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Ito E, Yamasaki S. Regulation of MAIT cells through host-derived antigens. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1424987. [PMID: 38979423 PMCID: PMC11228242 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1424987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a major subset of innate-like T cells that function at the interface between innate and acquired immunity. MAIT cells recognize vitamin B2-related metabolites produced by microbes, through semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) and contribute to protective immunity. These foreign-derived antigens are presented by a monomorphic antigen presenting molecule, MHC class I-related molecule 1 (MR1). MR1 contains a malleable ligand-binding pocket, allowing for the recognition of compounds with various structures. However, interactions between MR1 and self-derived antigens are not fully understood. Recently, bile acid metabolites were identified as host-derived ligands for MAIT cells. In this review, we will highlight recent findings regarding the recognition of self-antigens by MAIT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Ito
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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2
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Sun Y, Xu C, Luo J, Li S, Chen S, Cen Y, Xu P. Comprehensive analysis of differential long non-coding RNA and messenger RNA expression in cholelithiasis using high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics. Front Genet 2024; 15:1375019. [PMID: 38808330 PMCID: PMC11130440 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1375019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The etiology of gallstone disease (GSD) has not been fully elucidated. Consequently, the primary objective of this study was to scrutinize and provisionally authenticate the distinctive expression profiles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in GSD. Methods RiboNucleic Acid (RNA) sequencing was used on four paired human gallbladder samples for the purpose of this study. Differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) and mRNAs (DEmRNAs) were identified and subjected to analysis of their biological functions. The Pearson's correlation coefficients between DElncRNAs and DEmRNAs were computed to construct a co-expression network delineating their associations. Furthermore, both cis- and trans-regulatory networks of selected lncRNAs were established and visualized. Additionally, a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network was constructed. To validate the RNA-sequencing data, we performed a Quantitative Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) on 10 paired human gallbladder samples, assessing the expressions of the top 4 DEmRNAs and DElncRNAs in gallstone and control samples. Results A total of 934 DEmRNAs and 304DElncRNAs were successfully identified. Functional enrichment analysis indicated a predominant involvement in metabolic-related biological functions. Correlation analysis revealed a strong association between the expressions of 597 DEmRNAs and 194 DElncRNAs. Subsequently, both a cis-lncRNA-mRNA and a trans-lncRNA-Transcription Factor (TF)-mRNA regulatory network were meticulously constructed. Additionally, a ceRNA network, comprising of 24 DElncRNAs, 201 DEmRNAs, and 120 predicted miRNAs, was established. Furthermore, using RT-qPCR, we observed significant upregulation of AC004692.4, HECW1-IT1, SFRP4, and COMP, while LINC01564, SLC26A3, RP1-27K12.2, and GSTA2 exhibited marked downregulation in gallstone samples. Importantly, these findings were consistent with the sequencing. Conclusion We conducted a screening process to identify DElncRNAs and DEmRNAs in GSD. This approach contributes to a deeper understanding of the genetic factors involved in the etiology of gallstones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Conghui Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Qujing No. 1 People’s Hospital, Qujing, Yunnan, China
| | - Shumin Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yunyun Cen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Pengyuan Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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Wang J, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhou F, Wang S, Chen L, Chen Y, Yu R, Huang L. Synthesis of Methylgenipin and Evaluation of Its Anti-Hepatic Injury Activity. Molecules 2023; 28:4793. [PMID: 37375346 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Genipin has been the focus of research as a multifunctional compound for the treatment of pathogenic diseases. However, hepatotoxicity caused by oral genipin raises concerns about its safety. To obtain novel derivatives with low toxicity and efficacy, we synthesized methylgenipin (MG), a new compound, using structural modification, and investigated the safety of MG administration. The results showed that the LD50 of oral MG was higher than 1000 mg/kg, no mice died or were poisoned during the experiment in the treatment group, and there was no significant difference in biochemical parameters and liver pathological sections compared with the control. Importantly, MG (100 mg/kg/d) treatment for 7 days reduced alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced increases in liver index, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), and total bilirubin (TBIL) levels. Histopathology demonstrated that MG could treat ANIT-induced cholestasis. In addition, using proteomics to investigate the molecular mechanism of MG in the treatment of a liver injury may be related to enhancing antioxidant function. Kit validation showed that ANIT induced an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and a decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) levels, while the MG pretreatments, both of which were significantly reversed to some extent, suggested that MG may alleviate ANIT-induced hepatotoxicity by enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzymes and inhibiting oxidative stress injury. In this study, we demonstrate that the treatment of mice with MG does not cause impaired liver function and provide an investigation of the efficacy of MG against ANIT-induced hepatotoxicity, laying the foundation for the safety evaluation and clinical application of MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Yongwei Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Yaohui Chen
- Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang 330012, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang 330012, China
| | - Shuaikang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Liping Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Yinfang Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Riyue Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Liping Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
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Ye X, Zhang T, Han H. PPARα: A potential therapeutic target of cholestasis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:916866. [PMID: 35924060 PMCID: PMC9342652 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.916866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of bile acids in the liver leads to the development of cholestasis and hepatocyte injury. Nuclear receptors control the synthesis and transport of bile acids in the liver. Among them, the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is the most common receptor studied in treating cholestasis. The activation of this receptor can reduce the amount of bile acid synthesis and decrease the bile acid content in the liver, alleviating cholestasis. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and obeticholic acid (OCA) have a FXR excitatory effect, but the unresponsiveness of some patients and the side effect of pruritus seriously affect the results of UDCA or OCA treatment. The activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) has emerged as a new target for controlling the synthesis and transport of bile acids during cholestasis. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory effect of PPARα can effectively reduce cholestatic liver injury, thereby improving patients’ physiological status. Here, we will focus on the function of PPARα and its involvement in the regulation of bile acid transport and metabolism. In addition, the anti-inflammatory effects of PPARα will be discussed in some detail. Finally, we will discuss the application of PPARα agonists for cholestatic liver disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyin Ye
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Tong Zhang, ; Han Han,
| | - Han Han
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Tong Zhang, ; Han Han,
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van de Wiel SM, Porteiro B, Belt SC, Vogels EW, Bolt I, Vermeulen JL, de Waart DR, Verheij J, Muncan V, Oude Elferink RP, van de Graaf SF. Differential and organ-specific functions of organic solute transporter alpha and beta in experimental cholestasis. JHEP Rep 2022; 4:100463. [PMID: 35462858 PMCID: PMC9019253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Organic solute transporter (OST) subunits OSTα and OSTβ facilitate bile acid efflux from the enterocyte into the portal circulation. Patients with deficiency of OSTα or OSTβ display considerable variation in the level of bile acid malabsorption, chronic diarrhea, and signs of cholestasis. Herein, we generated and characterized a mouse model of OSTβ deficiency. Methods Ostβ-/- mice were generated using CRISR/Cas9 and compared to wild-type and Ostα-/- mice. OSTβ was re-expressed in livers of Ostβ-/- mice using adeno-associated virus serotype 8 vectors. Cholestasis was induced in both models by bile duct ligation (BDL) or 3.5-diethoxycarbonyl-1.4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) feeding. Results Similar to Ostα-/- mice, Ostβ-/- mice exhibited elongated small intestines with blunted villi and increased crypt depth. Increased expression levels of ileal Fgf15, and decreased Asbt expression in Ostβ-/- mice indicate the accumulation of bile acids in the enterocyte. In contrast to Ostα-/- mice, induction of cholestasis in Ostβ-/- mice by BDL or DDC diet led to lower survival rates and severe body weight loss, but an improved liver phenotype. Restoration of hepatic Ostβ expression via adeno-associated virus-mediated overexpression did not rescue the phenotype of Ostβ-/- mice. Conclusions OSTβ is pivotal for bile acid transport in the ileum and its deficiency leads to an intestinal phenotype similar to Ostα-/- mice, but it exerts distinct effects on survival and the liver phenotype, independent of its expression in the liver. Our findings provide insights into the variable clinical presentation of patients with OSTα and OSTβ deficiencies. Lay summary Organic solute transporter (OST) subunits OSTα and OSTβ together facilitate the efflux of conjugated bile acids into the portal circulation. Ostα knockout mice have longer and thicker small intestines and are largely protected against experimental cholestatic liver injury. Herein, we generated and characterized Ostβ knockout mice for the first time. Ostα and Ostβ knockout mice shared a similar phenotype under normal conditions. However, in cholestasis, Ostβ knockout mice had a worsened overall phenotype which indicates a separate and specific role of OSTβ, possibly as an interacting partner of other intestinal proteins. This manuscript describes the first mouse model of OSTβ deficiency. Ostβ-/- mice are viable and fertile, but show increased length and weight of the small intestine, blunted villi and deeper crypts. Ostβ deficiency leads to an altered microbiome compared to both wild-type and Ostα-/- mice. Cholestasis led to lower survival and worse body weight loss, but an improved liver phenotype, in Ostβ-/- mice compared to Ostα-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M.W. van de Wiel
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Begoña Porteiro
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Saskia C. Belt
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Esther W.M. Vogels
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Bolt
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline L.M. Vermeulen
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D. Rudi de Waart
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joanne Verheij
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vanesa Muncan
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald P.J. Oude Elferink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stan F.J. van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author. Address: Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Tel.: 020-5668832, fax: 020-5669190
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The Nuclear Receptor PXR in Chronic Liver Disease. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010061. [PMID: 35011625 PMCID: PMC8750019 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR), a nuclear receptor known for modulating the transcription of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters (DMETs), such as cytochrome P450 3A4 and P-glycoprotein, is functionally involved in chronic liver diseases of different etiologies. Furthermore, PXR activity relates to that of other NRs, such as constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), through a crosstalk that in turn orchestrates a complex network of responses. Thus, besides regulating DMETs, PXR signaling is involved in both liver damage progression and repair and in the neoplastic transition to hepatocellular carcinoma. We here summarize the present knowledge about PXR expression and function in chronic liver diseases characterized by different etiologies and clinical outcome, focusing on the molecular pathways involved in PXR activity. Although many molecular details of these finely tuned networks still need to be fully understood, we conclude that PXR and its modulation could represent a promising pharmacological target for the identification of novel therapeutical approaches to chronic liver diseases.
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Murphy WA, Beaudoin JJ, Laitinen T, Sjöstedt N, Malinen MM, Ho H, Swaan PW, Honkakoski P, Brouwer KLR. Identification of Key Amino Acids that Impact Organic Solute Transporter α/ β (OSTα/β). Mol Pharmacol 2021; 100:599-608. [PMID: 34599072 PMCID: PMC9132218 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic solute transporter α/β (OSTα/β) is a bidirectional bile acid transporter localized on the basolateral membrane of hepatic, intestinal, and renal epithelial cells. OSTα/β plays a critical role in intestinal bile acid reabsorption and is upregulated in hepatic diseases characterized by elevated bile acids, whereas genetic variants in SLC51A/B have been associated with clinical cholestasis. OSTα/β also transports and is inhibited by commonly used medications. However, there is currently no high-resolution structure of OSTα/β, and structure-function data for OSTα, the proposed substrate-binding subunit, are lacking. The present study addressed this knowledge gap and identified amino acids in OSTα that are important for bile acid transport. This was accomplished using computational modeling and site-directed mutagenesis of the OSTα subunit to generate OSTα/β mutant cell lines. Out of the 10 OSTα/β mutants investigated, four (S228K, T229S, Q269E, Q269K) exhibited decreased [3H]-taurocholate (TCA) uptake (ratio of geometric means relative to OSTα/β wild type (WT) of 0.76, 0.75, 0.79, and 0.13, respectively). Three OSTα/β mutants (S228K, Q269K, E305A) had reduced [3H]-TCA efflux % (ratio of geometric means relative to OSTα/β WT of 0.86, 0.65, and 0.79, respectively). Additionally, several OSTα/β mutants demonstrated altered expression and cellular localization when compared with OSTα/β WT. In summary, we identified OSTα residues (Ser228, Thr229, Gln269, Glu305) in predicted transmembrane domains that affect expression of OSTα/β and may influence OSTα/β-mediated bile acid transport. These data advance our understanding of OSTα/β structure/function and can inform future studies designed to gain further insight into OSTα/β structure or to identify additional OSTα/β substrates and inhibitors. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: OSTα/β is a clinically important transporter involved in enterohepatic bile acid recycling with currently no high-resolution protein structure and limited structure-function data. This study identified four OSTα amino acids (Ser228, Thr229, Gln269, Glu305) that affect expression of OSTα/β and may influence OSTα/β-mediated bile acid transport. These data can be utilized to inform future investigation of OSTα/β structure and refine molecular modeling approaches to facilitate the identification of substrates and/or inhibitors of OSTα/β.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Murphy
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (W.A.M., J.J.B., N.S., M.M.M., H.H., P.H., K.L.R.B.); School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (T.L., M.M.M., P.H.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (P.W.S.)
| | - James J Beaudoin
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (W.A.M., J.J.B., N.S., M.M.M., H.H., P.H., K.L.R.B.); School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (T.L., M.M.M., P.H.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (P.W.S.)
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (W.A.M., J.J.B., N.S., M.M.M., H.H., P.H., K.L.R.B.); School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (T.L., M.M.M., P.H.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (P.W.S.)
| | - Noora Sjöstedt
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (W.A.M., J.J.B., N.S., M.M.M., H.H., P.H., K.L.R.B.); School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (T.L., M.M.M., P.H.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (P.W.S.)
| | - Melina M Malinen
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (W.A.M., J.J.B., N.S., M.M.M., H.H., P.H., K.L.R.B.); School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (T.L., M.M.M., P.H.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (P.W.S.)
| | - Henry Ho
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (W.A.M., J.J.B., N.S., M.M.M., H.H., P.H., K.L.R.B.); School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (T.L., M.M.M., P.H.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (P.W.S.)
| | - Peter W Swaan
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (W.A.M., J.J.B., N.S., M.M.M., H.H., P.H., K.L.R.B.); School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (T.L., M.M.M., P.H.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (P.W.S.)
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (W.A.M., J.J.B., N.S., M.M.M., H.H., P.H., K.L.R.B.); School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (T.L., M.M.M., P.H.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (P.W.S.)
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (W.A.M., J.J.B., N.S., M.M.M., H.H., P.H., K.L.R.B.); School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (T.L., M.M.M., P.H.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (P.W.S.)
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8
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Ghosh S, Devereaux MW, Anderson AL, Gehrke S, Reisz JA, D’Alessandro A, Orlicky DJ, Lovell M, El Kasmi KC, Shearn CT, Sokol RJ. NF-κB Regulation of LRH-1 and ABCG5/8 Potentiates Phytosterol Role in the Pathogenesis of Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Cholestasis. Hepatology 2021; 74:3284-3300. [PMID: 34310734 PMCID: PMC8639620 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Chronically administered parenteral nutrition (PN) in patients with intestinal failure carries the risk for developing PN-associated cholestasis (PNAC). We have demonstrated that farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and liver X receptor (LXR), proinflammatory interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and infused phytosterols are important in murine PNAC pathogenesis. In this study we examined the role of nuclear receptor liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH-1) and phytosterols in PNAC. APPROACH AND RESULTS In a C57BL/6 PNAC mouse model (dextran sulfate sodium [DSS] pretreatment followed by 14 days of PN; DSS-PN), hepatic nuclear receptor subfamily 5, group A, member 2/LRH-1 mRNA, LRH-1 protein expression, and binding of LRH-1 at the Abcg5/8 and Cyp7a1 promoter was reduced. Interleukin-1 receptor-deficient mice (Il-1r-/- /DSS-PN) were protected from PNAC and had significantly increased hepatic mRNA and protein expression of LRH-1. NF-κB activation and binding to the LRH-1 promoter were increased in DSS-PN PNAC mice and normalized in Il-1r-/- /DSS-PN mice. Knockdown of NF-κB in IL-1β-exposed HepG2 cells increased expression of LRH-1 and ABCG5. Treatment of HepG2 cells and primary mouse hepatocytes with an LRH-1 inverse agonist, ML179, significantly reduced mRNA expression of FXR targets ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 2/multidrug resistance associated protein 2 (ABCC2/MRP2), nuclear receptor subfamily 0, groupB, member 2/small heterodimer partner (NR0B2/SHP), and ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 11/bile salt export pump (ABCB11/BSEP). Co-incubation with phytosterols further reduced expression of these genes. Similar results were obtained by suppressing the LRH-1 targets ABCG5/8 by treatment with small interfering RNA, IL-1β, or LXR antagonist GSK2033. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments in HepG2 cells showed that ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 5/8 (ABCG5/8) suppression by GSK2033 increased the accumulation of phytosterols and reduced binding of FXR to the SHP promoter. Finally, treatment with LRH-1 agonist, dilauroyl phosphatidylcholine (DLPC) protected DSS-PN mice from PNAC. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that NF-κB regulation of LRH-1 and downstream genes may affect phytosterol-mediated antagonism of FXR signaling in the pathogenesis of PNAC. LRH-1 could be a potential therapeutic target for PNAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Ghosh
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO,Pediatric Liver Center, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Michael W. Devereaux
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO,Pediatric Liver Center, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Aimee L. Anderson
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO,Pediatric Liver Center, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Sarah Gehrke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Julie A. Reisz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Angelo D’Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - David J. Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Mark Lovell
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO,Department of Pathology, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Karim C. El Kasmi
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Colin T. Shearn
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Ronald J. Sokol
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO,Pediatric Liver Center, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
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9
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The reference liver-CYP450 and UGT enzymes in healthy donor and metastatic livers: the impact of genotype. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 74:204-215. [PMID: 34741761 PMCID: PMC8786777 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00337-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Hepatic enzymes involved in drug metabolism vary markedly in expression, abundance and activity, which affects individual susceptibility to drugs and toxicants. The present study aimed to compare mRNA expression and protein abundance of the most pharmacologically relevant drug-metabolizing enzymes in two main sources of the control liver samples that are used as the reference, i.e. organ donor livers and non-tumorous tissue from metastatic livers. An association analysis of the most common genetic variants with mRNA and protein levels was also performed. Methods The CYP450 and UGT enzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT2B7 and UGT2B15) were analyzed for mRNA (qPCR) and protein abundance (LC–MS/MS) in healthy donors (n = 11) and metastatic (n = 13) livers. Genotyping was performed by means of TaqMan assays and pyrosequencing. Results Significantly higher protein abundance in the metastatic livers was observed in case of CYP2C9, CYP2D6, and UGT2B7, and for UGT1A3 the difference was only significant at mRNA level. For all the enzymes except CYP2E1 some significant correlation between mRNA and protein content was observed, and for UGT1A1 an inverse correlation with age was noted. CYP2C19, CYP3A5 and CYP2D6 were significantly affected by genotype. Conclusion The selection of a control group for the study on drug-metabolizing enzymes (e.g. in pathological states) may possibly affect its conclusions on differences in mRNA and protein content. Genotyping for common functional variants of CYP450 enzymes should be performed in all studies on drug-metabolizing enzymes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43440-021-00337-w.
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10
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Wang D, Yu H, Li Y, Xu Z, Shi S, Dou D, Sun L, Zheng Z, Shi X, Deng X, Zhong X. iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics analysis of the hepatoprotective effect of melatonin on ANIT-induced cholestasis in rats. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1014. [PMID: 34373700 PMCID: PMC8343461 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic effects of melatonin on cholestatic liver injury have received widespread attention recently. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms of the anti-cholestatic effects of melatonin against α-naphthyl isothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced liver injury in rats and to screen for potential biomarkers of cholestasis through isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) proteomics. Rats orally received melatonin (100 mg/kg body weight) or an equivalent volume of 0.25% carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt 12 h after intraperitoneal injection of ANIT (75 mg/kg) and were subsequently sacrificed at 36 h after injection. Liver biochemical indices were determined and liver tissue samples were stained using hematoxylin-eosin staining, followed by iTRAQ quantitative proteomics to identify potential underlying therapeutic mechanisms and biomarkers. The results suggested that the expression levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin were reduced in the rats treated with melatonin. Histopathological observation indicated that melatonin was effective in the treatment of ANIT-induced cholestasis. iTRAQ proteomics results suggested that melatonin-mediated reduction in ANIT-induced cholestasis may be associated with enhanced antioxidant function and relieving abnormal fatty acid metabolism. According to pathway enrichment analysis using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, the major metabolic pathways for the metabolism of melatonin are fatty acid degradation, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway, fatty acid metabolism, chemical carcinogenesis, carbon metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis and retinol metabolism, as well as drug metabolism via cytochrome P450. Malate dehydrogenase 1 and glutathione S-transferase Yb-3 may serve as potential targets in the treatment of ANIT-induced cholestasis with melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingnan Wang
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber Department, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Han Yu
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber Department, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China.,Formulas of Chinese Medicine, Basic Medical College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China
| | - Yunzhou Li
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber Department, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Zongying Xu
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber Department, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Shaohua Shi
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber Department, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Dou Dou
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber Department, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Lili Sun
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber Department, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Zhili Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xinghua Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xiulan Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xianggen Zhong
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber Department, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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11
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Beaudoin JJ, Bezençon J, Sjöstedt N, Fallon JK, Brouwer KLR. Role of Organic Solute Transporter Alpha/Beta in Hepatotoxic Bile Acid Transport and Drug Interactions. Toxicol Sci 2021; 176:34-35. [PMID: 32294204 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic solute transporter (OST) α/β is a key bile acid transporter expressed in various organs, including the liver under cholestatic conditions. However, little is known about the involvement of OSTα/β in bile acid-mediated drug-induced liver injury (DILI), a major safety concern in drug development. This study investigated whether OSTα/β preferentially transports more hepatotoxic, conjugated, primary bile acids and to what extent xenobiotics inhibit this transport. Kinetic studies with OSTα/β-overexpressing cells revealed that OSTα/β preferentially transported bile acids in the following order: taurochenodeoxycholate > glycochenodeoxycholate > taurocholate > glycocholate. The apparent half-maximal inhibitory concentrations for OSTα/β-mediated bile acid (5 µM) transport inhibition by fidaxomicin, troglitazone sulfate, and ethinyl estradiol were: 210, 334, and 1050 µM, respectively, for taurochenodeoxycholate; 97.6, 333, and 337 µM, respectively, for glycochenodeoxycholate; 140, 265, and 527 µM, respectively, for taurocholate; 59.8, 102, and 117 µM, respectively, for glycocholate. The potential role of OSTα/β in hepatocellular glycine-conjugated bile acid accumulation and cholestatic DILI was evaluated using sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes (SCHH). Treatment of SCHH with the farnesoid X receptor agonist chenodeoxycholate (100 µM) resulted in substantial OSTα/β induction, among other proteomic alterations, reducing glycochenodeoxycholate and glycocholate accumulation in cells+bile 4.0- and 4.5-fold, respectively. Treatment of SCHH with troglitazone and fidaxomicin together under cholestatic conditions resulted in increased hepatocellular toxicity compared with either compound alone, suggesting that OSTα/β inhibition may accentuate DILI. In conclusion, this study provides insights into the role of OSTα/β in preferential disposition of bile acids associated with hepatotoxicity, the impact of xenobiotics on OSTα/β-mediated bile acid transport, and the role of this transporter in SCHH and cholestatic DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Noora Sjöstedt
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics
| | - John K Fallon
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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12
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Kube I, Tardio LB, Hofmann U, Ghallab A, Hengstler JG, Führer D, Zwanziger D. Hypothyroidism Increases Cholesterol Gallstone Prevalence in Mice by Elevated Hydrophobicity of Primary Bile Acids. Thyroid 2021; 31:973-984. [PMID: 33231505 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2020.0636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Thyroid hormone (TH) deficiency has been associated with increased cholesterol gallstone prevalence. Hypothyroidism impacts hepatic lipid homeostasis, biliary secretion, gallbladder motility, and gallstone (LITH) gene expression, all potential factors contributing to cholesterol gallstone disease (CGD). However, how TH deficiency may lead to gallstone formation is still poorly understood. Therefore, we performed molecular studies in a CGD mouse model under lithogenic conditions and modulation of TH status. Methods: Male, three-month-old C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into a control (euthyroid) group, a hypothyroid (hypo) group, a gallstone (litho) group, and a gallstone+hypothyroid (litho+hypo) group and were treated for 2, 4, and 6 weeks (n = 8/treatment period). Gallstone prevalence, biliary composition and cholesterol crystals, hepatic expression of genes participating in cholesterol, bile acid (BA), and phosphatidylcholine synthesis (Hmgcr, Cyp7a1, Pcyt1a), and canalicular transport (Abcg5, Bsep, Abcb4) were investigated. Results: Increased cholesterol gallstone prevalence was observed in hypothyroid mice under lithogenic diet after 4 and 6 weeks of treatment (4 weeks: 25% vs. 0%; 6 weeks: 75% vs. 37.5%). Interestingly, neither the composition of the three main biliary components, cholesterol, BAs, and phosphatidylcholine, nor the hepatic expression of genes involved in synthesis and transport could explain the differences in cholesterol gallstone formation in the mice. However, TH deficiency resulted in significantly increased hydrophobicity of primary BAs in bile. Furthermore, downregulation of hepatic sulfonation enzymes Papss2 and Sult2a8 as well as diminished biliary BA sulfate concentrations in mice were observed under hypothyroid conditions all contributing to a lithogenic biliary milieu as evidenced by microscopic cholesterol crystals and macroscopic gallstone formation. Conclusions: We describe a novel pathogenic link between TH deficiency and CGD and suggest that the increased hydrophobic character of biliary BAs due to the diminished expression of hepatic detoxification enzymes promotes cholesterol crystal precipitation and enhances cholesterol gallstone formation in the bile of hypothyroid mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kube
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Clinical Chemistry, Division of Laboratory Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Luca Bartolomeo Tardio
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Clinical Chemistry, Division of Laboratory Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ute Hofmann
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and University of Tübingen, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ahmed Ghallab
- Department of Toxicology/Systems Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Department of Toxicology/Systems Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dagmar Führer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Clinical Chemistry, Division of Laboratory Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Denise Zwanziger
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Clinical Chemistry, Division of Laboratory Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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13
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Regulation of CAR and PXR Expression in Health and Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112395. [PMID: 33142929 PMCID: PMC7692647 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that mainly act as ligand-activated transcription factors. Their functions have long been associated with the regulation of drug metabolism and disposition, and it is now well established that they are implicated in physiological and pathological conditions. Considerable efforts have been made to understand the regulation of their activity by their cognate ligand; however, additional regulatory mechanisms, among which the regulation of their expression, modulate their pleiotropic effects. This review summarizes the current knowledge on CAR and PXR expression during development and adult life; tissue distribution; spatial, temporal, and metabolic regulations; as well as in pathological situations, including chronic diseases and cancers. The expression of CAR and PXR is modulated by complex regulatory mechanisms that involve the interplay of transcription factors and also post-transcriptional and epigenetic modifications. Moreover, many environmental stimuli affect CAR and PXR expression through mechanisms that have not been elucidated.
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14
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Transcriptomic analysis across liver diseases reveals disease-modulating activation of constitutive androstane receptor in cholestasis. JHEP Rep 2020; 2:100140. [PMID: 32875282 PMCID: PMC7452294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2020.100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Liver diseases are caused by many factors, such as genetics, nutrition, and viruses. Therefore, it is important to delineate transcriptomic changes that occur in various liver diseases. Methods We performed high-throughput sequencing of mouse livers with diverse types of injuries, including cholestasis, diet-induced steatosis, and partial hepatectomy. Comparative analysis of liver transcriptome from mice and human samples of viral infections (HBV and HCV), alcoholic hepatitis (AH), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and biliary atresia revealed distinct and overlapping gene profiles associated with liver diseases. We hypothesised that discrete molecular signatures could be utilised to assess therapeutic outcomes. We focused on cholestasis to test and validate the hypothesis using pharmacological approaches. Results Here, we report significant overlap in the expression of inflammatory and proliferation-related genes across liver diseases. However, cholestatic livers were unique and displayed robust induction of genes involved in drug metabolism. Consistently, we found that constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) activation is crucial for the induction of the drug metabolic gene programme in cholestasis. When challenged, cholestatic mice were protected against zoxazolamine-induced paralysis and acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. These protective effects were diminished upon inhibition of CAR activity. Further, drug metabolic genes were also induced in the livers from a subset of biliary atresia patients, but not in HBV and HCV infections, AH, or NASH. We also found a higher expression of CYP2B6, a CAR target, in the livers of biliary atresia patients, underscoring the clinical importance of our findings. Conclusions Comparative transcriptome analysis of different liver disorders revealed specific induction of phase I and II metabolic genes in cholestasis. Our results demonstrate that CAR activation may lead to variations in drug metabolism and clinical outcomes in biliary atresia. Lay summary Transcriptomic analysis of diverse liver diseases revealed alterations in common and distinct pathways. Specifically, in cholestasis, we found that detoxification genes and their activity are increased. Thus, cholestatic patients may have an unintended consequence on drug metabolism and not only have a beneficial effect against liver toxicity, but also may require adjustments to their therapeutic dosage. Cell cycle, inflammation, and glucose homeostasis are some of the common pathways altered in a variety of liver disorders. Phase I and II metabolic genes are induced in Fxr−/−Shp−/− double knockouts (DKOs) and bile-acid-fed control mice. Activation of xeno-sensor, constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), is observed in cholestasis. Inhibiting CAR activity in DKO mice exacerbates zoxazolamine-induced paralysis and acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. A subset of patients with biliary atresia display increased expression of CAR target protein CYP2B6.
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Key Words
- AH, alcoholic hepatitis
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- APAP, acetaminophen
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Bile acids
- CA, cholic acid
- CAR, constitutive androstane receptor
- Cholestasis
- Cytochrome p450
- DKO, double knockout
- Drug metabolism
- FXRKO, FXR knockout
- Fxr, farnesoid X receptor
- GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase
- GSH, glutathione disulphide
- Liver diseases
- NAPQI, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- Nuclear receptors
- PCN, pregnenolone 16 alpha-carbonitrile
- PHx, partial hepatectomy
- PXR, pregnane X receptor
- SHPKO, SHP knockout
- Shp, small heterodimer partner
- Transcriptomics
- WT, wild type
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15
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Beaudoin JJ, Brouwer KLR, Malinen MM. Novel insights into the organic solute transporter alpha/beta, OSTα/β: From the bench to the bedside. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 211:107542. [PMID: 32247663 PMCID: PMC7480074 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organic solute transporter alpha/beta (OSTα/β) is a heteromeric solute carrier protein that transports bile acids, steroid metabolites and drugs into and out of cells. OSTα/β protein is expressed in various tissues, but its expression is highest in the gastrointestinal tract where it facilitates the recirculation of bile acids from the gut to the liver. Previous studies established that OSTα/β is upregulated in liver tissue of patients with extrahepatic cholestasis, obstructive cholestasis, and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), conditions that are characterized by elevated bile acid concentrations in the liver and/or systemic circulation. The discovery that OSTα/β is highly upregulated in the liver of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) further highlights the clinical relevance of this transporter because the incidence of NASH is increasing at an alarming rate with the obesity epidemic. Since OSTα/β is closely linked to the homeostasis of bile acids, and tightly regulated by the nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor, OSTα/β is a potential drug target for treatment of cholestatic liver disease, and other bile acid-related metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. Obeticholic acid, a semi-synthetic bile acid used to treat PBC, under review for the treatment of NASH, and in development for the treatment of other metabolic disorders, induces OSTα/β. Some drugs associated with hepatotoxicity inhibit OSTα/β, suggesting a possible role for OSTα/β in drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Furthermore, clinical cases of homozygous genetic defects in both OSTα/β subunits resulting in diarrhea and features of cholestasis have been reported. This review article has been compiled to comprehensively summarize the recent data emerging on OSTα/β, recapitulating the available literature on the structure-function and expression-function relationships of OSTα/β, the regulation of this important transporter, the interaction of drugs and other compounds with OSTα/β, and the comparison of OSTα/β with other solute carrier transporters as well as adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporters. Findings from basic to more clinically focused research efforts are described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Beaudoin
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Melina M Malinen
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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16
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Xie Y, Xie W. The Role of Sulfotransferases in Liver Diseases. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:742-749. [PMID: 32587100 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) are phase II conjugating enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a sulfonate group from the universal sulfate donor 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate to a nucleophilic group of their substrates to generate hydrophilic products. Sulfation has a major effect on the chemical and functional homeostasis of substrate chemicals. SULTs are widely expressed in metabolically active or hormonally responsive tissues, including the liver and many extrahepatic tissues. The expression of SULTs exhibits isoform-, tissue-, sex-, and development-specific regulations. SULTs display a broad range of substrates including xenobiotics and endobiotics. The expression of SULTs has been shown to be transcriptionally regulated by members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, such as the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, pregnane X receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, vitamin D receptor, liver X receptors, farnesoid X receptor, retinoid-related orphan receptors, estrogen-related receptors, and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α These nuclear receptors can be activated by numerous xenobiotics and endobiotics, such as fatty acids, bile acids, and oxysterols, many of which are substrates of SULTs. Due to their metabolism of xenobiotics and endobiotics, SULTs and their regulations are implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases. This review is aimed to summarize the central role of major SULTs, including the SULT1 and SULT2 subfamilies, in the pathophysiology of liver and liver-related diseases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Sulfotransferases (SULTs) are indispensable in the homeostasis of xenobiotics and endobiotics. Knowing SULTs and their regulations are implicated in human diseases, it is hoped that genetic or pharmacological manipulations of the expression and/or activity of SULTs can be used to affect the clinical outcome of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Y.X., W.X.) and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (W.X.)
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Y.X., W.X.) and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (W.X.)
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Siemienowicz KJ, Filis P, Shaw S, Douglas A, Thomas J, Mulroy S, Howie F, Fowler PA, Duncan WC, Rae MT. Fetal androgen exposure is a determinant of adult male metabolic health. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20195. [PMID: 31882954 PMCID: PMC6934666 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56790-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen signalling is a critical driver of male development. Fetal steroid signalling can be dysregulated by a range of environmental insults and clinical conditions. We hypothesised that poor adult male health was partially attributable to aberrant androgen exposure during development. Testosterone was directly administered to developing male ovine fetuses to model excess prenatal androgenic overexposure associated with conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Such in utero androgen excess recreated the dyslipidaemia and hormonal profile observed in sons of PCOS patients. 1,084 of 15,134 and 408 of 2,766 quantifiable genes and proteins respectively, were altered in the liver during adolescence, attributable to fetal androgen excess. Furthermore, prenatal androgen excess predisposed to adolescent development of an intrahepatic cholestasis-like condition with attendant hypercholesterolaemia and an emergent pro-fibrotic, pro-oxidative stress gene and protein expression profile evident in both liver and circulation. We conclude that prenatal androgen excess is a previously unrecognised determinant of lifelong male metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Panagiotis Filis
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Sophie Shaw
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Alex Douglas
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Jennifer Thomas
- School of Applied Science, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK
| | - Sally Mulroy
- School of Applied Science, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK
| | - Forbes Howie
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Paul A Fowler
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - W Colin Duncan
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Mick T Rae
- School of Applied Science, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK.
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Abstract
Cholesterol gallstone disease (CGD) affects 10-15% of the adult population worldwide and the prevalence increases as a result of longer life expectancy as well as rising obesity in the general population. Beside well established CGD risk factors including environmental and genetic determinants (LITH genes), a correlation between thyroid dysfunction and CGD has been suggested in several human and murine studies. Although the precise underlying mechanisms are poorly understood, thyroid hormones may impact bile flow, bile composition and the maintenance of the enterohepatic circulation. Further there is evidence that thyroid hormones possibly impact LITH genes which are regulated by nuclear receptors (NRs). A better understanding of the CGD pathomechanisms might contribute to personalized prevention and therapy of highly prevalent and economically significant digestive disease. This review presents the current knowledge about the association between CGD and thyroid hormone dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kube
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Denise Zwanziger
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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19
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Kenna JG, Taskar KS, Battista C, Bourdet DL, Brouwer KLR, Brouwer KR, Dai D, Funk C, Hafey MJ, Lai Y, Maher J, Pak YA, Pedersen JM, Polli JW, Rodrigues AD, Watkins PB, Yang K, Yucha RW. Can Bile Salt Export Pump Inhibition Testing in Drug Discovery and Development Reduce Liver Injury Risk? An International Transporter Consortium Perspective. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 104:916-932. [PMID: 30137645 PMCID: PMC6220754 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bile salt export pump (BSEP) inhibition has emerged as an important mechanism that may contribute to the initiation of human drug‐induced liver injury (DILI). Proactive evaluation and understanding of BSEP inhibition is recommended in drug discovery and development to aid internal decision making on DILI risk. BSEP inhibition can be quantified using in vitro assays. When interpreting assay data, it is important to consider in vivo drug exposure. Currently, this can be undertaken most effectively by consideration of total plasma steady state drug concentrations (Css,plasma). However, because total drug concentrations are not predictive of pharmacological effect, the relationship between total exposure and BSEP inhibition is not causal. Various follow‐up studies can aid interpretation of in vitro BSEP inhibition data and may be undertaken on a case‐by‐case basis. BSEP inhibition is one of several mechanisms by which drugs may cause DILI, therefore, it should be considered alongside other mechanisms when evaluating possible DILI risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kunal S Taskar
- Mechanistic Safety and Disposition, IVIVT, GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Christina Battista
- DILIsym Services Inc., a Simulations Plus Company, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - David L Bourdet
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Theravance Biopharma, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - David Dai
- Clinical Pharmacology, Research and Development Sciences, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christoph Funk
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael J Hafey
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yurong Lai
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Maher
- Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Y Anne Pak
- Lilly Research Laboratory, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jenny M Pedersen
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Novum, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Joseph W Polli
- Mechanistic Safety and Drug Disposition, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Paul B Watkins
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kyunghee Yang
- DILIsym Services Inc., a Simulations Plus Company, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert W Yucha
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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20
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Nyakudya TT, Isaiah S, Ayeleso A, Ndhlala AR, Mukwevho E, Erlwanger KH. Short-Term Neonatal Oral Administration of Oleanolic Acid Protects against Fructose-Induced Oxidative Stress in the Skeletal Muscles of Suckling Rats. Molecules 2019; 24:E661. [PMID: 30781794 PMCID: PMC6413042 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional manipulations in the neonatal period are associated with the development of negative or positive health outcomes later in life. Excessive fructose consumption has been attributed to the increase in the global prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the development of oxidative stress. Oleanolic acid (OA) has anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects. We investigated the protective potential of orally administering OA in the neonatal period, to prevent fructose-induced oxidative stress, adverse health outcomes and maturation of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in suckling rats. Seven-day old Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 30) were gavaged daily with 10 mL/kg of: distilled water (DW), oleanolic acid (OA; 60 mg/kg), high fructose solution (HF; 20% w/v), or OAHF for 7 days. On day 14, tissue samples were collected to determine clinical health profiles, hepatic lipid content, and activity of anti-oxidant enzymes. Furthermore, biomarkers of oxidative stress and anti-oxidant capacity in the skeletal muscles were assessed. The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) morphometry was measured. Rats in all groups grew over the 7-day treatment period. There were no significant differences in the terminal body masses, GIT morphometry, surrogate markers of general health, liver lipid content across all treatment groups (p < 0.05). Neonatal fructose administration decreased the activity of catalase, depleted GSH and increased lipid peroxidation. However, the level of GSH and catalase activity were improved by neonatal OA treatment. Short-term oral OA administration during the critical developmental period protects against fructose-induced oxidative stress without adverse effects on health outcomes associated with MetS or precocious development of the GIT in suckling male and female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Tapiwa Nyakudya
- Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa.
| | - Simon Isaiah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences & Agriculture, North West University, Mafikeng, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.
| | - Ademola Ayeleso
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Adeleke University, P.M.B. 250, Ede 232, Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Ashwell Rungano Ndhlala
- Agricultural Research Council, Vegetable and Ornamental Plants (VOP), Private Bag X293, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Emmanuel Mukwevho
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences & Agriculture, North West University, Mafikeng, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.
| | - Kennedy Honey Erlwanger
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
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21
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Malinen MM, Ito K, Kang HE, Honkakoski P, Brouwer KLR. Protein expression and function of organic anion transporters in short-term and long-term cultures of Huh7 human hepatoma cells. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 130:186-195. [PMID: 30685239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human-derived hepatic cell lines are a valuable alternative to primary hepatocytes for drug metabolism, transport and toxicity studies. However, their relevance for investigations of drug-drug and drug-organic anion (e.g., bile acid, steroid hormone) interactions at the transporter level remains to be established. The aim of the present study was to determine the suitability of the Huh7 cell line for transporter-dependent experiments. Huh7 cells were cultured for 1 to 4 weeks and subsequently were analyzed for protein expression, localization and activity of solute carrier (SLC) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters involved in organic anion transport using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy, immunocytochemistry, and model substrates [3H]taurocholate (TCA), [3H]dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and 5(6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (CDF) diacetate. The extended 4-week culture resulted in a phenotype resembling primary hepatocytes and differentiated HepaRG cells: cuboidal hepatocyte-like cells with elongated bile canaliculi-like structures were surrounded by epithelium-like cells. Protein expression of OSTα, OSTβ and OATP1B3 increased over time. Moreover, the uptake of the SLC probe substrate DHEAS was higher in 4-week than in 1-week Huh7 cultures. NTCP, OATP1B1, BSEP and MRP3 were barely or not detectable in Huh7 cells. OATP2B1, MRP2 and MRP4 protein expression remained at similar levels over the four weeks of culture. The activity of MRP2 and the formation of bile canaliculi-like structures were confirmed by accumulation of CDF in the intercellular compartments. Results indicate that along with morphological maturation, transporters responsible for alternative bile acid secretion pathways are expressed and active in long-term cultures of Huh7 cells, suggesting that differentiated Huh7 cells may be suitable for studying the function and regulation of these organic anion transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina M Malinen
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Katsuaki Ito
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; DMPK Research Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hee Eun Kang
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea.
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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22
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Min J, Chen H, Gong Z, Liu X, Wu T, Li W, Fang J, Huang T, Zhang Y, Zhao W, Zhu C, Wang Q, Mi S, Wang N. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of Rosmarinic Acid in Rat Cholestatic Liver Injury. Molecules 2018; 23:E2287. [PMID: 30205454 PMCID: PMC6225135 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective and metabolic effects of rosmarinic acid (RA) in rats. RA [100 mg/kg body weight (BW)] was intragastrically (i.g.) administered to Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats once a day for seven consecutive days. The rats were then i.g. administered α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) (80 mg/kg once on the 5th day) to induce acute intrahepatic cholestasis after the last administration of RA. Blood samples were collected at different time points (0.083 h, 0.17 h, 0.33 h, 0.5 h, 0.75 h, 1 h, 1.5 h, 3 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 12 h, 20 h) after administration, and the levels of RA were estimated by HPLC. Plasma and bile biochemical analysis, bile flow rate, and liver histopathology were measured to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of RA. The PK-PD curves showed obviously clockwise (AST and ALT) or anticlockwise (TBA, TBIL). Pretreatment with RA at different doses significantly restrained ANIT-induced pathological changes in bile rate, TBA, TBIL, ALT, AST (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). The relationship between RA concentration and its hepatoprotective effects on acute cholestasis responses was assessed by PK-PD modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Min
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Food and Drug, Anhui Science and Technology of University, Fengyang 233100, Anhui, China.
| | - Zipeng Gong
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Beijing Road, Guiyang 550004, China.
| | - Xian Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Tian Wu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Weirong Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Jiansong Fang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Tianlai Huang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Yingfeng Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Wei Zhao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Chenchen Zhu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Suiqing Mi
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Ningsheng Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, China.
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23
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Zamek-Gliszczynski MJ, Taub ME, Chothe PP, Chu X, Giacomini KM, Kim RB, Ray AS, Stocker SL, Unadkat JD, Wittwer MB, Xia C, Yee SW, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Transporters in Drug Development: 2018 ITC Recommendations for Transporters of Emerging Clinical Importance. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2018; 104:890-899. [PMID: 30091177 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This white paper provides updated International Transporter Consortium (ITC) recommendations on transporters that are important in drug development following the 3rd ITC workshop. New additions include prospective evaluation of organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) and retrospective evaluation of organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)2B1 because of their important roles in drug absorption, disposition, and effects. For the first time, the ITC underscores the importance of transporters involved in drug-induced vitamin deficiency (THTR2) and those involved in the disposition of biomarkers of organ function (OAT2 and bile acid transporters).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mitchell E Taub
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Paresh P Chothe
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Chu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Richard B Kim
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Adrian S Ray
- Clinical Research, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Sophie L Stocker
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia & St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Matthias B Wittwer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cindy Xia
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sook-Wah Yee
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Drug Metabolism Pharmacokinetics & Clinical Pharmacology, Incyte, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
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24
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Malinen MM, Ali I, Bezençon J, Beaudoin JJ, Brouwer KLR. Organic solute transporter OSTα/β is overexpressed in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and modulated by drugs associated with liver injury. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 314:G597-G609. [PMID: 29420067 PMCID: PMC6008059 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00310.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The heteromeric steroid transporter organic solute transporter α/β (OSTα/β, SLC51A/B) was discovered over a decade ago, but its physiological significance in the liver remains uncertain. A major challenge has been the lack of suitable models expressing OSTα/β. Based on observations first reported here that hepatic OSTα/β is upregulated in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, the aim of this research was to develop an in vitro model to evaluate OSTα/β function and interaction with drugs and bile acids. OSTα/β expression in human liver tissue was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. Radiolabeled compounds were used to determine OSTα/β-mediated transport in the established in vitro model. The effect of bile acids and drugs, including those associated with cholestatic drug-induced liver injury, on OSTα/β-mediated transport was evaluated. Expression of OSTα/β was elevated in the liver of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and primary biliary cholangitis, whereas hepatocyte expression of OSTα/β was low in control liver tissue. Studies in the novel cell-based system showed rapid and linear OSTα/β-mediated transport for all tested compounds: dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, digoxin, estrone sulfate, and taurocholate. The interaction study with 26 compounds revealed novel OSTα/β inhibitors: a biomarker for cholestasis, glycochenodeoxycholic acid; the major metabolite of troglitazone, troglitazone sulfate; and a macrocyclic antibiotic, fidaxomicin. Additionally, some drugs (e.g., digoxin) consistently stimulated taurocholate uptake in OSTα/β-overexpressing cells. Our findings demonstrate that OSTα/β is an important transporter in liver disease and imply a role for this transporter in bile acid-bile acid and drug-bile acid interactions, as well as cholestatic drug-induced liver injury. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The organic solute transporter OSTα/β is highly expressed in hepatocytes of liver tissue obtained from patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and primary biliary cholangitis. OSTα/β substrates exhibit rapid, linear, and concentration-driven transport in an OSTα/β-overexpressing cell line. Drugs associated with hepatotoxicity modulate OSTα/β-mediated taurocholate transport. These data suggest that hepatic OSTα/β plays an essential role in patients with cholestasis and may have important clinical implications for bile acid and drug disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina M Malinen
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Izna Ali
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jacqueline Bezençon
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - James J Beaudoin
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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25
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Wu JS, Li YF, Li YY, Dai Y, Li WK, Zheng M, Shi ZC, Shi R, Wang TM, Ma BL, Liu P, Ma YM. Huangqi Decoction Alleviates Alpha-Naphthylisothiocyanate Induced Intrahepatic Cholestasis by Reversing Disordered Bile Acid and Glutathione Homeostasis in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:938. [PMID: 29311939 PMCID: PMC5742571 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholestasis is a serious symptom of liver disorders with limited therapies. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of Huangqi decoction (HQD), a two-herb classic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), in the treatment of alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced intrahepatic cholestasis in mice. HQD treatment ameliorated impaired hepatic function and tissue damage. A metabolomics study revealed that the endogenous metabolites significantly affected by HQD were related to bile acid (BA) biosynthesis and glutathione metabolism pathways. HQD treatment decreased the intrahepatic accumulation of cytotoxic BAs, normalized serum BA levels, and increased biliary and urinary BA excretion. Additionally, HQD restored the hepatic glutathione content and suppressed reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cholestatic mice. Protein and gene analysis revealed that HQD increased the expression of the hepatic metabolizing enzymes cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2B10 and UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A1 (UGT1A1), as well as multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2), Mrp3, and Mrp4, which play crucial roles in BA homeostasis. Further, HQD increased the protein expression of glutamate-cysteine ligase, which is involved in the synthesis of glutathione. Importantly, HQD increased the nuclear expression of nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2). In conclusion, HQD protects against intrahepatic cholestasis by reversing the disordered homeostasis of BAs and glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Sheng Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Fei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Kai Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng-Chun Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Ming Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing-Liang Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue-Ming Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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26
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Ontogeny, aging, and gender-related changes in hepatic multidrug resistant protein genes in rats. Life Sci 2017; 170:108-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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27
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Zhao Q, Yang R, Liu F, Wang J, Hu DD, Yang XW, Li F. Metabolomics reveals that PPARα activation protects against lithocholic acid-induced liver injury. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08823j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fenofibrate protected against LCA-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- China
| | - Rui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- China
| | - Dan-Dan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- China
| | - Xiu-Wei Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University Health Science Center
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- China
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28
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Impaired Hepatic Adaptation to Chronic Cholestasis induced by Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39573. [PMID: 28008998 PMCID: PMC5180097 DOI: 10.1038/srep39573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) may involve impaired bile acid (BA) homeostasis. We analyzed expressions of factors mediating enterohepatic circulation of BA using ileal and colonic (ascending and sigmoid) biopsies obtained from patients with PSC with and without ulcerative colitis (UC) and explanted PSC livers. Two-fold increase of BA-activated farnesoid X receptor (FXR) protein levels were seen in ascending and sigmoid colon of PSC patients with correspondingly decreased apical sodium-dependent BA transporter (ASBT) gene expression. This was associated with increased OSTβ protein levels in each part of analyzed gut. An intestinal fibroblast growth factor (FGF19) protein expression was significantly enhanced in ascending colon. Despite increased hepatic nuclear receptors (FXR, CAR, SHP), and FGF19, neither CYP7A1 suppression nor CYP3A4 induction were observed. The lack of negative regulation of BA synthesis may be accountable for lower levels of cholesterol observed in PSC in comparison to primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). In conclusion, chronic cholestasis in PSC induces adaptive changes in expression of BA transporters and FXR in the intestine. However hepatic impairment of expected in chronic cholestasis downregulation of CYP7A1 and upregulation of CYP3A4 may promote BA-induced liver injury in PSC.
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29
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Kotiya D, Jaiswal B, Ghose S, Kaul R, Datta K, Tyagi RK. Role of PXR in Hepatic Cancer: Its Influences on Liver Detoxification Capacity and Cancer Progression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164087. [PMID: 27760163 PMCID: PMC5070842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of nuclear receptor PXR in detoxification and clearance of xenobiotics and endobiotics is well-established. However, its projected role in hepatic cancer is rather illusive where its expression is reported altered in different cancers depending on the tissue-type and microenvironment. The expression of PXR, its target genes and their biological or clinical significance have not been examined in hepatic cancer. In the present study, by generating DEN-induced hepatic cancer in mice, we report that the expression of PXR and its target genes CYP3A11 and GSTa2 are down-regulated implying impairment of hepatic detoxification capacity. A higher state of inflammation was observed in liver cancer tissues as evident from upregulation of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α along with NF-κB and STAT3. Our data in mouse model suggested a negative correlation between down-regulation of PXR and its target genes with that of higher expression of inflammatory proteins (like IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB). In conjunction, our findings with relevant cell culture based assays showed that higher expression of PXR is involved in reduction of tumorigenic potential in hepatic cancer. Overall, the findings suggest that inflammation influences the expression of hepatic proteins important in drug metabolism while higher PXR level reduces tumorigenic potential in hepatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kotiya
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Bharti Jaiswal
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sampa Ghose
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rachna Kaul
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Kasturi Datta
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh K. Tyagi
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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30
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Yuan ZQ, Li KW. Role of farnesoid X receptor in cholestasis. J Dig Dis 2016; 17:501-509. [PMID: 27383832 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays an important role in physiological bile acid synthesis, secretion and transport. Defects of FXR regulation in these processes can cause cholestasis and subsequent pathological changes. FXR regulates the synthesis and uptake of bile acid via enzymes. It also increases bile acid solubility and elimination by promoting conjugation reactions and exports pump expression in cholestasis. The changes in bile acid transporters are involved in cholestasis, which can result from the mutations of transporter genes or acquired dysfunction of transport systems, such as inflammation-induced intrahepatic cholestasis. The modulation function of FXR in extrahepatic cholestasis is not identical to that in intrahepatic cholestasis, but the discrepancy may be reduced over time. In extrahepatic cholestasis, increasing biliary pressure can induce bile duct proliferation and bile infarcts, but the absence of FXR may ameliorate them. This review provides an update on the function of FXR in the regulation of bile acid metabolism, its role in the pathophysiological process of cholestasis and the therapeutic use of FXR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Qing Yuan
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Wei Li
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
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