1
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Chen X, Shi C, He M, Xiong S, Xia X. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: molecular mechanism and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:352. [PMID: 37709773 PMCID: PMC10502142 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01570-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions as a quality-control organelle for protein homeostasis, or "proteostasis". The protein quality control systems involve ER-associated degradation, protein chaperons, and autophagy. ER stress is activated when proteostasis is broken with an accumulation of misfolded and unfolded proteins in the ER. ER stress activates an adaptive unfolded protein response to restore proteostasis by initiating protein kinase R-like ER kinase, activating transcription factor 6, and inositol requiring enzyme 1. ER stress is multifaceted, and acts on aspects at the epigenetic level, including transcription and protein processing. Accumulated data indicates its key role in protein homeostasis and other diverse functions involved in various ocular diseases, such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, achromatopsia, cataracts, ocular tumors, ocular surface diseases, and myopia. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms underlying the aforementioned ocular diseases from an ER stress perspective. Drugs (chemicals, neurotrophic factors, and nanoparticles), gene therapy, and stem cell therapy are used to treat ocular diseases by alleviating ER stress. We delineate the advancement of therapy targeting ER stress to provide new treatment strategies for ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyi Chen
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chaoran Shi
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Meihui He
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Siqi Xiong
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Xiaobo Xia
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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2
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Kumar P, Mehta D, Bissler JJ. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Extracellular Vesicles. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1178. [PMID: 37759578 PMCID: PMC10525702 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid membrane bound-cell-derived structures that are a key player in intercellular communication and facilitate numerous cellular functions such as tumor growth, metastasis, immunosuppression, and angiogenesis. They can be used as a drug delivery platform because they can protect drugs from degradation and target specific cells or tissues. With the advancement in the technologies and methods in EV research, EV-therapeutics are one of the fast-growing domains in the human health sector. Therapeutic translation of EVs in clinics requires assessing the quality, safety, and efficacy of the EVs, in which pharmacokinetics is very crucial. We report here the application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling as a principal tool for the prediction of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of EVs. To create a PBPK model of EVs, researchers would need to gather data on the size, shape, and composition of the EVs, as well as the physiological processes that affect their behavior in the body. The PBPK model would then be used to predict the pharmacokinetics of drugs delivered via EVs, such as the rate at which the drug is absorbed and distributed throughout the body, the rate at which it is metabolized and eliminated, and the maximum concentration of the drug in the body. This information can be used to optimize the design of EV-based drug delivery systems, including the size and composition of the EVs, the route of administration, and the dose of the drug. There has not been any dedicated review article that describes the PBPK modeling of EV. This review provides an overview of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) phenomena of EVs. In addition, we will briefly describe the different computer-based modeling approaches that may help in the future of EV-based therapeutic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA;
| | - Darshan Mehta
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA;
| | - John J. Bissler
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatrics Nephrology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA;
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3
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Chang MS, Jun I, Kim EK. Mini-Review: Clinical Features and Management of Granular Corneal Dystrophy Type 2. KOREAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2023; 37:340-347. [PMID: 37336511 PMCID: PMC10427907 DOI: 10.3341/kjo.2023.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Granular corneal dystrophy type 2 (GCD2) is an autosomal dominant corneal stromal dystrophy that is caused by p.Arg124His mutation of transforming growth factor β induced (TGFBI) gene. It is characterized by well demarcated granular shaped opacities in central anterior stroma and as the disease progresses, extrusion of the deposits results in ocular pain due to corneal epithelial erosion. Also, diffuse corneal haze which appears late, causes decrease in visual acuity. The prevalence of GCD2 is high in East Asia including Korea. Homozygous patients show a severe phenotype from an early age, and the heterozygote phenotype varies among patients, depending on several types of compound heterozygous TGFBI mutations. In the initial stage, conservative treatments such as artificial tears, antibiotic eye drops, and bandage contact lenses are used to treat corneal erosion. Different surgical methods are used depending on the depth and extent of the stromal deposits. Phototherapeutic keratectomy removes anterior opacities and is advantageous in terms of its applicability and repeatability. For deeper lesions, deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty can be used as the endothelial layer is not always affected. Recurrence following these treatments are reported within a wide range of rates in different studies due to varying definition of recurrence and follow-up period. In patients who have undergone corneal laser vision-correction surgeries such as photorefractive keratectomy, LASEK, or LASIK including SMILE surgery, corneal opacity exacerbates rapidly with severe deterioration of visual acuity. Further investigations on new treatments of GCD2 are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Soo Chang
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Ikhyun Jun
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
- Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Eung Kweon Kim
- Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
- Saevit Eye Hospital, Goyang,
Korea
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4
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Yan H, Forward S, Kim KH, Wu Y, Hui J, Kashiparekh A, Yun SH. All-natural-molecule, bioluminescent photodynamic therapy results in complete tumor regression and prevents metastasis. Biomaterials 2023; 296:122079. [PMID: 36889146 PMCID: PMC10085841 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Self-luminescent photodynamic therapy (PDT) has gained attention owing to its potential to enable effective phototherapy without the bottleneck of shallow light penetration into tissues. However, the biosafety concerns and low cytotoxic effect of self-luminescent reagents in vivo have been problems. Here, we demonstrate efficacious bioluminescence (BL)-PDT by using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) conjugates of a clinically approved photosensitizer, Chlorin e6, and a luciferase, Renilla reniformis; both derived from biocompatible, natural molecules. With over 80% biophoton utilization efficiency and membrane-fusion liposome-assisted intracellular delivery, these conjugates produce effective, targeted cancer cell killing. Specifically, in an orthotopic mouse model of 4T1 triple-negative breast cancer, BL-PDT showed strong therapeutic effects on large primary tumors and a neoadjuvant outcome in invasive tumors. Furthermore, BL-PDT resulted in complete tumor remission and prevention of metastasis for early-stage tumors. Our results demonstrate the promise of molecularly-activated, clinically viable, depth-unlimited phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yan
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St., UP-5, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sarah Forward
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St., UP-5, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kwon-Hyeon Kim
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St., UP-5, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yue Wu
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St., UP-5, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jie Hui
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St., UP-5, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Anokhi Kashiparekh
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St., UP-5, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Seok-Hyun Yun
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St., UP-5, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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5
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Reduced OPA1, Mitochondrial Fragmentation and Increased Susceptibility to Apoptosis in Granular Corneal Dystrophy Type 2 Corneal Fibroblasts. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030566. [PMID: 36980838 PMCID: PMC10048436 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive degeneration of granular corneal dystrophy type 2 (GCD2) corneal fibroblasts is associated with altered mitochondrial function, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. We investigated whether an imbalance of mitochondrial dynamics contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction of GCD2 corneal fibroblasts. Transmission electron microscopy revealed several small, structurally abnormal mitochondria with altered cristae morphology in GCD2 corneal fibroblasts. Confocal microscopy showed enhanced mitochondrial fission and fragmented mitochondrial tubular networks. Western blotting revealed higher levels of MFN1, MFN2, and pDRP1 and decreased levels of OPA1 and FIS1 in GCD2. OPA1 reduction by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) resulted in fragmented mitochondrial tubular networks and increased susceptibility to mitochondrial stress-induced apoptosis. A decrease in the mitochondrial biogenesis-related transcription factors NRF1 and PGC1α was observed, while there was an increase in the mitochondrial membrane proteins TOM20 and TIM23. Additionally, reduced levels of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were exhibited in GCD2 corneal fibroblasts. These observations suggest that altered mitochondrial fission/fusion and biogenesis are the critical molecular mechanisms that cause mitochondrial dysfunction contributing to the degeneration of GCD2 corneal fibroblasts.
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6
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Ravula V, Muripiti V, Manthurthi S, Patri SV. α‐Tocopherol‐Conjugated, Open Chain Sugar‐Mimicking Cationic Lipids: Design, Synthesis and In–Vitro Gene Transfection Properties. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Ravula
- National Institute of Technology Warangal Telangana 506004 India
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7
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Sheth V, Wang L, Bhattacharya R, Mukherjee P, Wilhelm S. Strategies for Delivering Nanoparticles across Tumor Blood Vessels. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2021; 31:2007363. [PMID: 37197212 PMCID: PMC10187772 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202007363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle transport across tumor blood vessels is a key step in nanoparticle delivery to solid tumors. However, the specific pathways and mechanisms of this nanoparticle delivery process are not fully understood. Here, the biological and physical characteristics of the tumor vasculature and the tumor microenvironment are explored and how these features affect nanoparticle transport across tumor blood vessels is discussed. The biological and physical methods to deliver nanoparticles into tumors are reviewed and paracellular and transcellular nanoparticle transport pathways are explored. Understanding the underlying pathways and mechanisms of nanoparticle tumor delivery will inform the engineering of safer and more effective nanomedicines for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinit Sheth
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, 173 Felgar St, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, 173 Felgar St, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Resham Bhattacharya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, 800 NE 10th St, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Priyabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology, Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, 800 NE 10th St, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Stefan Wilhelm
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, 173 Felgar St, Norman, OK 73019, USA
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8
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Plasencia-Muñoz B, Avelar-González FJ, De la Garza M, Jacques M, Moreno-Flores A, Guerrero-Barrera AL. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Interaction With Swine Endothelial Cells. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:569370. [PMID: 33195549 PMCID: PMC7658479 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.569370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia is a swine (host) specific respiratory pathogen and the etiological agent of swine pleuropneumonia which affects pigs of all ages, many being asymptomatic carriers. This pathogen has high morbidity and mortality rates which generates large economic losses for the pig industry. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is a widely studied bacterium, however its pathogenesis is not yet fully understood. The prevalence of the 18 serotypes of A. pleuropneumoniae varies by geographic region, in North American area, more specifically in Mexico, serotypes 1, 3, 5b, and 7 show higher prevalence. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is described as a strict extracellular pathogen with tropism for lower respiratory tract. However, this study depicts the ability of these serotypes to adhere to non-phagocytic cells, using an endothelial cell model, as well as their ability to internalize them, proposing it could be considered as an intracellular pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Plasencia-Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Francisco J Avelar-González
- Laboratorio de Estudios Ambientales, Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Mireya De la Garza
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mario Jacques
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Adriana Moreno-Flores
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Alma L Guerrero-Barrera
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
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9
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Fessel J. Caveolae, CD109, and endothelial cells as targets for treating Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2020; 6:e12066. [PMID: 32995471 PMCID: PMC7506987 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Reduced functionality of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a major pathogenetic component of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The reduction is caused by an ≈50% decrease in the AD brain of the TGF-β receptor, TGFBR, causing a bottleneck effect that reduces the downstream actions of TGF-β, which is highly disadvantageous for brain function. Degradation of TGFBR occurs in caveolae with participation by caveolin-1 (Cav-1) and CD109. Mechanisms for this are discussed. In the cerebral microcirculation, endothelial cells (which are rich in caveolae) carry CD109 as a surface marker that co-precipitates with Cav-1. Atorvastatin reduced Cav-1 by 75% and, because Cav-1 and CD109 co-immunoprecipitate reciprocally, atorvastatin would also reduce the level of CD109. Administration of atorvastatin as a component of combination therapy would diminish the degradation of TGFBR and thereby benefit patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Fessel
- Department of Medicine University of California School of Medicine San Francisco California USA
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10
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Choi SI, Woo JH, Kim EK. Lysosomal dysfunction of corneal fibroblasts underlies the pathogenesis of Granular Corneal Dystrophy Type 2 and can be rescued by TFEB. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:10343-10355. [PMID: 32667742 PMCID: PMC7521267 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Granular corneal dystrophy type 2 (GCD2) is the most common form of transforming growth factor β‐induced (TGFBI) gene‐linked corneal dystrophy and is pathologically characterized by the corneal deposition of mutant‐TGFBIp. The defective autophagic degradation of pathogenic mutant‐TGFBIp has been shown in GCD2; however, its exact mechanisms are unknown. To address this, we investigated lysosomal functions using corneal fibroblasts. Levels of cathepsins K and L (CTSK and CTSL) were significantly decreased in GCD2 cells, but of cathepsins B and D (CTSB and CTSD) did not change. The maturation of the pro‐enzymes to their active forms (CTSB, CTSK and CTSL) was inhibited in GCD2 cells. CTSL enzymes directly degraded both LC3 (autophagosomes marker) and mutant‐TGFBIp. Exogenous CTSL expression dramatically reduced mutant‐TGFBIp in GCD2 cells, but not TGFBIp in WT cells. An increased lysosomal pH and clustered lysosomal perinuclear position were found in GCD2 cells. Transcription factor EB (TFEB) levels were significantly reduced in GCD2 cells, compared to WT. Notably, exogenous TFEB expression improved mutant‐TGFBIp clearance and lysosomal abnormalities in GCD2 cells. Taken together, lysosomal dysfunction in the corneal fibroblasts underlies the pathogenesis of GCD2, and TFEB has a therapeutic potential in the treatment of GCD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Il Choi
- Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Woo
- Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eung Kweon Kim
- Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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11
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Hong SJ, Ahn MH, Sangshetti J, Arote RB. Sugar alcohol-based polymeric gene carriers: Synthesis, properties and gene therapy applications. Acta Biomater 2019; 97:105-115. [PMID: 31326667 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the field of nanomedicine have led to the development of various gene carriers with desirable cellular responses. However, unfavorable stability and physicochemical properties have hindered their applications in vivo. Therefore, multifunctional, smart nanocarriers with unique properties to overcome such drawbacks are needed. Among them, sugar alcohol-based nanoparticle with abundant surface chemistry, numerous hydroxyl groups, acceptable biocompatibility and biodegradable property are considered as the recent additions to the growing list of non-viral vectors. In this review, we present some of the major advances in our laboratory in developing sugar-based polymers as non-viral gene delivery vectors to treat various diseases. We also discuss some of the open questions in this field. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Recently, the development of sugar alcohol-based polymers conjugated with polyethylenimine (PEI) has attracted tremendous interest as gene delivery vectors. First, the natural backbone of polymers with their numerous hydroxyl groups display a wide range of hyperosmotic properties and can thereby enhance the cellular uptake of genetic materials via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Second, conjugation of a PEI backbone with sugar alcohols via Michael addition contributes to buffering capacity and thereby the proton sponge effect. Last, sugar alcohol based gene delivery systems improves therapeutic efficacy both in vitro and in vivo.
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12
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Wu Z, Huang C, Xu C, Xie L, Liang JJ, Liu L, Pang CP, Ng TK, Zhang M. Caveolin-1 regulates human trabecular meshwork cell adhesion, endocytosis, and autophagy. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:13382-13391. [PMID: 30916825 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Impaired trabecular meshwork (TM) outflow is implicated in the pathogenesis of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). We previously identified the association of a caveolin-1 (CAV1) variant with POAG by genome-wide association study. Here we report a study of CAV1 knockout (KO) effect on human TM cell properties. We generated human CAV1-KO TM cells by CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and we found that the CAV1-KO TM cells less adhered to the surface coating than the wildtype TM cells by 69.34% ( P < 0.05), but showed no difference in apoptosis. Higher endocytosis ability of dextran and transferrin was also observed in the CAV1-KO TM cells (4.37 and 1.89-fold respectively, P < 0.001), compared to the wildtype TM cells. Moreover, the CAV1-KO TM cells had higher expression of extracellular matrix-degrading enzyme genes ( ADMTS13 and MMP14) as well as autophagy-related genes ( ATG7 and BECN1) and protein (LC3B-II) than the wildtype TM cells. In summary, results from this study showed that the CAV1-KO TM cells have reduced adhesion with higher extracellular matrix-degrading enzyme expression, but increased endocytosis and autophagy activities, indicating that CAV1 could be involved in the regulation of adhesion, endocytosis, and autophagy in human TM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenggen Wu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chukai Huang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ciyan Xu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lijing Xie
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia-Jian Liang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lifang Liu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tsz Kin Ng
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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13
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Kim EK, Kim S, Maeng YS. Generation of TGFBI knockout ABCG2+/ABCB5+ double-positive limbal epithelial stem cells by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211864. [PMID: 30753226 PMCID: PMC6372159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal dystrophy is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations of the transforming growth factor β-induced (TGFBI) gene on chromosome 5q31.8. This disease is therefore ideally suited for gene therapy using genome-editing technology. Here, we isolated human limbal epithelial stem cells (ABCG2+/ABCB5+ double-positive LESCs) and established a TGFBI knockout using RNA-guided clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 genome editing. An LESC clone generated with a single-guide RNA (sgRNA) targeting exon 4 of the TGFBI gene was sequenced in order to identify potential genomic insertions and deletions near the Cas9/sgRNA-target sites. A detailed analysis of the differences between wild type LESCs and the single LESC clone modified by the TGFBI-targeting sgRNA revealed two distinct mutations, an 8 bp deletion and a 14 bp deletion flanked by a single point mutation. These mutations each lead to a frameshift missense mutation and generate premature stop codons downstream in exon 4. To validate the TGFBI knockout LESC clone, we used single cell culture to isolate four individual sub-clones, each of which was found to possess both mutations present in the parent clone, indicating that the population is homogenous. Furthermore, we confirmed that TGFBI protein expression is abolished in the TGFBI knockout LESC clone using western blot analysis. Collectively, our results suggest that genome editing of TGFBI in LESCs by CRISPR/Cas9 may be useful strategy to treat corneal dystrophy.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/genetics
- CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics
- Corneal Dystrophies, Hereditary/genetics
- Corneal Dystrophies, Hereditary/pathology
- Corneal Dystrophies, Hereditary/therapy
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Extremities/growth & development
- Extremities/pathology
- Gene Editing
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Gene Knockout Techniques
- Genetic Therapy
- Humans
- Primary Cell Culture
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics
- Sequence Deletion/genetics
- Single-Cell Analysis
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Eung Kweon Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Vision Research, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seunghyuk Kim
- Institute of Vision Research, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Sun Maeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Women’s Life Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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14
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Seifert GJ. Fascinating Fasciclins: A Surprisingly Widespread Family of Proteins that Mediate Interactions between the Cell Exterior and the Cell Surface. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1628. [PMID: 29857505 PMCID: PMC6032426 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fasciclin 1 (FAS1) domain is an ancient structural motif in extracellular proteins present in all kingdoms of life and particularly abundant in plants. The FAS1 domain accommodates multiple interaction surfaces, enabling it to bind different ligands. The frequently observed tandem FAS1 arrangement might both positively and negatively regulate ligand binding. Additional protein domains and post-translational modifications are partially conserved between different evolutionary clades. Human FAS1 family members are associated with multiple aspects of health and disease. At the cellular level, mammalian FAS1 proteins are implicated in extracellular matrix structure, cell to extracellular matrix and cell to cell adhesion, paracrine signaling, intracellular trafficking and endocytosis. Mammalian FAS1 proteins bind to the integrin family of receptors and to protein and carbohydrate components of the extracellular matrix. FAS1 protein encoding plant genes exert effects on cellulosic and non-cellulosic cell wall structure and cellular signaling but to establish the modes of action for any plant FAS1 protein still requires biochemical experimentation. In fungi, eubacteria and archaea, the differential presence of FAS1 proteins in closely related organisms and isolated biochemical data suggest functions in pathogenicity and symbiosis. The inter-kingdom comparison of FAS1 proteins suggests that molecular mechanisms mediating interactions between cells and their environment may have evolved at the earliest known stages of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg J Seifert
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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15
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Association Between Visual Acuity and the Corneal Area Occupied by Granular Lesions, Linear Lesions, or Diffuse Haze in Patients With Granular Corneal Dystrophy Type 2. Cornea 2018; 37:542-547. [PMID: 29443809 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000001540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In granular corneal dystrophy type 2 (GCD2), corneal deposits containing fragments of transforming growth factor-β-induced protein appear in sequence as granular lesions (GLs), linear lesions (LLs), and diffuse haze (DH). We aimed to investigate the association between visual acuity and age-related changes in lesion types in patients with GCD2. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated the medical records and slit-lamp photographs of 533 patients (1066 eyes) with genetically confirmed GCD2 (heterozygous). Deposits were classified into GLs, LLs, and DH, after which the area occupied by each lesion type was measured. The associations between visual acuity and each lesion area were also evaluated using univariable and multivariable models. RESULTS The area occupied by GLs increased beginning in the teen years, whereas the area occupied by DH began to increase after age 40. However, the area occupied by LLs increased until patients had reached their 40s, after which no further increases occurred. Multivariable analyses revealed no association between GLs and low visual acuity after adjusting for age and sex. Increases in the LL area were associated with lower odds for low visual acuity (adjusted odds ratio = 0.4 for the third tertile, 95% confidence interval, 0.2-0.97), whereas increases in the DH area were positively associated with low visual acuity (adjusted odds ratio = 3.3 for the third tertile of the DH area, 95% confidence interval, 1.3-8.3). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that LLs associated with GCD2 do not produce significant decreases in visual acuity, whereas DH exerts the most significant negative impact on visual acuity. Late-onset DH may be associated with the termination of LL formation.
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16
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Choi SI, Lee E, Akuzum B, Jeong JB, Maeng YS, Kim TI, Kim EK. Melatonin reduces endoplasmic reticulum stress and corneal dystrophy-associated TGFBIp through activation of endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation. J Pineal Res 2017; 63. [PMID: 28580641 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is emerging as a factor for the pathogenesis of granular corneal dystrophy type 2 (GCD2). This study was designed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of melatonin on ER stress in GCD2. Our results showed that GCD2 corneal fibroblasts were more susceptible to ER stress-induced death than were wild-type cells. Melatonin significantly inhibited GCD2 corneal cell death, caspase-3 activation, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 cleavage caused by the ER stress inducer, tunicamycin. Under ER stress, melatonin significantly suppressed the induction of immunoglobulin heavy-chain-binding protein (BiP) and activation of inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), and their downstream target, alternative splicing of X-box binding protein 1(XBP1). Notably, the reduction in BiP and IRE1α by melatonin was suppressed by the ubiquitin-proteasome inhibitor, MG132, but not by the autophagy inhibitor, bafilomycin A1, indicating involvement of the ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) system. Melatonin treatment reduced the levels of transforming growth factor-β-induced protein (TGFBIp) significantly, and this reduction was suppressed by MG132. We also found reduced mRNA expression of the ERAD system components HRD1 and SEL1L, and a reduced level of SEL1L protein in GCD2 cells. Interestingly, melatonin treatments enhanced SEL1L levels and suppressed the inhibition of SEL1L N-glycosylation caused by tunicamycin. In conclusion, this study provides new insights into the mechanisms by which melatonin confers its protective actions during ER stress. The results also indicate that melatonin might have potential as a therapeutic agent for ER stress-related diseases including GCD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Il Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunhee Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Begum Akuzum
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jang Bin Jeong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Sun Maeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Im Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Vision Research, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eung Kweon Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Vision Research, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Santarino IB, Viegas MS, Domingues NS, Ribeiro AM, Soares MP, Vieira OV. Involvement of the p62/NRF2 signal transduction pathway on erythrophagocytosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5812. [PMID: 28724916 PMCID: PMC5517431 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythrophagocytosis, the phagocytic removal of damaged red blood cells (RBC), and subsequent phagolysosome biogenesis are important processes in iron/heme metabolism and homeostasis. Phagolysosome biogenesis implies the interaction of nascent phagosomes with endocytic compartments and also autophagy effectors. Here, we report that besides recruitment of microtubule-associated protein-1-light chain 3 (LC3), additional autophagy machinery such as sequestosome 1 (p62) is also acquired by single-membrane phagosomes at very early stages of the phagocytic process and that its acquisition is very important to the outcome of the process. In bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) silenced for p62, RBC degradation is inhibited. P62, is also required for nuclear translocation and activation of the transcription factor Nuclear factor E2-related Factor 2 (NRF2) during erythrophagocytosis. Deletion of the Nrf2 allele reduces p62 expression and compromises RBC degradation. In conclusion, we reveal that erythrophagocytosis relies on an interplay between p62 and NRF2, potentially acting as protective mechanism to maintain reactive oxygen species at basal levels and preserve macrophage homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês B Santarino
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Michelle S Viegas
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Neuza S Domingues
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana M Ribeiro
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Miguel P Soares
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Otília V Vieira
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal.
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18
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VAN ELSLAND D, BOS E, PAWLAK J, OVERKLEEFT H, KOSTER A, VAN KASTEREN S. Correlative light and electron microscopy reveals discrepancy between gold and fluorescence labelling. J Microsc 2017; 267:309-317. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D.M. VAN ELSLAND
- Division of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories; Leiden University; Leiden The Netherlands
- Institute for Chemical Immunology, Gorlaeus Laboratories; Leiden University; Leiden The Netherlands
| | - E. BOS
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Section Electron Microscopy; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden The Netherlands
| | - J.B. PAWLAK
- Division of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories; Leiden University; Leiden The Netherlands
- Institute for Chemical Immunology, Gorlaeus Laboratories; Leiden University; Leiden The Netherlands
| | - H.S. OVERKLEEFT
- Division of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories; Leiden University; Leiden The Netherlands
- Institute for Chemical Immunology, Gorlaeus Laboratories; Leiden University; Leiden The Netherlands
| | - A.J. KOSTER
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Section Electron Microscopy; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden The Netherlands
| | - S.I. VAN KASTEREN
- Division of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories; Leiden University; Leiden The Netherlands
- Institute for Chemical Immunology, Gorlaeus Laboratories; Leiden University; Leiden The Netherlands
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19
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Deshpande S, Singh N. Influence of Cubosome Surface Architecture on Its Cellular Uptake Mechanism. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:3509-3516. [PMID: 28325047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of nanoparticles with biological systems is a key factor influencing their efficacy as a drug delivery vehicle. The inconsistency in defining the optimal design parameters across different nanoparticle types suggests that information gained from one model system need not apply to other systems. Therefore, selection of a versatile model system is critical for such studies. Cubosomes are one of the potential drug delivery vehicles due to their biocompatibility, stability, ability to carry hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and amphiphilic drugs, and ease of surface modification. Here we report the importance of surface architecture of cubosomes by comparing their cellular uptake mechanism with poly-ε-lysine (PεL)-coated cubosomes. Uncoated cubosomes entered cells by an energy-independent, cholesterol-dependent mechanism, whereas PεL-coated cubosomes relied on energy-dependent mechanisms to enter the endosomes. As endosomal entrapment was evaded by uncoated cubosomes, they can be preferably used for cytosolic delivery of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Deshpande
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi , Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Neetu Singh
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi , Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India
- Biomedical Engineering Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , Ansari Nagar, New Delhi-110029, India
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20
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Maeng YS, Lee GH, Lee B, Choi SI, Kim TI, Kim EK. Role of TGFBIp in Wound Healing and Mucin Expression in Corneal Epithelial Cells. Yonsei Med J 2017; 58:423-431. [PMID: 28120575 PMCID: PMC5290024 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2017.58.2.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Transforming growth factor-β-induced protein (TGFBIp) is highly expressed in the cornea, and mutant TGFBIp induces corneal diseases. However, the function of TGFBIp in cornea epithelium is not fully investigated. Here, we tested the importance of TGFBIp in regulation of gene expression and corneal epithelial cell (CEC) activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of TGFBIp on CEC activity was analyzed by cell migration, adhesion, proliferation and wound healing assay. Analysis of gene expression was examined by western blot and quantitative reverse transcription PCR. RESULTS The results demonstrated that TGFBIp increased adhesion, migration, proliferation, and wound healing of CECs. Analysis of gene expression presented that TGFBIp-stimulated CECs exhibited increased expression of mucin family genes, such as MUC1, -4, -5AC, and -16. Furthermore, TGFBIp treatment increased the expression of MUC1, -4, -5AC, -7, and -16 in conjunctival epithelial cells. TGFBIp also increased the activity of intracellular signaling molecules ERK and AKT in CECs. Using pharmacologic inhibitors of ERK and AKT, we showed that the expression of mucin genes by TGFBIp is mediated by the activation of ERK and AKT signaling. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that the locally generated TGFBIp in the cornea may contribute to wound healing of CECs by enhancing the migration, adhesion, and proliferation of CECs. In addition, our results suggest that TGFBIp has a protective effect on ocular surfaces by inducing the expression of mucin genes in corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells. These data suggest that TGFBIp is a useful therapeutic target for patients with corneal wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Sun Maeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ga Hyun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Boram Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Il Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Im Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eung Kweon Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Vision Research, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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21
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Serita S, Tomokiyo A, Hasegawa D, Hamano S, Sugii H, Yoshida S, Mizumachi H, Mitarai H, Monnouchi S, Wada N, Maeda H. Transforming growth factor-β-induced gene product-h3 inhibits odontoblastic differentiation of dental pulp cells. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 78:135-143. [PMID: 28292713 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate transforming growth factor-β-induced gene product-h3 (βig-h3) expression in dental pulp tissue and its effects on odontoblastic differentiation of dental pulp cells (DPCs). DESIGN A rat direct pulp capping model was prepared using perforated rat upper first molars capped with mineral trioxide aggregate cement. Human DPCs (HDPCs) were isolated from extracted teeth. βig-h3 expression in rat dental pulp tissue and HDPCs was assessed by immunostaining. Mineralization of HDPCs was assessed by Alizarin red-S staining. Odontoblast-related gene expression in HDPCs was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS Expression of βig-h3 was detected in rat dental pulp tissue, and attenuated by direct pulp capping, while expression of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α was increased in exposed pulp tissue. βig-h3 expression was also detected in HDPCs, with reduced expression during odontoblastic differentiation. The above cytokines reduced βig-h3 expression in HDPCs, and promoted their mineralization. Recombinant βig-h3 inhibited the expression of odontoblast-related genes and mineralization of HDPCs, while knockdown of βig-h3 gene expression promoted the expression of odontoblast-related genes in HDPCs. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest that βig-h3 in DPCs may be involved in reparative dentin formation and that its expression is likely to negatively regulate this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Serita
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tomokiyo
- Division of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Daigaku Hasegawa
- Division of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Sayuri Hamano
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hideki Sugii
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Yoshida
- Division of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizumachi
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiromi Mitarai
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Satoshi Monnouchi
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Naohisa Wada
- Division of General Dentistry, Kyushu University Hospital, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Maeda
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Division of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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22
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Wang F, Gao L, Meng LY, Xie JM, Xiong JW, Luo Y. A Neutralized Noncharged Polyethylenimine-Based System for Efficient Delivery of siRNA into Heart without Toxicity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:33529-33538. [PMID: 27960377 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cationic polymers constitute an important class of materials in development of delivery vehicles for nucleic acid-based therapeutics. Among them, polyethylenimine (PEI) has been a classical cationic carrier intensively studied for therapeutic delivery of DNA, RNA, and short RNA molecules to treat diseases. However, the development of PEI for in vivo applications has been hampered by the inherent problems associated with the material, particularly its cytotoxicity and the instability of the nucleic acid complexation systems formed via electrostatic interactions. Here, we demonstrate a strategy to modify PEI polymers via hydrazidation to create neutralized, stable, and multifunctional system for delivering siRNA molecules. Through substitution of the primary amino groups of PEI with neutral hydrazide groups, cross-linked nanoparticles with surface decorated with a model targeting ligands were generated. The neutral cross-linked siRNA nanoparticles not only showed favorable biocompatibility and cell internalization efficiency in vitro but also allowed for significant tissue uptake and gene silencing efficiency in zebrafish heart in vivo. Our study suggests transformation of conventional branched PEI into a neutral polymer that can lead to a new category of nonviral carriers, and the resulting functional delivery systems may be further explored for development of siRNA therapeutics for treating cardiovascular disease/injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, ‡Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, and §School of Life Sciences, Peking University , Beijing, China 100871
| | - Lu Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, ‡Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, and §School of Life Sciences, Peking University , Beijing, China 100871
| | - Liu-Yi Meng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, ‡Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, and §School of Life Sciences, Peking University , Beijing, China 100871
| | - Jing-Ming Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, ‡Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, and §School of Life Sciences, Peking University , Beijing, China 100871
| | - Jing-Wei Xiong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, ‡Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, and §School of Life Sciences, Peking University , Beijing, China 100871
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, ‡Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, and §School of Life Sciences, Peking University , Beijing, China 100871
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Choi SI, Lee E, Jeong JB, Akuzum B, Maeng YS, Kim TI, Kim EK. 4-Phenylbutyric acid reduces mutant-TGFBIp levels and ER stress through activation of ERAD pathway in corneal fibroblasts of granular corneal dystrophy type 2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:841-846. [PMID: 27373828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Granular corneal dystrophy type 2 (GCD2) is caused by a point mutation (R124H) in the transforming growth factor β-induced (TGFBI) gene. In GCD2 corneal fibroblasts, secretion of the accumulated mutant TGFBI-encoded protein (TGFBIp) is delayed via the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi-dependent secretory pathway. However, ER stress as the pathogenic mechanism underlying GCD2 has not been fully characterized. The aim of this study was to confirm whether ER stress is linked to GCD2 pathogenesis and whether the chemical chaperone, 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), could be exploited as a therapy for GCD2. We found that the ER chaperone binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) and the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) were elevated in GCD2. Western bolt analysis also showed a significant increase in both the protein levels and the phosphorylation of the key ER stress kinases, inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) and double stranded RNA activated protein kinase (PKR)-like ER kinase, as well as in levels of their downstream targets, X box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) and activating transcription factor 4, respectively, in GCD2 corneal fibroblasts. GCD2 cells were found to be more susceptible to ER stress-induced cell death than were wild-type corneal fibroblasts. Treatment with 4-PBA considerably reduced the levels of BiP, IRE1α, and XBP1 in GCD2 cells; notably, 4-PBA treatment significantly reduced the levels of TGFBIp without change in TGFBI mRNA levels. In addition, TGFBIp levels were significantly reduced under ER stress and this reduction was considerably suppressed by the ubiquitin proteasome inhibitor MG132, indicating TGFBIp degradation via the ER-associated degradation pathway. Treatment with 4-PBA not only protected against the GCD2 cell death induced by ER stress but also significantly suppressed the MG132-mediated increase in TGFBIp levels under ER stress. Together, these results suggest that ER stress might comprise an important factor in GCD2 pathophysiology and that the effects of 4-PBA treatment might have important implications for the development of GCD2 therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Il Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunhee Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jang Bin Jeong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Begum Akuzum
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Sun Maeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Im Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Vision Research, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eung Kweon Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Vision Research, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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24
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Pathogenesis and treatments of TGFBI corneal dystrophies. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 50:67-88. [PMID: 26612778 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta-induced (TGFBI) corneal dystrophies are a group of inherited progressive corneal diseases. Accumulation of transforming growth factor beta-induced protein (TGFBIp) is involved in the pathogenesis of TGFBI corneal dystrophies; however, the exact molecular mechanisms are not fully elucidated. In this review article, we summarize the current knowledge of TGFBI corneal dystrophies including clinical manifestations, epidemiology, most common and recently reported associated mutations for each disease, and treatment modalities. We review our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of granular corneal dystrophy type 2 (GCD2) and studies of other TGFBI corneal dystrophies. In GCD2 corneal fibroblasts, alterations of morphological characteristics of corneal fibroblasts, increased susceptibility to intracellular oxidative stress, dysfunctional and fragmented mitochondria, defective autophagy, and alterations of cell cycle were observed. Other studies of mutated TGFBIp show changes in conformational structure, stability and proteolytic properties in lattice and granular corneal dystrophies. Future research should be directed toward elucidation of the biochemical mechanism of deposit formation, the relationship between the mutated TGFBIp and the other materials in the extracellular matrix, and the development of gene therapy and pharmaceutical agents.
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Kim EK, Lee H, Choi SI. Molecular Pathogenesis of Corneal Dystrophies: Schnyder Dystrophy and Granular Corneal Dystrophy type 2. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 134:99-115. [PMID: 26310152 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The International Committee for Classification of Corneal Dystrophies (IC3D) provides updated data to ophthalmologists by incorporating traditional definitions of corneal dystrophies with new genetic, clinical, and pathologic information. Recent advances in the genetics of corneal dystrophies facilitate more precise classifications and elucidate each classification's molecular mechanisms. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanisms and underlying pathogenic mechanisms have remained obscure, with the exception of Schnyder corneal dystrophy (CD), granular CD type 2 (GCD2), and Fuch's endothelial CD. Here, we review the pathogenesis of Schnyder CD and GCD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eung Kweon Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vision Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; BK21 Plus Project for Medical Science and Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vision Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Il Choi
- Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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