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Marvi MV, Neri I, Evangelisti C, Ramazzotti G, Asioli S, Zoli M, Mazzatenta D, Neri N, Morandi L, Tonon C, Lodi R, Franceschi E, McCubrey JA, Suh PG, Manzoli L, Ratti S. Phospholipases in Gliomas: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives from Bench to Bedside. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050798. [PMID: 37238668 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases are essential intermediaries that work as hydrolyzing enzymes of phospholipids (PLs), which represent the most abundant species contributing to the biological membranes of nervous cells of the healthy human brain. They generate different lipid mediators, such as diacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidic acid, and arachidonic acid, representing key elements of intra- and inter-cellular signaling and being involved in the regulation of several cellular mechanisms that can promote tumor progression and aggressiveness. In this review, it is summarized the current knowledge about the role of phospholipases in brain tumor progression, focusing on low- and high-grade gliomas, representing promising prognostic or therapeutic targets in cancer therapies due to their influential roles in cell proliferation, migration, growth, and survival. A deeper understanding of the phospholipases-related signaling pathways could be necessary to pave the way for new targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vittoria Marvi
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Neri
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Camilla Evangelisti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Ramazzotti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sofia Asioli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Programma Neurochirurgia Ipofisi-Pituitary Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40124 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Zoli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Programma Neurochirurgia Ipofisi-Pituitary Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40124 Bologna, Italy
| | - Diego Mazzatenta
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Programma Neurochirurgia Ipofisi-Pituitary Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40124 Bologna, Italy
| | - Niccolò Neri
- Programma Neurochirurgia Ipofisi-Pituitary Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40124 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Morandi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Functional and Molecular Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Caterina Tonon
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Functional and Molecular Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Raffaele Lodi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Functional and Molecular Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Franceschi
- Nervous System Medical Oncology Department, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Pann-Ghill Suh
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Ratti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Dong X, Kong L, Huang L, Su Y, Li X, Yang L, Ji P. Ginsenoside Rg1 treatment protects against cognitive dysfunction via inhibiting PLC–CN–NFAT1 signaling in T2DM mice. J Ginseng Res 2022; 47:458-468. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Phoenix KN, Yue Z, Yue L, Cronin CG, Liang BT, Hoeppner LH, Claffey KP. PLCβ2 Promotes VEGF-Induced Vascular Permeability. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:1229-1241. [PMID: 35861069 PMCID: PMC9492642 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.317645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulation of vascular permeability is critical to maintaining tissue metabolic homeostasis. VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) is a key stimulus of vascular permeability in acute and chronic diseases including ischemia reperfusion injury, sepsis, and cancer. Identification of novel regulators of vascular permeability would allow for the development of effective targeted therapeutics for patients with unmet medical need. METHODS In vitro and in vivo models of VEGFA-induced vascular permeability, pathological permeability, quantitation of intracellular calcium release and cell entry, and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate levels were evaluated with and without modulation of PLC (phospholipase C) β2. RESULTS Global knock-out of PLCβ2 in mice resulted in blockade of VEGFA-induced vascular permeability in vivo and transendothelial permeability in primary lung endothelial cells. Further work in an immortalized human microvascular cell line modulated with stable knockdown of PLCβ2 recapitulated the observations in the mouse model and primary cell assays. Additionally, loss of PLCβ2 limited both intracellular release and extracellular entry of calcium following VEGF stimulation as well as reduced basal and VEGFA-stimulated levels of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate compared to control cells. Finally, loss of PLCβ2 in both a hyperoxia-induced lung permeability model and a cardiac ischemia:reperfusion model resulted in improved animal outcomes when compared with wild-type controls. CONCLUSIONS The results implicate PLCβ2 as a key positive regulator of VEGF-induced vascular permeability through regulation of both calcium flux and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate levels at the cellular level. Targeting of PLCβ2 in a therapeutic setting may provide a novel approach to regulating vascular permeability in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn N. Phoenix
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Zhichao Yue
- Pat and Jim Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Lixia Yue
- Pat and Jim Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Chunxia G. Cronin
- Pat and Jim Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Bruce T. Liang
- Pat and Jim Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Luke H. Hoeppner
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kevin P. Claffey
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
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Kim N, Jeon C, Kim C, Ryu SH, Lee W, Bae JS. Inhibition of factor Xa activity, platelet aggregation, and experimentally induced thrombosis by Sparstolonin B. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 99:153987. [PMID: 35183932 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.153987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sparstolonin B (SsnB) is an isocumarin compound extracted from medicinal plants such as Sparganium stoloniferum and Scirpus yagara with well documented anti-inflammatory activity. Here we examined if SsnB also possesses antithrombotic activity and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Anti-thrombotic effects of SsnB were determined by measuring in vitro/ex vivo/in vivo clotting times, platelet aggregation assay, production and activity of factor Xa, nitric oxide, and expressions of relative proteins. RESULTS Treatment with SsnB prolonged the clotting time of human platelet-poor serum at concentrations comparable to the clinical anticoagulant rivaroxaban (as a positive control) and inhibited human platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or the thromboxane A2 analog U46619. SsnB also inhibited U46619-induced and ADP-induced phosphorylation of phospholipase C (PLC)γ2/protein kinase C (PKC) and intracellular calcium mobilization, both of which are required for platelet aggregation. In addition, SsnB inhibited expression of the cell adhesion factors P-selectin and PAC-1. SsnB increased production of the vasodilator nitric oxide and suppressed secretion of the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 from ADP- or U46619-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Further, SsnB reduced coagulation factor Xa (FXa) catalytic activity and production by endothelial cells as well as FXa-induced platelet aggregation. CONCLUSION Finally, SsnB injection reduced thrombus formation time, number, size, and related mortality in mouse models of thromboembolism. SsnB is a promising antithrombotic agent targeting both FXa and platelet aggregation pathways, which can overcome the side effects of existing antithrombotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayeon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - CheLynn Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaeyeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Ho Ryu
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonhwa Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Sup Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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SOCE-mediated NFAT1–NOX2–NLRP1 inflammasome involves in lipopolysaccharide-induced neuronal damage and Aβ generation. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3183-3205. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02717-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Thai T, Zhong F, Dang L, Chan E, Ku J, Malle E, Geczy CL, Keaney JF, Thomas SR. Endothelial-transcytosed myeloperoxidase activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase via a phospholipase C-dependent calcium signaling pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 166:255-264. [PMID: 33539947 PMCID: PMC10686581 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
During vascular inflammation, the leukocyte-derived enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) is transcytosed across the endothelium and into the sub-endothelial extracellular matrix, where it promotes endothelial dysfunction by catalytically consuming nitric oxide (NO) produced by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). In the presence of chloride ions and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), MPO forms the oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl). Here we examined the short-term implications of HOCl produced by endothelial-transcytosed MPO for eNOS activity. Incubation of MPO with cultured aortic endothelial cells (ECs) resulted in its transport into the sub-endothelium. Exposure of MPO-containing ECs to low micromolar concentrations of H2O2 yielded enhanced rates of H2O2 consumption that correlated with HOCl formation and increased eNOS enzyme activity. The MPO-dependent activation of eNOS occurred despite reduced cellular uptake of the eNOS substrate l-arginine, which involved a decrease in the maximal activity (Vmax), but not substrate affinity (Km), of the major endothelial l-arginine transporter, cationic amino acid transporter-1. Activation of eNOS in MPO-containing ECs exposed to H2O2 involved a rapid elevation in cytosolic calcium and increased eNOS phosphorylation at Ser-1179 and de-phosphorylation at Thr-497. These signaling events were attenuated by intracellular calcium chelation, removal of extracellular calcium and inhibition of phospholipase C. This study shows that stimulation of endothelial-transcytosed MPO activates eNOS by promoting phospholipase C-dependent calcium signaling and altered eNOS phosphorylation at Ser-1179 and Thr-497. This may constitute a compensatory signaling response of ECs aimed at maintaining eNOS activity and NO production in the face of MPO-catalyzed oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuan Thai
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Education, University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fei Zhong
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lei Dang
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Enoch Chan
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Ku
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ernst Malle
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Carolyn L Geczy
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John F Keaney
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shane R Thomas
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Olivença DV, Voit EO, Pinto FR. ENaC regulation by phospholipids and DGK explained through mathematical modeling. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13952. [PMID: 32811866 PMCID: PMC7435262 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70630-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis is a condition caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). It is also thought to increase the activity of epithelial sodium channels (ENaC). The altered function of these ion channels is one of the causes of the thick dehydrated mucus that characterizes the disease and is partially responsible for recurrent pulmonary infections and inflammation events that ultimately destroy the lungs of affected subjects. Phosphoinositides are signaling lipids that regulate numerous cellular processes and membrane proteins, including ENaC. Inhibition of diacylglycerol kinase (DGK), an enzyme of the phosphoinositide pathway, reduces ENaC function. We propose a computational analysis that is based on the combination of two existing mathematical models: one representing the dynamics of phosphoinositides and the other explaining how phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) influences ENaC activity and, consequently, airway surface liquid. This integrated model permits, for the first time, a detailed assessment of the intricate interactions between DGK and ENaC and is consistent with available literature data. In particular, the computational approach allows comparisons of two competing hypotheses regarding the regulation of ENaC. The results strongly suggest that the regulation of ENaC is primarily exerted through the control of PI(4,5)P2 production by type-I phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIP5KI), which in turn is controlled by phosphatidic acid (PA), the product of the DGK reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel V. Olivença
- Faculty of Sciences, BioISI – Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 950 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-2000 USA
| | - Eberhard O. Voit
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 950 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-2000 USA
| | - Francisco R. Pinto
- Faculty of Sciences, BioISI – Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
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Joensuu M, Wallis TP, Saber SH, Meunier FA. Phospholipases in neuronal function: A role in learning and memory? J Neurochem 2020; 153:300-333. [PMID: 31745996 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the human brain being made of nearly 60% fat, the vast majority of studies on the mechanisms of neuronal communication which underpin cognition, memory and learning, primarily focus on proteins and/or (epi)genetic mechanisms. Phospholipids are the main component of all cellular membranes and function as substrates for numerous phospholipid-modifying enzymes, including phospholipases, which release free fatty acids (FFAs) and other lipid metabolites that can alter the intrinsic properties of the membranes, recruit and activate critical proteins, and act as lipid signalling molecules. Here, we will review brain specific phospholipases, their roles in membrane remodelling, neuronal function, learning and memory, as well as their disease implications. In particular, we will highlight key roles of unsaturated FFAs, particularly arachidonic acid, in neurotransmitter release, neuroinflammation and memory. In light of recent findings, we will also discuss the emerging role of phospholipase A1 and the creation of saturated FFAs in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merja Joensuu
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tristan P Wallis
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Saber H Saber
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Frédéric A Meunier
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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Endothelial Ca 2+ Signaling, Angiogenesis and Vasculogenesis: just What It Takes to Make a Blood Vessel. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163962. [PMID: 31416282 PMCID: PMC6721072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been known that endothelial Ca2+ signals drive angiogenesis by recruiting multiple Ca2+-sensitive decoders in response to pro-angiogenic cues, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, stromal derived factor-1α and angiopoietins. Recently, it was shown that intracellular Ca2+ signaling also drives vasculogenesis by stimulation proliferation, tube formation and neovessel formation in endothelial progenitor cells. Herein, we survey how growth factors, chemokines and angiogenic modulators use endothelial Ca2+ signaling to regulate angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. The endothelial Ca2+ response to pro-angiogenic cues may adopt different waveforms, ranging from Ca2+ transients or biphasic Ca2+ signals to repetitive Ca2+ oscillations, and is mainly driven by endogenous Ca2+ release through inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors and by store-operated Ca2+ entry through Orai1 channels. Lysosomal Ca2+ release through nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate-gated two-pore channels is, however, emerging as a crucial pro-angiogenic pathway, which sustains intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. Understanding how endothelial Ca2+ signaling regulates angiogenesis and vasculogenesis could shed light on alternative strategies to induce therapeutic angiogenesis or interfere with the aberrant vascularization featuring cancer and intraocular disorders.
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Hsia CW, Lin KC, Lee TY, Hsia CH, Chou DS, Jayakumar T, Velusamy M, Chang CC, Sheu JR. Esculetin, a Coumarin Derivative, Prevents Thrombosis: Inhibitory Signaling on PLCγ2-PKC-AKT Activation in Human Platelets. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112731. [PMID: 31163690 PMCID: PMC6600380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Esculetin, a bioactive 6,7-dihydroxy derivative of coumarin, possesses pharmacological activities against obesity, diabetes, renal failure, and cardiovascular disorders (CVDs). Platelet activation plays a major role in CVDs. Thus, disrupting platelet activation represents an attractive therapeutic target. We examined the effect of esculetin in human platelet activation and experimental mouse models. At 10–80 μM, esculetin inhibited collagen- and arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation in washed human platelets. However, it had no effects on other agonists such as thrombin and U46619. Esculetin inhibited adenosine triphosphate release, P-selectin expression, hydroxyl radical (OH·) formation, Akt activation, and phospholipase C (PLC)γ2/protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation, but did not diminish mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in collagen-activated human platelets. Platelet function analysis indicated that esculetin substantially prolonged the closure time of whole blood. In experimental mice, esculetin significantly increased the occlusion time in thrombotic platelet plug formation and reduced mortality associated with acute pulmonary thromboembolism. However, it did not prolong the bleeding time. This study demonstrates that esculetin inhibits human platelet activation via hindering the PLCγ2–PKC cascade, hydroxyl radical formation, Akt activation, and ultimately suppressing platelet activation. Therefore, esculetin may act as an essential therapeutic agent for preventing thromboembolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Hsia
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Kao-Chang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan.
| | - Tzu-Yin Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Hsuan Hsia
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Central Laboratory, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 111, Taiwan.
| | - Duen-Suey Chou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Thanasekaran Jayakumar
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Marappan Velusamy
- Department of Chemistry, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India.
| | - Chao-Chien Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
| | - Joen-Rong Sheu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
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Rawangwong A, Pidsaya A, Thoungseabyoun W, Tachow A, Sawatpanich T, Sakaew W, Yamasaki M, Watanabe M, Kondo H, Hipkaeo W. Localization of phospholipase C β3 in the major salivary glands of adult mice. Acta Histochem 2019; 121:484-490. [PMID: 31003695 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC)β has a role in saliva secretion by controlling intracellular Ca2+via its product, IP3. The present study was attempted to localize PLCβ isoforms in mouse salivary glands in situ. A single major band was detected for PLCβ3 in immunoblots of the parotid and sublingual glands (PG, SLG), while no such band was seen in the submandibular gland (SMG). No bands were detected for PLCβ1 or 4 in the three glands. In immuno-light microscopy of PG and SLG, substantial immunoreactivity for PLCβ3 was seen in the cytoplasm including the plasmalemma of almost all ductal cells, while no distinct immunoreactivity was discerned in most acinar cells except for sublingual demilune cells. Numerous ductal cells exhibited higher immunoreactivity for PLCβ3 in their apical/supranuclear cell domain including the plasmalemma than in the basal/infranuclear domain, indicating an apico-basal polarity. In immuno-gold electron microscopy of PG ducts and SLG ducts and demilunes, most gold particles were found in association with plasma membranes as well as various intracellular membranes, most of which formed small oblong or flattened vesicles and vacuoles. A few particles were seen without association with any membranous structures. The present finding supports the previous physio-pharmacological result that Ca2+-signaling proteins as well as initial intracellular Ca2+ changes occur in the apical cell domain including the plasma membranes of the exocrine cells.
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Chen X, Zhu X, Liu Y, Lv Q, Ma J. Silencing of phospholipase C gamma 2 promotes proliferation of rat hepatocytes in vitro. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:4085-4096. [PMID: 29236324 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The management of hepatic failure is undoubtedly difficult, and poor results have led to the search for novel therapeutic approaches. Nowadays, anti-apoptotic gene therapy is considered as an ideal approach. It has been proved that phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2) is involved in the apoptosis of immune cells and tumor cells; however, whether this gene is related to hepatocyte death is still unclear. This study examined the role of PLCγ2 by inhibiting its expression in rat hepatocytes with siRNA. We also further analyzed the cellular mechanism by which the expression inhibition of PLCγ2 induces cell death. Silencing PLCγ2 gene by adenovirus vector expressing PLCγ2-targeted siRNA caused the great decline in the number of G1- and G2/M phase cells, the significant increase in the number of S phase cells, and the obvious reduction in apoptosis index. In addition, silencing PLCγ2 gene relieved the rat hepatocyte damage, such as the cell shrinkage and chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation. Further analysis of Ad-PLCγ2 siRNA-transfected hepatocytes demonstrated that suppression of PLCγ2 gene expression could cause the caspase dependent cell death by inhibiting the signal pathway MEKK1/MKK4/JNK1/2/c-Jun. In conclusion, these findings suggest that interference with PLCγ2 expression could relieve the inhibitory effect of PLCγ2 on hepaocyte apoptosis, thus, promote proliferation through inactivating PKCδ-mediated JNK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Chen
- Animal Science and Technology School, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xuemin Zhu
- Animal Science and Technology School, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yumei Liu
- Animal Science and Technology School, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Qiongxia Lv
- Animal Science and Technology School, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Animal Science and Technology School, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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13
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IP 3 receptor signaling and endothelial barrier function. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:4189-4207. [PMID: 28803370 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2624-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The endothelium, a monolayer of endothelial cells lining vessel walls, maintains tissue-fluid homeostasis by restricting the passage of the plasma proteins and blood cells into the interstitium. The ion Ca2+, a ubiquitous secondary messenger, initiates signal transduction events in endothelial cells that is critical to control of vascular tone and endothelial permeability. The ion Ca2+ is stored inside the intracellular organelles and released into the cytosol in response to environmental cues. The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) messenger facilitates Ca2+ release through IP3 receptors which are Ca2+-selective intracellular channels located within the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. Binding of IP3 to the IP3Rs initiates assembly of IP3R clusters, a key event responsible for amplification of Ca2+ signals in endothelial cells. This review discusses emerging concepts related to architecture and dynamics of IP3R clusters, and their specific role in propagation of Ca2+ signals in endothelial cells.
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DiStefano PV, Smrcka AV, Glading AJ. Phospholipase Cε Modulates Rap1 Activity and the Endothelial Barrier. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162338. [PMID: 27612188 PMCID: PMC5017709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C, PLCε, is a unique signaling protein with known roles in regulating cardiac myocyte growth, astrocyte inflammatory signaling, and tumor formation. PLCε is also expressed in endothelial cells, however its role in endothelial regulation is not fully established. We show that endothelial cells of multiple origins, including human pulmonary artery (HPAEC), human umbilical vein (HUVEC), and immortalized brain microvascular (hCMEC/D3) endothelial cells, express PLCε. Knockdown of PLCε in arterial endothelial monolayers decreased the effectiveness of the endothelial barrier. Concomitantly, RhoA activity and stress fiber formation were increased. PLCε-deficient arterial endothelial cells also exhibited decreased Rap1-GTP levels, which could be restored by activation of the Rap1 GEF, Epac, to rescue the increase in monolayer leak. Reintroduction of PLCε rescued monolayer leak with both the CDC25 GEF domain and the lipase domain of PLCε required to fully activate Rap1 and to rescue endothelial barrier function. Finally, we demonstrate that the barrier promoting effects PLCε are dependent on Rap1 signaling through the Rap1 effector, KRIT1, which we have previously shown is vital for maintaining endothelial barrier stability. Thus we have described a novel role for PLCε PIP2 hydrolytic and Rap GEF activities in arterial endothelial cells, where PLCε-dependent activation of Rap1/KRIT1 signaling promotes endothelial barrier stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter V. DiStefano
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14642, United States of America
| | - Alan V. Smrcka
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14642, United States of America
| | - Angela J. Glading
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14642, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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