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Ahmad F, Karan A, Sharma R, Sharma NS, Sundar V, Jayaraj R, Mukherjee S, DeCoster MA. Evolving therapeutic interventions for the management and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 95:102229. [PMID: 38364913 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients experience diverse symptoms, including memory loss, cognitive impairment, behavioral abnormalities, mood changes, and mental issues. The fundamental objective of this review is to discuss novel therapeutic approaches, with special emphasis on recently approved marketed formulations for the treatment of AD, especially Aducanumab, the first FDA approved moiety that surpasses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and reduces amyloid plaques in the brain, thereby reducing associated cognitive decline. However, it is still in the phase IV trial and is to be completed by 2030. Other drugs such as lecanemab are also under clinical trial and has recently been approved by the FDA and is also discussed here. In this review, we also focus on active and passive immunotherapy for AD as well as several vaccines, such as amyloid-beta epitope-based vaccines, amyloid-beta DNA vaccines, and stem cell therapy for AD, which are in clinical trials. Furthermore, ongoing pre-clinical trials associated with AD and other novel strategies such as curcumin-loaded nanoparticles, Crispr/ cas9, precision medicine, as well as some emerging therapies like anti-sense therapy are also highlighted. Additionally, we discuss some off-labeled drugs like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), anti-diabetic drugs, and lithium, which can manage symptoms of AD and different non-pharmacological approaches are also covered which can help to manage AD. In summary, we have tried to cover all the therapeutic interventions which are available for the treatment and management of AD under sections approved, clinical phase, pre-clinical phase or futuristic interventions, off-labelled drugs, and non-pharmacological interventions for AD, offering positive findings and well as challenges that remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizan Ahmad
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard University, Delhi, India
| | - Anik Karan
- Department of Mechanical and Bioengineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
| | - Rashi Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Bawana, Delhi, India
| | - Navatha Shree Sharma
- Department of Surgery Transplant, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Vaishnavi Sundar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Richard Jayaraj
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Sudip Mukherjee
- Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology- Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mark A DeCoster
- Cellular Neuroscience Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Science, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, USA; Cellular Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute for Micromanufacturing, College of Engineering and Science, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, USA.
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Ning P, Luo A, Mu X, Xu Y, Li T. Exploring the dual character of metformin in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2022; 207:108966. [PMID: 35077762 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.108966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, which results in dementia typically in the elderly. The disease is mainly characterized by the deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain. However, only few drugs are available for AD because of its unknown pathological mechanism which limits the development of new drugs. Therefore, it is urgent to identify potential therapeutic strategies for AD. Moreover, research have showed that there is a significant association between Type 2 diabetes mellites (T2DM) and AD, suggesting that the two diseases may share common pathophysiological mechanisms. Such mechanisms include impaired insulin signaling, altered glucose metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, and premature aging, which strongly affect cognitive function and increased risk of dementia. Consequently, as a widely used drug for T2DM, metformin also has therapeutic potential for AD in vivo. It has been confirmed that metformin is beneficial on the brain of AD animal models. The mechanisms underlying the effects of metformin in Alzheimer's disease are complex and multifaceted. Metformin may work through mechanisms involving homeostasis of glucose metabolism, decrease of amyloid plaque deposition, normalization of tau protein phosphorylation and enhancement of autophagy. However, in clinical trials, metformin had little effects on patients with mild cognitive impairment or mild AD. Pathological effects and negative clinical results of metformin on AD make the current topic quite controversial. By reviewing the latest progress of related research, this paper summarizes the possible role of metformin in AD. The purpose of this study is not only to determine the potential treatment of AD, but also other related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Ning
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, PR China.
| | - Anling Luo
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, PR China.
| | - Xin Mu
- Department of Neurology, Chengdu First People's Hospital, 18 Wanxiang North Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, PR China.
| | - Yanming Xu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, PR China.
| | - Tian Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University/Air Force Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Rd, Xi'an, 710032, PR China.
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Yan Z, Wang S. Proteoglycans as Therapeutic Targets in Brain Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1358. [PMID: 32850434 PMCID: PMC7419654 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are heavily glycosylated diverse proteins consisting of a "core protein" covalently attached to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and present on the cell surface, extracellular matrix, and intracellular milieu. Extracellular proteoglycans play crucial roles in facilitating cell signaling and migration, interacting with growth factor receptors, intracellular enzymes, extracellular ligands, and matrix components, as well as structural proteins and promoting significant tumor-microenvironment interactions in cancerous settings. As a result of their highly regulated expression patterns, recent research has focused on the role of proteoglycans in the development of nervous tissue, such as their effect on neurite outgrowth, participation in the development of precursor cell types, and regulation of cell behaviors. The present review summarizes current progress for the studies of proteoglycan function in brain cancer and explains recent research involving brain glycoproteins as modulators of migration, cell adhesion, glial tumor invasion, and neurite outgrowth. Furthermore, we highlight the correlations between specific proteoglycan alterations and the suggested cancer-associated proteoglycans as novel biomarkers for therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoya Yan
- Horace Greeley High School, Chappaqua, NY, United States
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Chemistry Department, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, United States
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Zhang T, Nagel‐Steger L, Willbold D. Solution-Based Determination of Dissociation Constants for the Binding of Aβ42 to Antibodies. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:989-994. [PMID: 31367507 PMCID: PMC6643301 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β-peptides (Aβ) play a major role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, numerous monoclonal antibodies against Aβ have been developed for basic and clinical research. The present study applied fluorescence based analytical ultracentrifugation and microscale thermophoresis to characterize the interaction between Aβ42 monomers and three popular, commercially available antibodies, namely 6E10, 4G8 and 12F4. Both methods allowed us to analyze the interactions at low nanomolar concentrations of analytes close to their dissociation constants (K D) as required for the study of high affinity interactions. Furthermore, the low concentrations minimized the unwanted self-aggregation of Aβ. Our study demonstrates that all three antibodies bind to Aβ42 monomers with comparable affinities in the low nanomolar range. K D values for Aβ42 binding to 6E10 and 4G8 are in good agreement with formerly reported values from SPR studies, while the K D for 12F4 binding to Aβ42 monomer is reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6)Forschungszentrum Jülich52425JülichGermany
- Institut für Physikalische BiologieHeinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf40225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Luitgard Nagel‐Steger
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6)Forschungszentrum Jülich52425JülichGermany
- Institut für Physikalische BiologieHeinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf40225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6)Forschungszentrum Jülich52425JülichGermany
- Institut für Physikalische BiologieHeinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf40225DüsseldorfGermany
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Liu J, Wang LN. Intravenous immunoglobulins for Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Expert Rev Neurother 2019; 19:475-480. [PMID: 31092051 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2019.1620106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu-Ning Wang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Kuzmichev A, Skolnik J, Zybin A, Hergenröder R. Absolute Analysis of Nanoparticle Suspension with Surface Plasmon Microscopy. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10732-10737. [PMID: 30134100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The recently developed surface plasmon microscopy of single nanoparticles offers a powerful tool for monitoring particle transfer from bulk solution to the adsorbing surface. In the present work, the possibility of absolute analysis of suspension, based on particle transfer observation, was examined. A model based on particle diffusion in a laminar flow, which allows analytical solution of mass transport equation, was considered. It was demonstrated that direct determination of particle concentration, based on counting the particles that bind to the sensor surface, is possible. The model contains only independent, easy to determine parameters: flow cell geometry, flow rate, particle size, and liquid viscosity. For applicability of the model, particles should be irreversibly bound when touching the sensor surface. It was demonstrated that the required "perfect binding" is provided in certain electrolyte concentration range because even particles oppositely charged to the surface do not bind in pure water. If the binding probability is less than 100%, "absoluteness" of the method is not violated. It will require the extension of the transport model with the sticking coefficient, which can be also measured by the surface plasmon microscopy directly. The present work shows the feasibility of the absolute analysis. It demonstrates the great potential of the method toward the comprehensive nanoparticle analytics and investigation of binding processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Kuzmichev
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Julija Skolnik
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Alexander Zybin
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Roland Hergenröder
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
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Finke JM, Banks WA. Modulators of IgG penetration through the blood-brain barrier: Implications for Alzheimer's disease immunotherapy. Hum Antibodies 2018; 25:131-146. [PMID: 28035915 DOI: 10.3233/hab-160306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review serves to highlight approaches that may improve the access of antibody drugs to regions of the brain affected by Alzheimer's Disease. While previous antibody drugs have been unsuccessful in treating Alzheimer's disease, recent work demonstrates that Alzheimer's pathology can be modified if these drugs can penetrate the brain parenchyma with greater efficacy. Research in antibody blood-brain barrier drug delivery predominantly follows one of three distinct directions: (1) enhancing influx with reduced antibody size, addition of Trojan horse modules, or blood-brain barrier disruption; (2) modulating trancytotic equilibrium and/or kinetics of the neonatal Fc Receptor; and (3) manipulation of antibody glycan carbohydrate composition. In addition to these topics, recent studies are discussed that reveal a role of glycan sialic acid in suppressing antibody efflux from the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Finke
- Division of Sciences and Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug delivery to the brain is a major roadblock to treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Recent results of the PRIME study indicate that increasing brain penetration of antibody drugs improves Alzheimer's treatment outcomes. New approaches are needed to better accomplish this goal. Based on prior evidence, the hypothesis that glycan modification alters antibody blood-brain barrier permeability was tested here. METHODS The blood-brain barrier permeability coefficient Pe of different glycosylated states of anti-amyloid IgG was measured using in vitro models of brain microvascular endothelial cells. Monoclonal antibodies 4G8, with sialic acid, and 6E10, lacking sialic acid, were studied. The amount of sialic acid was determined using quantitative and semi-quantitative surface plasmon resonance methods. RESULTS Influx of IgG was not saturable and was largely insensitive to IgG species and glycosylation state. By contrast, efflux of 4G8 efflux was significantly lower than both albumin controls and 6E10. Removal of α2,6-linked sialic acid group present on 12% of 4G8 completely restored efflux to that of 6E10 but increasing the α2,6-sialylated fraction to 15% resulted in no change. Removal of the Fc glycan from 4G8 partially restored efflux. Alternate sialic acid groups with α2,3 and α2,8 linkages, nor on the Fc glycan, were not detected at significant levels on either 4G8 or 6E10. CONCLUSIONS These results support a model in which surface-sialylated 4G8 inhibits its own efflux and that of asialylated 4G8. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Glycan modification has the potential to increase antibody drug penetration into the brain through efflux inhibition.
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Imamura H, Honda S. Calibration-free concentration analysis for an analyte prone to self-association. Anal Biochem 2017; 516:61-64. [PMID: 27760299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Calibration-free concentration analysis (CFCA) based on surface plasmon resonance uses the diffusion coefficient of an analyte to determine the concentration of that analyte in a bulk solution. In general, CFCA is avoided when investigating analytes prone to self-association, as the heterogeneous diffusion coefficient results in a loss of precision. The derivation for self-association of the analyte was presented here. By using the diffusion coefficient for the monomeric state, CFCA provides the lowest possible concentration even though the analyte is self-associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Imamura
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Shinya Honda
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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Marciani DJ. Rejecting the Alzheimer's disease vaccine development for the wrong reasons. Drug Discov Today 2016; 22:609-614. [PMID: 27989721 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of amyloid β (Aβ) vaccines for Alzheimer's disease (AD) has consistently failed clinically, an outcome that is assumed to result from flaws in the proposed role of Aβ as the crucial causative agent of this disease. This opinion resulted in this research approach being disregarded, yet, review of the development of these vaccines indicates that they are more suited to transgenic mice, which is unsurprising given that these animal models were used to determine the efficacy of these vaccines, and that the approach overlooked research findings relevant to AD vaccines. Hence, new strategies using new immunogens and anti-inflammatory adjuvants mimicking the natural protective immunity against AD should be implemented to develop effective preventive vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante J Marciani
- Qantu Therapeutics, Inc., 612 E. Main Street, Lewisville, TX 75057, USA.
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Crisostomo AC, Dang L, Digambaranath JL, Klaver AC, Loeffler DA, Payne JJ, Smith LM, Yokom AL, Finke JM. Kinetic analysis of IgG antibodies to beta-amyloid oligomers with surface plasmon resonance. Anal Biochem 2015; 481:43-54. [PMID: 25921794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance was used to investigate the kinetics, affinity, and specificity of binding between anti-Aβ (beta-amyloid) IgG antibodies and oligomeric Aβ. Two factors were needed to accurately characterize the IgG binding kinetics. First, a bivalent model was necessary to properly fit the kinetic association and dissociation sensograms. Second, a high concentration of IgG was necessary to overcome a significant mass transport limitation that existed regardless of oligomer density on the sensor surface. Using high IgG concentrations and bivalent fits, consistent kinetic parameters were found at varying sensor surface ligand densities. A comparison of binding specificity, affinity, and kinetic flux between monoclonal and natural human anti-Aβ IgG antibodies revealed the following findings. First, monoclonal antibodies 6E10 and 4G8 single-site binding affinity is similar between Aβ oligomers and monomers. Second, natural human anti-Aβ IgG binding readily binds Aβ oligomers but does not bind monomers. Third, natural human anti-Aβ IgG binds Aβ oligomers with a higher affinity and kinetic flux than 6E10 and 4G8. Both the current analytical methodology and antibody binding profiles are important for advances in antibody drug development and kinetic biomarker applications for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Crisostomo
- Division of Sciences and Mathematics, School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences (IAS), University of Washington, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
| | - Loan Dang
- Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | | | - Andrea C Klaver
- Department of Neurology Research, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA
| | - David A Loeffler
- Department of Neurology Research, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA
| | - Jeremiah J Payne
- Division of Sciences and Mathematics, School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences (IAS), University of Washington, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
| | - Lynnae M Smith
- Department of Neurology Research, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA
| | - Adam L Yokom
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - John M Finke
- Division of Sciences and Mathematics, School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences (IAS), University of Washington, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA.
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