1
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Ripa I, Andreu S, Josa-Prado F, Fernández Gómez B, de Castro F, Arribas M, Bello-Morales R, López-Guerrero JA. Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 inhibits autophagy in glial cells but requires ATG5 for the success of viral replication. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1411655. [PMID: 38915300 PMCID: PMC11194409 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1411655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) 1 is a neurotropic virus that has been associated with neurodegenerative disorders. The dysregulation of autophagy by HSV-1 has been proposed as a potential cause of neurodegeneration. While studies have extensively tackled the interaction between autophagy and HSV-1 in neurons, research in glial cells is currently limited. Our studies demonstrate that HSV-1 inhibits, but not completely blocks, the formation of autophagosomes in human oligodendroglioma- and astrocytoma- derived cell lines. These findings have been confirmed in murine oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Finally, this study investigates the impact of autophagy on HSV-1 infection in glial cells. While the lack of basal autophagy in LC3B knockout glial cells does not have a significant effect on viral infection, cells without the autophagy-related protein ATG5 exhibit reduced viral production. The absence of ATG5 leads to a decrease in the transcription and replication of viral genes, as well as a delay in the initial stages of the formation of HSV-1 replication compartments. These findings indicate that while autophagy may not play a significant role in antiviral defense in glial cells, HSV-1 may be inhibiting autophagy to exploit non-canonical functions of certain components of the autophagic machinery, such as ATG5, to benefit its lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Ripa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sabina Andreu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Josa-Prado
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Fernando de Castro
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Arribas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Bello-Morales
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio López-Guerrero
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Dias-Teixeira KL, Sharifian Gh M, Romano J, Norouzi F, Laurie GW. Autophagy in the normal and diseased cornea. Exp Eye Res 2022; 225:109274. [PMID: 36252655 PMCID: PMC10083687 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The cornea and covering tear film are together the 'objective lens' of the eye through which 80% of light is refracted. Despite exposure to a physically harsh and at times infectious or toxic environment, transparency essential for sight is in most cases maintained. Such resiliency makes the avascular cornea a superb model for the exploration of autophagy in the regulation of homeostasis with relevancy to all organs. Nonetheless, missense mutations and inflammation respectively clog or apparently overwhelm autophagic flux to create dystrophies much like in neurodegenerative diseases or further exacerbate inflammation. Here there is opportunity to generate novel topical therapies towards the restoration of homeostasis with potential broad application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeff Romano
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Fatemeh Norouzi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Gordon W Laurie
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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3
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Interplay between Autophagy and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1: ICP34.5, One of the Main Actors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113643. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus that occasionally may spread to the central nervous system (CNS), being the most common cause of sporadic encephalitis. One of the main neurovirulence factors of HSV-1 is the protein ICP34.5, which although it initially seems to be relevant only in neuronal infections, it can also promote viral replication in non-neuronal cells. New ICP34.5 functions have been discovered during recent years, and some of them have been questioned. This review describes the mechanisms of ICP34.5 to control cellular antiviral responses and debates its most controversial functions. One of the most discussed roles of ICP34.5 is autophagy inhibition. Although autophagy is considered a defense mechanism against viral infections, current evidence suggests that this antiviral function is only one side of the coin. Different types of autophagic pathways interact with HSV-1 impairing or enhancing the infection, and both the virus and the host cell modulate these pathways to tip the scales in its favor. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on the interplay between autophagy and HSV-1, focusing on the intricate role of ICP34.5 in the modulation of this pathway to fight the battle against cellular defenses.
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4
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Patil CD, Suryawanshi R, Ames J, Koganti R, Agelidis A, Kapoor D, Yadavalli T, Koujah L, Tseng HC, Shukla D. Intrinsic Antiviral Activity of Optineurin Prevents Hyperproliferation of a Primary Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:63-73. [PMID: 34880107 PMCID: PMC9015683 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Very little knowledge exists on virus-specific host cell intrinsic mechanisms that prevent hyperproliferation of primary HSV type 2 (HSV-2) genital infections. In this study, we provide evidence that the Nemo-related protein, optineurin (OPTN), plays a key role in restricting HSV-2 infection both in vitro and in vivo. Contrary to previous reports regarding the proviral role of OPTN during Sendai virus infection, we demonstrate that lack of OPTN in cells causes enhanced virus production. OPTN deficiency negatively affects the host autophagy response and results in a marked reduction of CCL5 induction. OPTN knockout (OPTN-/-) mice display exacerbated genital disease and dysregulated T cell frequencies in infected tissues and lymph nodes. A human transcriptomic profile dataset provides further credence that a strong positive correlation exists between CCL5 upregulation and OPTN expression during HSV-2 genital infection. Our findings underscore a previously unknown OPTN/CCL5 nexus that restricts hyperproliferative spread of primary HSV-2 infection, which may constitute an intrinsic host defense mechanism against herpesviruses in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrashekhar D Patil
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Rahul Suryawanshi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Joshua Ames
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Raghuram Koganti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Alex Agelidis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Divya Kapoor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Tejabhiram Yadavalli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Lulia Koujah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Henry C Tseng
- Duke Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27713, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,Corresponding author. Phone number: 312-355-0908, Fax: 312-996-7773,
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5
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Son KN, Lee H, Shah D, Kalmodia S, Miller RC, Ali M, Balasubramaniam A, Cologna SM, Kong H, Shukla D, Aakalu VK. Histatin-1 is an endogenous ligand of the sigma-2 receptor. FEBS J 2021; 288:6815-6827. [PMID: 34233061 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Sigma-2 receptor (S2R) (a.k.a TMEM97) is an important endoplasmic reticular protein involved in cancer, cholesterol processing, cell migration, and neurodegenerative diseases, including Niemann-Pick Type C. While several S2R pharmacologic agents have been discovered, its recent (2017) cloning has limited biological investigation, and no endogenous ligands of the S2R are known. Histatins are a family of endogenous antimicrobial peptides that have numerous important effects in multiple biological systems, including antifungal, antibacterial, cancer pathogenesis, immunomodulation, and wound healing. Histatin-1 (Hst1) has important roles in epithelial wound healing and cell migration, and is the primary wound healing agent in saliva. Little is understood about the downstream machinery that underpins the effects of histatins, and no mammalian receptor is known to date. In this study, we show, using biophysical methods and functional assays, that Hst1 is an endogenous ligand for S2R and that S2R is a mammalian receptor for Hst1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-No Son
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Biophysics Core at Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dhara Shah
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sushma Kalmodia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ryan Cree Miller
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Marwan Ali
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arun Balasubramaniam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Hyunjoon Kong
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vinay Kumar Aakalu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
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6
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A M, A A, E A, Z M. The propagation of HSV-1 in high autophagic activity. Microb Pathog 2020; 152:104599. [PMID: 33144231 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular process involving double-membrane vacuoles that ultimately merge with the lysosomes and play a key role in the inhibition of herpessimplex virus 1 (HSV-1) proliferation. This virus is an agent of some lethal neuronal diseases like encephalitis. HSV-1 requires the expression of its latent proteins, such as ICP34.5, to promote cell infection, which disrupts the autophagy process. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of autophagy induction on HSV-1 replication in host cells at the early and late stages of its replication. Furthermore, we explored the consequences of autophagy induction before and after cell infection.Cells were transfected through Beclin-1-expressing plasmids. Autophagy induction was performed with microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3-II) as an autophagosome formation marker by using flow cytometry. In the first stage, HSV-1 was inoculated into transfected cells 18 hours post-transfection. Next, viral DNA was extracted 18 and 48 hours post-infection, and eventually viral copies per milliliter were calculated through real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For the second stage, the plasmid containing Beclin-1 was transfected to the cells following virus inoculation to examine the influence of autophagy induction after cell infection.Study results have shown that in neuroblastoma cells autophagy activation reduces virus yield from 4×10 5 copies/ml (control sample) to 9×10 4 copies/ml at 24 h postinfection and viral load after 48 h declines up to 1×10 6 copies/ml, which is less than that of the control sample about 5 logs. However, in HeLa cells, we observed a significant reduction in autophagy induction with reducing HSV-1 propagation. Despite these results, HSV-1 proliferation in both cell types increased and these viruses were able to maintain their ability to propagate even in high autophagic activity. Hyperactivation of autophagy can only slow the rate of virus replication. This study may provide new insight into the effect of autophagy on HSV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Movaqar A
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Iran
| | - Abdoli A
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aryan E
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Iran
| | - Meshkat Z
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Iran.
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7
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Immune Response to Herpes Simplex Virus Infection and Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020302. [PMID: 32545507 PMCID: PMC7350219 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are among the most common viral infections and usually last for a lifetime. The virus can potentially be controlled with vaccines since humans are the only known host. However, despite the development and trial of many vaccines, this has not yet been possible. This is normally attributed to the high latency potential of the virus. Numerous immune cells, particularly the natural killer cells and interferon gamma and pathways that are used by the body to fight HSV infections have been identified. On the other hand, the virus has developed different mechanisms, including using different microRNAs to inhibit apoptosis and autophagy to avoid clearance and aid latency induction. Both traditional and new methods of vaccine development, including the use of live attenuated vaccines, replication incompetent vaccines, subunit vaccines and recombinant DNA vaccines are now being employed to develop an effective vaccine against the virus. We conclude that this review has contributed to a better understanding of the interplay between the immune system and the virus, which is necessary for the development of an effective vaccine against HSV.
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8
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Shah D, Son KN, Kalmodia S, Lee BS, Ali M, Balasubramaniam A, Shukla D, Aakalu VK. Wound Healing Properties of Histatin-5 and Identification of a Functional Domain Required for Histatin-5-Induced Cell Migration. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 17:709-716. [PMID: 32346548 PMCID: PMC7178547 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Histatin peptides are endogenous anti-microbial peptides that were originally discovered in the saliva. Aside from their broad anti-microbial properties, these peptides play an important role in multiple biological systems. Different members of this family are thought to have relative specializations, with histatin-5 originally being thought to have mostly anti-fungal properties, and histatin-1 having strong wound healing properties. In this report, we describe the robust wound healing properties of histatin-5 and elucidate a functional domain, which is necessary and sufficient for promoting wound healing. We demonstrate these findings in multiple different cell types in vitro and with a standardized murine corneal wound healing model. Discovery of this wound healing domain and description of this functional role of histatin-5 will support developing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhara Shah
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kyung-No Son
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sushma Kalmodia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bao-Shiang Lee
- Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marwan Ali
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arun Balasubramaniam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vinay Kumar Aakalu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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9
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Yadavalli T, Suryawanshi R, Ali M, Iqbal A, Koganti R, Ames J, Aakalu VK, Shukla D. Prior inhibition of AKT phosphorylation by BX795 can define a safer strategy to prevent herpes simplex virus-1 infection of the eye. Ocul Surf 2019; 18:221-230. [PMID: 31770600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the prophylactic antiviral efficacy, corneal tolerance and toxicity of topically dosed BX795, a non-nucleoside small-molecule inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1). METHODS Prophylactic treatment with BX795 was performed both in-vitro on human corneal epithelial cells and in-vivo on mice prior to HSV-1 challenge. Viral burden was evaluated using a standard plaque assay. In a separate experiment, mice were treated topically 3-times daily for 4-weeks with BX795 to evaluate corneal tolerance and toxicity. Phenol-red thread measurements, fluorescein staining and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were used to evaluate tear production, dryness and corneal structural changes. Corneal sensitivity and intraocular pressure were measured using esthesiometery and tonometery respectively. RESULTS Both in-vitro and in-vivo results showed a robust suppression of HSV-1 infection when treated prophylactically with BX795. The fluorescein stain and phenol-red results for the BX795-treated eyes did not show signs of corneal surface dryness when compared to trifluridine (TFT), an FDA-approved topical antiviral. The OCT measurements showed no signs of structural changes to the cornea suggesting that BX795 treatment was well tolerated without any apparent signs of toxicity or inflammation. The corneal sensitivity of BX795-treated eyes was not significantly different from TFT-treated eyes. No significant increase in the intraocular pressure of BX795-treated mice was observed. CONCLUSIONS Prophylactic treatment with BX795 protects corneal cells from HSV-1 infection. The antiviral is well-tolerated on murine corneas without any detectable toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejabhiram Yadavalli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Rahul Suryawanshi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Marwan Ali
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Aqsa Iqbal
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Raghuram Koganti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Joshua Ames
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Vinay Kumar Aakalu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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10
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Role of autophagy in oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1-induced cell death in squamous cell carcinoma cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2017; 24:393-400. [PMID: 28984290 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2017.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is one of the most widely studied viruses for oncolytic virotherapy. In squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells, the role of autophagy induced by neurovirulence gene-deficient HSV-1s in programmed cell death has not yet been elucidated. The oncolytic HSV-1 strain RH2, which lacks the γ34.5 gene and induces the fusion of human SCC cells, was used. RH2 replicated and induced cell death in SCC cells. RH2 infection was accompanied by the aggregation of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) in the cytoplasm, the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II and the formation of double-membrane vacuoles containing cell contents. No significant changes were observed in the expression of Bcl-2 or Bax, while a slight decrease was observed in that of Beclin 1. The autophagy inhibitors, 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and bafilomycin A1, did not affect viral replication, but significantly inhibited the cytotoxicity of RH2. The caspase-3 inhibitor z-DEVD-fmk and caspase-1 inhibitor z-YVAD-fmk also reduced the cytotoxicity of RH2. These results demonstrated that γ34.5 gene-deficient HSV-1 RH2 induced autophagic cell death in SCC cells as well as pyroptosis and apoptosis.
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11
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Yin HC, Zhao LL, Li SQ, Niu YJ, Jiang XJ, Xu LJ, Lu TF, Han LX, Liu SW, Chen HY. Autophagy activated by duck enteritis virus infection positively affects its replication. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:486-495. [PMID: 28008822 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck enteritis virus (DEV) is an acute, septic, sexually transmitted disease that occurs in ducks, geese and other poultry. Autophagy is an evolutionarily ancient pathway that is important in many viral infections. Despite extensive study, the interplay between DEV and autophagy of host cells is not clearly understood. In this study, we found that DEV infection triggers autophagy in duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) cells, as demonstrated by the appearance of autophagosome-like double- or single-membrane vesicles in the cytoplasm of host cells and the number of GFP-LC3 dots. In addition, increased conversion of the autophagy marker protein LC3-I and LC3-II and decreased p62/SQSTM1 indicated complete autophagy flux. Heat-inactivated DEV infection did not induce autophagy, suggesting that the trigger of autophagy in DEF cells depended on DEV replication. When autophagy was pharmacologically inhibited by LY294002 or wortmannin, DEV replication decreased. The DEV offspring yield decreased when small interference RNA was used to interfere with autophagy related to the genes Beclin-1 and ATG5. In contrast, after treating DEF cells with rapamycin, an inducer of autophagy, DEV replication increased. These results indicated that DEV infection induced autophagy in DEF cells and autophagy facilitated DEV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Chang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Li-Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Si-Qi Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Mudanjiang Normal University, 191 Wenhua Street, Mudanjiang 157011, PR China
| | - Yin-Jie Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Xin-Jie Jiang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Mudanjiang Normal University, 191 Wenhua Street, Mudanjiang 157011, PR China
| | - Li-Jing Xu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Tao-Feng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Ling-Xia Han
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Sheng-Wang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Hong-Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, PR China
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12
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Siracusano G, Venuti A, Lombardo D, Mastino A, Esclatine A, Sciortino MT. Early activation of MyD88-mediated autophagy sustains HSV-1 replication in human monocytic THP-1 cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31302. [PMID: 27509841 PMCID: PMC4980660 DOI: 10.1038/srep31302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular degradation pathway that exerts numerous functions in vital biological processes. Among these, it contributes to both innate and adaptive immunity. On the other hand, pathogens have evolved strategies to manipulate autophagy for their own advantage. By monitoring autophagic markers, we showed that HSV-1 transiently induced autophagosome formation during early times of the infection of monocytic THP-1 cells and human monocytes. Autophagy is induced in THP-1 cells by a mechanism independent of viral gene expression or viral DNA accumulation. We found that the MyD88 signaling pathway is required for HSV-1-mediated autophagy, and it is linked to the toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Interestingly, autophagy inhibition by pharmacological modulators or siRNA knockdown impaired viral replication in both THP-1 cells and human monocytes, suggest that the virus exploits the autophagic machinery to its own benefit in these cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that the early autophagic response induced by HSV-1 exerts a proviral role, improving viral production in a semi-permissive model such as THP-1 cells and human monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Siracusano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Assunta Venuti
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20127 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Lombardo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Mastino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy.,The Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Audrey Esclatine
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Maria Teresa Sciortino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
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Abstract
More than 50% of the U.S. population is infected with herpes simplex virus type-I (HSV-1) and global infectious estimates are nearly 90%. HSV-1 is normally seen as a harmless virus but debilitating diseases can arise, including encephalitis and ocular diseases. HSV-1 is unique in that it can undermine host defenses and establish lifelong infection in neurons. Viral reactivation from latency may allow HSV-1 to lay siege to the brain (Herpes encephalitis). Recent advances maintain that HSV-1 proteins act to suppress and/or control the lysosome-dependent degradation pathway of macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) and consequently, in neurons, may be coupled with the advancement of HSV-1-associated pathogenesis. Furthermore, increasing evidence suggests that HSV-1 infection may constitute a gradual risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders. The relationship between HSV-1 infection and autophagy manipulation combined with neuropathogenesis may be intimately intertwined demanding further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas O'Connell
- a Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology , Keck Medical School, University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Chengyu Liang
- a Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology , Keck Medical School, University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
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Yakoub AM, Shukla D. Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex Virus-2 Infection. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12985. [PMID: 26248741 PMCID: PMC4528227 DOI: 10.1038/srep12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process of the cell, which plays an important role in regulating plethora of infections. The role of autophagy in Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infection is unknown. Here, we found that HSV-2 does not allow induction of an autophagic response to infection, but maintains basal autophagy levels mostly unchanged during productive infection. Thus, we investigated the importance of basal autophagy for HSV-2 infection, using pharmacological autophagy suppression or cells genetically deficient in an autophagy-essential gene (ATG5). Interference with basal autophagy flux in cells significantly reduced viral replication and diminished the infection. These results indicate that basal autophagy plays an indispensable role required for a productive infection. Importantly, this study draws a sharp distinction between induced and basal autophagy, where the former acts as a viral clearance mechanism abrogating infection, while the latter supports infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraam M Yakoub
- 1] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL USA, 60612 [2] Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA, 60612
| | - Deepak Shukla
- 1] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL USA, 60612 [2] Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA, 60612
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