1
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Magnoni LJ, Collins SP, Wylie MJ, Black SE, Wellenreuther M. Morphology and metabolic traits related to swimming performance in Australasian snapper (Chrysophrys auratus) selected for fast growth. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 105:358-371. [PMID: 38802981 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Changes in body shape are linked to swimming performance and become relevant for selective breeding programmes in cultured finfish. We studied how the selection for fast growth could affect phenotypes by investigating the relationship between swimming performance and body shape. We also investigated how swimming might affect plasma metabolite concentrations. Critical swimming speed (UCrit), body traits (e.g., BW, body weight; BL, body length; K, condition factor), and plasma lactate and glucose concentrations were evaluated in two cohorts of Australasian snapper (Chrysophrys auratus): one derived from wild broodstock (F1), and the other selected for fast growth (F4). UCrit tests (n = 8) were applied in groups of 10 snapper of similar BW (71.7 g) and BL (14.6 cm). The absolute or relative UCrit values of both cohorts were similar (0.702 m⋅s-1 and 4.795 BL⋅s-1, respectively), despite the F4 cohort displaying a higher K. A positive correlation between K and absolute UCrit (Pearson's r = 0.414) was detected in the F4 cohort, but not in the F1 cohort, which may be linked to differences in body shape. A negative correlation between relative UCrit and body size (Pearson's r between -0.682 and -0.501), but no correlation between absolute UCrit and body size, was displayed in both cohorts. Plasma lactate and glucose concentrations were higher in the F4 cohort at UCrit. Whether a longer selective breeding programme could result in more changes in body shape, potentially affecting swimming performance, should be explored, along with the potential outcomes of the differences in metabolic traits detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo J Magnoni
- Seafood Production Group, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Nelson, New Zealand
| | - Selwyn P Collins
- Seafood Production Group, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Nelson, New Zealand
- Leigh Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Matthew J Wylie
- Seafood Production Group, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Nelson, New Zealand
| | - Suzanne E Black
- Seafood Production Group, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Nelson, New Zealand
| | - Maren Wellenreuther
- Seafood Production Group, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Nelson, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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2
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Johansen JL, Mitchell MD, Vaughan GO, Ripley DM, Shiels HA, Burt JA. Impacts of ocean warming on fish size reductions on the world's hottest coral reefs. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5457. [PMID: 38951524 PMCID: PMC11217398 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49459-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The impact of ocean warming on fish and fisheries is vigorously debated. Leading theories project limited adaptive capacity of tropical fishes and 14-39% size reductions by 2050 due to mass-scaling limitations of oxygen supply in larger individuals. Using the world's hottest coral reefs in the Persian/Arabian Gulf as a natural laboratory for ocean warming - where species have survived >35.0 °C summer temperatures for over 6000 years and are 14-40% smaller at maximum size compared to cooler locations - we identified two adaptive pathways that enhance survival at elevated temperatures across 10 metabolic and swimming performance metrics. Comparing Lutjanus ehrenbergii and Scolopsis ghanam from reefs both inside and outside the Persian/Arabian Gulf across temperatures of 27.0 °C, 31.5 °C and 35.5 °C, we reveal that these species show a lower-than-expected rise in basal metabolic demands and a right-shifted thermal window, which aids in maintaining oxygen supply and aerobic performance to 35.5 °C. Importantly, our findings challenge traditional oxygen-limitation theories, suggesting a mismatch in energy acquisition and demand as the primary driver of size reductions. Our data support a modified resource-acquisition theory to explain how ocean warming leads to species-specific size reductions and why smaller individuals are evolutionarily favored under elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L Johansen
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.
- Marine Biology Laboratory, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Matthew D Mitchell
- Marine Biology Laboratory, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Grace O Vaughan
- Marine Biology Laboratory, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- BiOrbic, Bioeconomy SFI Research Centre, O'Brien Centre for Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel M Ripley
- Marine Biology Laboratory, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Holly A Shiels
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - John A Burt
- Marine Biology Laboratory, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Mubadala ACCESS Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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3
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du Toit HD, Rishworth GM, Strydom NA, Welman S. High levels of metacercarial infestation (family: Diplostomidae) do not affect host energetics and swimming performance in the Epaulette goby (Coryogalops sordidus, Gobiidae). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 104:1165-1179. [PMID: 38235536 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Parasites have deleterious effects on their hosts, often resulting in altered host behavior or increased energy expenditure. When organisms are exposed to suboptimal environments, parasite loading may increase. Microbialite pools along the warm temperate South African coastline have been hypothesized as refugia for Epaulette gobies (Coryogalops sordidus, Gobiidae) when they are outside of their previously known subtropical distribution. The aim of this study was to determine if C. sordidus individuals infected with metacercarial cysts display higher metabolic rates or different swimming behavior compared to noninfected individuals. We measured each goby's swimming performance using a critical station-holding speed (Ucrit) test (n = 60) and visually scored their swimming behavior (n = 52) during these measurements. Also, we measured the metabolic rate of gobies using an intermittent flow respirometer system to determine standard metabolic rate (SMR) and maximum metabolic rate (MMR) from gobies at 21°C before and after swimming trials. Metacercarial load carried by infected gobies seemingly had no impact on the host's energetics (SMR or MMR), swimming ability (as repeated Ucrit tests), or swimming behavior compared to noninfected gobies. Thus, the metacercarial intensity observed in gobies in the current study appeared to have no impact on host swimming performance or behavior. Furthermore, the swimming capacity observed for C. sordidus, in general, suggests that this goby is a poor swimmer compared to other gobiid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik D du Toit
- Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Gqberha, South Africa
| | - Gavin M Rishworth
- Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Gqberha, South Africa
- Institute for Coastal and Marine Research (CMR), Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
| | - Nadine A Strydom
- Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Gqberha, South Africa
- Institute for Coastal and Marine Research (CMR), Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
| | - Shaun Welman
- Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Gqberha, South Africa
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4
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Crespel A, Lindström J, Elmer KR, Killen SS. Evolutionary relationships between metabolism and behaviour require genetic correlations. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220481. [PMID: 38186274 PMCID: PMC10772607 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
As selection acts on multivariate phenotypes, the evolution of traits within populations not only depends on the genetic basis of each trait, but also on the genetic relationships among traits. As metabolic rate is often related to vital traits such as growth, physiology and behaviour, its variation and evolution is expected to have important repercussions on individual fitness. However, the majority of the correlations between metabolic rate and other traits has been based on phenotypic correlations, while genetic correlations, basis for indirect selection and evolution, have been overlooked. Using a case study, we explore the importance of properly estimating genetic correlations to understand and predict evolution of multivariate phenotypes. We show that selection on metabolic traits could result in indirect selection mainly on growth-related traits, owing to strong genetic correlations, but not on swimming or risk-taking and sociability behaviour even if they covary phenotypically. While phenotypic correlation can inform about genetic correlation direction, caution is needed in predicting the magnitude of genetic correlation. Therefore, even though phenotypic correlations among physiological and behavioural traits could be useful, deriving evolutionary conclusions based purely on them is not robust. In short, proper estimation of genetic correlations is needed when predicting evolutionary consequences. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolutionary significance of variation in metabolic rates'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Crespel
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Jan Lindström
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Kathryn R. Elmer
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Shaun S. Killen
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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5
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Khalid A, Galobart C, Rubio-Gracia F, Atli G, Guasch H, Vila-Gispert A. A trait-based approach to determine the risks of Zn to the overall health status of native fish species Barbus meridionalis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 262:106661. [PMID: 37611456 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Fish adapt to changing environments by maintaining homeostasis or making energy trade-offs that impact fitness. We investigated the effect of Zn on the fitness and physiology of Barbus meridionalis, a native cyprinid fish species, under two exposure scenarios. The Osor stream's mine-effluent reach represented long-term (chronic) exposure, while the upstream reach served as a control/acute exposure. Acute exposure involved exposing B. meridionalis to 1mg/L Zn for 96 h in the laboratory. We examined physiological traits (Standard metabolic rate SMR, Maximum metabolic rate MMR, Absolute Aerobic scope AAS, Critical swimming capacity Ucrit) and antioxidant system, AS (Superoxide dismutase, SOD; Catalase, CAT; Glutathione peroxidase, GPX; Glutathione-S-transferase, GST; Glutathione, GSH; Thiobarbaturic acid reactive substances, TBARS) biomarkers. The results indicated that Zn had no significant effect on osmoregulatory cost (SMR) in either exposure scenario but impaired energetically costly exercise (low MMR). AAS reduction in both exposure groups suggested compromised energy allocation for life-history traits, evidenced by decreased locomotor performance (Ucrit) after acute exposure. Tissue-specific and time-dependent responses were observed for AS biomarkers. The fish exhibited ineffective control of oxidative damage, as evidenced by high TBARS levels in the liver and gills, despite increased CAT and GSH in the liver under acute conditions. Our findings demonstrate differential responses at the subcellular level between the two exposure scenarios, while trait-based endpoints followed a similar pattern. This highlights the utility of a trait-based approach as a supplementary endpoint in biomonitoring studies, which provides insights into impacts on individual fitness and population demography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Khalid
- GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Galobart
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes (CEAB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Spain
| | | | - Guluzar Atli
- Biotechnology Center, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey; Vocational School of Imamoğlu, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey.
| | - Helena Guasch
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes (CEAB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Spain
| | - Anna Vila-Gispert
- GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
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6
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Cortese D, Crespel A, Mills SC, Norin T, Killen SS, Beldade R. Adaptive effects of parental and developmental environments on offspring survival, growth and phenotype. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Cortese
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE‐UPVD‐CNRS USR 3278 CRIOBE Moorea Papetoai French Polynesia
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Amélie Crespel
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
- Department of Biology University of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Suzanne C. Mills
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE‐UPVD‐CNRS USR 3278 CRIOBE Moorea Papetoai French Polynesia
- Laboratoire d'Excellence “CORAIL” France
| | - Tommy Norin
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
- DTU Aqua: National Institute of Aquatic Resources Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Shaun S. Killen
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Ricardo Beldade
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE‐UPVD‐CNRS USR 3278 CRIOBE Moorea Papetoai French Polynesia
- Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas and Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Las Cruces Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
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7
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Montalbano G, Bertolucci C, Lucon-Xiccato T. Cognitive Phenotypic Plasticity: Environmental Enrichment Affects Learning but Not Executive Functions in a Teleost Fish, Poecilia reticulata. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:64. [PMID: 35053062 PMCID: PMC8772815 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many aspects of animal cognition are plastically adjusted in response to the environment through individual experience. A remarkable example of this cognitive phenotypic plasticity is often observed when comparing individuals raised in a barren environment to individuals raised in an enriched environment. Evidence of enrichment-driven cognitive plasticity in teleost fish continues to grow, but it remains restricted to a few cognitive traits. The purpose of this study was to investigate how environmental enrichment affects multiple cognitive traits (learning, cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory control) in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata. To reach this goal, we exposed new-born guppies to different treatments: an enrichment environment with social companions, natural substrate, vegetation, and live prey or a barren environment with none of the above. After a month of treatment, we tested the subjects in a battery of three cognitive tasks. Guppies from the enriched environment learned a color discrimination faster compared to guppies from the environment with no enrichments. We observed no difference between guppies of the two treatments in the cognitive flexibility task, requiring selection of a previously unrewarded stimulus, nor in the inhibitory control task, requiring the inhibition of the attack response toward live prey. Overall, the results indicated that environmental enrichment had an influence on guppies' learning ability, but not on the remaining cognitive functions investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Montalbano
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Cristiano Bertolucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
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8
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Identification of Individual Zebrafish ( Danio rerio): A Refined Protocol for VIE Tagging Whilst Considering Animal Welfare and the Principles of the 3Rs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030616. [PMID: 33652779 PMCID: PMC7996851 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In aquatic ecology, studies have commonly employed a tagging technique known as visible implant elastomer (VIE). This method has not been widely adopted by the zebrafish research community and also lacks refinement with regard to animal welfare. The current paper introduces a new VIE tagging protocol, with the aim of improving existing tagging techniques by placing particular emphasis on the Three Rs. To improve animal welfare and fish survival, we added the use of an analgesic compound (lidocaine) through the marking procedure, followed by after-treatment with antiseptics (melaleuca, aloe vera, and PVP-I as active ingredients) to improve tissue regeneration and healing. The newly improved protocol has been quantitatively evaluated on different populations and age groups of zebrafish. This study will be useful to the scientific zebrafish community and to the wider field including biologist and aquarists, especially in consideration of animal welfare, where tagging techniques are considered as a potential noxious stimulus for fish.
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9
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Methling C, Blažek R, Řežucha R, Reichard M. Individual-level pace-of-life syndromes in annual killifish are mediated by intersexual and interspecific differences. Evol Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-020-10059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Rubio-Gracia F, García-Berthou E, Guasch H, Zamora L, Vila-Gispert A. Size-related effects and the influence of metabolic traits and morphology on swimming performance in fish. Curr Zool 2020; 66:493-503. [PMID: 33376477 PMCID: PMC7750985 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoaa013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy metabolism fuels swimming and other biological processes. We compared the swimming performance and energy metabolism within and across eight freshwater fish species. Using swim tunnel respirometers, we measured the standard metabolic rate (SMR) and maximum metabolic rate (MMR) and calculated the critical swimming speed (Ucrit). We accounted for body size, metabolic traits, and some morphometric ratios in an effort to understand the extent and underlying causes of variation. Body mass was largely the best predictor of swimming capacity and metabolic traits within species. Moreover, we found that predictive models using total length or SMR, in addition to body mass, significantly increased the explained variation of Ucrit and MMR in certain fish species. These predictive models also underlined that, once body mass has been accounted for, Ucrit can be independently affected by total length or MMR. This study exemplifies the utility of multiple regression models to assess within-species variability. At interspecific level, our results showed that variation in Ucrit can partly be explained by the variation in the interrelated traits of MMR, fineness, and muscle ratios. Among the species studied, bleak Alburnus alburnus performed best in terms of swimming performance and efficiency. By contrast, pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus showed very poor swimming performance, but attained lower mass-specific cost of transport (MCOT) than some rheophilic species, possibly reflecting a cost reduction strategy to compensate for hydrodynamic disadvantages. In conclusion, this study provides insight into the key factors influencing the swimming performance of fish at both intra- and interspecific levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Helena Guasch
- Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain.,Integrative Freshwater Ecology Group, Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes, CSIC, 17300 Blanes, Spain
| | - Lluís Zamora
- Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Anna Vila-Gispert
- Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
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11
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Pang X, Shao F, Ding S, Fu S, Zhang Y. Interspecific differences and ecological correlations of energy metabolism traits in freshwater fishes. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Pang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development Education of Ministry Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing Southwest University Chongqing China
- College of Animal Science and Technology Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Feng Shao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development Education of Ministry Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Shi‐Huan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development Education of Ministry Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing Southwest University Chongqing China
- College of Animal Science and Technology Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Shi‐Jian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behaviour Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology Chongqing Normal University Chongqing China
| | - Yao‐Guang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development Education of Ministry Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing Southwest University Chongqing China
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12
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Mayerl CJ, Hicks KE, Blob RW. Differences in kinematic plasticity between freshwater turtle species underlie differences in swimming performance in response to varying flow conditions. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The distribution and performance of aquatic vertebrates can be linked strongly to their ability to perform in variable conditions of flowing water. Performance in these variable conditions can be affected by both morphology and behaviour, and animals that experience more variable environments often show greater behavioural plasticity that improves performance in those environments. One common metric of performance is swimming stability, which can constitute a majority of the daily energy budget of swimming animals. We compared the body oscillations arising from recoil forces of the limbs of two species of freshwater turtles as they swam in different flow conditions: the lentic specialist Emydura subglobosa and the habitat generalist Chrysemys picta. We found that E. subglobosa experienced more limited oscillations in still water than C. picta, but that C. picta had a greater kinematic response to increased flow speed that might contribute to their improved performance in flowing water. These results provide insight into how secondarily aquatic tetrapods respond to the functional demands of variation in flow, helping to build understanding of the relationship between energetics, kinematics and performance of such lineages in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Mayerl
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Kirsten E Hicks
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Richard W Blob
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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13
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Nadler LE, Killen SS, Domenici P, McCormick MI. Role of water flow regime in the swimming behaviour and escape performance of a schooling fish. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio.031997. [PMID: 30237289 PMCID: PMC6215405 DOI: 10.1242/bio.031997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals are exposed to variable and rapidly changing environmental flow conditions, such as wind in terrestrial habitats and currents in aquatic systems. For fishes, previous work suggests that individuals exhibit flow-induced changes in aerobic swimming performance. Yet, no one has examined whether similar plasticity is found in fast-start escape responses, which are modulated by anaerobic swimming performance, sensory stimuli and neural control. In this study, we used fish from wild schools of the tropical damselfish Chromis viridis from shallow reefs surrounding Lizard Island in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. The flow regime at each site was measured to ascertain differences in mean water flow speed and its temporal variability. Swimming and escape behaviour in fish schools were video-recorded in a laminar-flow swim tunnel. Though each school's swimming behaviour (i.e. alignment and cohesion) was not associated with local flow conditions, traits linked with fast-start performance (particularly turning rate and the distance travelled with the response) were significantly greater in individuals from high-flow habitats. This stronger performance may occur due to a number of mechanisms, such as an i n s itu training effect or greater selection pressure for faster performance phenotypes in areas with high flow speed.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Nadler
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia .,Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Shaun S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Domenici
- CNR-IAMC, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Localita Sa Mardini, Torregrande, 09170, Oristano, Italy
| | - Mark I McCormick
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia.,Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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14
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Yuan M, Chen Y, Huang Y, Lu W. Behavioral and Metabolic Phenotype Indicate Personality in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Front Physiol 2018; 9:653. [PMID: 29899710 PMCID: PMC5988878 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Consistency of individual differences of animal behavior and personality in reactions to various environmental stresses among their life stages could reflect basic divergences in coping style which may affect survival, social rank, and reproductive success in the wild. However, the physiological mechanisms determining personality remain poorly understood. In order to study whether behavior, metabolism and physiological stress responses relate to the personality, we employed post-stress recovery assays to separate zebrafish into two behavioral types (proactive and reactive). The results demonstrated consistent difference among personality, behavior and metabolism in which proactive individuals were more aggressive, had higher standard metabolic rates and showed lower shuttled frequencies between dark and light compartments than the reactive ones. The behavioral variations were also linked to divergent acute salinity stress responses: proactive individuals adopted a swift locomotion behavior in response to acute salinity challenge while reactive individuals remain unchanged. Our results provide useful insight into how personality acts on correlated traits and the importance of a holistic approach to understanding the mechanisms driving persistent inter-individual differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhe Yuan
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Chen
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Huang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqun Lu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Killen SS, Marras S, Nadler L, Domenici P. The role of physiological traits in assortment among and within fish shoals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0233. [PMID: 28673911 PMCID: PMC5498295 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals of gregarious species often group with conspecifics to which they are phenotypically similar. This among-group assortment has been studied for body size, sex and relatedness. However, the role of physiological traits has been largely overlooked. Here, we discuss mechanisms by which physiological traits—particularly those related to metabolism and locomotor performance—may result in phenotypic assortment not only among but also within animal groups. At the among-group level, varying combinations of passive assortment, active assortment, phenotypic plasticity and selective mortality may generate phenotypic differences among groups. Even within groups, however, individual variation in energy requirements, aerobic and anaerobic capacity, neurological lateralization and tolerance to environmental stressors are likely to produce differences in the spatial location of individuals or associations between group-mates with specific physiological phenotypes. Owing to the greater availability of empirical research, we focus on groups of fishes (i.e. shoals and schools). Increased knowledge of physiological mechanisms influencing among- and within-group assortment will enhance our understanding of fundamental concepts regarding optimal group size, predator avoidance, group cohesion, information transfer, life-history strategies and the evolutionary effects of group membership. In a broader perspective, predicting animal responses to environmental change will be impossible without a comprehensive understanding of the physiological basis of the formation and functioning of animal social groups. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Physiological determinants of social behaviour in animals’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Stefano Marras
- IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, 09170 Torregrande, Oristano, Italy
| | - Lauren Nadler
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Paolo Domenici
- IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, 09170 Torregrande, Oristano, Italy
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16
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Senay C, Harvey-Lavoie S, Macnaughton C, Bourque G, Boisclair D. Morphological differentiation in northern pike (Esox lucius): the influence of environmental conditions and sex on body shape. CAN J ZOOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2016-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Morphological differentiation may allow individuals to cope with prevailing environmental conditions. Morphological differentiation in fish characterized by sagittiform shape and ambush predator behaviour, such as northern pike (Esox lucius L., 1758), has rarely been addressed. Morphological differentiation was assessed in two rivers exhibiting contrasting flow regimes: a hydropeaking river characterized by large and frequent fluctuations in flow rates and an unregulated river. An increase in northern pike movement rate was observed in the hydropeaking river. Therefore, morphological features enhancing sustained and burst swimming, as well as manoeuvrability, were expected. Our objectives are to (i) compare morphology between the two rivers and (ii) assess morphological differentiation between sexes. Using geometric morphometrics, shape significantly diverged between rivers irrespective of sex and between sexes in the hydropeaking river. Individuals from the hydropeaking river had more elongated heads, deeper bodies and caudal peduncles, and longer dorsal fin insertions than individuals from the unregulated river. Caudal fin differences between rivers were not consistent between sexes. Morphological differentiation suggested a trade-off among adaptations for sustained and burst swimming, as well as manoeuvrability, to cope with variable flows in a hydropeaking river. Morphological differentiation may allow the exploitation of spatially and temporally variable environmental conditions, including those stemming from river flow regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Senay
- NSERC HydroNet, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- NSERC HydroNet, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - S. Harvey-Lavoie
- NSERC HydroNet, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- NSERC HydroNet, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - C.J. Macnaughton
- NSERC HydroNet, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- NSERC HydroNet, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - G. Bourque
- NSERC HydroNet, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- NSERC HydroNet, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - D. Boisclair
- NSERC HydroNet, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- NSERC HydroNet, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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Oufiero CE, Whitlow KR. The evolution of phenotypic plasticity in fish swimming. Curr Zool 2016; 62:475-488. [PMID: 29491937 PMCID: PMC5804253 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zow084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish have a remarkable amount of variation in their swimming performance, from within species differences to diversity among major taxonomic groups. Fish swimming is a complex, integrative phenotype and has the ability to plastically respond to a myriad of environmental changes. The plasticity of fish swimming has been observed on whole-organismal traits such as burst speed or critical swimming speed, as well as underlying phenotypes such as muscle fiber types, kinematics, cardiovascular system, and neuronal processes. Whether the plastic responses of fish swimming are beneficial seems to depend on the environmental variable that is changing. For example, because of the effects of temperature on biochemical processes, alterations of fish swimming in response to temperature do not seem to be beneficial. In contrast, changes in fish swimming in response to variation in flow may benefit the fish to maintain position in the water column. In this paper, we examine how this plasticity in fish swimming might evolve, focusing on environmental variables that have received the most attention: temperature, habitat, dissolved oxygen, and carbon dioxide variation. Using examples from previous research, we highlight many of the ways fish swimming can plastically respond to environmental variation and discuss potential avenues of future research aimed at understanding how plasticity of fish swimming might evolve. We consider the direct and indirect effects of environmental variation on swimming performance, including changes in swimming kinematics and suborganismal traits thought to predict swimming performance. We also discuss the role of the evolution of plasticity in shaping macroevolutionary patterns of diversity in fish swimming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katrina R. Whitlow
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA
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18
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Rupia EJ, Binning SA, Roche DG, Lu W. Fight-flight or freeze-hide? Personality and metabolic phenotype mediate physiological defence responses in flatfish. J Anim Ecol 2016; 85:927-37. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel J. Rupia
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources; Ministry of Education; Shanghai 201306 China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science; Shanghai Ocean University; Shanghai 201306 China
| | - Sandra A. Binning
- Institute of Biology; University of Neuchâtel; CH-2000 Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Dominique G. Roche
- Institute of Biology; University of Neuchâtel; CH-2000 Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Weiqun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources; Ministry of Education; Shanghai 201306 China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science; Shanghai Ocean University; Shanghai 201306 China
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Baktoft H, Jacobsen L, Skov C, Koed A, Jepsen N, Berg S, Boel M, Aarestrup K, Svendsen JC. Phenotypic variation in metabolism and morphology correlating with animal swimming activity in the wild: relevance for the OCLTT (oxygen- and capacity-limitation of thermal tolerance), allocation and performance models. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cov055. [PMID: 27382465 PMCID: PMC4922247 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cov055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing climate change is affecting animal physiology in many parts of the world. Using metabolism, the oxygen- and capacity-limitation of thermal tolerance (OCLTT) hypothesis provides a tool to predict the responses of ectothermic animals to variation in temperature, oxygen availability and pH in the aquatic environment. The hypothesis remains controversial, however, and has been questioned in several studies. A positive relationship between aerobic metabolic scope and animal activity would be consistent with the OCLTT but has rarely been tested. Moreover, the performance model and the allocation model predict positive and negative relationships, respectively, between standard metabolic rate and activity. Finally, animal activity could be affected by individual morphology because of covariation with cost of transport. Therefore, we hypothesized that individual variation in activity is correlated with variation in metabolism and morphology. To test this prediction, we captured 23 wild European perch (Perca fluviatilis) in a lake, tagged them with telemetry transmitters, measured standard and maximal metabolic rates, aerobic metabolic scope and fineness ratio and returned the fish to the lake to quantify individual in situ activity levels. Metabolic rates were measured using intermittent flow respirometry, whereas the activity assay involved high-resolution telemetry providing positions every 30 s over 12 days. We found no correlation between individual metabolic traits and activity, whereas individual fineness ratio correlated with activity. Independent of body length, and consistent with physics theory, slender fish maintained faster mean and maximal swimming speeds, but this variation did not result in a larger area (in square metres) explored per 24 h. Testing assumptions and predictions of recent conceptual models, our study indicates that individual metabolism is not a strong determinant of animal activity, in contrast to individual morphology, which is correlated with in situ activity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Baktoft
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Lene Jacobsen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Christian Skov
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Anders Koed
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Niels Jepsen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Søren Berg
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Boel
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Kim Aarestrup
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Jon C. Svendsen
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Charlottenlund, Denmark
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20
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Ejbye-Ernst R, Michaelsen TY, Tirsgaard B, Wilson JM, Jensen LF, Steffensen JF, Pertoldi C, Aarestrup K, Svendsen JC. Partitioning the metabolic scope: the importance of anaerobic metabolism and implications for the oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance (OCLTT) hypothesis. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cow019. [PMID: 27293766 PMCID: PMC4896295 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing climate change is predicted to affect the distribution and abundance of aquatic ectotherms owing to increasing constraints on organismal physiology, in particular involving the metabolic scope (MS) available for performance and fitness. The oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance (OCLTT) hypothesis prescribes MS as an overarching benchmark for fitness-related performance and assumes that any anaerobic contribution within the MS is insignificant. The MS is typically derived from respirometry by subtracting standard metabolic rate from the maximal metabolic rate; however, the methodology rarely accounts for anaerobic metabolism within the MS. Using gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata), this study tested for trade-offs (i) between aerobic and anaerobic components of locomotor performance; and (ii) between the corresponding components of the MS. Data collection involved measuring oxygen consumption rate at increasing swimming speeds, using the gait transition from steady to unsteady (burst-assisted) swimming to detect the onset of anaerobic metabolism. Results provided evidence of the locomotor performance trade-off, but only in S. aurata. In contrast, both species revealed significant negative correlations between aerobic and anaerobic components of the MS, indicating a trade-off where both components of the MS cannot be optimized simultaneously. Importantly, the fraction of the MS influenced by anaerobic metabolism was on average 24.3 and 26.1% in S. aurata and P. reticulata, respectively. These data highlight the importance of taking anaerobic metabolism into account when assessing effects of environmental variation on the MS, because the fraction where anaerobic metabolism occurs is a poor indicator of sustainable aerobic performance. Our results suggest that without accounting for anaerobic metabolism within the MS, studies involving the OCLTT hypothesis could overestimate the metabolic scope available for sustainable activities and the ability of individuals and species to cope with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Ejbye-Ernst
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Thomas Y. Michaelsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Corresponding author: Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark. Tel: +45 42 40 08 32.
| | - Bjørn Tirsgaard
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Jonathan M. Wilson
- Molecular Eco-physiology, Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - John F. Steffensen
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Cino Pertoldi
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Aalborg Zoo, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kim Aarestrup
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Jon C. Svendsen
- Molecular Eco-physiology, Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Charlottenlund, Denmark
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21
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Binning SA, Ros AFH, Nusbaumer D, Roche DG. Physiological plasticity to water flow habitat in the damselfish, Acanthochromis polyacanthus: linking phenotype to performance. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121983. [PMID: 25807560 PMCID: PMC4373956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationships among animal form, function and performance are complex, and vary across environments. Therefore, it can be difficult to identify morphological and/or physiological traits responsible for enhancing performance in a given habitat. In fishes, differences in swimming performance across water flow gradients are related to morphological variation among and within species. However, physiological traits related to performance have been less well studied. We experimentally reared juvenile damselfish, Acanthochromis polyacanthus, under different water flow regimes to test 1) whether aspects of swimming physiology and morphology show plastic responses to water flow, 2) whether trait divergence correlates with swimming performance and 3) whether flow environment relates to performance differences observed in wild fish. We found that maximum metabolic rate, aerobic scope and blood haematocrit were higher in wave-reared fish compared to fish reared in low water flow. However, pectoral fin shape, which tends to correlate with sustained swimming performance, did not differ between rearing treatments or collection sites. Maximum metabolic rate was the best overall predictor of individual swimming performance; fin shape and fish total length were 3.3 and 3.7 times less likely than maximum metabolic rate to explain differences in critical swimming speed. Performance differences induced in fish reared in different flow environments were less pronounced than in wild fish but similar in direction. Our results suggest that exposure to water motion induces plastic physiological changes which enhance swimming performance in A. polyacanthus. Thus, functional relationships between fish morphology and performance across flow habitats should also consider differences in physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Binning
- Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; Eco-Éthologie, Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Albert F H Ros
- Eco-Éthologie, Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - David Nusbaumer
- Eco-Éthologie, Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Dominique G Roche
- Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; Eco-Éthologie, Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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