evolution of respiratory symptoms without a history of high-level, acute exposure to airborne toxins. Exertional dyspnea is the most common symptom and standard clinical and radiographic evaluation can be non-diagnostic. Lung biopsies often reveal pathological abnormalities affecting all distal lung compartments. These modern cases of BO typically exhibit the constrictive bronchiolitis phenotype of small airway remodeling, along with lymphocytic inflammation. In addition, hypertensive-type remodeling of intrapulmonary vasculature, diffuse fibroelastosis of alveolar tissue, and fibrous thickening of visceral pleura are frequently present. The diagnosis of environmental/occupational BO should be considered in patients who present with subacute onset of exertional dyspnea and a history compatible with prolonged or recurrent exposure to environmental toxins. Important areas for future studies include development of less invasive diagnostic approaches and testing of novel agents for disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey S Gutor
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Robert F Miller
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Vasiliy V Polosukhin
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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3
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Wu Z, Chen X, Zhang K, Liu Z, Zhang H, Zheng Z, Zhang X, Chen Y, Peng Y, Li H, Huang K, Tang S, Zhao L, Chen D. Identification of Hub Genes in the Pathogenesis of Bronchiolitis Obliterans via Bioinformatic Analysis and Experimental Verification. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:3303-3317. [PMID: 37576152 PMCID: PMC10422971 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s419845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) is a chronic disease that can arise as a complication of severe childhood pneumonia and can also impact the long-term survival of patients after lung transplantation. However, the precise molecular mechanism underlying BO remains unclear. We aimed to identify BO-associated hub genes and their molecular mechanisms. Methods BO-associated transcriptome datasets (GSE52761, GSE137169, and GSE94557) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Additional bioinformatics analyses, such as Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) analyses, were performed to determine functional roles and DEG-associated regulatory networks. Prediction of hub genes using the 12 algorithms available in the Cytohubba plugin of Cytoscape software was also performed. Verification was performed using the BO mouse model. Results Our results revealed 57 DEGs associated with BO, of which 18 were down-regulated and 39 were up-regulated. The Cytohubba plugin data further narrowed down the 57 DEGs into 9 prominent hub genes (CCR2, CD1D, GM2A, TFEC, MPEG1, CTSS, GPNMB, BIRC2, and CTSZ). Genes such as CCR2, TFEC, MPEG1, CTSS, and CTSZ were dysregulated in 2,3-butanedione-induced BO mice, whereas TFEC, CTSS, and CTSZ were dysregulated in nitric acid-induced BO mouse models. Conclusion Our study identified and validated four novel BO biomarkers, which may allow further investigation into the development of distinct BO diagnostic markers and novel therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongji Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kangkang Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenwei Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haidi Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaocong Zheng
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaodie Zhang
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yubiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, 510000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinghui Peng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaiyin Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sixiang Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dehui Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, People’s Republic of China
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4
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Card JW, Scaife KM, Haighton LA. Review of evidence relating to occupational exposure limits for alpha-diketones and acetoin, and considerations for deriving an occupational exposure limit for 2,3-pentanedione. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:715-730. [PMID: 36803409 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2168175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-diketones, notably diacetyl, have been used as flavoring agents. When airborne in occupational settings, exposures to diacetyl have been associated with serious respiratory disease. Other α-diketones, such as 2,3-pentanedione, and analogues such as acetoin (a reduced form of diacetyl), require evaluation, particularly, in light of recently available toxicological studies. The current work reviewed mechanistic, metabolic, and toxicology data available for α-diketones. Data were most available for diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione, and a comparative assessment of their pulmonary effects was performed, and an occupational exposure limit (OEL) was proposed for 2,3-pentanedione. Previous OELs were reviewed and an updated literature search was performed. Respiratory system histopathology data from 3-month toxicology studies were evaluated with benchmark dose (BMD) modelling of sensitive endpoints. This demonstrated comparable responses at concentrations up to 100 ppm, with no consistent overall pattern of greater sensitivity to either diacetyl or 2,3-pentanedione. In contrast, based on draft raw data, no adverse respiratory effects were observed in comparable 3-month toxicology studies that evaluated exposure to acetoin at up to 800 ppm (highest tested concentration), indicating that acetoin does not present the same inhalation hazard as diacetyl or 2,3-pentanedione. To derive an OEL for 2,3-pentanedione, BMD modelling was conducted for the most sensitive endpoint from 90-day inhalation toxicity studies, namely, hyperplasia of nasal respiratory epithelium. On the basis of this modelling, an 8-hour time-weighted average OEL of 0.07 ppm is proposed to be protective against respiratory effects that may be associated with chronic workplace exposure to 2,3-pentanedione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Card
- Intertek Health Sciences Inc., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin M Scaife
- Intertek Health Sciences Inc., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Niroomand A, Ghaidan H, Hallgren O, Hansson L, Larsson H, Wagner D, Mackova M, Halloran K, Hyllén S, Lindstedt S. Corticotropin releasing hormone as an identifier of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8413. [PMID: 35589861 PMCID: PMC9120482 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung transplantion (LTx) recipients have low long-term survival and a high incidence of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), an inflammation of the small airways in chronic rejection of a lung allograft. There is great clinical need for a minimally invasive biomarker of BOS. Here, 644 different proteins were analyzed to detect biomarkers that distinguish BOS grade 0 from grades 1–3. The plasma of 46 double lung transplant patients was analyzed for proteins using a high-component, multiplex immunoassay that enables analysis of protein biomarkers. Proximity Extension Assay (PEA) consists of antibody probe pairs which bind to targets. The resulting polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reporter sequence can be quantified by real-time PCR. Samples were collected at baseline and 1-year post transplantation. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to validate the findings of the PEA analysis across both time points and microarray datasets from other lung transplantation centers demonstrated the same findings. Significant decreases in the plasma protein levels of CRH, FERC2, IL-20RA, TNFB, and IGSF3 and an increase in MMP-9 and CTSL1 were seen in patients who developed BOS compared to those who did not. In this study, CRH is presented as a novel potential biomarker in the progression of disease because of its decreased levels in patients across all BOS grades. Additionally, biomarkers involving the remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM), such as MMP-9 and CTSL1, were increased in BOS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Niroomand
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Haider Ghaidan
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Transplantation, Skåne University Hospital, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oskar Hallgren
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lennart Hansson
- Department of Pulmonology and Transplantation, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hillevi Larsson
- Department of Pulmonology and Transplantation, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Darcy Wagner
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lung Bioengineering and Regeneration, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martina Mackova
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Kieran Halloran
- Alberta Transplant Applied Genomics Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Snejana Hyllén
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sandra Lindstedt
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. .,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. .,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Transplantation, Skåne University Hospital, 221 85, Lund, Sweden.
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6
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Miyahara N, Benazzo A, Oberndorfer F, Iwasaki A, Laszlo V, Döme B, Hoda MA, Jaksch P, Klepetko W, Hoetzenecker K. MiR-21 in Lung Transplant Recipients With Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction. Transpl Int 2022; 35:10184. [PMID: 35185369 PMCID: PMC8842266 DOI: 10.3389/ti.2021.10184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background: Micro-RNA-21 (miR-21) is a post-translational regulator involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Since EMT is thought to contribute to chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD), we aimed to characterize miR-21 expression and distinct EMT markers in CLAD.Methods: Expression of miR-21, vimentin, Notch intracellular domain (NICD) and SMAD 2/3 was investigated in explanted CLAD lungs of patients who underwent retransplantation. Circulating miR-21 was determined in collected serum samples of CLAD and matched stable recipients.Results: The frequency of miR-21 expression was higher in restrictive allograft syndrome (RAS) than in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) specimens (86 vs 30%, p = 0.01); Vimentin, NICD and p-SMAD 2/3 were positive in 17 (100%), 12 (71%), and 7 (42%) BOS patients and in 7 (100%), 4 (57%) and 4 (57%) RAS cases, respectively. All four markers were negative in control tissue from donor lungs. RAS patients showed a significant increase in serum concentration of miR-21 over time as compared to stable recipients (p = 0.040).Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge this is the first study highlighting the role miR-21 in CLAD. Further studies are necessary to investigate the involvement of miR-21 in the pathogenesis of CLAD and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naofumi Miyahara
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of General Thoracic, Breast, and Pediatric Surgery, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Alberto Benazzo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Akinori Iwasaki
- Department of General Thoracic, Breast, and Pediatric Surgery, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Viktoria Laszlo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Balasz Döme
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mir Ali Hoda
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Jaksch
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Klepetko
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Konrad Hoetzenecker
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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7
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Zhang SN, Li XZ, Yang WD, Zhou Y. Sophorae tonkinensis radix et rhizome-induced pulmonary toxicity: A study on the toxic mechanism and material basis based on integrated omics and bioinformatics analyses. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1179:122868. [PMID: 34333216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The root and rhizome of Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep. (ST) are widely used for the treatment of tonsillitis, sore throats, and heat-evil-induced diseases in traditional Chinese medicine. However, the clinical application of ST is relatively limited due to its toxicity. The mechanism and material basis of ST-induced pulmonary toxicity are still unclear. In the present research, integrated omics and bioinformatics analyses were used to investigate the toxic mechanism and material basis of ST in lung tissue. Proteomics and metabonomics were integrated to analyze the differentially expressed proteins and metabolites. Joint pathway analysis was used to analyze the significantly dysregulated pathways. PubChem and the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database were applied for the screen of toxic targets and compounds. Integrated omics revealed that 323 proteins and 50 metabolites were differentially expressed after treating with ST, out of which 19 proteins and 1 metabolite were significantly enriched in seven pathways. Bioinformatics showed that 15 compounds may indirectly affect the expression of 9 toxic targets of ST. Multiple toxic targets of ST-induced pulmonary injury were found in the study, whose dysregulation may trigger pulmonary cancer, dyspnea, and oxidative stress. Multiple compounds may be the toxic material basis in response to these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Nan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guian new area 550025, PR China
| | - Xu-Zhao Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guian new area 550025, PR China.
| | - Wu-de Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guian new area 550025, PR China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guian new area 550025, PR China.
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8
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Müller C, Rosmark O, Åhrman E, Brunnström H, Wassilew K, Nybom A, Michaliková B, Larsson H, Eriksson LT, Schultz HH, Perch M, Malmström J, Wigén J, Iversen M, Westergren-Thorsson G. Protein Signatures of Remodeled Airways in Transplanted Lungs with Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome Obtained Using Laser-Capture Microdissection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:1398-1411. [PMID: 34111430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, a common form of chronic lung allograft dysfunction, is the major limitation to long-term survival after lung transplantation. The histologic correlate is progressive, fibrotic occlusion of small airways, obliterative bronchiolitis lesions, which ultimately lead to organ failure. The molecular composition of these lesions is unknown. In this sutdy, the protein composition of the lesions in explanted lungs from four end-stage bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome patients was analyzed using laser-capture microdissection and optimized sample preparation protocols for mass spectrometry. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to determine the spatial distribution of commonly identified proteins on the tissue level, and protein signatures for 14 obliterative bronchiolitis lesions were established. A set of 39 proteins, identified in >75% of lesions, included distinct structural proteins (collagen types IV and VI) and cellular components (actins, vimentin, and tryptase). Each respective lesion exhibited a unique composition of proteins (on average, n = 66 proteins), thereby mirroring the morphologic variation of the lesions. Antibody-based staining confirmed these mass spectrometry-based findings. The 14 analyzed obliterative bronchiolitis lesions showed variations in their protein content, but also common features. This study provides molecular and morphologic insights into the development of chronic rejection after lung transplantation. The protein patterns in the lesions were correlated to pathways of extracellular matrix organization, tissue development, and wound healing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Müller
- Lung Biology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oskar Rosmark
- Lung Biology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emma Åhrman
- Lung Biology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hans Brunnström
- Division of Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Katharina Wassilew
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annika Nybom
- Lung Biology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Barbora Michaliková
- Lung Biology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hillevi Larsson
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Leif T Eriksson
- Lung Biology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hans H Schultz
- Department of Cardiology, Section for Lung Transplantation, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Perch
- Department of Cardiology, Section for Lung Transplantation, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johan Malmström
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenny Wigén
- Lung Biology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Iversen
- Department of Cardiology, Section for Lung Transplantation, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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McGraw MD, Dysart MM, Hendry-Hofer TB, Houin PR, Rioux JS, Garlick RB, Loader JE, Smith R, Paradiso DC, Holmes WW, Anderson DR, White CW, Veress LA. Bronchiolitis Obliterans and Pulmonary Fibrosis after Sulfur Mustard Inhalation in Rats. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 58:696-705. [PMID: 29314868 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0168oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhalation of powerful chemical agents, such as sulfur mustard (SM), can have debilitating pulmonary consequences, such as bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) and parenchymal fibrosis (PF). The underlying pathogenesis of disorders after SM inhalation is not clearly understood, resulting in a paucity of effective therapies. In this study, we evaluated the role of profibrotic pathways involving transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in the development of BO and PF after SM inhalation injury using a rat model. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were intubated and exposed to SM (1.0 mg/kg), then monitored daily for respiratory distress, oxygen saturation changes, and weight loss. Rats were killed at 7, 14, 21, or 28 days, and markers of injury were determined by histopathology; pulmonary function testing; and assessment of TGF-β, PDGF, and PAI-1 concentrations. Respiratory distress developed over time after SM inhalation, with progressive hypoxemia, respiratory distress, and weight loss. Histopathology confirmed the presence of both BO and PF, and both gradually worsened with time. Pulmonary function testing demonstrated a time-dependent increase in lung resistance, as well as a decrease in lung compliance. Concentrations of TGF-β, PDGF, and PAI-1 were elevated at 28 days in lung, BAL fluid, and/or plasma. Time-dependent development of BO and PF occurs in lungs of rats exposed to SM inhalation, and the elevated concentrations of TGF-β, PDGF, and PAI-1 suggest involvement of these profibrotic pathways in the aberrant remodeling after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tara B Hendry-Hofer
- 2 Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Danielle C Paradiso
- 3 Medical Toxicology Branch, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
| | - Wesley W Holmes
- 3 Medical Toxicology Branch, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
| | - Dana R Anderson
- 3 Medical Toxicology Branch, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
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10
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Gwinn WM, Flake GP, Bousquet RW, Taylor GJ, Morgan DL. Airway injury in an in vitro human epithelium-fibroblast model of diacetyl vapor exposure: diacetyl-induced basal/suprabasal spongiosis. Inhal Toxicol 2018; 29:310-321. [PMID: 28984536 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2017.1369604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation exposure to diacetyl (DA) is associated with obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) in workers and induces OB-like fibrotic airway lesions in rats. The pathogenesis of OB is poorly understood in part due to complex interactions between airway epithelial, mesenchymal and blood-derived inflammatory cells. DA-induced airway toxicity in the absence of recruited-inflammatory/immune cells was characterized using an air-liquid interface (ALI) model consisting of human airway epithelium with (Epi/FT) and without (Epi) a mesenchymal component. ALI cultures were exposed to 25 mM DA-derived vapors (using vapor cups) for 1 h on day 0, 2 and 4. In some experiments, the tissues were exposed to 2,3-hexanedione (Hex) which is structurally-similar, but much less fibrogenic than DA. Lactate dehydrogenase activity and day 6 histopathologic changes associated with epithelial injury, including basal/suprabasal spongiosis, were increased following exposure of Epi/FT tissues to DA but not control or Hex vapors. IL-1a, IL-6, IL-8, sIL-1Ra, TGFa, MCP-3 and TNFa proteins were increased following DA exposure of Epi/FT tissues; only IL-1a, IL-8, sIL-1Ra and TGFa were increased following exposure of Epi tissues. MMP-1, MMP-3 and TIMP-1 proteins were increased following DA exposure of Epi/FT tissues; whereas MMP-2, MMP-7 and TIMP-2 were decreased, and production was largely dependent upon the presence of sub-epithelial stromal matrix/fibroblasts. Hex-induced protein changes were minimal. This in vitro study demonstrated that exposure of human airways to DA vapors induced epithelial injury (with the histopathologic feature of basal/suprabasal spongiosis) and increased release of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokines/chemokines as well as MMPs/TIMPs in the absence of recruited-inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Gwinn
- a NTP Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP) , National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Gordon P Flake
- b Cell and Molecular Pathology Branch, DNTP, NIEHS , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Ronald W Bousquet
- c Alion Science and Technology Corporation , Research Triangle Park, Durham , NC , USA
| | - Genie J Taylor
- c Alion Science and Technology Corporation , Research Triangle Park, Durham , NC , USA
| | - Daniel L Morgan
- a NTP Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP) , National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) , Durham , NC , USA
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Brass DM, Palmer SM. Models of toxicity of diacetyl and alternative diones. Toxicology 2017; 388:15-20. [PMID: 28232124 PMCID: PMC5540796 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diacetyl (DA; 2,3-butanedione), with the chemical formula (CH3CO)2 is a volatile organic compound with a deep yellow color and a strong buttery flavor and aroma. These properties have made DA a particularly useful and common food flavoring ingredient. However, because of this increased occupational use, workers can be exposed to high vapor concentrations in the workplace. Despite being listed by the USFDA to be 'generally regarded as safe' (GRAS), multiple lines of evidence suggest that exposure to high concentrations of DA vapor causes long-term impairments in lung function with lung function testing indicating evidence of either restrictive or obstructive airway narrowing in affected individuals. A growing number of pre-clinical studies have now addressed the short and long-term toxicity associated with DA exposure providing further insight into the toxicity of DA and related diones. This review summarizes these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Brass
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Scott M Palmer
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Foster MW, Gwinn WM, Kelly FL, Brass DM, Valente AM, Moseley MA, Thompson JW, Morgan DL, Palmer SM. Proteomic Analysis of Primary Human Airway Epithelial Cells Exposed to the Respiratory Toxicant Diacetyl. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:538-549. [PMID: 27966365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Occupational exposures to the diketone flavoring agent, diacetyl, have been associated with bronchiolitis obliterans, a rare condition of airway fibrosis. Model studies in rodents have suggested that the airway epithelium is a major site of diacetyl toxicity, but the effects of diacetyl exposure upon the human airway epithelium are poorly characterized. Here we performed quantitative LC-MS/MS-based proteomics to study the effects of repeated diacetyl vapor exposures on 3D organotypic cultures of human primary tracheobronchial epithelial cells. Using a label-free approach, we quantified approximately 3400 proteins and 5700 phosphopeptides in cell lysates across four independent donors. Altered expression of proteins and phosphopeptides were suggestive of loss of cilia and increased squamous differentiation in diacetyl-exposed cells. These phenomena were confirmed by immunofluorescence staining of culture cross sections. Hyperphosphorylation and cross-linking of basal cell keratins were also observed in diacetyl-treated cells, and we used parallel reaction monitoring to confidently localize and quantify previously uncharacterized sites of phosphorylation in keratin 6. Collectively, these data identify numerous molecular changes in the epithelium that may be important to the pathogenesis of flavoring-induced bronchiolitis obliterans. More generally, this study highlights the utility of quantitative proteomics for the study of in vitro models of airway injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William M Gwinn
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel L Morgan
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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Kreiss K. Recognizing occupational effects of diacetyl: What can we learn from this history? Toxicology 2016; 388:48-54. [PMID: 27326900 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
For half of the 30-odd years that diacetyl-exposed workers have developed disabling lung disease, obliterative bronchiolitis was unrecognized as an occupational risk. Delays in its recognition as an occupational lung disease are attributable to the absence of a work-related temporal pattern of symptoms; failure to recognize clusters of cases; complexity of exposure environments; and absence of epidemiologic characterization of workforces giving rise to case clusters. Few physicians are familiar with this rare disease, and motivation to investigate the unknown requires familiarity with what is known and what is anomalous. In pursuit of the previously undescribed risk, investigators benefited greatly from multi-disciplinary collaboration, in this case including physicians, epidemiologists, environmental scientists, toxicologists, industry representatives, and worker advocates. In the 15 years since obliterative bronchiolitis was described in microwave popcorn workers, α-dicarbonyl-related lung disease has been found in flavoring manufacturing workers, other food production workers, diacetyl manufacturing workers, and coffee production workers, alongside case reports in other industries. Within the field of occupational health, impacts include new ventures in public health surveillance, attention to spirometry quality for serial measurements, identifying other indolent causes of obliterative bronchiolitis apart from accidental over-exposures, and broadening the spectrum of diagnostic abnormalities in the disease. Within toxicology, impacts include new attention to appropriate animal models of obliterative bronchiolitis, pertinence of computational fluid dynamic-physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling, and contributions to mechanistic understanding of respiratory epithelial necrosis, airway fibrosis, and central nervous system effects. In these continuing efforts, collaboration between laboratory scientists, clinicians, occupational public health practitioners in government and industry, and employers remains critical for improving the health of workers inhaling volatile α-dicarbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Kreiss
- Division of Respiratory Health, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown WV, United States.
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Dong M, Wang X, Zhao HL, Chen XL, Yuan JH, Guo JY, Li KQ, Li G. Integrated analysis of transcription factor, microRNA and LncRNA in an animal model of obliterative bronchiolitis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:7050-7058. [PMID: 26261598 PMCID: PMC4525932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) is characterized by sub-epithelial inflammatory and fibrotic narrowing of the bronchioles, and it is the predominant factor limiting long-term survival after lung transplantation. To explore molecular mechanism of OB, we investigated the interaction of transcription factor (TF), microRNA, long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), and gene expression in the mice model of OB by integrated analysis of TF array, miRNA microarray, and lncRNA and mRNA microarray. After 28 days of orthotopic tracheal transplantation in mice, 42 TFs were significantly up-regulated in allogeneic graft compared to syngeneic graft; 62 miRNAs including miR-376-5p were up-regulated and 17 miRNAs including miR-338-3p were down-regulated over 2-fold; 137 mRNAs were down-regulated and 129 mRNAs were up-regulated over 2-fold; 234 lncRNAs were up-regulated and 212 lncRNAs were down-regulated over 2-fold in the allogeneic model compared to that in the syngeneic control group. We further analyzed potential interaction between TFs, miRNAs, lncRNAs and target genes by different algorithms. Four differentially expressed TFs (Myc/Max, FOXO1, FOXM1, and SMAD) were predicted to regulate 3 different miRNAs, 17 mRNAs, and 16 lncRNAs. These findings suggest that modulation of altered transcription factors such as Myc/Max and FOXO1, and miRNAs such as miR-376-5p and miR-338-3p may become a preventive or therapeutic targets in the chronic lung allograft dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Dong
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalChina
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tianjin Children’s HospitalChina
| | - Hong-Lin Zhao
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalChina
| | | | - Jing-Hua Yuan
- Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical UniversityChina
| | - Jiu-Yi Guo
- School of Food Engineering and Biological Technology, Tianjin University of Science & TechnologyChina
| | - Ke-Qiu Li
- Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical UniversityChina
| | - Guang Li
- Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical UniversityChina
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