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Allali B, Pereira B, Fillon A, Pouele L, Masurier J, Cardenoux C, Isacco L, Boirie Y, Duclos M, Thivel D, Julian V. The effectiveness of multidisciplinary weight loss interventions is associated with initial cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents with obesity. Pediatr Obes 2024; 19:e13147. [PMID: 38922794 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.13147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of predictive parameters of the success of multidisciplinary weight loss interventions (MWLI) appears essential to optimize obesity management. The association between baseline cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and changes in anthropometric parameters and body composition during MWLI remains underexplored in adolescents with obesity. OBJECTIVES To assess whether baseline CRF was associated with the effectiveness of a 16-week MWLI measured through improved body mass, body mass index (BMI) and body composition (percentage of total fat mass (FM) as the main criterion). METHODS Cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition were respectively measured by peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) during maximal exercise tests and dual-photon x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), before (T0) and after (T1) a 16-week MWLI in 165 adolescents (aged 13.3 ± 1.38 years, 61.2% female, BMI 35.11 ± 5.16 kg/m2). RESULTS Reductions in BMI and total FM percentage between T0 and T1 were greater in subjects with a baseline VO2peak ≥ 3rd quartile compared to the first quartile (p < 0.001) and the interquartile range (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). Baseline VO2peak and VO2 at the first ventilator threshold were positively correlated with the reductions in body mass, BMI and total and visceral FM percentages and with the increase in lean mass (LM) percentage between T0 and T1 after adjustment for age and gender (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Initial CRF is associated with the success of MWLI in adolescents with obesity. Improving their aerobic fitness before starting a MWLI might be a promising strategy to optimize its benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahim Allali
- Department of Pediatrics, University Teaching Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Department of Biostatistics, University Teaching Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alicia Fillon
- Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise Under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), University of Clermont Auvergne, Aubière, France
| | - Lili Pouele
- Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise Under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), University of Clermont Auvergne, Aubière, France
| | - Julie Masurier
- Pediatric Obesity Center of La Bourboule, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Laurie Isacco
- Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise Under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), University of Clermont Auvergne, Aubière, France
| | - Yves Boirie
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, University Teaching Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Diet and Musculoskeletal Health Team, Human Nutrition Research Center, INRA, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Martine Duclos
- Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, University Teaching Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Diet and Musculoskeletal Health Team, Human Nutrition Research Center, INRA, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David Thivel
- Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise Under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), University of Clermont Auvergne, Aubière, France
| | - Valérie Julian
- Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, University Teaching Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Diet and Musculoskeletal Health Team, Human Nutrition Research Center, INRA, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Assis MGC, Barbosa Junior JGG, Seffrin A, Ribeiro dos Anjos Souza V, Vivan L, Matos Rodrigues MA, de Lira CAB, Vancini RL, Knechtle B, Weiss K, Andrade MS. Maximal Oxygen Uptake, Muscular Oxidative Capacity, and Ventilatory Threshold in Amateur Triathletes: Eight-Month Training Follow-Up. Open Access J Sports Med 2024; 15:9-17. [PMID: 38505703 PMCID: PMC10950087 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s453875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Endurance sports performance is influenced by several factors, including maximal oxygen uptake (⩒O2max), the percentage of ⩒O2max that can be sustained in endurance events, running economy, and body composition. Traditionally, ⩒O2max can be measured as an absolute value, adjusted for body mass, reflecting the athlete's central capacity (maximal cardiac output), or adjusted for lean mass (LM), reflecting the athlete's peripheral capacity (muscular oxidative capacity). The present study aims to evaluate absolute, total body mass, and lower limb LM-adjusted ⩒O2max, ventilatory thresholds (VT), respiratory compensation points (RCP), and body composition during two training periods separated by 8 months. Patients and Methods Thirteen competitive amateur triathletes [seven men (40.7±13.7 years old, 76.3±8.3kg, and 173.9±4.8cm) and six women (43.5±6.9 years old, 55.0±2.7kg, 164.9±5.2cm)] were evaluated for body composition with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and ⩒O2max, VT, RPC, and maximal aerobic speed (MAS) with a cardiorespiratory maximal treadmill test. Results The absolute ⩒O2max (p = 0.003, d = 1.05), body mass-adjusted ⩒O2max (p < 0.001, d = 1.2859), and MAS (p = 0.047, d = 0.6139) values differed significantly across evaluation periods. Lower limb LM-adjusted ⩒O2max (p = 0.083, d = -0.0418), %⩒O2max at VT (p = 0.541, d = -0.1746), speed at VT (p = 0.337, d = -0.2774), % ⩒O2max at RCP (p = 0.776, d = 0.0806), and speed at RCP (p = 0.436, d = 0.2234) showed no difference. Conclusion The sensitivities of ⩒O2max adjusted for body mass and ⩒O2max adjusted for LM to detect changes in physical training state differ. Furthermore, decreases in physical fitness level, as evaluated by ⩒O2max values, are not accompanied by changes in VT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aldo Seffrin
- Postgraduate Program in Translation Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lavínia Vivan
- Postgraduate Program in Translation Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Luiz Vancini
- Center for Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Van Hooren B, Lepers R. A physiological comparison of the new-over 70 years of age-marathon record holder and his predecessor: A case report. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1122315. [PMID: 36860525 PMCID: PMC9969103 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1122315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study assessed the body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, fiber type and mitochondrial function, and training characteristics of a 71-year-old runner who broke the world record marathon of the men's 70-74 age category and held several other world records. The values were compared to those of the previous world-record holder. Methods: Body fat percentage was assessed using air-displacement plethysmography. V ˙ O 2 max , running economy, and maximum heart rate were measured during treadmill running. Muscle fiber typology and mitochondrial function were evaluated using a muscle biopsy. Results: Body fat percentage was 13.5%, V ˙ O 2 max was 46.6 ml kg-1 min-1, and maximum heartrate was 160 beats∙min-1. At the marathon pace (14.5 km h-1), his running economy was 170.5 ml kg-1 km-1. The gas exchange threshold and respiratory compensation point occurred at 75.7% and 93.9% of the V ˙ O 2 max , i.e., 13 km h-1 and 15 km h-1, respectively. The oxygen uptake at the marathon pace corresponded to 88.5% of V ˙ O 2 max . Vastus lateralis fiber content was 90.3% type I and 9.7% type II. Average distance was 139 km∙w-1 in the year prior to the record. Conclusion: The 71-year-old world-record holder marathon showed a relatively similar V ˙ O 2 max , lower percentage of V ˙ O 2 max at marathon pace, but a substantially better running economy than his predecessor. The better running economy may result from an almost double weekly training volume compared to the predecessor and a high type I fiber content. He trained every day in the last ∼1.5 years and achieved international performance in his age group category with a small (<5% per decade) age-related decline in marathon performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Van Hooren
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Bas Van Hooren,
| | - Romuald Lepers
- INSERM UMR1093, Cognition Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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Dos Anjos Souza VR, Seffrin A, da Cunha RA, Vivan L, de Lira CAB, Vancini RL, Weiss K, Knechtle B, Andrade MS. Running economy in long-distance runners is positively affected by running experience and negatively by aging. Physiol Behav 2023; 258:114032. [PMID: 36384169 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The maximum oxygen uptake (V˙O2max), the maximum rate of oxygen that can be sustained before the onset of blood lactate accumulation, and the metabolic cost of locomotion are the main physiological factors associated with long-distance running performance. The latter is known as the running economy. Generally, runners reach peak performance in long races between 25 and 30 years of age, with a progressive decline occurring thereafter. However, it is not known whether the running economy is affected or how it is affected by aging. AIM To investigate the effect of age and years of running experience on the running economy of amateur long-distance runners aged 20-80 years. METHODS Sixty-nine recreational long-distance runners, divided into five age groups according to decade of life, participated in this study: Group 1 (n= 9) 27.2 ± 1.3 years, Group 2 (n= 18) 35.9 ± 2.2 years, Group 3 (n= 17) 43.4 ± 2.8 years, Group 4 (n= 17) 53.0 ± 2.3 years, and Group 5 (n= 8) 65.5 ± 2.9 years. For running economy assessment, oxygen cost (OC) and energy cost (EC) were measured. Furthermore, the participants were interviewed on their running experience. RESULTS For EC, the two independent variables composing the regression model were age (ß = 0.703, t= 5.443, p < 0.001) and running experience (ß = -0.230, t = -1.785, p= 0.07), and 34% of the energy cost variation can be explained by these two factors. EC and OC were compared among the groups. There were no significant differences between Groups 1 and 2 (p= 0.999), Groups 1 and 3 (p= 1.000), and Groups 1 and 4 (p= 0.528). However, Group 5 had a significantly higher energy cost than Group 1 (p < 0.001), Group 2 (p < 0.001), Group 3 (p < 0.001) and Group 4 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The number of years of running experience has a positive effect on running economy, but it is insufficient to overcome the negative effect of the aging process. Furthermore, running economy was significantly worse in participants aged ≥60 years compared with that in younger athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aldo Seffrin
- Postgraduate program in Translation Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lavínia Vivan
- Postgraduate program in Translation Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio Andre Barbosa de Lira
- Human and Exercise Physiology Division, Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Luiz Vancini
- Center for Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Training Periodization, Methods, Intensity Distribution, and Volume in Highly Trained and Elite Distance Runners: A Systematic Review. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:820-833. [PMID: 35418513 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review aimed to determine (1) performance and training characteristics such as training intensity distribution (TID), volume, periodization, and methods in highly trained/elite distance runners and (2) differences in training volume and TID between event distances in highly trained/elite distance runners. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was carried out using the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. RESULTS Ten articles met the inclusion criteria. Highly trained/elite distance runners typically follow a pyramidal TID approach, characterized by a decreasing training volume from zone 1 (at or below speed at first ventilatory/lactate threshold [LT]) to zone 2 (between speeds associated with either both ventilatory thresholds or 2 and 4 mmol·L-1 LTs [vLT1 and vLT2, respectively]) and zone 3 (speed above vVT2/vLT2). Continuous-tempo runs or interval training sessions at vLT2 in zone 2 (ie, medium and long aerobic intervals) and those in zone 3 (ie, anaerobic or short-interval training) were both used at least once per week each in elite runners, and they were used to increase the number of either vLT2 or z3 sessions to adopt either a pyramidal or a polarized approach, respectively. More pyramidal- and polarized-oriented approaches were used by marathoners and 1500-m runners, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Highly trained and elite middle- and long-distance runners are encouraged to adopt a traditional periodization pattern with a hard day-easy day basis, consisting in a shift from a pyramidal TID used during the preparatory and precompetitive periods toward a polarized TID during the competitive period.
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Alternative Metabolic Strategies are Employed by Endurance Runners of Different Body Sizes; Implications for Human Evolution. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-021-00183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
A suite of adaptations facilitating endurance running (ER) evolved within the hominin lineage. This may have improved our ability to reach scavenging sites before competitors, or to hunt prey over long distances. Running economy (RE) is a key determinant of endurance running performance, and depends largely on the magnitude of force required to support body mass. However, numerous environmental factors influence body mass, thereby significantly affecting RE. This study tested the hypothesis that alternative metabolic strategies may have emerged to enable ER in individuals with larger body mass and poor RE.
Methods
A cohort of male (n = 25) and female (n = 19) ultra-endurance runners completed submaximal and exhaustive treadmill protocols to determine RE, and V̇O2Max.
Results
Body mass was positively associated with sub-maximal oxygen consumption at both LT1 (male r=0.66, p<0.001; female LT1 r=0.23, p=0.177) and LT2 (male r=0.59, p=0.001; female r=0.23, p=0.183) and also with V̇O2Max (male r=0.60, p=0.001; female r=0.41, p=0.046). Additionally, sub-maximal oxygen consumption varied positively with V̇O2Max in both male (LT1 r=0.54, p=0.003; LT2 r=0.77, p<0.001) and female athletes (LT1 r=0.88, p<0.001; LT2 r=0.92, p<0.001).
Conclusions
The results suggest that, while individuals with low mass and good RE can glide economically as they run, larger individuals can compensate for the negative effects their mass has on RE by increasing their capacity to consume oxygen. The elevated energy expenditure of this low-economy high-energy turnover approach to ER may bring costs associated with energy diversion away from other physiological processes, however.
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Effect of different work and recovery settings during high-intensity intermittent training on maximal oxygen uptake and session volume responses. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Schumann M, Chen Z, Wang X, Le S, Zhang T, Waller K, Cheng S. Maximal isometric strength indices are associated with the oxygen cost of walking and running in recreationally active men and women. Res Sports Med 2021; 30:540-553. [PMID: 33870810 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1917404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the associations of maximal isometric strength and movement economy in 126 recreationally active men and women. Oxygen consumption was assessed through a graded treadmill test with 4-minute increments (4-12 km∙h-1). Maximal isometric leg extensor, leg flexor and handgrip strength were assessed by isometric dynamometry. Models of best fit for gross oxygen cost and gross caloric unit cost were observed across the majority of velocities when the leg extensor/flexor strength ratio and handgrip strength were combined (R2 = 0.207-0.525 and R2 = 0.152-0.475, respectively). Additionally, the oxygen cost differed statistically for the majority of velocities when participants were split by the median of leg extensor strength (12.3-26.3 ml∙kg-1∙km-1, p < 0.05) and the average of all strength variables (13.9-30.3 ml∙kg-1∙km-1, p < 0.05). Our data underline the importance of maintaining maximal strength in order to perform activities with low to moderate oxygen demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Schumann
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany.,Exercise Translational Center, the Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Ziyuan Chen
- Exercise, Health and Technology Center, Faculty of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuqiang Wang
- Exercise, Health and Technology Center, Faculty of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenglong Le
- Exercise, Health and Technology Center, Faculty of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tao Zhang
- Exercise Translational Center, the Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Katja Waller
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sulin Cheng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany.,Exercise Translational Center, the Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China.,Exercise, Health and Technology Center, Faculty of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Marko D, Bahenský P, Snarr RL, Malátová R. V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak Comparison of a Treadmill Vs. Cycling Protocol in Elite Teenage Competitive Runners, Cyclists, and Swimmers. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 36:2875-2882. [PMID: 33651733 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Marko, D, Bahenský, P, Snarr, RL, and Malátová, R. V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak Comparison of a treadmill vs. cycling protocol in elite teenage competitive runners, cyclists, and swimmers. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2021-The purpose of this study was to compare the cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses of a maximal graded exercise test (GXT) on a treadmill and cycle ergometer in elite-level, youth competitive athletes. Thirty-one athletes (11 distance runners, 11 mountain-bike cyclists, and 9 long-distance swimmers) were randomly selected to complete either a running or cycling GXT on the first day, followed by the alternative 72 hours apart. The initial work rate for each GXT was set at 50% of the individuals' previously established V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak to elicit fatigue within 8-12 minutes. For the treadmill protocol, speed was increased by 1 km·h-1 each minute, with a constant 5% grade, until volitional fatigue. Cycle ergometer work rate was increased by 30 W every minute until volitional fatigue or the inability to maintain proper cadence (i.e., 100 ± 5 rev·min-1). Throughout both testing sessions, V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak, heart rate [HR] peak, breathing frequency (BF), tidal volume (VT), and minute ventilation (VE) were assessed and used to compare within-sport differences. Runners displayed a higher V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak (∼7%; d = 0.92), HRpeak (4%; d = 0.77), VE (6%; d = 0.66), and BF (12%; d = 0.62) on the treadmill vs. cycle. However, the cycling group demonstrated a greater V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak (∼8%; d = 0.92), VT (∼14%; d = 0.99), and VE (∼9%; d = 0.78) on the cycle, despite no change in HRpeak. For swimmers, the treadmill GXT elicited higher values in V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak (∼5%; d = 0.75), BF (∼11.5%; d = 0.78), and HRpeak (3%; d = 0.69). Collectively, these findings indicate that exercise mode may greatly affect physiological outcome variables and should be considered before exercise prescription and athletic monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Marko
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; and Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia
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Jones AM, Kirby BS, Clark IE, Rice HM, Fulkerson E, Wylie LJ, Wilkerson DP, Vanhatalo A, Wilkins BW. Physiological demands of running at 2-hour marathon race pace. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 130:369-379. [PMID: 33151776 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00647.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The requirements of running a 2-h marathon have been extensively debated but the actual physiological demands of running at ∼21.1 km/h have never been reported. We therefore conducted laboratory-based physiological evaluations and measured running economy (O2 cost) while running outdoors at ∼21.1 km/h, in world-class distance runners as part of Nike's "Breaking 2" marathon project. On separate days, 16 world-class male distance runners (age, 29 ± 4 yr; height, 1.72 ± 0.04 m; mass, 58.9 ± 3.3 kg) completed an incremental treadmill test for the assessment of V̇O2peak, O2 cost of submaximal running, lactate threshold and lactate turn-point, and a track test during which they ran continuously at 21.1 km/h. The laboratory-determined V̇O2peak was 71.0 ± 5.7 mL/kg/min with lactate threshold and lactate turn-point occurring at 18.9 ± 0.4 and 20.2 ± 0.6 km/h, corresponding to 83 ± 5% and 92 ± 3% V̇O2peak, respectively. Seven athletes were able to attain a steady-state V̇O2 when running outdoors at 21.1 km/h. The mean O2 cost for these athletes was 191 ± 19 mL/kg/km such that running at 21.1 km/h required an absolute V̇O2 of ∼4.0 L/min and represented 94 ± 3% V̇O2peak. We report novel data on the O2 cost of running outdoors at 21.1 km/h, which enables better modeling of possible marathon performances by elite athletes. Using the value for O2 cost measured in this study, a sub 2-h marathon would require a 59 kg runner to sustain a V̇O2 of approximately 4.0 L/min or 67 mL/kg/min.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We report the physiological characteristics and O2 cost of running overground at ∼21.1 km/h in a cohort of the world's best male distance runners. We provide new information on the absolute and relative O2 uptake required to run at 2-h marathon pace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Jones
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ida E Clark
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah M Rice
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lee J Wylie
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Daryl P Wilkerson
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Anni Vanhatalo
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Brad W Wilkins
- Nike Sport Research Lab, Beaverton, Oregon.,Department of Human Physiology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, Washington
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11
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Hunter GR, Moellering DR, Windham ST, Mathis SL, Bamman MM, Fisher G. Relationship between V̇o 2peak, cycle economy, and mitochondrial respiration in untrained/trained. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:1562-1568. [PMID: 31556836 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00223.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic capacity is negatively related to locomotion economy. The purpose of this paper is to determine what effect aerobic exercise training has on the relationship between net cycling oxygen uptake (inverse of economy) and aerobic capacity [peak oxygen uptake (V̇o2peak)], as well as what role mitochondrial coupled and uncoupled respiration may play in whole body aerobic capacity and cycling economy. Cycling net oxygen uptake and V̇o2peak were evaluated on 31 premenopausal women before exercise training (baseline) and after 8-16 wk of aerobic training. Muscle tissue was collected from 15 subjects at baseline and post-training. Mitochondrial respiration assays were performed using high-resolution respirometry. Pre- (r = 0.46, P < 0.01) and postexercise training (r = 0.62, P < 0.01) V̇o2peak and cycling net oxygen uptake were related. In addition, uncoupled and coupled fat respiration were related both at baseline (r = 0.62, P < 0.01) and post-training (r = 0.89, P < 01). Post-training coupled (r = 0.74, P < 0.01) and uncoupled carbohydrate respiration (r = 0.52, P < 05) were related to cycle net oxygen uptake. In addition, correlations between V̇o2peak and cycle net oxygen uptake persist both at baseline and after training, even after adjusting for submaximal cycle respiratory quotient (an index of fat oxidation). These results suggest that the negative relationship between locomotion economy and aerobic capacity is increased following exercise training. In addition, it is proposed that at least one of the primary factors influencing this relationship has its foundation within the mitochondria. Strong relationships between coupled and uncoupled respiration appear to be contributing factors for this relationship.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The negative relationship between cycle economy and aerobic capacity is increased following exercise training. The strong relationship between coupled and uncoupled respiration, especially after training, appears to be contributing to this negative relationship between aerobic capacity and cycling economy, suggesting that mitochondrial economy is not increased following aerobic exercise training. These results are suggestive that training programs designed to improve locomotion economy should focus on changing biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary R Hunter
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Douglas R Moellering
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Samuel T Windham
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Shannon L Mathis
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama
| | - Marcas M Bamman
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Gordon Fisher
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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The Effects of Interval and Continuous Training on the Oxygen Cost of Running in Recreational Runners: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2019; 50:283-294. [PMID: 31606879 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01201-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxygen cost of running is largely influenced by endurance training strategies, including interval and continuous training. However, which training method better reduces the oxygen cost remains unknown. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to systematically review the scientific literature and performs a meta-analysis to address the effects of different endurance training modalities on the oxygen cost of running. METHODS A literature search on 3 databases (MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science) was conducted on February 28, 2019. After analysing 8028 resultant articles, studies were included if they met the following inclusion criteria: (a) studies were randomised controlled trials, (b) studies included trained runners without previous injuries (c) interventions lasted at least 6 weeks, with participants allocated to Interval (INT) or Continuous (CON) groups, and (d) oxygen cost was assessed pre- and post-training intervention. Six studies (seven trials) met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. This resulted in 295 participants (n = 200 INT; n = 95 CON training method). Standardised mean difference with 95% confidence intervals (CI) between INT and CON conditions and effect sizes were calculated. To assess the potential effects of moderator variables (such as, age, VO2max of participants, number of weeks of intervention) on main outcome (oxygen cost of running), subgroup analyses were performed. RESULTS Comparing changes from pre- to post-intervention, oxygen cost improved to a greater extent in CON when compared to INT interventions (0.28 [95% CI 0.01, 0.54], Z = 2.05, p = 0.04, I2 = 30%). Oxygen cost improvements were larger in participants with higher VO2max (≥ 52.3 ml kg-1 min-1) (0.39 [95% CI 0.06, 0.72], Z = 2.34, p = 0.02), and in programs greater or equal to 8 weeks (0.35 [95% CI 0.03, 0.67], Z = 2.13, p = 0.03). When the total volume per week of INT was ≥ 23.2 min, there was a significant improvement favorable to CON (0.34 [95% CI 0.01, 0.61], Z = 2.02, p = 0.04). CONCLUSION Continuous training seems, overall, a better strategy than interval training to reduce the oxygen cost in recreational endurance runners. However, oxygen cost reductions are influenced by several variables including the duration of the program, runners' aerobic capacity, the intervals duration and the volume of interval training per week. Practitioners and coaches should construct training programs that include both endurance training methods shown to be effective in reducing the oxygen cost of running.
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BLACK MATTHEWI, ALLEN SAMJ, FORRESTER STEPHE, FOLLAND JONATHANP. The Anthropometry of Economical Running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 52:762-770. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Pallarés JG, Cerezuela-Espejo V, Morán-Navarro R, Martínez-Cava A, Conesa E, Courel-Ibáñez J. A New Short Track Test to Estimate the V[Combining Dot Above]O2max and Maximal Aerobic Speed in Well-Trained Runners. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:1216-1221. [PMID: 31033773 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pallarés, JG, Cerezuela-Espejo, V, Morán-Navarro, R, Martínez-Cava, A, Conesa, E, and Courel-Ibáñez, J. A new short track test to estimate the V[Combining Dot Above]O2max and maximal aerobic speed in well-trained runners. J Strength Cond Res 33(5): 1216-1221, 2019-This study was designed to validate a new short track test (Track(1:1)) to estimate running performance parameters maximal oxygen uptake (V[Combining Dot Above]O2max) and maximal aerobic speed (MAS), based on a laboratory treadmill protocol and gas exchange data analysis (Lab(1:1)). In addition, we compared the results with the University of Montreal Track Test (UMTT). Twenty-two well-trained male athletes (V[Combining Dot Above]O2max 60.3 ± 5.9 ml·kg·min; MAS ranged from 17.0 to 20.3 km·h) performed 4 testing protocols: 2 in laboratory (Lab(1:1)-pre and Lab(1:1)) and 2 in the field (UMTT and Track(1:1)). The Lab(1:1)-pre was designed to determine individuals' Vpeak and set initial speeds for the subsequent Lab(1:1) short ramp graded exercise testing protocol, starting at 13 km·h less than each athlete's Vpeak, with 1 km·h increments per minute until exhaustion. The Track(1:1) was a reproduction of the Lab(1:1) protocol in the field. A novel equation was yielded to estimate the V[Combining Dot Above]O2max from the Vpeak achieved in the Track(1:1). Results revealed that the UMTT significantly underestimated the Vpeak (-4.2%; bias = -0.8 km·h; p < 0.05), which notably altered the estimations (MAS: -2.6%, bias = -0.5 km·h; V[Combining Dot Above]O2max: 4.7%, bias = 2.9 ml·kg·min). In turn, data from Track(1:1) were very similar to the laboratory test and gas exchange methods (Vpeak: -0.6%, bias = <0.1 km·h; MAS: 0.3%, bias = <0.1 km·h; V[Combining Dot Above]O2max: 0.4%, bias = 0.2 ml·kg·min, p > 0.05). Thus, the current Track(1:1) test emerges as a better alternative than the UMTT to estimate maximal running performance parameters in well-trained and highly trained athletes on the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús G Pallarés
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Spain
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15
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Submaximal neuromuscular economy is related to cardiorespiratory fitness in endurance-trained runners. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2019; 48:69-75. [PMID: 31234056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of factors determine neuromuscular economy (NE) and running economy (RE) in endurance-trained runners. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationship between aerobic fitness and NE in endurance-trained runners. Twenty-seven endurance-trained runners (25.1 ± 10.2 y) completed a maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the leg extensors to measure maximal electromyography (EMGmax) amplitude of the vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF), a steady-state treadmill run at 9.66, 11.27, and 12.87 km∙hr-1 and a maximal graded exercise test. Participants were outfitted with surface electrodes over the VL and RF muscles to record EMG amplitude throughout each test. During the steady-state test, the EMG (as a percentage of EMGmax) and oxygen consumption (VO2) over the final minute of each stage were established and considered NE and RE, respectively. Pearson product moment correlations were used to determine the relationships between VO2max and velocity at VO2max (vVO2max) and NE and RE. The results revealed significant negative correlations between VO2max and vVO2max and relative NE and RE at all three speeds. In addition, there were significant correlations between relative RE and NE at all three speeds. These results indicate that faster runners have improved NE and RE when expressed as a relative measure.
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Ehrström S, Tartaruga MP, Easthope CS, Brisswalter J, Morin JB, Vercruyssen F. Short Trail Running Race: Beyond the Classic Model for Endurance Running Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:580-588. [PMID: 29077639 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the extent to which the classical physiological variables of endurance running performance (maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max), %V˙O2max at ventilatory threshold (VT), and running economy (RE)) but also muscle strength factors contribute to short trail running (TR) performance. METHODS A homogeneous group of nine highly trained trail runners performed an official TR race (27 km) and laboratory-based sessions to determine V˙O2max, %V˙O2max at VT, level RE (RE0%) and RE on a +10% slope, maximal voluntary concentric and eccentric knee extension torques, local endurance assessed by a fatigue index (FI), and a time to exhaustion at 87.5% of the velocity associated with V˙O2max. A simple regression method and commonality analysis identifying unique and common coefficients of each independent variable were used to determine the best predictors for the TR race time (dependent variable). RESULTS Pearson correlations showed that FI and V˙O2max had the highest correlations (r = 0.91 and r = -0.76, respectively) with TR performance. The other selected variables were not significantly correlated with TR performance. The analysis of unique and common coefficients of relative V˙O2max, %V˙O2max at VT, and RE0% provides a low prediction of TR performance (R = 0.48). However, adding FI and RE on a +10% slope (instead of RE0%) markedly improved the predictive power of the model (R = 0.98). FI and V˙O2max showed the highest unique (49.8% and 20.4% of total effect, respectively) and common (26.9% of total effect) contributions to the regression equation. CONCLUSIONS The classic endurance running model does not allow for meaningful prediction of short TR performance. Incorporating more specific factors into TR such as local endurance and gradient-specific RE testing procedures should be considered to better characterize short TR performance.
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Byrne NM, Hills AP. How much exercise should be promoted to raise total daily energy expenditure and improve health? Obes Rev 2018; 19 Suppl 1:14-23. [PMID: 30511509 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite longstanding recognition of the benefits of a physically active lifestyle, there remains ambiguity regarding exactly how much exercise should be promoted to raise total energy expenditure (TEE) and improve health. This review provides a brief summary of the dose-response relationship between physical activity and relative risk of morbidity and mortality; mechanisms through which exercise drives an increase in TEE; the highest reported levels of TEE measured via doubly labelled water; and the potential impact of non-compliance and confounders in moderating the contribution of exercise to increase TEE. Cohort studies provide a compelling argument that 'more is better' regarding the exercise dose for increasing TEE, that increasing TEE is protective for health, and that this is mediated through increased cardiorespiratory fitness. However, growing evidence shows that ever increasing volumes of weekly physical activity may reverse the cost-benefit seen with more modest doses. Animal and human studies show that the elevation in TEE associated with increasing exercise volume is commonly less than expected, due to physiological confounders. Further, there is considerable evidence of behavioural non-compliance to planned exercise in all but the most highly motivated athletes. Therefore, inbuilt defence mechanisms may safeguard against TEE being elevated to maximum levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Byrne
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - A P Hills
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
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Running Performance, VO 2max, and Running Economy: The Widespread Issue of Endogenous Selection Bias. Sports Med 2018; 48:1049-1058. [PMID: 28983866 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0789-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Studies in sport and exercise medicine routinely use samples of highly trained individuals in order to understand what characterizes elite endurance performance, such as running economy and maximal oxygen uptake VO2max. However, it is not well understood in the literature that using such samples most certainly leads to biased findings and accordingly potentially erroneous conclusions because of endogenous selection bias. In this paper, I review the current literature on running economy and VO2max, and discuss the literature in light of endogenous selection bias. I demonstrate that the results in a large part of the literature may be misleading, and provide some practical suggestions as to how future studies may alleviate endogenous selection bias.
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The Relationship between Running Power and Running Economy in Well-Trained Distance Runners. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6040142. [PMID: 30404176 PMCID: PMC6317050 DOI: 10.3390/sports6040142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel running wearable called the Stryd Summit footpod fastens to a runner’s shoe and estimates running power. The footpod separates power output into two components, Stryd power and form power. The purpose of this study was to measure the correlations between running economy and power and form power at lactate threshold pace. Seventeen well-trained distance runners, 9 male and 8 female, completed a running protocol. Participants ran two four-minute trials: one with a self-selected cadence, and one with a target cadence lowered by 10%. The mean running economy expressed in terms of oxygen cost at self-selected cadence was 201.6 ± 12.8 mL·kg−1·km−1, and at lowered cadence was 204.5 ± 11.5 mL·kg−1·km−1. Ventilation rate and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were not significantly different between cadence conditions with one-tailed paired t-test analysis (ventilation, p = 0.77, RPE, p = 0.07). Respiratory exchange ratio and caloric unit cost were significantly greater with lower cadence condition (respiratory exchange ratio, p = 0.03, caloric unit cost, p = 0.03). Mean power at self-selected cadence was 4.4 ± 0.5 W·kg−1, and at lowered cadence was 4.4 ± 0.5 W·kg−1. Mean form power at self-selected cadence was 1.1 ± 0.1 W·kg−1, and at lowered cadence was 1.1 ± 0.1 W·kg−1. There were positive, linear correlations between running economy and power (self-selected cadence and lower cadence, r = 0.6; the 90% confidence interval was 0.2 to 0.8); running economy and form power (self-selected cadence and lower cadence r = 0.5; the 90% confidence interval was 0.1 to 0.8). The findings suggest running economy is positively correlated with Stryd’s power and form power measures yet the footpod may not be sufficiently accurate to estimate differences in the running economy of competitive runners.
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Silva WA, de Lira CAB, Vancini RL, Andrade MS. Hip muscular strength balance is associated with running economy in recreationally-trained endurance runners. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5219. [PMID: 30065859 PMCID: PMC6063213 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The percentage of sustained maximal oxygen uptake and the running economy are important factors that determine the running success of endurance athletes. Running economy is defined as the oxygen uptake required to run at a given speed and depends on metabolic, cardiorespiratory, biomechanical, neuromuscular, and anthropometric factors. With regard to anthropometric characteristics, total body mass seems to be a crucial factor for the running economy. Moreover, neuromuscular components, especially knee muscular strength and the strength balance ratio, also seem to be critical for the running economy. In addition to knee muscle strength, hip muscle strength is also an important contributor to running performance on level or hilly ground. However, the relationship between running economy and the hip muscles is unknown. Thus the aim of the present study was to verify whether hip flexor and extensor isokinetic peak torque, the isokinetic strength balance ratio, total body mass and fat free mass were associated with running economy in both sexes and to compare sex differences in physical fitness and isokinetic strength characteristics. Methods A total of 24 male (31.0 ± 7.7 years, 176.2 ± 7.3 cm, and 70.4 ± 8.4 kg) and 15 female (31.3 ± 6.7 years, 162.9 ± 3.9 cm, and 56.0 ± 5.3 kg) recreationally-trained endurance runners were recruited. Maximal oxygen uptake, running economy, conventional (concentric flexors-to-concentric extensors) and functional (concentric flexors-to-eccentric extensors) hip isokinetic strength balance ratios, peak torque of the hip flexor and extensor muscles, total body mass, and fat-free mass were measured. Running economy was assessed on two separate days by means of the energy running cost (Ec) using a motorized treadmill at 10.0 and 12.0 km h−1 (3% gradient) and 11.0 and 14.0 km h−1 (1% gradient). Results The functional balance ratio was significantly and negatively associated with Ec at 11.0 (r = − 0.43, P = 0.04) and 12.0 km h−1 (r = − 0.65, P = 0.04) when using a 3% gradient in male runners. Considering muscular strength, male runners only showed a significant relationship between Ec (assessed at 12 km h−1 and a 3% gradient) and peak torque for extensor muscle eccentric action (r = 0.72, P = 0.04). For female runners, only peak torque relative to total body mass for extensor muscles (180° s−1) was positively associated with Ec when assessed at 10 km h−1 using a 3% gradient (r = 0.59, P = 0.03). No significant relationships were found between Ec and total body mass or fat-free mass. Discussion Given that the functional balance ratio was associated with a better Ec, coaches and athletes should consider implementing a specific strengthening program for hip flexor muscles to increase the functional ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace A Silva
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo L Vancini
- Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Marilia S Andrade
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Inverse relationship between changes of maximal aerobic capacity and changes in walking economy after weight loss. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:1573-1578. [PMID: 29767350 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3888-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aims of this study were to: (1) determine the relationships between maximum oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]O2max) and walking economy during non-graded and graded walking among overweight women and (2) examine potential differences in [Formula: see text]O2max and walking economy before and after weight loss. METHODS One-hundred and twenty-four premenopausal women with a body mass index (BMI) between 27 and 30 kg/m2 were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (a) diet only; (b) diet and aerobic exercise training; and (c) diet and resistance exercise training. All were furnished with standard, very-low calorie diet to reduce BMI to < 25 kg/m2. [Formula: see text]O2max was measured using a modified-Bruce protocol while walking economy (1-net [Formula: see text]O2) was obtained during fixed-speed (4.8 k·h-1), steady-state treadmill walking at 0% grade and 2.5% grade. Assessments were conducted before and after achieving target BMI. RESULTS Prior to weight loss, [Formula: see text]O2max was inversely related (P < 0.05) with non-graded and graded walking economy (r = - 0.28 to - 0.35). Similar results were also observed following weight loss (r = - 0.22 to - 0.28). Additionally, we also detected a significant inverse relationship (P < 0.05) between the changes (∆, after weight loss) in ∆[Formula: see text]O2max, adjusted for fat-free mass, with non-graded and graded ∆walking economy (r = - 0.37 to - 0.41). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate [Formula: see text]O2max and walking economy are inversely related (cross-sectional) before and after weight loss. Importantly though, ∆[Formula: see text]O2max and ∆walking economy were also found to be inversely related, suggesting a strong synchrony between maximal aerobic capacity and metabolic cost of exercise.
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Comparison of running and cycling economy in runners, cyclists, and triathletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:1331-1338. [PMID: 29663075 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3865-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exercise economy is one of the main physiological factors determining performance in endurance sports. Running economy (RE) can be improved with running-specific training, while the improvement of cycling economy (CE) with cycling-specific training is controversial. We investigated whether exercise economy reflects sport-specific skills/adaptations or is determined by overall physiological factors. METHODS We compared RE and CE in 10 runners, 9 cyclists and 9 triathletes for running at 12 km/h and cycling at 200 W. Gross rates of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were collected and used to calculate gross metabolic rate in watts for both running and cycling. RESULTS Runners had better RE than cyclists (917 ± 107 W vs. 1111 ± 159 W) (p < 0.01). Triathletes had intermediate RE values (1004 ± 98 W) not different from runners or cyclists. CE was not different (p = 0.20) between the three groups (runners: 945 ± 60 W; cyclists: 982 ± 44 W; triathletes: 979 ± 54 W). CONCLUSION RE can be enhanced with running-specific training, but CE is independent of cycling-specific training.
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Lamoureux NR, Tomkinson GR, Peterson BJ, Fitzgerald JS. Relationship Between Skating Economy and Performance During a Repeated-Shift Test in Elite and Subelite Ice Hockey Players. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:1109-1113. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gonçalves NG, Cavaletti SH, Pasqualucci CA, Arruda Martins M, Lin CJ. Fructose ingestion impairs expression of genes involved in skeletal muscle's adaptive response to aerobic exercise. GENES AND NUTRITION 2017; 12:33. [PMID: 29234478 PMCID: PMC5721527 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-017-0588-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The inverse relationship between exercise capacity and its variation over time and both cardiovascular and all-cause mortality suggests the existence of an etiological nexus between cardiometabolic diseases and the molecular regulators of exercise capacity. Coordinated adaptive responses elicited by physical training enhance exercise performance and metabolic efficiency and possibly mediate the health benefits of physical exercise. In contrast, impaired expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis or protein turnover in skeletal muscle—key biological processes involved in adaptation to physical training—leads to insulin resistance and obesity. Ingestion of fructose has been shown to suppress the exercise-induced GLUT4 response in rat skeletal muscle. To evaluate in greater detail how fructose ingestion might blunt the benefits of physical training, we investigated the effects of fructose ingestion on exercise induction of genes that participate in regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and protein turnover in rat’s skeletal muscle. Methods Eight-week-old Wistar rats were randomly assigned to sedentary (C), exercise (treadmill running)-only (E), fructose-only (F), and fructose + exercise (FE) groups and treated accordingly for 8 weeks. Blood and quadriceps femoris were collected for biochemistry, serum insulin, and gene expression analysis. Expression of genes involved in regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy, GLUT4, and ubiquitin E3 ligases MuRF-1, and MAFbx/Atrogin-1 were assayed with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results Aerobic training improved exercise capacity in both E and FE groups. A main effect of fructose ingestion on body weight and fasting serum triglyceride concentration was detected. Fructose ingestion impaired the expression of PGC-1α, FNDC5, NR4A3, GLUT4, Atg9, Lamp2, Ctsl, Murf-1, and MAFBx/Atrogin-1 in skeletal muscle of both sedentary and exercised animals while expression of Errα and Pparδ was impaired only in exercised rats. Conclusions Our results show that fructose ingestion impairs the expression of genes involved in biological processes relevant to exercise-induced remodeling of skeletal muscle. This might provide novel insight on how a dietary factor contributes to the genesis of disorders of glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Milton Arruda Martins
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chin Jia Lin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Folland JP, Allen SJ, Black MI, Handsaker JC, Forrester SE. Running Technique is an Important Component of Running Economy and Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:1412-1423. [PMID: 28263283 PMCID: PMC5473370 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Despite an intuitive relationship between technique and both running economy (RE) and performance, and the diverse techniques used by runners to achieve forward locomotion, the objective importance of overall technique and the key components therein remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Folland
- 1School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM; 2MAS Innovation, Colombo, SRI LANKA; and 3Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
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Laumets R, Viigipuu K, Mooses K, Mäestu J, Purge P, Pehme A, Kaasik P, Mooses M. Lower Leg Length is Associated with Running Economy in High Level Caucasian Distance Runners. J Hum Kinet 2017; 56:229-239. [PMID: 28469761 PMCID: PMC5384070 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate lower limb anthropometric and composition variables related to running economy (RE) and running performance in a homogeneous group of high level European distance runners. RE at the speeds of 14, 16 and 18 km·h−1 (189 ± 12; 188 ± 11; 187 ± 11 O2 ml·kg−1·km−1) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) (67.3 ± 2.9 ml·kg−1·min−1) of 13 high level distance runners were determined on a motorised treadmill. Anthropometric variables and body composition were measured. The BMI was related to RE at the speed of 14 (r2 = 0.434; p = 0.014), 16 (r2 = 0.436; p = 0.014) and 18 km·h−1 (r2 = 0.389; p = 0.023). Lower leg length was negatively related to RE at the speed of 16 and showed such a tendency at the speed of 14 and 18 km·h−1. VO2max indicated a moderate relationship with RE at the speeds of 14, 16 and 18 km·h−1 (r2 = 0.372, p = 0.030; r2 = 0.350, p = 0.033; r2 = 0.376, p = 0.026, respectively) which was confirmed by subsequent partial correlation analysis. While lower leg length and the BMI presented a relationship with RE, none of the calculated body composition and anthropometric proportions were related to RE or performance. The relationship between RE and VO2max would confirm the notion that RE could be at least partly compensated by VO2max to achieve high performance results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rauno Laumets
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karel Viigipuu
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kerli Mooses
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jarek Mäestu
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Purge
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ando Pehme
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Kaasik
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martin Mooses
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Gabriel BM, Zierath JR. The Limits of Exercise Physiology: From Performance to Health. Cell Metab 2017; 25:1000-1011. [PMID: 28467920 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many of the established positive health benefits of exercise have been documented by historical discoveries in the field of exercise physiology. These investigations often assess limits: the limits of performance, or the limits of exercise-induced health benefits. Indeed, several key findings have been informed by studying highly trained athletes, in addition to healthy or unhealthy people. Recent progress has been made in regard to skeletal muscle metabolism and personalized exercise regimes. In this perspective, we review some of the historical milestones of exercise physiology, discuss how these inform contemporary knowledge, and speculate on future questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan M Gabriel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section of Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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28
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How Biomechanical Improvements in Running Economy Could Break the 2-hour Marathon Barrier. Sports Med 2017; 47:1739-1750. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0708-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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