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Rao S, Maddani SS, Chaudhuri S, Bhatt MT, Karanth S, Damani A, Rao K, Salins N. Utility of Clinical Variables for Deciding Palliative Care in Paraquat Poisoning: A Retrospective Study. Indian J Crit Care Med 2024; 28:453-460. [PMID: 38738203 PMCID: PMC11080093 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-24708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with paraquat poisoning (PP) have a mortality rate comparable to that of advanced malignancies, yet palliative care is seldom considered in these patients. This audit aimed to identify triggers for early palliative care referral in critically ill patients with PP. Methods Medical records of patients with PP were audited. Predictors of mortality within 48 hours of hospitalization and 24 hours of intensive care unit (ICU) admission were considered as triggers for palliative care referral. Results Among 108 patients, 84 complete records were analyzed, and 53 out of 84 (63.1%) expired. Within 48 hours after hospitalization, the lowest oxygen partial pressure in arterial blood to a fraction of inspired oxygen [the ratio of partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO2) to the fraction of inspiratory oxygen concentration (FiO2) (PaO2/FiO2)] was the independent predictor of mortality, cut-off ≤ 197; the area under the curve (AUC), 0.924; sensitivity, 97%; specificity, 78%; p <0.001; and 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.878-0.978. Kaplan-Meier survival plot showed that the mean survival time of patients with the lowest PaO2/FiO2, ≤197, was 4.64 days vs 17.20 days with PaO2/FiO2 >197 (log-rank p < 0.001). Sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score within 24 hours of ICU admission had a cut-off ≥9; AUC, 0.980; p < 0.001; 95% CI: 0.955-1.000; 91% sensitivity; and 90% specificity for mortality prediction. Out of the total of 84 patients with PP analyzed, there were 11 patients admitted to the high dependency units (13.1%) and 73 patients admitted to the ICU (86.9%). Out of the total of 84 patients of PP in whom data was analyzed, 53 (63.1%) patients required ventilator support. All the 53 patients who required ventilator support due to worsening hypoxemia, eventually expired. Conclusion The lowest PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 197 within 48 hours of hospitalization, SOFA score ≥9 within 24 hours of ICU admission or need for mechanical ventilation are predictors of mortality in PP patients, who might benefit from early palliative care. How to cite this article Rao S, Maddani SS, Chaudhuri S, Bhatt MT, Karanth S, Damani A, et al. Utility of Clinical Variables for Deciding Palliative Care in Paraquat Poisoning: A Retrospective Study. Indian J Crit Care Med 2024;28(5):453-460.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwethapriya Rao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sagar Shanmukhappa Maddani
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Souvik Chaudhuri
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Margiben T Bhatt
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Shubhada Karanth
- Department of General Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Anuja Damani
- Department of Palliative Care Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Krithika Rao
- Department of Palliative Care Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Naveen Salins
- Department of Palliative Care Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Jiang X, Liu H, Lu G, Zhou J, Wang J, Shao B, Xu P. Prognostic Value of the Average Lung CT Number in Patients with Acute Paraquat Poisoning. Emerg Med Int 2023; 2023:4443680. [PMID: 37731548 PMCID: PMC10508996 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4443680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The chest computed tomography (CT) examination is an important clinical examination in the diagnosis and monitoring of paraquat- (PQ-) induced lung injury. The aim of this study was to explore the prognostic value of the average lung CT number acquired by quantitative CT techniques in patients with acute paraquat poisoning in the early stages of the disease. Methods 46 patients who suffered from acute PQ poisoning in the emergency department of the Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital from January 2015 to June 2020 were enrolled in the present study. The patients were divided into survival group (n = 21) and nonsurvival group (n = 25). Clinical data were collected from subjects who met the inclusion criteria, including general information, personal disease history, and laboratory test indicators. The average lung CT numbers of each patient were obtained by quantitative CT techniques. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was conducted to assess the prognostic value of average lung CT number in patients with acute paraquat poisoning. Results The average CT numbers of the middle-lung, lower-lung, and whole lung fields in the nonsurvival group were significantly higher than those of the survival group (p < 0.0001). However, the upper-lung field was not significantly different between the two groups (p = 0.7765). The AUCs of different levels ranged from 0.554 to 0.977, among which the lower-lung field presented the largest AUC of 0.977 (95% CI: 0.943∼1; cut-off value: -702Hu; sensitivity 96%; specificity, 90.5%; YI: 0.865), followed by the whole lung field 0.914 (95% CI: 0.830∼0.999; cut-off value: -727Hu; sensitivity 76%; specificity, 95.2%; YI: 0.712) and the middle-lung field 0.87 (95% CI: 0.768∼0.971; cut-off value: -779Hu; sensitivity 80%; specificity, 85.7%; YI: 0.657). Conclusion The present study indicated that the average lung CT number could be used to evaluate the relationship between the severity of PQ-induced lung injury and prognosis, especially in the lower-lung field. However, further research is needed to draw a clear conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Jiang
- Department of Emergency, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hengjun Liu
- Department of Emergency, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Geng Lu
- Department of Emergency, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- Department of Emergency, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Emergency, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Binxia Shao
- Department of Emergency, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Emergency, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Kaur H, Chandran VP, Rashid M, Kunhikatta V, Poojari PG, Bakkannavar SM, Balakrishnan JM, Thunga G. The significance of APACHE II as a predictor of mortality in paraquat poisoning: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Forensic Leg Med 2023; 97:102548. [PMID: 37327568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2023.102548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) scoring system is utilised as a prognostic method in paraquat poisoning; however, current evidence shows ambiguity. Although some studies have shown APACHE II to be a superior tool, others have reported it inferior to other prognostic markers, such as lactate, severity index of paraquat poisoning and urine paraquat concentration. Hence, to address this ambiguity, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to analyse prognostic accuracy of APACHE II score in predicting mortality in paraquat poisoning. We included twenty studies with 2524 paraquat poisoned patients in the systematic review, after a comprehensive literature search in databases PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane Library, from which 16 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The survivors of paraquat poisoning were found to have significantly lower APACHE II scores (Mean Difference (MD): -5.76; 95% CI: -7.93 to -3.60 p < 0.0001; n = 16 studies) compared to non-survivors. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR) and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) for APACHE II score <9 was found to be 74%, 68%, 2.58, 0.38 and 7.10, respectively (n = 5 studies). The area under the curve (AUC) of the bivariate summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve was found to be 0.80. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, PLR, NLR and DOR for APACHE II score ≥9 was found to be 73%, 86%, 4.69, 0.33 and 16.42, respectively (n = 9 studies). The AUC of the SROC curve was found to be 0.89. Pairwise AUC comparison of APACHE II with other prognostic markers showed serum presepsin to have a significantly better discriminatory ability than APACHE II. Through the findings of this study, we conclude that APACHE II was found to be a good indicator of death in paraquat poisoning patients. However, higher APACHE II scores (≥9) depicted greater specificity in predicting mortality in paraquat poisoning. Thus, APACHE II can be used as a practical tool in the hand of physicians to prognose patients with paraquat poisoning to aid clinical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsimran Kaur
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
| | - Viji Pulikkel Chandran
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
| | - Muhammed Rashid
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
| | - Vijayanarayana Kunhikatta
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
| | - Pooja Gopal Poojari
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
| | - Shankar M Bakkannavar
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
| | - Jayaraj Mymbilly Balakrishnan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
| | - Girish Thunga
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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Ingestion poisoning related lung injury- a pictorial review. Emerg Radiol 2022; 29:757-767. [PMID: 35426004 DOI: 10.1007/s10140-022-02044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Poison ingestion is a medical emergency requiring immediate care in the emergency department. Respiratory symptoms with ingested poisons can occur due to aspiration, cardiopulmonary effects, or direct lung toxicity due to injury of the alveolar epithelium. Chest imaging (chest radiographs/CT) is usually performed in the emergency setting to evaluate such symptoms. It is often impossible to elicit the nature of the poison ingested by the patients due to their unconscious state. Identification of the culprit poison can expedite the patient's management towards a specific antidote or help understand the underlying mechanism causing the pulmonary symptoms. The imaging manifestations depend on the underlying mechanisms, varying for each ingested poison, forming an imaging signature which has not been adequately discussed in existing literature. Poisons like paraquat and organophosphate are important to differentiate as indiscriminate use of oxygen therapy in the former can exacerbate the lung injury caused by redox cycling. In this pictorial assay, we present the chest imaging spectrum of commonly ingested poisons, and further suggest algorithmic approach towards identification of common poisons based on their chest imaging.
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Development and Validation of a Radiomics Nomogram for Prognosis Prediction of Patients with Acute Paraquat Poisoning: A Retrospective Cohort Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6621894. [PMID: 33604379 PMCID: PMC7872759 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6621894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the efficiency of a radiomics model in predicting the prognosis of patients with acute paraquat poisoning (APP). Materials and Methods Chest computed tomography images and clinical data of 80 patients with APP were obtained from November 2014 to October 2017, which were randomly assigned to a primary group and a validation group by a ratio of 7 : 3, and then the radiomics features were extracted from the whole lung. Principal component analysis (PCA) and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression were used to select the features and establish the radiomics signature (Rad-score). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to establish a radiomics prediction model incorporating the Rad-score and clinical risk factors; the model was represented by nomogram. The performance of the nomogram was confirmed by its discrimination and calibration. Result The area under the ROC curve of operation was 0.942 and 0.865, respectively, in the primary and validation datasets. The sensitivity and specificity were 0.864 and 0.914 and 0.778 and 0.929, and the prediction accuracy rates were 89.5% and 87%, respectively. Predictors included in the individualized predictive nomograms include the Rad-score, blood paraquat concentration, creatine kinase, and serum creatinine. The AUC of the nomogram was 0.973 and 0.944 in the primary and validation datasets, and the sensitivity and specificity were 0.943 and 0.955, respectively, in the primary dataset and 0.889 and 0.929 in the validation dataset, and the prediction accuracy was 94.7% and 91.3%, respectively. Conclusion The radiomics nomogram incorporates the radiomics signature and hematological laboratory data, which can be conveniently used to facilitate the individualized prediction of the prognosis of APP patients.
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Lin XH, Pan HY, Cheng FJ, Huang KC, Li CJ, Chen CC, Chuang PC. Association between liberal oxygen therapy and mortality in patients with paraquat poisoning: A multi-center retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245363. [PMID: 33449962 PMCID: PMC7810293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Paraquat (N, N'-dimethyl-4, 4'-bipyridinium dichloride, PQ) intoxication is a common cause of lethal poisoning. This study aimed to identify the risk of using liberal oxygen therapy in patients with PQ poisoning. This was a multi-center retrospective cohort study involving four medical institutions in Taiwan. Data were extracted from the Chang Gung Research Database (CGRD) from January 2004 to December 2016. Patients confirmed to have PQ intoxication with a urine PQ concentration ≥ 5 ppm were analyzed. Patients who received oxygen therapy before marked hypoxia (SpO2 ≥ 90%) were defined as receiving liberal oxygen therapy. The association between mortality and patient demographics, blood paraquat concentration (ppm), and liberal oxygen therapy were analyzed. A total of 416 patients were enrolled. The mortality rate was higher in the liberal oxygen therapy group (87.8% vs. 73.7%, P = 0.007), especially in 28-day mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 4.71, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.533–14.471) and overall mortality (aOR: 5.97, 95% CI: 1.692–21.049) groups. Mortality in patients with PQ poisoning was also associated with age (aOR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.015–1.073), blood creatinine level (aOR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.124–1.978), and blood paraquat concentration (ppm) (aOR, 1.51; 95% CI: 1.298–1.766). Unless the evidence of hypoxia (SpO2 < 90%) is clear, oxygen therapy should be avoided because it is associated with increased mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Hong Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Hsiu-Yung Pan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Guishan District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Jen Cheng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Guishan District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chen Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Chao-Jui Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Chien-Chih Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Po-Chun Chuang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- * E-mail:
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Song YX, Fan SL, Peng A, Shen S, Cheng JF, Chen GQ, Li CB, Jiang C, Li XH, Liu JY. A retrospective analysis reveals a predictor of survival for the patient with paraquat intoxication. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 511:269-277. [PMID: 33148529 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Feasible and accurate predictors are urgently needed to evaluate the survival for patients with paraquat poisoning since the high mortality of paraquat poisoning always resulted in the loss of both life and money. Multiple predictors have been developed to predict prognosis of the patients with PQ poisoning, which however heavily depend on the time of admission to hospitals. Here we reported a feasible and accurate prognosis predictor for patients with paraquat poisoning that is independent of the time of admission to hospitals. Patients with paraquat poisoning were enrolled in this study according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, which were grouped into survivors and non-survivors based on the 90-days follow-up investigation. The concentration of paraquat in serum and urine, and the baseline clinical parameters associated with the injuries of the liver, kidney, and lung were evaluated to predict the survival of these patients by using receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis, univariate and multivariate cox regression analyses. A total of 114 patients was included in this study with a survival rate of 54.4%. The median survival days of non-survivors were 6.0 (95%Cl: 4.0-7.8). A new predictor, namely paraquat concentration-associated multiorgan injury index (PCAMII), was established by integrating serum and urine paraquat concentration, serum creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, total and direct bilirubin, at different weighting coefficients, with the accuracy of about 90%. The model to predict the survival probability by PCAMII was established with good fitness (R2 = 0.9325), providing the simulated survival rates comparable to the clinical data. PCAMII, which is independent of hospital admission time, is a feasible and accurate marker to predict the survival rate of patients with PQ poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Xiang Song
- Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200072, China; Center for Nephrology and Metabolomics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Shu-Ling Fan
- Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200072, China; Center for Nephrology and Metabolomics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Ai Peng
- Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200072, China; Center for Nephrology and Metabolomics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Shijun Shen
- The School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jia-Fen Cheng
- Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200072, China; Center for Nephrology and Metabolomics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Guang-Qi Chen
- Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200072, China; Center for Nephrology and Metabolomics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Chang-Bin Li
- Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200072, China; Center for Nephrology and Metabolomics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Cizhong Jiang
- The School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xin-Hua Li
- Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200072, China; Center for Nephrology and Metabolomics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.
| | - Jun-Yan Liu
- Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200072, China; Center for Nephrology and Metabolomics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.
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Huang C, Bai L, Xue X, Peng L, Jiang J, Zhang X. Hyperamylasemia as an early predictor of mortality in patients with acute paraquat poisoning. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060520910037. [PMID: 32223576 PMCID: PMC7133085 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520910037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between elevated serum amylase levels and the prognosis of paraquat poisoning. Methods Patients were categorized into the elevated and non-elevated serum amylase groups according to serum amylase levels. Demographics, mortality, risk factors of elevated serum amylase levels, and injury to the pancreas were analyzed. Results A total of 457 patients were enrolled in this study and the overall mortality rate was 51.9%. Patients in the elevated group had worse indices than those in the non-elevated group. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed that the mortality rate in the elevated group was significantly higher than that in the non-elevated group (hazard ratio: 10.65, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.55–15.02). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis showed that elevated serum amylase levels were related to mortality (hazard ratio: 2.066, 95% CI: 1.239–3.444). The receiver operating characteristic curve showed that the area under the curve was 0.724 (95% CI: 0.666–0.783) for serum amylase levels with 70.4% sensitivity and 74.0% specificity. Conclusion Elevated serum amylase levels are observed in PQ poisoning. This elevation might be one of the most accurate early prognostic factors for predicting severity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changbao Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Lina Bai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the 5th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Xue
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Liangfei Peng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Jinghan Jiang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Xigang Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the 5th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Nasr Isfahani S, Farajzadegan Z, Sabzghabaee AM, Rahimi A, Samasamshariat S, Eizadi-Mood N. Does hemoperfusion in combination with other treatments reduce the mortality of patients with paraquat poisoning more than hemoperfusion alone: A systematic review with meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019; 24:2. [PMID: 30815015 PMCID: PMC6383336 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_478_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Paraquat (PQ) poisoning is a serious public health problem in many countries. In spite of different treatments, the mortality is still high. We performed a meta-analysis to see whether hemoperfusion (HP) in combination with other treatments reduces the mortality more than HP alone in patients with PQ poisoning. Materials and Methods: We searched EMBASE, PubMed, Google Scholar, ISI Web of Knowledge, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus, Springer, TRIP, ProQuest, and references of the included studies from January 2000 to August 2017. Two reviewers independently searched and extracted data. We measured I2 to determine variance contributed by heterogeneity. To investigate the publication bias, Begg's and Egger's tests were used along with funnel plot analysis. Results: Ultimately 12 articles were included in the meta-analysis. Five articles compared HP with conventional therapy with a total of 1311 patients, and seven articles compared mortality of patients received HP versus those received HP in combination with an additional treatment. HP alone reduced the odds of death (odds ratio [OR] = 0.20; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.11–0.40, P < 0.0001) compared to conventional therapy. Furthermore, the odds of death was higher in HP group compared to those received HP in combination of additional treatments (OR = 1.24; 95% CI: 1.05–1.46, P = 0.01). Conclusion: The mortality was less in HP-treated group compared to those received only conventional therapy. Addition of other treatments with HP reduced the mortality more than HP alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheida Nasr Isfahani
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ziba Farajzadegan
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Sabzghabaee
- Isfahan Clinical Toxicology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Rahimi
- Department of Management and Medical Information Sciences, Health Information Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shiva Samasamshariat
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nastaran Eizadi-Mood
- Isfahan Clinical Toxicology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Sequential organ failure assessment in predicting mortality after paraquat poisoning: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207725. [PMID: 30444919 PMCID: PMC6239328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score is commonly used to determine disease severity and predict prognosis in critically ill patients. However, the prognostic value of SOFA after acute paraquat (PQ) poisoning remains unclear. This meta-analysis aimed to study the capability of SOFA to predict mortality in patients with PQ poisoning. Databases that included PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched through May 2018. Six studies involving 946 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Study-specific odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated, and then ORs with 95% CIs were pooled for the estimation of the prognostic role of SOFA in patients with PQ poisoning. Results showed that higher SOFA in patients with PQ poisoning was related to severe mortality (OR = 8.14, 95%CI 4.26–15.58, p<0.001). The pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, diagnostic OR, and area under the curve were 72% (95%CI 0.65–0.79), 75% (95%CI 0.65–0.83), 2.9 (95%CI 2.0–4.1), 0.37 (95%CI 0.28–0.41), 8 (95%CI 4–14), and 0.79 (95%CI 0.76–0.83), respectively. No evidence of publication bias was detected by funnel plot analysis and formal statistical tests. Sensitivity analyses showed no important differences in the estimates of effects. The high SOFA score (8.1-fold) was associated with severe mortality in patients with PQ poisoning.
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Ratio of Injured Lung Volume Fraction in Prognosis Evaluation of Acute PQ Poisoning. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4501536. [PMID: 29651433 PMCID: PMC5832052 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4501536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although paraquat (PQ) concentrations are the most reliable prognosis predictors of PQ poisoning, these laboratory tests are not readily available in all hospitals. In this study, we proposed an imaging related parameter, that is, the ratio of injured lung volume fraction, for the prognosis evaluation of acute PQ poisoning based on the correlation between disease progress and lung imaging features. An artificial neural network was trained and then used to classify the injured and normal lung regions. The ratio of injured lung volume fraction was calculated from the injured lung volume fractions in the first and second CT scans after three-dimensional reconstruction. Parameters of blood tests were collected. A significant difference was observed with respect to the ratio of injured lung volume fraction between survivors and nonsurvivors (0.73 ± 0.17 versus 0.40 ± 0.14, P < 0.001). No patients survived when the ratio of injured lung volume fraction was less than 0.3, while all patients survived as the ratio of injured lung volume fraction was greater than 0.8. Thus, the ratio of injured lung volume fraction may provide an alternative and informative measure for the prognosis of acute PQ poisoning.
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Wei TY, Yen TH, Cheng CM. Point-of-care testing in the early diagnosis of acute pesticide intoxication: The example of paraquat. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:011501. [PMID: 29430271 PMCID: PMC5775096 DOI: 10.1063/1.5003848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Acute pesticide intoxication is a common method of suicide globally. This article reviews current diagnostic methods and makes suggestions for future development. In the case of paraquat intoxication, it is characterized by multi-organ failure, causing substantial mortality and morbidity. Early diagnosis may save the life of a paraquat intoxication patient. Conventional paraquat intoxication diagnostic methods, such as symptom review and urine sodium dithionite assay, are time-consuming and impractical in resource-scarce areas where most intoxication cases occur. Several experimental and clinical studies have shown the potential of portable Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS), paper-based devices, and machine learning for paraquat intoxication diagnosis. Portable SERS and new SERS substrates maintain the sensitivity of SERS while being less costly and more convenient than conventional SERS. Paper-based devices provide the advantages of price and portability. Machine learning algorithms can be implemented as a mobile phone application and facilitate diagnosis in resource-limited areas. Although these methods have not yet met all features of an ideal diagnostic method, the combination and development of these methods offer much promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yen Wei
- Interdisciplinary Program of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Hai Yen
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Poison Center, Kidney Research Center, Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Linkou 333, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Min Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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Treatment Outcome of Combined Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration and Hemoperfusion in Acute Paraquat Poisoning: A Prospective Controlled Trial. Crit Care Med 2017; 46:100-107. [PMID: 29116999 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000002826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether combined continuous venovenous hemofiltration and hemoperfusion among paraquat-poisoned patients would improve survival. DESIGN Prospective, controlled interventional study over 4 years. SETTING Single, tertiary, academic medical center. PATIENTS We recruited patients admitted to Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital within 48 hours after paraquat ingestion. Exclusions were under 14 years old, ingestion of paraquat with other toxicants, pregnant, a history of chronic pulmonary disease, psychosis, hyperthyroidism, or diabetes with impaired liver or renal function. INTERVENTIONS All patients were assigned to receive continuous venovenous hemofiltration with hemoperfusion therapy (continuous venovenous hemofiltration group) and to receive conventional therapy (conventional group). The study outcomes were death from any cause within 90 days after paraquat ingestion and the frequencies of hypoxia, acute kidney injury, or adverse events. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Of the 110 enrolled patients, 59 were assigned to continuous venovenous hemofiltration group and 51 to conventional group. The two groups had similar baseline demographics and clinical features. At 90 days after paraquat ingestion, 19 of 59 patients (32.2%) in the continuous venovenous hemofiltration group and 29 of 51 patients (56.9%) in the conventional group had died (hazard ratio, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.24-0.76; p = 0.004). In multivariable Cox proportional hazard models controlling for baseline characteristics, combined continuous venovenous hemofiltration and hemoperfusion was independently associated with reduced risk of death compared with conventional therapy (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.19-0.64; p = 0.001). Patients in the continuous venovenous hemofiltration group, as compared to the conventional group, had a reduced occurrence rate of hypoxia (40.7% vs 72.5%; p = 0.001) and of acute kidney injury (59.3% vs 78.4%; p = 0.03). Hypophosphatemia and thrombocytopenia were more common in the continuous venovenous hemofiltration group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In patients with paraquat poisoning, treatment with combined continuous venovenous hemofiltration and hemoperfusion significantly improved 90-day survival rates.
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Huang J, Xuan D, Li X, Ma L, Zhou Y, Zou H. The value of APACHE II in predicting mortality after paraquat poisoning in Chinese and Korean population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6838. [PMID: 28746171 PMCID: PMC5627797 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score is used to determine disease severity and predict outcomes in critically ill patients. However, the prognostic significance of APACHE after acute paraquat (PQ) poisoning remains unclear. The meta-analysis was aimed to study the value of APACHE II in predicting mortality in PQ-exposed Chinese and Korean patients. METHODS Databases that included PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched through August 2016. Studies using APACHE II to predict mortality in PQ-poisoned patients were selected. The odds ratio and weighted mean difference (WMD) were used to pool binary and continuous data. Additionally, we aggregated sensitivity, specificity, and other measures of accuracy. Statistical analyses were made using the Stata V.13.0 software. RESULTS This study included 29 studies, and 25 studies evaluated APACHE II scores on admission. Pooled data showed that survivors had significantly lower total scores than nonsurvivors (WMD = -7.29, and I = 98.2%, both P <.05). The pooled sensitivity of an APACHE II score ≥5 for predicting mortality was 75% and the pooled specificity was 86%. The positive likelihood ratio (PLR) was 5.3 and the negative likelihood ratio (NLR) was 0.29. The pooled sensitivity of an APACHE II score ≥10 for predicting mortality was 88% and the pooled specificity was 84%. The pooled PLR and NLR was 5.5 and 0.15, respectively. CONCLUSION This study showed PQ-poisoned nonsurvivors had significantly higher APACHE II score than did survivors. APACHE II scores satisfactorily predicted mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshu Huang
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Huashan Hospital
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dandan Xuan
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Huashan Hospital
| | - Xiuju Li
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanling Zhou
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hejian Zou
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Huashan Hospital
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Wang Q, Liu S, Hu D, Wang Z, Wang L, Wu T, Wu Z, Mohan C, Peng A. Identification of apoptosis and macrophage migration events in paraquat-induced oxidative stress using a zebrafish model. Life Sci 2016; 157:116-124. [PMID: 27288846 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Paraquat (PQ) is a pesticide highly toxic to human beings, and a well-known trigger of oxidative stress. Although several animal models of PQ poisoning have been developed, some disadvantages limit their application in vivo. A zebrafish model was used in the present study to better define mechanisms of oxidative stress injury induced by PQ. MAIN METHODS The toxicity of PQ was evaluated in the AB strain of zebrafish, and apoptosis was assessed by acridine orange staining. Macrophage migration was identified using the TG (zlyz:EGFP) transgenic strain, and angiogenesis was observed using the fli1a-EGFP casper strain. Following the validation of gene changes by zebrafish-based in vivo quantitative real-time PCR, network analysis was performed using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. KEY FINDINGS We first established the LC50 of PQ in the zebrafish model, and then found that robust oxidative stress and antioxidant genes were activated after PQ exposure. Moreover, apoptosis and distinct macrophage activation and migration were identified for the first time in PQ-exposed zebrafish. Utilizing this model, both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways involved in PQ-induced apoptosis were elucidated. We further demonstrated that macrophage migration was specifically induced by PQ, and that Rho family members and JNK-MMP13 signaling participated in this process. SIGNIFICANCE Zebrafish is a promising tool for investigating the mechanisms of oxidative stress injury induced by PQ, and for screening effective anti-oxidant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Department of Nephrology & Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Nephrology & Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Dayong Hu
- Department of Nephrology & Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Nephrology & Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Nephrology & Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Tianfu Wu
- Department of Nephrology & Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhuanbin Wu
- Shanghai Research Center for Model Organisms, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chandra Mohan
- Department of Nephrology & Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ai Peng
- Department of Nephrology & Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
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Liu S, Wang Q, Zhou R, Li C, Hu D, Xue W, Wu T, Mohan C, Peng A. Hyperamylasemia as an Early Predictor of Mortality in Patients with Acute Paraquat Poisoning. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:1342-8. [PMID: 27101346 PMCID: PMC4844273 DOI: 10.12659/msm.897930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paraquat (PQ) is a non-selective and fast-acting contact herbicide which has been widely used in developing countries. Hyperamylasemia was reported in patients with PQ poisoning. This study investigated the predictive value and clinical characteristics of hyperamylasemia in patients with PQ poisoning. Material/Methods This study included 87 patients with acute PQ poisoning admitted from July 2012 to May 2015. Data were collected from medical records. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was conducted to analyze the discriminatory potential of serum amylase with respect to 90-day mortality. Results Of 87 patients, 29 patients had elevated serum amylase. We found that serum amylase was significantly higher among patients with AKI than those with non-AKI (p<0.001), and was an independent predictor of mortality (hazard ratio [HR]=3.644; 95% [CI], 1.684–7.881; p=0.001). The area under the ROC curve for the serum amylase (area under curve [AUC]=0.796; 95% [CI], 0.690–0.903) had a better discriminatory potential than plasma PQ concentration (0.698;0.570–0.825) or urinary PQ concentration (0.647;0.514–0.781) in predicting 90-day mortality. Conclusions Hyperamylasemia is a valuable early predictor of 90-day mortality in PQ poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- Department of Nephrology & Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Nephrology & Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Rong Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Changbin Li
- Department of Nephrology & Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Dayong Hu
- Department of Nephrology & Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Wen Xue
- Department of Nephrology & Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Tianfu Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Chandra Mohan
- Department of Nephrology & Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Ai Peng
- Department of Nephrology & Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
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Tsai JL, Chen CH, Wu MJ, Tsai SF. Paraquat Poisoning in Patients With HIV Infection: A Case Report and Literature Review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3350. [PMID: 27057917 PMCID: PMC4998833 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Paraquat poisoning is very severe. Most victims, including those who have ingested a small amount, will die from Paraquat poisoning. The cause of death in the majority of such cases is lung fibrosis. Paraquat poisoning in patients with positive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection status has seldom been reported. Herein, we report a case of an HIV patient with Paraquat poisoning who had an excellent outcome even without standard treatment. Currently, only 3 such cases have been reported in the literature and in each case there was a good outcome, which was not expected according to predictive models. A possible mechanism may involve the relative lack of functional macrophages in HIV patients, which would tend to result in much less severe lung injury. None of the available predictive models of Paraquat poisoning appear to be appropriate for HIV patients.Paraquat poisoning in HIV patients may have better survival due to less lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Li Tsai
- From the Department of Family Medicine (J-LT), Cheng Ching General Hospital; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine (C-HC, M-JW, S-FT), Taichung Veterans General Hospital; School of Medicine (C-HC, M-JW, S-FT), China Medical University; Department of Life Science (C-HC, S-FT), Tunghai University; and Taichung; and Department of Medicine (S-FT), Nation Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Zhou CY, Kang X, Li CB, Li XH, Liu Y, Wang Z, Wang L, Wu T, Mohan C, Hu DY, Peng A. Pneumomediastinum predicts early mortality in acute paraquat poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2015; 53:551-6. [PMID: 26072933 DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2015.1046183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT In paraquat (PQ) poisoning, death often occurs after the appearance of pneumomediastinum (PM). However, the clinical features and eventual outcome of PM in PQ intoxication remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We aimed to characterize PM following PQ poisoning and its prognostic value for predicting mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS Enrolled PQ-poisoned patients (n = 75) were divided into two groups according to whether PM could be detected by chest computed tomography or not. The study outcomes included 5- and 90-day death after intoxication. Survival curves were derived using the Kaplan-Meier method, and mortality risk factors were analyzed by forward stepwise Cox regression analysis. RESULTS PM was documented in 21.3% of the patients (16/75); in 13 of them PM set in within 3 days of PQ ingestion. 15 patients died within 3 days of appearance of PM. Compared with patients without PM, those with PM were younger (P = 0.011), and had higher scores of Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (P < 0.001) and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (P = 0.003). In addition, patients with PM had a higher incidence of acute renal failure (P = 0.001), toxic hepatitis (P = 0.008), and respiratory insufficiency (P = 0.003). PM predicted an increased risk of 90-day death (93.8% of patients with PM vs. 40.7% among those without PM; hazard ratio [HR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-5.6; P = 0.045), and increased risk of 5-day death (81.3% vs. 27.1%; HR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.2-8.1; P = 0.017). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Early PM, occurring within 8 days, is a specific predictor of mortality in PQ poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Zhou
- Department of Nephrology & Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , PR China
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